Programming languages

165 entries, ordered by year of first appearance. Filter by decade, family, or status.

Decade1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

FamilyC 29 Independent 24 ML 14 ALGOL 11 BASIC 9 Esoteric 9 Lisp 8 shell 7 Pascal 6 Forth 4 APL 3 Erlang 3 Prolog 3 Python 3

StatusAlive Maintenance Dormant Dead Lost Superseded

Name	Years	Status	Family	Creator / origin
AdaLog	—	Alive	Prolog	Rocky L. Oliver
MALBRMicro ALB Rust	—	Alive	BASIC	Rocky L. Oliver
Plankalkül	1948–1951	Dead	Independent	Konrad Zuse
Assembly languageasm	1949–	Alive	Independent	Machine-specific (EDSAC initial orders onward)
Short Code	1950–1953	Lost	Independent	John Mauchly / Remington Rand
A-0 SystemA-0	1952–1955	Dead	Independent	Grace Hopper / Remington Rand
Autocode	1952–1955	Dead	Independent	Alick Glennie / University of Manchester
FLOW-MATIC	1955–1959	Dead	Independent	Grace Hopper / Remington Rand
COMTRAN	1957–1960	Dead	Independent	Bob Bemer / IBM
FORTRANFortran	1957–	Alive	FORTRAN	John Backus / IBM
ALGOL 58IAL, Zürich ALGOL	1958–1959	Dead	ALGOL	ACM/GAMM committee
LISPLisp	1958–	Superseded	Lisp	John McCarthy / MIT
COBOL	1959–	Maintenance	COBOL	CODASYL committee / Grace Hopper et al
RPGRPG IV, Report Program Generator	1959–	Maintenance	RPG	IBM
ALGOL 60	1960–1980	Dead	ALGOL	International committee (Backus, Naur, van Wijngaarden et al)
JOVIALJ73	1960–	Dead	ALGOL	Jules Schwartz / SDC
SNOBOLSNOBOL4	1962–	Dead	SNOBOL	Farber, Griswold, Polonsky / Bell Labs
CPLCombined Programming Language	1963–1967	Dead	ALGOL	Cambridge & London universities
JOSS	1963–1969	Dead	Independent	Cliff Shaw / RAND
Dartmouth BASICBASIC	1964–	Superseded	BASIC	John Kemeny & Thomas Kurtz / Dartmouth
PL/I	1964–	Maintenance	ALGOL	IBM / SHARE committee
ALGOL W	1966–1972	Dead	ALGOL	Niklaus Wirth & Tony Hoare / Stanford
APLAPL\360	1966–	Alive	APL	Kenneth E. Iverson
Coral 66	1966–	Dead	ALGOL	Royal Radar Establishment
MUMPSM	1966–	Maintenance	MUMPS	Neil Pappalardo et al / Mass General
BCPL	1967–	Dead	BCPL	Martin Richards / Cambridge
Logo	1967–	Dormant	Lisp	Papert, Feurzeig, Solomon / BBN
SimulaSimula 67	1967–	Dead	ALGOL	Ole-Johan Dahl & Kristen Nygaard / Norsk Regnesentral
ALGOL 68	1968–	Dormant	ALGOL	IFIP WG 2.1 (van Wijngaarden et al)
B	1969–1972	Dead	BCPL	Ken Thompson & Dennis Ritchie / Bell Labs
BLISS	1970–	Dead	ALGOL	W. A. Wulf / Carnegie Mellon & DEC
Forth	1970–	Alive	Forth	Charles 'Chuck' Moore
Pascal	1970–	Maintenance	Pascal	Niklaus Wirth
C	1972–	Alive	C	Dennis Ritchie / Bell Labs
INTERCAL	1972–	Maintenance	Esoteric	Lyon & Woods / Princeton
Prolog	1972–	Alive	Prolog	Alain Colmerauer & Philippe Roussel / Marseille
Smalltalk	1972–	Alive	Smalltalk	Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg / Xerox PARC
ML	1973–	Superseded	ML	Robin Milner et al / Edinburgh
CLU	1974–	Dead	ALGOL	Barbara Liskov / MIT
COMALCOMAL 80	1974–	Dead	BASIC	Børge Christensen & Benedict Løfstedt
SQL	1974–	Alive	SQL	Chamberlin & Boyce / IBM
Modula	1975–1977	Dead	Pascal	Niklaus Wirth
Scheme	1975–	Alive	Lisp	Guy Steele & Gerald Sussman / MIT
S	1976–	Superseded	S	John Chambers / Bell Labs
AWK	1977–	Alive	C	Aho, Weinberger & Kernighan / Bell Labs
FP	1977–1985	Dead	Independent	John Backus / IBM
Icon	1977–	Dormant	SNOBOL	Ralph Griswold / University of Arizona
C shellcsh, tcsh	1978–	Dormant	shell	Bill Joy / Berkeley
Modula-2	1978–	Maintenance	Pascal	Niklaus Wirth
Bourne shellsh	1979–	Superseded	shell	Stephen Bourne / Bell Labs
REXX	1979–	Maintenance	REXX	Mike Cowlishaw / IBM
dBase	1979–	Dead	xBase	Wayne Ratliff / Ashton-Tate
Ada	1980–	Alive	Ada	Jean Ichbiah team / CII-Honeywell Bull for US DoD
ABAP	1983–	Alive	COBOL	SAP
KornShellksh	1983–	Maintenance	shell	David Korn / Bell Labs
Standard MLSML	1983–	Dormant	ML	Milner, Morris, Newey et al / Edinburgh & Bell Labs
VHDL	1983–	Alive	HDL	US DoD / Intermetrics
occam	1983–	Dead	Independent	David May / INMOS
Common Lisp	1984–	Alive	Lisp	X3J13 committee
MATLAB	1984–	Alive	MATLAB	Cleve Moler / MathWorks
Objective-C	1984–	Maintenance	C	Brad Cox & Tom Love / Stepstone
PostScript	1984–	Alive	Forth	Warnock & Geschke / Adobe
Verilog	1984–	Alive	HDL	Phil Moorby / Gateway Design
C++	1985–	Alive	C	Bjarne Stroustrup / Bell Labs
Clipper	1985–	Dead	xBase	Nantucket
Miranda	1985–	Dead	ML	David Turner
Eiffel	1986–	Maintenance	Independent	Bertrand Meyer / Eiffel Software
Erlang	1986–	Alive	Erlang	Armstrong, Virding & Williams / Ericsson
ABC	1987–	Dead	Independent	Leo Geurts / CWI
Clean	1987–	Dormant	ML	University of Nijmegen
HyperTalk	1987–	Dead	Independent	Bill Atkinson & Dan Winkler / Apple
Oberon	1987–	Dormant	Pascal	Niklaus Wirth
Perl	1987–	Alive	Perl	Larry Wall
Self	1987–	Dormant	Smalltalk	David Ungar & Randall Smith / Stanford & Sun
Modula-3	1988–	Dead	Pascal	Cardelli et al / DEC SRC & Olivetti
Tcl	1988–	Maintenance	Independent	John Ousterhout
Wolfram LanguageMathematica	1988–	Alive	Independent	Stephen Wolfram
Bash	1989–	Alive	shell	Brian Fox / GNU Project
FoxProVisual FoxPro	1989–2015	Dead	xBase	Fox Software / Microsoft
RocqCoq	1989–	Alive	ML	Thierry Coquand / INRIA
Haskell	1990–	Alive	ML	Haskell committee
J	1990–	Alive	APL	Iverson & Roger Hui
Z shellzsh	1990–	Alive	shell	Paul Falstad
Python	1991–	Alive	Python	Guido van Rossum / CWI
Sather	1991–	Dead	Independent	ICSI Berkeley
Visual BasicVB, VB6	1991–	Dead	BASIC	Microsoft / Alan Cooper (Tripod prototype)
Dylan	1992–	Dormant	Lisp	Apple / CMU / Harlequin
AppleScript	1993–	Maintenance	Independent	Apple
Befunge	1993–	Maintenance	Esoteric	Chris Pressey
Brainfuck	1993–	Maintenance	Esoteric	Urban Müller
K	1993–	Alive	APL	Arthur Whitney / Kx
Lua	1993–	Alive	Lua	Ierusalimschy, de Figueiredo & Celes / PUC-Rio
R	1993–	Alive	S	Ihaka & Gentleman / Auckland
Pike	1994–	Dormant	C	Fredrik Hübinette / Roxen
ColdFusionCFML	1995–	Maintenance	Independent	Allaire / Adobe
DelphiObject Pascal	1995–	Alive	Pascal	Anders Hejlsberg / Borland
Java	1995–	Alive	C	James Gosling / Sun Microsystems
JavaScript	1995–	Alive	C	Brendan Eich / Netscape
Mercury	1995–	Dormant	Prolog	Zoltan Somogyi et al / Melbourne
OzMozart	1995–	Dormant	Independent	Gert Smolka / DFKI Saarbrücken
PHP	1995–	Alive	C	Rasmus Lerdorf
RacketPLT Scheme	1995–	Alive	Lisp	PLT (Flatt, Felleisen et al)
Ruby	1995–	Alive	Ruby	Yukihiro 'Matz' Matsumoto
OCaml	1996–	Alive	ML	Xavier Leroy et al / INRIA
VBScript	1996–	Dead	BASIC	Microsoft
REBOL	1997–	Dormant	REBOL	Carl Sassenrath
Malbolge	1998–	Dead	Esoteric	Ben Olmstead
Unlambda	1999–	Dead	Esoteric	David Madore
C#	2000–	Alive	C	Anders Hejlsberg / Microsoft
D	2001–	Alive	C	Walter Bright / Digital Mars
Joy	2001–	Dead	Forth	Manfred von Thun
Piet	2001–	Maintenance	Esoteric	David Morgan-Mar
Shakespeare	2001–	Maintenance	Esoteric	Jon Åslund & Karl Hasselström
Io	2002–	Dormant	Smalltalk	Steve Dekorte
VB.NET	2002–	Maintenance	BASIC	Microsoft
Factor	2003–	Dormant	Forth	Slava Pestov
Groovy	2003–	Maintenance	C	James Strachan / Apache
Scratch	2003–	Alive	Independent	MIT Media Lab
Whitespace	2003–	Maintenance	Esoteric	Edwin Brady & Chris Morris
Scala	2004–	Alive	ML	Martin Odersky / EPFL
X10	2004–2017	Dead	Independent	IBM Research
F#	2005–	Alive	ML	Don Syme / Microsoft Research
Haxe	2005–	Alive	C	Nicolas Cannasse
HolyC	2005–2018	Dead	C	Terry A. Davis
SPARK	2005–	Alive	Ada	Praxis → AdaCore
Fortress	2006–2012	Dead	ML	Guy Steele / Sun Labs
Luau	2006–	Alive	Lua	Roblox
PowerShell	2006–	Alive	shell	Jeffrey Snover / Microsoft
Vala	2006–	Maintenance	C	Jürg Billeter
Agda	2007–	Alive	ML	Ulf Norell / Chalmers
Clojure	2007–	Alive	Lisp	Rich Hickey
Idris	2007–	Alive	ML	Edwin Brady
LOLCODE	2007–	Dead	Esoteric	Adam Lindsay
Nim	2008–	Alive	Independent	Andreas Rumpf
Chapel	2009–	Alive	Independent	Cray / HPE
CoffeeScript	2009–	Dormant	C	Jeremy Ashkenas
Go	2009–	Alive	C	Pike, Thompson & Griesemer / Google
Rust	2010–	Alive	C	Graydon Hoare / Mozilla
Dart	2011–	Alive	C	Lars Bak & Kasper Lund / Google
Elixir	2011–	Alive	Erlang	José Valim
Kotlin	2011–	Alive	C	JetBrains
Red	2011–	Alive	REBOL	Nenad Rakočević
Elm	2012–	Dormant	ML	Evan Czaplicki
Julia	2012–	Alive	Independent	Bezanson, Karpinski, Shah & Edelman / MIT
TypeScript	2012–	Alive	C	Anders Hejlsberg / Microsoft
Hy	2013–	Dormant	Lisp	Paul Tagliamonte et al
Lean	2013–	Alive	ML	Leonardo de Moura / Microsoft Research
Crystal	2014–	Alive	Ruby	Borenszweig, Wajntraub & Borlaug / Manas
GDScript	2014–	Alive	Python	Juan Linietsky / Godot
Hack	2014–	Maintenance	C	Meta
RockyBASIC	2014	Dead	BASIC	Rocky L. Oliver
Solidity	2014–	Alive	C	Gavin Wood et al / Ethereum
Swift	2014–	Alive	C	Chris Lattner / Apple
Pony	2015–	Dormant	C	Sylvan Clebsch
RakuPerl 6	2015–	Alive	Perl	Larry Wall & community
Odin	2016–	Alive	C	Bill 'gingerBill' Hall
Zig	2016–	Alive	C	Andrew Kelley
AdaLogic BASICALB	2017–	Alive	BASIC	Rocky L. Oliver
Gleam	2019–	Alive	Erlang	Louis Pilfold
Nushellnu	2019–	Alive	shell	Nushell team
VVlang	2019–	Alive	C	Alex Medvednikov
Carbon	2022–	Alive	C	Chandler Carruth et al / Google
Hare	2022–	Alive	C	Drew DeVault
Mojo	2023–	Alive	Python	Modular / Chris Lattner
PolyGlot BASIC (PGB)PGB	2026–	Alive	BASIC	Rocky L. Oliver