Research Unix Superseded

Thompson and Ritchie built Unix in 1969–70 on a discarded PDP-7 — small tools, one file idea, pipes between processes, all in a few thousand lines readable by one person. The 1973 C rewrite made it the first portable OS.\n\nThe 1974 CACM paper told the world; BSD at Berkeley, then AT&T's licensing wars, then Linux — the lineage now runs the internet, the phone in your pocket, and most of the cloud. The ACM gave its creators the 1983 Turing Award.