Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Biology / Scientific American Supplement, No. 447, July 26, 1884 / Braille

Scientific American Supplement, No. 447, July 26, 1884 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

235,810 braille cells · 250 embossed pages at 40×25 · 348 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠙⠊⠋⠋⠊⠉⠥⠇⠞⠊⠑⠎⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠺⠁⠽⠀⠕⠋⠀⠗⠕⠇⠇⠊⠝⠛⠲⠀⠀
⠠⠋⠊⠛⠎⠲⠀⠼⠃⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠼⠉⠀⠛⠊⠧⠑⠂⠀⠊⠝⠀⠎⠊⠙⠑⠀
⠑⠇⠑⠧⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠞⠺⠕⠀⠋⠁⠉⠑⠎⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠎⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠊⠗⠎⠞⠀⠗⠕⠥⠛⠓⠀⠋⠕⠗⠍⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠇⠊⠝⠅⠎⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠎⠑⠀⠋⠊⠗⠎⠞⠀⠃⠑⠛⠊⠝⠀⠞⠕⠀⠞⠁⠅⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠑⠭⠞⠑⠗⠊⠕⠗⠀⠎⠓⠁⠏⠑⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠗⠕⠥⠝⠙⠊⠝⠛⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠁⠝⠛⠇⠑⠎⠲⠀⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠏⠑⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠋⠕⠇⠇⠕⠺⠊⠝⠛⠂⠀
⠗⠑⠏⠗⠑⠎⠑⠝⠞⠑⠙⠀⠃⠽⠀⠠⠋⠊⠛⠎⠲⠀⠼⠙⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠼⠑⠂⠀⠊⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠏⠊⠑⠗⠉⠊⠝⠛⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠑⠝⠞⠑⠗⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠇⠊⠝⠅⠎⠂⠀
⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠉⠁⠝⠀⠇⠁⠞⠑⠗⠀⠃⠑⠀⠋⠥⠗⠝⠊⠎⠓⠑⠙⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠁⠀⠎⠞⠁⠽
⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠎⠥⠉⠓⠀⠉⠓⠁⠊⠝⠎⠀⠁⠎⠀⠗⠑⠟⠥⠊⠗⠑⠀⠎⠏⠑⠉⠊⠁⠇⠀
⠎⠞⠗⠑⠝⠛⠞⠓⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠏⠕⠊⠝⠞⠀⠝⠕⠺⠀⠊⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠙⠑⠞⠁⠉⠓⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠇⠊⠝⠅⠎⠂⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠊⠎⠀⠁⠉⠉⠕⠍⠏⠇⠊⠎⠓⠑⠙⠀⠃⠽⠀
⠕⠃⠇⠊⠟⠥⠑⠀⠏⠊⠑⠗⠉⠊⠝⠛⠎⠂⠀⠁⠎⠀⠎⠓⠕⠺⠝⠀⠊⠝⠀⠠⠋⠊⠛⠲⠀⠼⠋⠲
⠀⠠⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠏⠑⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠗⠑⠏⠗⠑⠎⠑⠝⠞⠑⠙⠀⠃⠽⠀⠠⠋⠊⠛⠲⠀
⠼⠛⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠧⠁⠇⠀⠎⠓⠁⠏⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠊⠍⠏⠁⠗⠞⠑⠙⠀⠞⠕⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠇⠊⠝⠅⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠏⠑⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠋⠊⠝⠊⠎⠓⠑⠎⠀⠁⠎⠀
⠎⠓⠕⠺⠝⠀⠊⠝⠀⠠⠋⠊⠛⠲⠀⠼⠓⠲⠀⠀⠠⠁⠉⠞⠥⠁⠇⠇⠽⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠇⠊⠝⠅⠎
⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠉⠊⠗⠉⠥⠇⠁⠗⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠎⠑⠏⠁⠗⠁⠞⠑⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀
⠎⠑⠏⠁⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠊⠎⠀⠗⠑⠞⠁⠗⠙⠑⠙⠀⠁⠎⠀⠍⠥⠉⠓⠀⠁⠎⠀
⠏⠕⠎⠎⠊⠃⠇⠑⠂⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠊⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀⠏⠇⠁⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠊⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀
⠑⠁⠎⠊⠑⠗⠀⠞⠕⠀⠕⠏⠑⠗⠁⠞⠑⠀⠁⠀⠗⠊⠛⠊⠙⠀⠃⠁⠗⠀⠞⠓⠁⠝⠀⠁⠀
⠉⠓⠁⠊⠝⠂⠀⠁⠃⠕⠧⠑⠀⠁⠇⠇⠀⠺⠓⠑⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠏⠑⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀
⠝⠑⠉⠑⠎⠎⠊⠞⠁⠞⠑⠎⠀⠊⠞⠎⠀⠃⠑⠊⠝⠛⠀⠏⠥⠎⠓⠑⠙⠀⠋⠕⠗⠺⠁⠗⠙⠲⠀⠀
⠠⠃⠽⠀⠍⠑⠁⠝⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠀⠛⠕⠕⠙⠀⠎⠽⠎⠞⠑⠍⠀⠕⠋⠀⠓⠑⠁⠞⠊⠝⠛⠂⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.