Independent — programming languages family
24 programming languages in the independent family.
| Name | Years | Status | Family | Creator / origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plankalkül | 1948–1951 | Dead | Independent | Konrad Zuse |
| Assembly languageasm | 1949– | Alive | Independent | Machine-specific (EDSAC initial orders onward) |
| Short Code | 1950–1953 | Lost | Independent | John Mauchly / Remington Rand |
| A-0 SystemA-0 | 1952–1955 | Dead | Independent | Grace Hopper / Remington Rand |
| Autocode | 1952–1955 | Dead | Independent | Alick Glennie / University of Manchester |
| FLOW-MATIC | 1955–1959 | Dead | Independent | Grace Hopper / Remington Rand |
| COMTRAN | 1957–1960 | Dead | Independent | Bob Bemer / IBM |
| JOSS | 1963–1969 | Dead | Independent | Cliff Shaw / RAND |
| FP | 1977–1985 | Dead | Independent | John Backus / IBM |
| occam | 1983– | Dead | Independent | David May / INMOS |
| Eiffel | 1986– | Maintenance | Independent | Bertrand Meyer / Eiffel Software |
| ABC | 1987– | Dead | Independent | Leo Geurts / CWI |
| HyperTalk | 1987– | Dead | Independent | Bill Atkinson & Dan Winkler / Apple |
| Tcl | 1988– | Maintenance | Independent | John Ousterhout |
| Wolfram LanguageMathematica | 1988– | Alive | Independent | Stephen Wolfram |
| Sather | 1991– | Dead | Independent | ICSI Berkeley |
| AppleScript | 1993– | Maintenance | Independent | Apple |
| ColdFusionCFML | 1995– | Maintenance | Independent | Allaire / Adobe |
| OzMozart | 1995– | Dormant | Independent | Gert Smolka / DFKI Saarbrücken |
| Scratch | 2003– | Alive | Independent | MIT Media Lab |
| X10 | 2004–2017 | Dead | Independent | IBM Research |
| Nim | 2008– | Alive | Independent | Andreas Rumpf |
| Chapel | 2009– | Alive | Independent | Cray / HPE |
| Julia | 2012– | Alive | Independent | Bezanson, Karpinski, Shah & Edelman / MIT |