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◈ALB Atlas

The field, laid flat

Everything in the Atlas as a lifespan bar, colored by status — the living, the dormant, the dead, the lost. Bars click through to the entries.

195019601970198019902000201020202030

Programming languages

Plankalkül1948–1951 Assembly language1949– Short Code1950–1953 A-0 System1952–1955 Autocode1952–1955 FLOW-MATIC1955–1959 COMTRAN1957–1960 FORTRAN1957– ALGOL 581958–1959 LISP1958– COBOL1959– RPG1959– ALGOL 601960–1980 JOVIAL1960– SNOBOL1962– CPL1963–1967 JOSS1963–1969 Dartmouth BASIC1964– PL/I1964– ALGOL W1966–1972 APL1966– Coral 661966– MUMPS1966– BCPL1967– Logo1967– Simula1967– ALGOL 681968– B1969–1972 BLISS1970– Forth1970– Pascal1970– C1972– INTERCAL1972– Prolog1972– Smalltalk1972– ML1973– CLU1974– COMAL1974– SQL1974– Modula1975–1977 Scheme1975– S1976– AWK1977– FP1977–1985 Icon1977– C shell1978– Modula-21978– Bourne shell1979– REXX1979– dBase1979– Ada1980– ABAP1983– KornShell1983– Standard ML1983– VHDL1983– occam1983– Common Lisp1984– MATLAB1984– Objective-C1984– PostScript1984– Verilog1984– C++1985– Clipper1985– Miranda1985– Eiffel1986– Erlang1986– ABC1987– Clean1987– HyperTalk1987– Oberon1987– Perl1987– Self1987– Modula-31988– Tcl1988– Wolfram Language1988– Bash1989– FoxPro1989–2015 Rocq1989– Haskell1990– J1990– Z shell1990– Python1991– Sather1991– Visual Basic1991– Dylan1992– AppleScript1993– Befunge1993– Brainfuck1993– K1993– Lua1993– R1993– Pike1994– ColdFusion1995– Delphi1995– Java1995– JavaScript1995– Mercury1995– Oz1995– PHP1995– Racket1995– Ruby1995– OCaml1996– VBScript1996– REBOL1997– Malbolge1998– Unlambda1999– C#2000– D2001– Joy2001– Piet2001– Shakespeare2001– Io2002– VB.NET2002– Factor2003– Groovy2003– Scratch2003– Whitespace2003– Scala2004– X102004–2017 F#2005– Haxe2005– HolyC2005–2018 SPARK2005– Fortress2006–2012 Luau2006– PowerShell2006– Vala2006– Agda2007– Clojure2007– Idris2007– LOLCODE2007– Nim2008– Chapel2009– CoffeeScript2009– Go2009– Rust2010– Dart2011– Elixir2011– Kotlin2011– Red2011– Elm2012– Julia2012– TypeScript2012– Hy2013– Lean2013– Crystal2014– GDScript2014– Hack2014– RockyBASIC2014 Solidity2014– Swift2014– Pony2015– Raku2015– Odin2016– Zig2016– AdaLogic BASIC2017– Gleam2019– Nushell2019– V2019– Carbon2022– Hare2022– Mojo2023– PolyGlot BASIC (PGB)2026–

Operating systems

Burroughs MCP1961– CTSS1961–1964 GCOS1962– OS/3601966–1972 CP-67/CMS1967– ITS1967–1990 Multics1969–2000 Research Unix1969– TENEX1969– RSTS/E1971– RSX-111972– z/VM1972– RT-111973– CP/M1974–1983 MVS1974– TOPS-201976– BSD1977– OpenVMS1977– Apple DOS1978–1983 Xenix1980– Domain/OS1981–1991 MS-DOS1981–2000 QNX1982– SunOS1982– HP-UX1983– ProDOS1983–1993 AmigaOS1985– Atari TOS1985–1994 Windows (classic)1985– AIX1986– GEOS1986–1990 MINIX1987– OS/21987– RISC OS1987– A/UX1988–1995 IBM i1988– IRIX1988–2006 NeXTSTEP1989– SCO OpenServer1989– Coherent1990– GNU Hurd1990– Linux1991– Plan 9 from Bell Labs1992– Solaris1992– Tru64 UNIX1992–2012 FreeBSD1993– NetBSD1993– Windows NT / Windows1993– FreeDOS1994– BeOS1995–2001 Inferno1996– OpenBSD1996– Windows CE1996– Symbian1997–2013 ReactOS1998– MenuetOS2000– z/OS2000– Haiku2001– macOS2001– DragonFly BSD2003– KolibriOS2004– iOS2007– Android2008– OpenSolaris2008–2010 webOS2009– illumos2010– ChromeOS2011– TempleOS2013– ArcaOS2017– SerenityOS2018– ZealOS2020– Shrine2021–

People

Charles Babbage1791–1871 Ada Lovelace1815–1852 George Boole1815–1864 Herman Hollerith1860–1929 Thomas J. Watson Sr.1874–1956 Vannevar Bush1890–1974 Norbert Wiener1894–1964 Emil Post1897–1954 Haskell Curry1900–1982 Howard Aiken1900–1973 Alonzo Church1903–1995 John von Neumann1903–1957 Tommy Flowers1905–1998 Grace Hopper1906–1992 Kurt Gödel1906–1978 John Mauchly1907–1980 Stephen Cole Kleene1909–1994 Konrad Zuse1910–1995 Frederic Calland Williams1911–1977 Alan Turing1912–1954 Maurice Wilkes1913–2010 J. C. R. Licklider1915–1990 Adriaan van Wijngaarden1916–1987 Christopher Strachey1916–1975 Claude Shannon1916–2001 Herbert Simon1916–2001 J. Presper Eckert1919–1995 Bob Bemer1920–2004 Kenneth E. Iverson1920–2004 Tom Kilburn1921–2001 Alan Perlis1922–1990 J. C. Shaw1922–1991 Edgar F. Codd1923–2003 Joseph Weizenbaum1923–2008 Charles Bachman1924–2017 Donald Davies1924–2000 John Backus1924–2007 Alick Glennie1925–2003 Douglas Engelbart1925–2013 John Cocke1925–2002 Seymour Cray1925–1996 Tony Brooker1925–2019 Fernando Corbató1926–2019 John G. Kemeny1926–1992 Ken Olsen1926–2011 Kristen Nygaard1926–2002 Paul Baran1926–2011 Allen Newell1927–1992 David Wheeler1927–2004 John McCarthy1927–2011 Marvin Minsky1927–2016 Robert Noyce1927–1990 Wally Feurzeig1927–2013 Wes Clark1927–2016 Jean Sammet1928–2017 Peter Naur1928–2016 Seymour Papert1928–2016 Thomas E. Kurtz1928–2024 Winston W. Royce1929–1995 Edsger W. Dijkstra1930–2002 Peter Landin1930–2009 Fred Brooks1931–2022 Jack Dennis1931– Ole-Johan Dahl1931–2001 Douglas McIlroy1932– Frances Allen1932–2020 Gordon Bell1934–2024 Leonard Kleinrock1934– Niklaus Wirth1934–2024 Ralph Griswold1934–2006 Robin Milner1934–2010 Tony Hoare1934– Cynthia Solomon1935– Richard Karp1935– Robert W. Floyd1936–2001 Larry Roberts1937–2018 Ted Nelson1937– Bob Kahn1938– Charles H. Moore1938– Donald Knuth1938– Ivan Sutherland1938– Per Brinch Hansen1938–2007 Barbara Liskov1939– Charles Geschke1939–2021 Cleve Moler1939– John Hopcroft1939– Stephen Cook1939– William Wulf1939–2023 Alan Kay1940– Elizabeth Rather1940– Jean Ichbiah1940–2007 John Warnock1940–2023 Martin Richards1940– Alain Colmerauer1941–2017 Alfred Aho1941– David Parnas1941– Dennis Ritchie1941–2011 John M. Chambers1941– Leslie Lamport1941– Ray Tomlinson1941–2016 Robert Kowalski1941– Brian Kernighan1942– Dave Cutler1942– Gary Kildall1942–1994 Jeffrey Ullman1942– Peter J. Denning1942– Peter Weinberger1942– Butler Lampson1943– Chuck Thacker1943–2017 David Korn1943– Jon Postel1943–1998 Ken Thompson1943– Michael Stonebraker1943– Vint Cerf1943– Andrew S. Tanenbaum1944– Brad Cox1944–2021 Dan Ingalls1944– Don Chamberlin1944– Jean-Louis Gassée1944– Jim Gray1944–2012 P. J. Plauger1944– Richard Greenblatt1944– Stephen Bourne1944– Adele Goldberg1945– Larry Tesler1945–2020 Lee Felsenstein1945– Philippe Roussel1945– Bob Metcalfe1946– David Turner1946– Gilles Kahn1946–2006 L. Peter Deutsch1946– Arvind1947–2024 David H. D. Warren1947– Gerald Jay Sussman1947– Hal Abelson1947– Ray Boyce1947–1974 Charles Simonyi1948– Robert Tarjan1948– Richard P. Gabriel1949– Bertrand Meyer1950– Bjarne Stroustrup1950– Joe Armstrong1950–2019 Steve Wozniak1950– Bill Atkinson1951–2025 Dan Bricklin1951– Andy Hertzfeld1953– Paul Allen1953–2018 Phil Moorby1953–2022 Richard Stallman1953– Roger Hui1953–2021 Bill Joy1954– Guy L. Steele Jr.1954– John Ousterhout1954– Larry Wall1954– Ross Ihaka1954– Bill Gates1955– James Gosling1955– Steve Jobs1955–2011 Tim Berners-Lee1955– Guido van Rossum1956– Mitchel Resnick1956– Rob Pike1956– Tim Paterson1956– Carl Sassenrath1957– Martin Odersky1958– Brian Fox1959– Robert Gentleman1959– Stephen Wolfram1959– Walter Bright1959– Anders Hejlsberg1960– Gilad Bracha1960– Roberto Ierusalimschy1960– Brendan Eich1961– Thierry Coquand1961– Alan Edelman1963– Urs Hölzle1964– Yukihiro Matsumoto1965– Theo de Raadt1967– Rasmus Lerdorf1968– Xavier Leroy1968– Linus Torvalds1969– Terry A. Davis1969–2018 Larry Page1973– Sergey Brin1973– Gavin Wood1980–

Machines

Zuse Z11938 Zuse Z31941–1945 Colossus1943–1945 Harvard Mark I1944–1959 ENIAC1945–1955 Manchester Baby1948 CSIRAC1949–1964 EDSAC1949–1958 Manchester Mark 11949–1950 Pilot ACE1950–1956 LEO I1951–1965 UNIVAC I1951–1963 Whirlwind I1951–1959 IAS Machine1952–1960 IBM 7011952–1955 IBM 6501953–1962 IBM 7041954–1960 Ferranti Pegasus1956–1962 LGP-301956–1964 IBM 7091958–1962 IBM 7090/70941959–1969 PDP-11959–1969 Burroughs B50001961–1968 Ferranti Atlas1962–1971 CDC 66001964–1970 IBM System/3601964–1978 PDP-71964–1971 GE-6451965–1973 PDP-81965–1990 PDP-101966–1983 PDP-111970–1997 ILLIAC IV1972–1981 Xerox Alto1973–1981 Altair 88001975–1977 IMSAI 80801975–1978 Apple I1976–1977 Cray-11976–1982 Apple II1977–1993 Commodore PET1977–1982 TRS-801977–1981 VAX-11/7801977–1988 Atari 8001979–1983 Sinclair ZX801980–1981 Apollo DN1001981–1989 BBC Micro1981–1994 IBM PC1981–1987 Osborne 11981–1983 Sinclair ZX811981–1984 Xerox Star1981–1983 Commodore 641982–1994 HP 90001982–2008 Sun-11982–1986 ZX Spectrum1982–1992 Apple Lisa1983–1986 Symbolics 36001983–1988 Inmos Transputer1984–1994 LMI Lambda1984–1987 Macintosh 128K1984–1985 Amiga 10001985–1987 Atari ST1985–1993 Connection Machine CM-11985–1989 TI Explorer1985–1990 IBM RT PC1986–1991 Acorn Archimedes1987–1996 IBM AS/4001988–1997 SPARCstation 11989–1994 NeXTstation1990–1993 DEC AlphaStation1992–1999 SGI Indy1993–1997 BeBox1995–1997 IBM System z2000– iPhone2007– HTC Dream / T-Mobile G12008–2009

Papers

An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory1936– On Computable Numbers1936– As We May Think1945– A Mathematical Theory of Communication1948– The Logic Theory Machine1956– Man-Computer Symbiosis1960– Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions1960– Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework1962– Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System1963– The Next 700 Programming Languages1966– Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages1967– Go To Statement Considered Harmful1968– The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 11968– An Axiomatic Basis for Computer Programming1969– A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks1970– A Personal Computer for Children of All Ages1972– On the Criteria To Be Used in Decomposing Systems into Modules1972– A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication1974– The UNIX Time-Sharing System1974– Lambda: The Ultimate Imperative1975– Can Programming Be Liberated from the von Neumann Style?1978– Communicating Sequential Processes1978– Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System1978– RFC 791: Internet Protocol1981– The Emperor's Old Clothes1981– Hints for Computer System Design1983– Literate Programming1984– Reflections on Trusting Trust1984– The GNU Manifesto1985– No Silver Bullet1986– Information Management: A Proposal1989– Lisp: Good News, Bad News, How to Win Big1991– The Development of the C Language1993– The Early History of Smalltalk1993– The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine1998– Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System2008–

Companies

Ericsson1876– AT&T1885– Ferranti1885–1993 Burroughs Corporation1886–1986 General Electric1892– Tabulating Machine Company1896–1911 Honeywell1906– Xerox1906– Olivetti1908– IBM1911– Tandy Corporation1919–2000 Bell Labs1925– Remington Rand1927–1955 Texas Instruments1930– Fujitsu1935– Hewlett-Packard1939– Zuse KG1941–1971 Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation1946–1950 SRI International1946– Bolt, Beranek and Newman1948–2009 Wang Laboratories1951–1999 Commodore International1954–1994 LEO Computers1954–1964 Sperry Rand1955–1986 Control Data Corporation1957–1992 Digital Equipment Corporation1957–1998 Fairchild Semiconductor1957–2016 MITRE Corporation1958– Amstrad1968–2008 Data General1968–1999 ICL1968–2002 Intel1968– MITS1969–1977 Amdahl Corporation1970–1997 Xerox PARC1970– Atari, Inc.1972–1984 Cray Research1972–1996 IMSAI Manufacturing1973–1979 Sinclair Research1973– Digital Research1974–1991 Tandem Computers1974–1997 Microsoft1975– Apple Computer1976– Oracle Corporation1977– Acorn Computers1978–2000 Inmos1978–1994 Lisp Machines, Inc.1979–1987 Novell1979–2014 Apollo Computer1980–1989 Symbolics1980–1993 Osborne Computer Corporation1981–1985 Silicon Graphics1981–2009 Adobe Systems1982– Amiga Corporation1982–1984 Compaq1982–2002 Lotus Development1982–1995 Sun Microsystems1982–2010 Borland1983–2015 Thinking Machines Corporation1983–1994 Berkeley Softworks / GeoWorks1985–2003 NeXT1985–1997 Unisys1986– Be Inc.1990–2001 Palm Computing1992–2010 Netscape1994–2003 Google1998– Mozilla1998– Cray Inc.2000–2019 JetBrains2000–
Alive Maintenance Dormant Dead Lost Superseded