,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #ddg ,,new ,,york1 ,,july #bf1 #ahhd ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 ,no4 #ddg4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,*emi/ry4--,! ,bitt] ,sub/ance ( ,hops4--,by ,dr4 ,h4 ,,bung5]4 --,:at gives hops _! bitt] ta/e8--,processes = obta9+ hop-bitt] acid4--,analysis ( ! same4 ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,improvem5ts 9 ! ,h>bor ( ,antw]p4--,) engrav+ ( caisson = deep5+ ! riv]4 ,progress ( ,antw]p4--,rec5t works 9 ! h>bor4 ,bicycles & ,tricycles4--,by ,c4,v4 ,,boys4---,advantages ( ! diff]5t ma*9es4--,mann] ( f9d+ ! /eepness ( a hill & repres5t+ same on a map4--,exp]im5ts on ball be>+s4-- ,! ,otto bicycle4 ,! ,canal ,iron ,works1 ,london4 ,m>9oni's ,rot>y ,pr9t+ ,press4--,) #b engrav+s4 ,*5ot's ,economic ,filt] ,press4--,) engrav+4 ,/eel ,*a9s )\t ,weld+4--,me?od & ma*9es = mak+ same4--,sev]al figures4 ,,iii4 ,,te*nology4--,"s ,economic ,processes connect$ ) ! ,clo? ,mak+ ,indu/ry4--,by ,dr4 ,,wm4 ,,ramsay4--,h[ to save & utilize soap us$ 9 wool sc\r+4--,to recov] ! indigo f ! refuse4--,extraction ( pota% f su9t4--,use ( bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,,iv4 ,,physics4 ,,electricity1 ,,etc4--,?ury's ,dynamo ,electric ,ma*9e4 --#e figures4 ,breguet's ,telephone4 ,munro's ,telephonic ,exp]im5ts4--#i figures4 ,app>atus = ,maneuv]+ ,bi*romate ( ,potassa ,piles f a ,di/ance4--#b figures4 ,magnetic ,rotations4--,by ,e4,l4 ,,voice4--#a figure4 ,lighton's ,imm]sion ,illum9ator4--#a figure4 ,f\cault's ,p5dulum ,exp]im5ts4--,by ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 --#d figures4 ,v4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,art1 ,,etc4--,/4 ,paul's ,vic>age1 ,=e/ ,hill1 ,k5t4--#b engrav+s4 ,designs = ,iron ,gates4--,an engrav+4 ,,vi4 ,,a/ronomy4--,a ,new ,lun>ian4--,by ,pr(4 ,c4,w4 ,,maccord4 --,) #c figures4 ,,vii4 ,,geology4--,coal & its ,uses4--,by ,,james ,,pyke4--,=mation ( c>bonif]\s rocks & ! coal 9 ! same4--,processes ( nature4--,greatness ( ?is c\ntry due to coal4--,manufacture ( gas4--,products ( ! same4 ,,viii4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 ,,botany4 ,,etc4--,! ,w9e ,fly4--,! egg4--,l>va4--,pupa & fly4 ,! ,potetomet]4 an ,in/rum5t = ,measur+ ! ,transpiration ( ,wat] by ,plants4--#a figure4 ,bolivian ,c9*ona ,=e/s4 ,f]ns4--,nephrolepis ,davillioides ,furcans & ,nephrolepis ,duffi4 --#b engrav+s4 ,,ix4 ,,physiology1 ,,hygi5e1 ,,etc4--,! ,upright ,attitude ( ,mank9d4 --,review ( a lecture by ,dr4 ,s4,v4 ,,clev5g]1 9 :i* he tries to prove t man mu/ h orig9at$ f a f\r foot$ be+4 ,our ,enemies1 ! ,microbes4--,affections caus$ by ! same4-- ,exp]im5ts ( ,dava9e1 ,pa/eur1 & o!rs4--,h[ to prev5t bact]ides f ent]+ ! body4--#e figures4 ,x4 ,,biography4--,ga/on ,plante1 ! ,sci5ti/4--,) portrait ,w>r5 ,colburn1 ! ,am]ican ,ma!matician4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,h>bor ,,( ,,antw]p4 ,! h>bor ( ,antw]p1 :i*1 except+ ^? ( ,london & ,liv]pool1 is ! l>ge/ 9 ,europe1 has be5 improv$ wond]fully dur+ ! la/ decade4 ,be=e #ahgj x 0 inf]ior to ! h>bor at ,havre1 b n[ x f> surpasses ! same4 ,! riv] ,s*eldt1 :i* is ab\t #a1ejj ft4 wide1 0 badg]$ out up to ! v]tical walls ( ! bas91 s t ! l>ge/ %ips c l& at ! docks4 ,! riv] 0 deep5$ by ! use ( caissons1 9 ! l[] p>ts ( :i* ! workm5 op]at$ 9 compress$ air4 ,! annex$ cut %[s t "p ( "o ( ! caissons :i* projects above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! dep? ( ! riv] at l[ tide is ab\t #bf ft41 & at high tide ab\t #ci ft4 ,"s ( ! old sluices1 *annels1 bas9s1 etc41 :i* 7 r5d]$ useless by ! improvem5ts made 9 ! riv] ,s*eldt h be5 fill$ up1 & !reby ! city has be5 enri*$ by sev]al h&some & elegant squ>es4--,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,progress ,,( ,,antw]p4 ,antw]p is n[ ! *ief port on ! ,cont95t4 ,s9ce #ahgc ! progress has cont9u$1 & made v rapid advances4 ,9 #ahhc ! tonnage ( ! port rea*$ #c1gcd1dbh regi/]$ tons4 ,?is m>vel\s developm5t is p>tly due to ! position ( ,antw]p z ! emb>k+ po9t f ! ,cont95t ( ,europe to ,am]ica1 & p>tly also to ! rec5t additions & *anges :i* h be5 c>ri$ out !re1 & :i*1 n[ ne>ly complet$1 h made ?is cosmopolitan port "o ( ! be/ organiz$ 9 ! _w4 ,?is is s well kn[n t vessels b\nd = ,switz]l& ) a c>go ( corn f ,russia pass ,m>seilles & g two ?\s& miles out ( _! way = ! purpose ( unload+ at ,antw]p4 ,no o!r port1 9 fact1 (f]s ! same facilities4 ,!re is n ano!r place 9 ! _w :]e fifty vessels ( #c1jjj tons c come alongside z easily z ! p5ny boats on ! ,?ames run into ! l&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,caissons ,,= ,,deep5+ ,,! ,,riv] ,,at ,,antw]p4 ,s9ce ! op5+ ( ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel ne>ly all ! alim5t>y provisions t ,italy s5ds to ! ,briti% ,isles pass ?r\gh ,antw]p4 ,9 #ahhb #hb1jjj1jjj eggs & #cj1jjj p\nds ( fruit 7 %ipp$ !re = ,engl&4 ,! great] "p ( ^! came f ,italy4 ,antw]p has become also an important port = emigrants2 #ce1abe emb>k$ 9 #ahhb1 out ( :i* numb] #c1jee 7 b\nd = ,new ,york4 ,! city 0 always de/9$1 f its topographical position1 to be at ! head ( a v consid]able traffic2 political reasons alone = _m ye>s prev5t$ ?is be+ ! case4 ,^! h happily n[ disappe>$1 &1 s9ce #ahfc1 :5 ! ,s*eldt 0 lib]at$1 ! progress ( comm]ce has be5 m rapid ?an ev5 ! mo/ ard5t ,antw]p patriot d>$ hope4 ,at t date ! toll ( #as4 #aa;d4 on all vessels go+ up ! riv]1 & ( #g;d4 on vessels go+ d[n1 0 aboli%$1 & re=ms 7 introduc$ among ! taxes on ! g5]al navigation2 ! tax on tonnage 9 ! port itself 0 aboli%$1 & ! pilot tax 0 l[]$4 ,! results ( ^! measures became imm$iately app>5t4 ,traffic increas$ ) su* rapidity t 9 #ahgf ! cr[d+ on ! quays 0 su* t ! relation ( ! tonnage to ! l5g? ( ! quay 0 ab\t #bgj tons p] y>d1 :i* is f\r times z great z at ,liv]pool4 ,a few words n[1 briefly1 z to ! nature ( ! important works#a complet$ at ,antw]p4 ,!y 7 comm5c$ 9 #ahgg1 & h op5$ = ! port an era ( prosp]ity su* z 0 nev] exp]i5c$ ev5 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! z5i? ( h] spl5dor4 ,^! works h co/ #d1jjj1jjj1 & h necessitat$ ! employm5t ( #ab1jjj tons ( wr\ght iron1 ( #dij1jjj cubic y>ds ( brickwork & concrete1 ( #cb1jjj cubic y>ds ( masonry1 & ( m ?an #c1cjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( e>?work 9 fill+ & dr$g+1 etc4 ,! quay walls run ! :ole l5g? ( ! t[n1 a di/ance ( r m ?an two miles4 ,x re/s on a f\ndation laid )\t timb] foot+s1 & giv+ a dep? ( tw5ty-six feet at l[ wat]1 suffici5t draw+ = ! l>ge/ %ips afloat4 ,beyond ?is wall are ! real quays1 :i* consi/s ( fir/ a l9e ( rails res]v$ = hydraulic cranes s]v+ to unload vessels & deposit _! c>go railway trucks2 secondly1 a second l9e ( rails p>allel ) ! fir/1 on :i* ^! trucks are /ation$2 ?irdly1 %$s ext5d+ t[>d ! t[n = a wid? ( "o hundr$ & fifty feet1 & cov]$ ) galvaniz$ iron %eet+s4 ,a ?ird l9e ( rails p>allel ) ! two o!rs runs f end to end ( ^! %$s1 & a numb] ( l9es plac$ transv]sely ) ?is "o connect x by means ( spr+ bridges )1 f\r?ly1 f\r m l9es also p>allel ) ! quays1 :5ce ! goods />t = ! diff]5t /ations1 & !nce to _! de/9ations4 ,! total wid? ( ^! imm5se con/ructions is ab\t ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty feet4 ,su* is _! magnitude t ab\t six hundr$ h\ses _h to be pull$ d[n to make place = !m4 ,a rail+ runn+ along _! entire l5g? cuts !m (f f ! t[n4 ,transcrib]s note #a3 *ang$ f 'words' ,dur+ ! c\rse ( la/ ye> #d1cgi vessels ent]$ ! port ( ,antw]p1 gaug+ a total ( #c1gcd1dbh tons1 :i* places ,antw]p1 z ,i h already /at$1 at ! head ( ,european ports4 ,9 #ahhb ! tonnage ( ,havre 0 only #b1bjj1jjj1 t ( ,g5oa #b1bej1jjj1 & ( ,bilboa #cae1jjj1 ow+ to its iron ore exports4 ,among ! ,engli% ports a few only exce$ ,antw]p4 ,london is /ill ! fir/ port 9 ! _w1 ) a tonnage ( #aj1dba1jjj tons1 & ,liv]pool ! second1 ) #g1cea1jjj tons2 ,newca/le foll[s ) #f1jjj1jjj tons1 also 9 excess ( ,antw]p1 b bo? ,hull & ,glasg[ are bel[1 ) respectively #a1hge1jjj & #b1aaj1jjj tons4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bicycles ,,& ,,tricycles4 ,footnote3 ,a rec5t lecture be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london4 ,by ,c4,v4 ,,boys4 ,! subject ( ?is pap] is "o ( su* wide int]e/1 & ( su* great importance1 t x is q unnecess>y = me to make any apology = br++ x to y\r notice4 ,exactly two mon?s ago1 ,i _h ! honor ( deal+ ) ! same subject at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,on t occasion ,i consid]$ ma9 pr9ciples only1 & avoid$ any?+ 9 :i* none b rid]s 7 likely to take an int]e/1 or :i* 0 9 any way a matt] ( dispute4 ,z x may be assum$ t ! audi5ce "h consi/s l>gely ( rid]s1 & ( ^? :o are foll[+ ^? matt]s ( detail1 ! elaboration1 simplification1 & p]fection ( :i* h br\ght ! art ( con/ruct+ cycles to its pres5t /ate ( p]fection1 ,i purpose treat+ ! subject f a totally diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,i d n int5d1 9 g5]al1 to describe any?+1 assum+ t ! audi5ce is famili> ) ! con/ruction ( ! lead+ types ( ma*9es1 b r to consid] ! pros & cons ( ! v>i\s me?ods by :i* manufactur]s h /riv5 to atta9 p]fection4 ,z a discussion on ! subject ( ?is pap] w d\btless foll[--& ,i hope mak]s or rid]s ( e class ( ma*9e w freely express _! op9ion1 = by s do+ !y w l5d an int]e/ :i* ,i alone c\ld n hope to awak5--,i %all n consid] x necess>y to assume an absolutely neutral position1 :i* might be expect$ ( me if !re 7 no discussion1 b %all expla9 my own views )\t res]ve4 ,! great v>iety ( cycles may be gr\p$ "u ! foll[+ heads3 #a4 ,! ,bicycle unmodifi$4 #b4 ,! ,safety bicycle1 a modification ( #a4 #c4 ,! ,c5t]-cycle4 #d4 ,! ,tricycle1 :i* includes five g5]al types3 7a47 ,re> /e]] ( any sort4 7b47 ,cov5try rot>y4 7c47 ,front /e]] ( any sort 7except e74 7d47 ,humb] patt]n4 7e47 ,! ,o>sman4 #e4 ,d\ble ma*9es3 sociables & t&ems4 #f4 ,! ,otto4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s t n "o ma*9e is sup]ior to all o!rs 9 e respect1 = if t 7 ! case1 ! re/ w\ld rapidly become ext9ct4 ,n "o %[s any signs ( becom+ ext9ct1 &1 !re=e1 x may be assum$ t ea* "o possesses "s po9ts 9 :i* x is sup]ior to o!rs1 ! value ( :i* is consid]$ by its rid]s to f> outweigh any po9ts 9 :i* x may be inf]ior4 ,! widely v>y+ conditions "u :i*1 & purposes = :i*1 ma*9es are us$ & ! v diff]5t degrees ( importance :i* diff]5tly con/itut$ m9ds atta* to ! peculi>ities ( v>i\s ma*9es1 w1 probably1 prev5t any f becom+ ext9ct4 ,nev]!less1 ! v great advantages :i* "s ( ^! possess ov] o!rs w1 no d\bt1 9 "t become evid5t by ! prepond]ance ( ! bett] class ( ma*9es4 ,! bicycle1 :i* surpasses all o!r ma*9es 9 simplicity1 lightness1 & spe$1 w probably1 = ^! reasons1 always rema9 a favorite ) a l>ge class4 ,! fact t x requires only "o track places x at a great advantage ) respect to o!r ma*9es1 = x is common = a road :i* is unpleasant f mud or /ones to h a h>d1 smoo? edge1 a k9d ( pa?1 :]e ! bicycli/ c travel 9 peace1 b :i* is ( little advantage to o!r ma*9es4 ,aga91 ! bicycle c be :eel$ ?r\gh n>r[ gates or door ways1 & s kept 9 places :i* are inaccessible to tricycles4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ! bicycle1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t ( ! c5t]-cycle1 is t ! plane ( ! ma*9e always lies 9 ! direction ( ! resultant =ce1 t ! ma*9e leans ov] to an am\nt dep5d+ on ! velocity & ! %>pness ( ! curve describ$4 ,= ?is reason all lat]al /ra9 on ! p>ts is aboli%$1 & if we except ! slipp+ away ( ! :eel f "u ! rid]1 :i* c h>dly occur on a c\ntry road1 an upset f tak+ a curve too quickly is impossible4 ,?is lean+ to ei!r side by ! ma*9e & rid] gives rise to t delightful glid+ :i* none b ! bicycli/ or ! skat] c exp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is respect ! bicycle has an enorm\s advantage ov] any ma*9e1 tricycle or ,otto1 :i* mu/ at all times rema9 upright1 & :i* mu/1 !re=e1 at a high spe$1 be tak5 r\nd a curve ) discretion4 ,! p]fect & in/antane\s /e]+ ( ! bicycle1 comb9$ ) its n>r[ness1 c\nt]act1 to a great ext5t1 ! advantage :i* ! tricycli/ has ( be+ able to /op s mu* m quickly1 = ! bicycli/ c dodge pa/ a ?+ = :i* ! rid] ( ! ?ree-:eel] mu/ pull up4 ,9 "o o!r respect ! bicycli/ has an advantage :i*1 ?\gh ( no real importance1 has great weight ) _m p4 ,! bicycle well ridd5 pres5ts a picture ( su* p]fect elegance t no "o on any?+ else ne$ expect to appe> to advantage 9 comp>ison4 ,! *ief disadvantage ( ! bicycle is ! fact t a rid] _c /op = any purpose1 or g back a little1 )\t dism\nt+4 ,= t[n rid+1 :]e a /oppage is frequ5tly necessitat$ by ! traffic1 ?is p]petual m\nt+ & dism\nt+ is n only tiresome1 b we>y+1 s mu* s t few bicycli/s c>e to ride daily 9 t[n4 ,! position ( ! rid] on a bicycle1 ) respect to ! treadles1 is by no means good1 = if he is plac$ suffici5tly f> =w>d to be able to employ 8 weight to advantage )\t b5d+ himself d\ble1 he w be 9 s critical a position t a m]e t\* w s5d him ov] ! h&les4 ,he has1 !re=e1 to balance /ability & safety aga9/ com=t & p[]2 ! m =w>d he is1 ! m furi\sly he c drive 8 ma*9e1 & ! less does he suff] f friction & ! %ak+ ( ! little :eel2 ! m backw>d he is1 ! less is he likely to come to grief rid+ d[n hill1 or ov] unse5 /ones4 ,! bicycli/ is no bett] (f ?an ! rid] ( any o!r ma*9e ) a little :eel1 ! vibration f :i* may we>y him ne>ly z mu* z ! "w he does4 ,! little :eel z a mud-?r[+ ma*9e eng9e is /ill m effective on ! bicycle ?an x is on any tricycle1 = 9 g5]al x is run at a high] spe$4 ,i n[ come to ! usual compla9t ab\t ! bicycle4 ,!re is a fa%ion j n[ to call x dang]\s & ! tricycle safe4 ,b ! diff]5ce 9 safety has be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,! bicycli/ is m likely to suff] f /rik+ a /one ?an 8 fri5d on ?ree :eels1 b !n he %\ld n /rike "o :]e ! tricycli/ w\ld /rike a doz54 ,prop]ly ridd51 nei!r class ( ma*9e c be consid]$ dang]\s2 an accid5t %\ld nev] happ5 except x be due to ! action ( o!rs4 ,p1 c>ts1 cattle1 & dogs on ! road are liable to su* unexpect$ movem5ts1 t ! real dang] ( ! cycli/ comes f ! outside2 to dang] f absolute collapse1 due to a hidd5 flaw 9 ! mat]ials employ$1 e "o is liable1 b1 ! bicycli/ m remotely ?an ! tricycli/1 ow+ to ! great] simplicity ( 8 ma*9e4 ,! bicycli/1 ?\gh he has fur!r to fall 9 case ( an accid5t f any ( ^! causes1 is 9 a bett] position ?an ! tricycli/1 = he is outside in/ead ( inside 8 ma*9e2 he c 9 an in/ant get cle>4 ,x w\ld appe> t _m tricycli/s consid] accid5ts ( ! k9d next to impossible1 = 9 sev]al ma*9es ! rid] is s involv$ t an in/antane\s dism\nt )\t a mom5t's notice1 at any spe$1 is absolutely impossible4 ,!re rema9s "o objection1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %\ld be ( next to no importance--! difficulty ( le>n+ ! bicycle prev5ts _m f tak+ to ! light & fa/ ma*9e1 because !y are afraid ( a little prelim9>y tr\ble4 ,! *ief objections to ! bicycle1 !n1 are ! liability ( ! rid] to g ov] ! h&les1 ! impossibility ( /opp+ v quickly1 & ! inability to rema9 at re/ or g backw>d1 & ! difficulty ( le>n+4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! are1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ov]come 9 ! safety bicycles1 b n )\t ! introduction ( :at is 9 comp>ison a c]ta9 degree ( complication1 or )\t ! loss ( ! :ole ( ! grace or elegance ( ! bicycle4 ,on almo/ all ( ^! safety bicycles ! rid] is bett] plac$ ?an on ! unmodifi$ bicycle1 b ?\gh saf]1 ,i d n ?9k bicycli/s f9d !m complete 9 spe$1 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 !y are sup]ior 9 t respect to ! tricycle4 ,?\gh !y d n all[ ! rid] to /op )\t dism\nt+1 ! fatigue result+ f ?is cause is less ?an x is ) a bicycle1 ow+ to ! fact t ) ! small ma*9es ! rid] has s small a di/ance to climb4 ,( ^! ma*9es1 ! ,extraord9>y leaves ! rid] high up 9 ! air on a full-siz$ :eel1 b places him fur!r back & m ov] ! p$als4 ,! motion ( ^! is peculi>1 be+ n circul>1 b oval1 a =m :i* has c]ta9 advantages4 ,9 ! ,sun & ,planet & ,kang>oo bicycles a small :eel is ge>$ up1 t is1 is made to turn fa/] ?an ! p$als1 s z to avoid ! v rapid p$al+ :i* is necess>y to obta9 an ord9>y am\nt ( spe$ out ( a small :eel4 ,9 ea* ( ^! ! p$als move 9 a circul> pa?1 & _! appe>ance is 9 consequ5ce less peculi> ?an t ( ! ,facile1 :i*1 9 ?is respect1 does n comp>e favorably ) any good ma*9e4 ,! p$al motion on ! ,facile is m]ely reciprocat+4 ,rid]s ( ma*9es :]e circul> motion is employ$1 among !m myself1 d n believe t ?is reciprocat+ motion c be s good z circul>1 b ,i und]/& t ?is view is n held by ^? :o are us$ to x4 ,( c\rse1 ! h>monic motion ( ! ,facile p$al is sup]ior to ! equable reciprocat+ motion employ$ 9 "s ma*9es :]e spe$ is an object1 especially ) small :eels4 ,if ,i h ov]look$ any?+ typical 9 ! modifi$ bicycle class1 ,i hope "s "o w aft]w>d supply ! omission1 & po9t out any peculi>ities or advantages4 ,t v peculi> ma*9e1 ! c5t]-cycle1 seems to comb9e _m ( ! advantages ( ! bicycle & tricycle4 ,on x ! rid] c rema9 at re/1 or c move backw>d2 he c travel at any spe$ r\nd curves )\t an upset be+ possible2 he c ride ov] brickbats1 or ob/ructions1 n only )\t be+ upset1 b1 if go+ sl[ly1 )\t ev5 t\*+ !m4 ,z ?is ma*9e is v little kn[n1 a few words ( explanation may be int]e/+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! rid] is plac$ ov] ! ma9 :eel1 z 9 ! bicycle1 b mu* fur!r =w>d4 ,!re are ar\nd him1 on or ne> ! gr\nd1 f\r little :eels1 two be=e & two beh9d1 support$ 9 a mann] ! +5uity ( :i* calls = ! utmo/ admiration4 ,turn+ ! /e]+ h&le n only causes ! front & re> pairs to turn opposite ways1 b ow+ to _! swivel+ ab\t an inw>d po9t+ axis1 ! ma*9e is compell$ to lean ov] t[>d ! inside ( ! curve2 n only is ?is ! case1 b ea* pair rises & falls ) e inequality ( ! road1 if ! rid] *ooses t !y run on ! gr\nd2 b he c1 if he pleases1 arrange t 9 g5]al !y ride 9 ! air1 any "o t\*+ at su* times z are necess>y to keep him on ! top ( ! "o :eel1 on :i* alone he is practically rid+4 ,he c1 if he likes1 at any "t lift ! ma9 :eel (f ! gr\nd & run along on ! o!rs only4 ,! v few ma*9es ( ! k9d :i* ,i h se5 h be5 provid$ ) foot /raps1 to enable ! rid] to pull z well z pu%1 :i* is a great advantage :5 climb+ a hill1 b ?is is on e ma*9e except ! ,otto1 ( :i* ,i %all speak lat]1 consid]$ a dang]\s practice4 ,"s ( ! objections to ! bicycle to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 7 suffici5t to prev5t _m1 especially eld]ly m51 f dream+ ( becom+ cycli/s4 ,s long z ! tricycle 0 a crude & clumsy ma*9e1 !re 0 no *ance ( cycl+ becom+ a "p1 z x almo/ is & c]ta9ly soon w be1 ( our national life4 ,! tricycle has be5 br\ght to su* a /ate ( p]fection t x is difficult to imag9e :]e fur!r progress c be made4 ,p]haps x w be well to m5tion :at is necess>y 9 ord] t a ?ree-:eel$ ma*9e may be made to roll freely 9 a /raight l9e1 & also r\nd curves4 ,at all times ea* :eel mu/ be able to travel 9 its own plane 9 spite ( ! unit$ action ( ! o!r two4 ,to run /raight1 ! axes ( all ! :eels mu/ obvi\sly be p>allel4 ,to run r\nd a curve1 ! axis ( ea* mu/1 if cont9u$1 pass ?r\gh ! c5t] ( curvature ( ! curve4 ,if two :eels h a common axis1 ! int]section ( ! two l9es =m+ ! axes c only meet 9 "o po9t4 ,to /e] su* a comb9ation1 !re=e1 ! plane ( ! ?ird :eel only ne$ be turn$4 ,if ! axis ( no two are common1 !n ! planes ( two ( ! :eels mu/ be turn$ 9 ord] t ! ?ree axes may meet 9 a po9t4 ,n only does free roll+ dep5d on ! suitable direction ( ! planes ( ! :eels1 ea* :eel mu/ be able to run at a spe$ proportional to its di/ance f ! po9t ( int]section ( ! ?ree axes1 i4e41 f ! ev]-%ift+ c5t] ( curvature4 ,! mo/ obvi\s way1 !n1 ( contriv+ a ?ree :eel] is to drive "o :eel1 /e] ) ano!r1 & leave ! ?ird1 :i* mu/ be opposite ! driv]1 idle4 ,! next 9 simplicity is to drive ) "o :eel1 & /e] ) ! o!r two1 hav+ "o 9 front & ! o!r beh9d4 ,s f> !n1 ! s+le driv+ re>-/e]] & ! ,cov5try rot>y patt]n are easily und]/ood4 ,! evils ( s+le driv+1 m9imiz$1 x is true1 to a l>ge ext5t1 9 ! ,cov5try rot>y1 h l$ to ! contrivance ( means by :i* a :eel on ea* side may be driv5 )\t int]f]+ ) _! diff]5tial motion 9 turn+ a corn]4 ,?ree me?ods are commonly us$1 b z only two are employ$ on tricycles1 ,i %all leave ! ?ird till ,i come to ! special ma*9e = :i* x is necess>y4 ,! mo/ easy to und]/& is ! clut*1 a model ( :i* ,i h on ! table4 ,if ea* ma9 :eel is driv5 by means ( "o ( ^!1 ?\gh compell$ to g =w>d by ! crank%aft1 x is yet free to g fa/] )\t re/ra9t4 ,by ?is means d\ble driv+ is effect$ 9 sev]al =ms ( tricycle4 ,diff]5tial ge>1 :i* is well und]/ood1 & ( :i* !re are sev]al me*anically equival5t =ms1 divides ! appli$ driv+ p[]1 :e!r =w>d or backw>d1 betwe5 ! ma9 :eels1 equally if ! ge> is p]fect1 unequally if imp]fect4 ,to und]/& ! effect ( ! two sy/ems ( driv+1 & ( s+le driv+1 let u place on grooves a block :i* (f]s resi/ance to a mov+ =ce4 ,if we wi% to move x1 & apply our =ce at ! end ( "o side1 x w t5d to turn r\nd z well z move =w>d1 & mu* friction w be sp5t on ! guides by _! keep+ x /raight4 ,?is is ! s+le driv]4 ,if1 in/ead ( apply+ =ce at "o side1 we pu% ! block bodily =w>d by a beam mov+ p>allel to itself1 !n s long z ! guides are /raight no /ra9 w be put ^u !m1 ev5 ?\gh "o side ( ! block is resi/$ m ?an ! o!r2 if1 h[ev]1 ! guides compell$ ! block to travel r\nd a curve1 !n ! p[]1 in/ead ( be+ divid$ betwe5 ! two sides 9 su* proportion z is necess>y to relieve ! guides ( all /ra91 is sudd5ly appli$ only to ! inside1 & ! effect is t ( a s+le driv] only4 ,?is is ! clut*4 ,la/ly1 if ! la/-m5tion$ beam1 in/ead ( be+ pu%$ along p>allel to itself1 7 pivot$ 9 ! middle1 & t pivot only pu%$1 ! same p[] w\ld be appli$ to ea* side ( ! block1 & no /ra9 w\ld be ?r[n on ! guides1 :e!r /raight or curv$1 s long z ! resi/ance oppos$ to ! block on ! two sides 7 equal2 if1 h[ev]1 "o side met ) m resi/ance ?an ! o!r1 !n ! guides w\ld h to keep ! block /raight4 ,?is is ! diff]5tial ge>4 ,i h assum$ t 9 ! la/ case ! =ce 0 appli$ to ! middle ( ! beam2 ?is corresponds to e ev5ly-balanc$ ge>4 ,9 ! ge> employ$ by ,s+]1 :i* is n ev5ly balanc$1 b :i* d]ives its good qualities f its simplicity1 ! same effect is produc$ z if ! beam 7 pivot$ on "o side ( ! c5t] in/ead ( on ! c5t]4 ,?us1 ?\gh bo? sides are driv51 "o is driv5 m ?an ! o!r4 ,on ! :ole1 !re is no d\bt t ! balanc$ ge> gives a sup]ior action to ! clut*1 = except :5 ! two sides ( ! ma*9e meet ) v diff]5t resi/ance1 & !n only :5 runn+ /raight1 ! clut* w n comp>e ) ! o!r4 ,! clut* also gives rise to :at is consid]$ by mo/ rid]s a grave defect1 ! inability to back treadle1 :ile ! free p$al1 :i* is an imm$iate consequ5ce1 is consid]$ by o!rs a luxury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is same free p$al c be obta9$ on diff]5tially driv5 ma*9es to :i* spe$ & p[] ge> h be5 appli$4 ,( ! relative m]its ( diff]5t =ms ( diff]5tial ge> !re is little to be said4 ,p]haps x w n be ?\ght ,i am unduly ?ru/+ myself =w>d1 if ,i ref] to a s*eme ( my own1 9 :i* no too!d :eels are employ$1 b 9 :i* two conical surfaces are driv5 by a s]ies ( balls ly+ 9 ! groove betwe5 !m1 & jamb$ aga9/ !m by a recess$ r+4 ,i h "h a l>ge wood5 diagrammatic model1 & a small work+ model 9 /eel1 :i* %[s t ! new pr9ciple employ$ is correct1 namely1 t a ball :ile jamb$ is free to turn1 or if turn+ is able to jamb4 ,all ,humb]s1 & mo/ front /e]]s1 employ diff]5tial ge>+2 9 "s front /e]]s ! clut* ( necessity is us$4 ,neglect+ = ! pres5t ! diff]5t modes ( transmitt+ p[] f ! p$als to ! ma9 :eels1 x is possible n[ to consid] ! f\r typical builds ( tricycle4 ,! only advantage t a rid] c f9d 9 a re>-/e]] is ! op5 front1 s t 9 case ( accid5t he c m easily cle> himself ( 8 ma*9e2 z ,i h already rem>k$1 ?is p[] ( in/antly escap+ seems to be consid]$ by _m z ( no importance4 ,9 a re>-/e]] :i* has n an op5 front1 :e!r driv5 by a clut* or by diff]5tial ge>1 ,i fail to discov] any good quality4 ,! /e]+ ( a re>-/e]] is s v unc]ta91 t su* ma*9es _c safely be driv5 at any?+ l a high spe$1 because any :eel meet+ ) an ob/ruction w1 by *eck+ ! ma*9e1 dim9i% ! weight on ! /e]+ :eel j at ! "t :5 a great] weight ?an usual %\ld be appli$4 ,x is = ! correspond+ reason t ! /e]+ ( a front-/e]] is s excell5t2 ! m ! ma*9e is *eck$ by ob/ruction1 by back tread+1 or by ! brake1 ! great] is ! weight on ! front :eel4 ,= %oot+ hills1 or = pull+ up sudd5ly1 no ma*9e ( any k9d w comp>e ) a good front-/e]]4 ,9 all respects x is sup]ior to ! re>-/e]] if we except ! op5 front1 b aga9/ ?is may be set ! fact t on _m ! rid] c m\nt f beh9d1 or c dism\nt 9 ! same mann] :ile ! ma*9e is 9 motion4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! front-/e]] is = g5]al excell5ce1 safety1 easy managem5t1 & light-runn+1 ! be/ all-r\nd tricycle t is to be _h4 ,! ,humb] build1 :i* dep>ts less f ! ord9>y bicycle ?an any o?>1 is f> sup]ior to all o!rs = spe$2 x is1 h[ev]1 some:at difficult to manage1 = ! /e]+ is n only delicate1 b critical1 requir+ con/ant c>e le/ a /one or o!r ob/ruction %\ld take ! rid] unaw>es1 & /e] ! ma*9e = him4 ,! control :i* a skillful rid] ( ! ,humb] has ov] 8 ma*9e is wond]ful2 ! elegance ( ! ma*9e among tricycles is unequal$4 ,s great a favorite is ?is =m1 especially among ! bett] class ( rid]s1 t almo/ e firm h br\ght out _! own ,humb]1 ea* ) a di/+ui%+ "n4 ,! only improvem5t or *ange1 :i*ev] x may be1 t has be5 made by o!rs ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 is ! triple /e]+1 9 :i* ! h9d :eel moves ! opposite way to ! o!rs4 ,! correspond+ *ange 9 ! bicycle 0 soon disc>d$2 ,i d n "k :at advantage c result f ! increas$ delicacy ( /e]+ "h4 ,i %\ld h ?\ght x delicate en\gh already4 ,"o noticeable *ange 9 ! front-/e]+ tricycle1 :i* has be5 l>gely made1 lately1 is ! sub/itution ( c5tral = side ge>+1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* bicycle cranks c be employ$1 in/ead ( ! crank$ axle1 ) its fix$ ?r[4 ,?is gives an appe>ance ( lightness :i* ! old] types ( ma*9e d n possess4 ,i n[ come to t v difficult & all-important subject1 ! me?od ( transmitt+ p[] f ! body ( ! rid] to ! ma9 axle4 ,next to ! /ructural arrangem5t1 ?is is mo/ important 9 di/+ui%+ "o type ( ma*9e f ano!r4 ,! fir/ to :i* ,i %all ref] is ! direct action employ$ on ! ,national & ! ,mon>* tricycles4 ,x is obvi\s t by hav+ no sep>ate crank %aft1 mu* great] simplicity & *eapness & less friction are atta9$ ?an c be possible :5 ! extra be>+s & ge> g5]ally us$ are employ$4 ,9 ?is respect ! direct action ma*9es und\bt$ly h an advantage1 b an advantage ( any k9d may be too de>ly b\ght1 z x c]ta9ly is "h4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! direct action c only be appli$ to a re>-/e]+1 clut*-driv5 ma*9e1 or s+le driv]1 = if ! :eels 7 n free to run ahead1 x w\ld be impossible to g r\nd a curve4 ,9 ! second place1 ! rid] mu/ be plac$ at su* a height = 8 feet to "w on ! axle t ! ma*9e1 ( necessity1 is v un/able1 & is likely to upset if ridd5 )\t great caution r\nd a curve4 ,?irdly1 to dim9i% z f> z possible ?is la/ objection1 mis]able little :eels mu/ be employ$1 :i* _c be ge>$ up1 t is1 made to travel fa/] ?an ! treadles1 & s be equival5t to l>g] :eels4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh x is likely t at su* l[ spe$s only z x is safe to run su* a ma*9e x may move m easily ?an a ma*9e ( a recogniz$ type1 & ?\gh direct action w\ld und\bt$ly be advantage\s if x did n entail defects ( a mo/ s]i\s ord] ( magnitude1 we may dismiss ?is at once f our consid]ation4 ,x is true t 9 ! ,mon>* a few in*es ( height are ga9$ by ! hang+ p$als1 b ,i "q v mu* :e!r "o ma*9e is mu* bett] ?an ! o!r4 ,! *a9 :i* is us$ on almo/ e make ( ma*9e _c be consid]$ p]fect2 x is1 on ! :ole1 a dirty & noisy contrivance1 giv+ rise to friction :]e ! l9ks take & leave ! tee? ( ! pulleys2 /ret*+1 or r l5g!n+1 by we>1 &1 f9ally1 all[+ back la%1 :i* is mo/ unpleasant4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 x af=ds a conv5i5t & reliable means ( transmitt+ p[]1 :i* is applicable to e type ( tricycle1 except "o4 ,in/ead ( a *a91 an int]m$iate or idle :eel has be5 tri$1 b ?is has n be5 f\nd advantage\s4 ,! int]m$iate :eel has be5 remov$1 & ! crank & :eel pulley all[$ to ge> directly toge!r1 mak+ rev]se motion ( ! feet necess>y1 & possibly r$uc+ friction4 ,! crank & connect+ rod are employ$ 9 "s ma*9es4 ,if !re are two only1 !y mu/ n be plac$ 9 opposite positions1 b be fix$ at an angle1 s t !re are times :5 ea* rod is "u compression1 a /ra9 :i* delicate rods _c /&4 ,9 ! ?ree-?r[ crank1 employ$ 9 ! ,mat*less tricycle1 ?is objection is obviat$1 = "o1 at lea/1 is at all times 9 su* a position z to be 9 t5sion4 ,! objection to ! crank is ! fact t x weak5s ! %aft1 & t x c only be us$ ) a clut*1 n ) a diff]5tial ge>4 ,! mo/ sil5t1 neate/1 & cleane/ driv]1 ! "o ( :i* ! work+ friction is lea/1 is ! endless /eel b&1 s well kn[n 9 connection ) ! ,otto bicycle4 ,?is is n1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 employ$ on any tricycle1 mak]s probably fe>+ le/ x %\ld slip4 ,! ,otto %[s t x c safely be employ$4 ,i h devis$ a s*eme1 ( :i* ,i n[ %[ a model1 :i* seems to me to be free f ! objections :i* may be urg$ aga9/ o!r me?ods2 b ,i1 ( c\rse1 _c be consid]$ 9 ?is respect a judge4 ,ecc5trics are well kn[n z equival5t to cranks1 b if us$ 9 ! same way1 ) a connect+ rod1 ei!r fatal friction or enorm\s ball-be>+s w\ld be necess>y4 ,in/ead ( ^!1 ,i connect two pair ( equal ecc5trics by an endless b& embrac+ ea*1 s t ! b& acts l a connect+ rod )\t friction1 &1 at ! same "t1 acts by its turn+ p[] z on ! ,otto1 ?us mak+ two ecc5trics suffici5t in/ead ( ?ree1 & c>ry+ !m ov] ! dead po9ts4 ,!re is "o m sy/em ( transmitt+ p[] employ$ on a few ma*9es4 ,9 ^!1 a b& or l9e passes ov] ! circumf]5ce ( a sector or :eel1 & ! p[] is directly appli$ to x4 ,! motion ( ! feet 9 ! omnicycle1 & ( ! h&s & body 9 ! ,o>sman1 is !re=e uni=m4 ,!re w\ld be no h>m 9 ?is if x 7 n = ! />t+ & ! /opp+1 :i* _c be gradual & at ! same "t effective 9 ma*9es ( ?is type4 ,= ?is reason1 a high spe$ _c be obta9$2 nev]!less1 ^! ma*9es are bett] able to climb hills ?an are tricycles ) ! usual rot>y motion1 =1 at all p>ts ( ! /roke--:i* may be ( any l5g? t ! rid] *ooses--8 driv+ p[] on ! :eels is equal4 ,! +5i\s exp&+ drums on ! omnicycle make ?is ma*9e exceptionally good 9 ?is respect1 = increas$ lev]age is effect$ )\t increas$ friction1 :i* is ! result ( putt+ on ! p[] 9 "s ( ! two-spe$ contrivances4 ,hav+ spok5 ( ! ,o>sman tricycle1 ,i mu/ express regret t ,i h n be5 able to f9d an opportunity to ride on or ) ! ma*9e1 s t ,i _c f obs]vation =m an op9ion ( its go+ qualities4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! enorm\s am\nt ( "w t c be got f ! body 9 ea* /roke on a slid+ seat 9 a boat mu/1 appli$ 9 ! same mann] on ! ,o>sman tricycle1 make x %oot away 9 a surpris+ mann]2 :e!r su* motion1 :5 cont9u$ = h\rs1 is m tir+ ?an ! ord9>y leg motion only1 ,i _c say = c]ta91 b ,i %\ld imag9e t x w\ld be4 ,! me?od by :i* ! /e]+ is effect$ by ! feet1 & c ) "o foot be lock$ to a rigidly /raight c\rse1 is especially to be admir$4 ,!re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion ) respect to ! mo/ suitable size = ! :eels ( ma*9es4 ,except ) c]ta9 ma*9es1 ?is has no?+ to d ) ! spe$ at :i* ! ma*9e w travel at a giv5 rate ( p$al+1 = ! :eels may be ge>$ up or d[n to any ext5t1 t is made to turn m quickly or sl[ly ?an ! cranks4 ,?us ! mo/ suitable spe$+ is a sep>ate "q1 & mu/ be treat$ by itself4 ,l>ge :eels are f> sup]ior to small :eels 9 all[+ com=table1 easy motion1 a matt] ( consid]able importance 9 a long j\rney4 ,!y are also f> bett] ?an small = runn+ ov] loose or muddy gr\nd1 = ) a giv5 weight ^u !m !y s9k 9 less1 f ! long] be>+ !y pres5t1 & ?is1 comb9$ ) _! less curvature1 makes ! ev]la/+ asc5t :i* ! mud pres5ts to !m f> less ?an ) a small] :eel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! l>ge :eel is heavi]1 & suff]s m f air resi/ance ?an ! small :eel4 ,= rac+ purposes a little :eel1 ge>$ up ( c\rse1 is c]ta9ly bett] ?an a high :eel2 = com=table travel+1 & 9 g5]al1 ! high :eel is pref]able4 ,?\gh ?is is c]ta9ly ! case1 x does n foll[ t l>ge :eels are wor? hav+ on a ma*9e :5 !re is already "o little :eel4 ,if ! rid] is to be worri$ ) ! evils ( a little :eel at all1 x is possible t any advantage :i* l>ge :eels w\ld give him w\ld be swamp$ by ! vibration & mud-/ick+ prop]ties ( ! small /e]+ :eel4 ,"o firm1 9 _! endeavors to m9imize ^! evils1 h design$ ma*9es )\t any v small :eels2 all ?ree :eels are l>ge1 & a /eadi] & m com=table motion no d\bt results4 ,high & l[ ge>+ are ! natural sequel to high & l[ :eels4 ,( c\rse ! l[] ! ge>+ ! great] is ! me*anical advantage 9 favor ( ! rid] :5 meet+ ) mu* resi/ance1 :e!r f w9d1 mud1 or /eepness ( slope4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 = "s reason :i* ,i _c div9e1 ! ma*9es ) excessively l[ ge> d n seem to obta9 s great an advantage 9 climb+ hills z might be expect$4 ,to make su* a ma*9e travel at a mod]ate spe$ only1 excessively rapid p$al+ is necess>y1 & ! rid] is made tir$ m by ! motion ( 8 legs ?an by any "w he is do+4 ,! sl[1 /eady /roke by :i* a rid] propels a high-ge>$ ma*9e is f> m graceful & less we>y+ ?an ! furi\s motion :i* is necess>y on a l[-ge>$ ma*9e4 ,! height up to :i* ! driv+-:eels are usually ge>$ may be tak5 z an indication ( ! ease ) :i* any class ( ma*9es runs4 ,a rid] on a l[-ge>$ ma*9e c />t 8 ma*9e mu* m quickly ?an an equal man on "o t has high ge>+1 & !re=e 9 a race he has an advantage at fir/1 :i* he spe$ily loses z 8 rapid p$al+ beg9s to tell4 ,= ord9>y rid+ ! slight loss ( "t at />t+ is a matt] ( no importance :atev]4 ,!re are sev]al devices :i* enable u to obta9 ! advantages ( high & l[ ge>+ on ! same ma*9e1 :i* at ! same "t give ! rid] ! b5efit ( a free p$al :5ev] he wi%es4 ,on "s s+le driv+ re>-/e]+ tricycles ! connection on "o side is = spe$1 & t on ! o!r = p[]1 ei!r be+ 9 action at ! wi% ( ! rid]1 or bo? spe$ & p[] comb9ations are appli$ on ! same side4 ,to drive ) a p[] ge> a s+le :eel only seems to me to be ! height ( folly2 9 my op9ion no arrangem5t ( ?is type is wor?y ( s]i\s att5tion4 ,among ! bett] class ( ma*9es !re are ?ree me?ods by :i* ?is *ange is effect$--fir/1 t employ$ on ! omnicycle1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$2 secondly1 an epicyclic comb9ation ( :eelwork :i* moves z "o piece :5 set = spe$1 ?us add+ no?+ to ! work+ friction except by its weight1 b :i* works int]nally :5 set = p[]1 ?us r$uc+ to a small ext5t1 by ! additional friction1 ! ga9 ( p[] :i* ! rid] desires2 ?irdly1 a d\ble set ( *a9s & pulleys1 ea* set always 9 movem5t1 s t1 :e!r set = spe$ or p[]1 !re is r m friction ?an !re w\ld be if !re 7 no additional *a9s1 b ^! are free f t increas$ friction due to too!d :eel ge>+1 f :i* ! epicyclic contrivances suff] only :5 set = p[]4 ,!re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion :e!r any ( ^! arrangem5ts are wor? c>ry+1 = p]haps n9e miles1 = ! sake ( any advantage t may be obta9$ 9 ! t5?4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ! drums on ! omnicycle are s excell5t2 :e!r exp&$ or n1 !re is1 on _! acc\nt1 no loss ( "w :atev]1 = !re is no additional friction4 ,! subject ( ^! two spe$ ge>s w1 ,i hope1 be discuss$2 x is "o :i*1 ?\gh n new1 is com+ m to ! front1 & ab\t :i* mu* may be said4 ,hav+ n[ dealt ) ! means by :i* tricycles are made to climb hills m easily1 ,i wi% to leave ! subject ( bicycles & tricycles altoge!r = a few m9utes1 to say a few words :i* may specially int]e/ ^? :o are fond ( try+ _! p[] 9 rid+ up our be/ kn[n hills4 ,! difficulty ( gett+ up dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t on ! surface & on ! w9d1 b *iefly on ! /eepness4 ,! vague mann] 9 :i* "o hill is comp>$ ) ano!r1 & ! wild ideas t _m hold :o h n made any measurem5ts1 induces me to describe a me?od :i* ,i h f\nd specially applicable = ! measurem5t ( /eepness ( any hill on :i* a cycli/ may f9d himself1 & also a s*eme = ! complete repres5tation ( ! /eepness & elevation ( e "p ( a hill on a map s z to be tak5 9 at a glance4 ,! =ce requir$ to move ! ?+ up a slope is directly proportional n to ! angle1 b to ! trigonometrical s9e ( t angle4 ,to measure ?is1 place ! tricycle1 or ,otto--a bicycle w n /& squ>e to ! road1 & !re=e _c be us$--po9t+ 9 direction at "r angles to ! slope ( ! hill1 s t x w n t5d to move4 ,clip on ! top ( ! :eel a level1 & m>k t "p ( ! road :i* is 9 ! l9e ( sight4 ,take a /r+ made up ( pieces alt]nately black & :ite1 ea* exactly z long z ! :eel is high1 & /ret* x betwe5 ! m>k & ! top ( ! :eel4 ,if !re are n pieces ( /r+ includ$1 ! slope is #a 9 n1 = by simil> triangles ! diamet] ( ! :eel is to ! l5g? ( ! /r+ z ! v]tical rise is to ! di/ance on ! road4 ,?is gives ! av]age /eepness ( a piece suffici5tly long to be wor? te/+1 because an incl9e only a few feet 9 l5g?1 ( almo/ any /eepness1 c be m\nt$ by ! aid ( mom5tum4 ,!re is only "o process1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 :i* supplies a me?od ( repres5t+ on a map ! /eepness ( a road at e "p4 ,cont\rs1 ( c\rse1 %[ h[ f> "o has to g to rise #ej or #ajj feet1 b z to :e!r ! asc5t is made uni=mly or 9 an irregul> mann]1 ) /eep & level places1 !y tell u no?+4 ,let ! c\rse ( a road be indicat$ by a s+le l9e :]e x is level1 & by a pair ( l9es :]e incl9$4 ,let ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es be ev]y:]e proportional to ! /eepness1 !n ! greate/ wid? w %[ ! /eepe/ "p1 & an int]m$iate wid? w %[ places ( int]m$iate /eepness2 ! cross+ ( ! l9es1 :i* mu/ be di/+ui%able f "o ano!r1 w %[ :]e ! direction ( ! slope *anges4 ,fur!r1 ! size ( ! figure b\nd$ by ! two l9es w %[ ! total rise2 a great height be+ rea*$ only by great /eepness or by great l5g?1 a l>ge figure be+ =m$ only by great wid? or by great l5g?4 ,^? :o are ma!matically incl9$ w recognize "h t ,i h diff]5tiat$ ! curve repres5t+ ! slope ( ! bill1 & laid ! diff]5tial curve d[n 9 plan4 ,hav+ w&]$ (f my subject1 ,i mu/ return to m me*anical ?+s1 & give ! results ( "s exp]im5ts :i* ,i h made on ! balls ( ball be>+s4 ,!re is no necessity to argue ! case ( ball vs4 pla9 be>+s1 ! balls h s cle>ly won _! case1 t x w\ld be wa/e ( "t to %[ :y4 ,( ! we> ( ! twelve balls =m+ "o set belong+ to ! be>+s ( ! :eels ( my ,otto1 ,i h on a previ\s occasion spok52 ,i may1 h[ev]1 repeat t 9 runn+ #a1jjj miles1 ! twelve balls lo/ 9 weight only #a_/bj4h gra91 or ea* ball lo/ only #a_/bej gra94 ,! we> ( ! surface am\nt$ to only #a_/aehjjj in*2 at ! same rate ( we>1 ! loss 9 travel+ f "h to ! moon w\ld am\nt to only #a_/cd4c ( _! weight4 ,i exam9$ ea* ball e #bjj miles1 & 0 surpris$ to f9d t on ! :ole ! we> ( ea*1 dur+ ea* j\rney1 v>i$ v little4 ,! balls exp]im5t$ on 7 a new set obta9$ f ,mr4 ,b[n4 ,i also _h f him "o ball ( ea* ( ea* ( ! foll[+ sizes #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 & #g #af?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 z ,i 0 curi\s to "k :at weight !y w\ld suppport )\t cru%+4 ,z z prelim9>y exp]im5t1 ,i plac$ a sp>e #e_/af ball betwe5 ! cru%+ faces ( ! new te/+ ma*9e at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & appli$ a gradually increas+ =ce up to #g tons #i cwt41 at :i* x %[$ no signs ( di/ress4 ,on remov+ x ,i f\nd t x _h buri$ itself ov] an angle ( ab\t #fj 9 ! h>d /eel faces1 faces s h>d t a file w\ld n t\* !m4 ,^? m>ks w be a p]man5t record ( ! /uff ( :i* ! ball 0 made4 ,! ball itself is seal$ 9 a tube1 s t any "o :o is curi\s to see x c d s4 ,f9d+ t ! cru%+ faces 7 n suffici5tly h>d1 ,i made two anvils ( ! be/ tool /eel1 & v c>efully h>d5$ !m4 ,^!1 ?\gh !y 7 impress$ slightly1 7 suffici5tly good = ! purpose4 ,9 ! foll[+ table are ! results ( ! cru%+ exp]im5ts3 #c_/af ball at #b tons #ac cwt4 did n break1 b cru%$ on remov+ "p ( ! weight4 ball at #c tons #ae cwt4 did n break1 b cru%$ on remov+ "p ( ! weight4 #e_/af ball at #d tons #i cwt4 broke4 #c_/h ball at #h tons #f cwt4 did n break1 cru%$ "u ano!r #abj lb4 #g_/af ball cru%$ be=e #c tons1 ) :i* ,i 0 />t+1 _h be5 appli$4 ,exam9ation %[$ t ! /eel b> ( :i* x 0 made _h be5 lam9at$4 ,^! exp]im5ts d n tell mu* ( importance2 !y are curi\s1 & p]haps ( suffici5t int]e/ to br+ be=e y\r notice4 ,! fragm5ts are all pres]v$ 9 tubes1 & label$1 s t any "o :o likes to see !m c d s4 ,( ! advantage :i* a ma*9e :i* w collapse or fold up :5 desir$1 b reta9 its =m on ! road1 (f]s 9 conv5i5ce1 x is unnecess>y = me to speak4 ,( d\ble ma*9es1 ! ,ruck] t&em bicycle seems to me to be 9 e respect ! be/1 b ,i %\ld add t ,i speak only f imag9ation & n f exp]i5ce4 ,! indep5d5t /e]+1 ! impossibility ( capsiz+ =w>d or sideways1 ! position ( ! rid] ov] 8 "w1 ! abs5ce ( any little :eel ) its mud ?r[+ & vibrat+ t5d5cies1 comb9e to make a ma*9e :i* ought to be sup]ior 9 almo/ e desirable quality to any o!r2 :at x may be 9 practice ,i hope to he> 9 ! discussion4 ,( d\ble tricycles1 ! ,sociable has be5 tri$ by _m1 & is practically a failure 9 s f> z travel+ quickly & easily is conc]n$4 ,! ,t&em1 ?\gh x pres5ts s objectionable an appe>ance1 seems likely to become a favorite1 = x surpasses any s+le tricycle1 & rivals ! bicycle 9 spe$4 ,h[ x may comp>e 9 com=t or 9 safety ) ! s+le ma*9e1 p]haps ^? few :o are well acqua9t$ ) !m w say2 at any rate1 9 ! case ( ! ,humb]1 great] /ability is giv5 to ! /e]+1 ow+ to ! weight ( ! front rid]4 ,"t w n all[ me to say m ( ^! ma*9es1 or to attack ! subject ( /eam1 electric1 or magic tricycles1 :i* ,i _h hop$ to d4 ,) /eam & electricity we are well acqua9t$2 by magic tricycles1 ,i mean ^? driv5 by a motor :i*1 )\t any exp5se1 w drive "o tw5ty miles an h\r1 up or d[n hill1 ) p]fect safety4 ,highway regulations1 & c]ta9 reasons n well und]/ood1 h at pres5t prev5t$ ^! contrivances f mak+ a revolution4 ,!re rema9s "o ma*9e :i* mu/ be consid]$ sep>ately1 = x _c be class$ ) any o!r4 ,?is is ! ,otto bicycle4 ,my op9ion ( ?is ma*9e is s pron\nc$ t ,i d n c>e to /ate x fully4 ,i %all m]ely give ! reasons :y ,i pref] x to any?+ else1 & 9 s do+ ,i %all be tak+ ! fir/ /ep 9 ! discussion1 9 :i* x w be int]e/+ to he> f rid]s ( o!r ma*9es ! reasons = _! pref]5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! evils ( a ?ird or little :eel1 ! cause ( tr\ble 9 all tricycles1 are avoid$4 ,!re is none ( ! vibration :i* makes all o!r ma*9es almo/ unbe>able to ,ottoi/s1 vibration :i* tricycli/s h le>nt to consid] a necess>y accompanim5t ( cycl+1 b :i* has1 no d\bt1 be5 dim9i%$ by ! use ( ! spr+ support ( ! front /e]+ ,humb]4 ,x w\ld be presumptu\s 9 me to make any rem>ks on ! effect ( ?is vibration on ! human sy/em2 we %all all be anxi\s to he> :at our ,*airman has to say on ?is po9t4 ,by hav+ only two :eels1 we h only two tracks1 s t we c travel at a fair spe$ along ^? places 9 ! c\ntry call$ roads1 :i* consi/ ( alt]nate l9es ( ruts & /ones1 :]e a ?ree-track ma*9e c\ld n be driv51 & :]e1 f ! quantity ( loose lime/one 9 ! ruts1 a little :eel ( a two-track tricycle w\ld be likely to suff]4 ,by hav+ no little :eel1 we c ride 9 dirty wea!r )\t hav+ ! re/ ( our ma*9e pelt$ ) mud1 s t clean+ takes less "t ?an x does ) any?+ else4 ,z ,i h already rem>k$1 ! small :eel is ! culprit :i* makes ! bicycle & tricycle drive s heavily on a s(t road4 ,! ease ) :i* ! ,otto c !re=e be run ?r\gh ! mud a/oni%es e "o4 ,hav+ no little :eel1 we c obta9 ! full advantage ( ! high #ef in* :eel1 :i* almo/ e "o pref]s4 ,z ,i h ridd5 all comb9ations1 f a #ej in* ge>$ up to #fj in*1 to a #fj in* ge>$ level1 ,i c speak f exp]i5ce ( ! increas$ com=t to be d]iv$ f ^! l>ge :eels1 ?\gh = spe$ only !y d n comp>e ) ! small] & light] :eels ge>$ up4 ,a fur!r po9t ga9$ by ! use ( two :eels only is ! fact t ! :ole weight ( ma*9e & rid] is on ! driv+-:eel1 z x is also on ! /e]+-:eel1 s t by no possibility c ! :eels be made to slip 9 ! driv+1 or to fail 9 /e]+ f want ( pressure ^u !m4 ,! mo/ important consequ5ce1 h[ev]1 is ! abs5ce ( any fix$ frame4 ,9 all ma*9es1 bicycles & tricycles1 ) ! usual fix$ frame1 a position is f\nd = ! saddle :i* is1 on ! :ole1 mo/ suitable4 ,= "s p>ticul> gradi5t x w be p]fect2 on a /eep] gradi5t ! treadles w be fur!r 9 advance1 b ) a /eep] gradi5t ! rid] %\ld be m ov] ! front ( ! treadles4 ,to get 8 weight fur!r to ! front1 he has to d\ble up 9 ! middle1 & assume a position 9 :i* he _c possibly "w to advantage4 ,! sw++ frame ( ! ,otto c>ries ! treadles1 ( necessity1 fur!r back1 s t ! ,ottoi/1 :5 work+ at 8 h>de/1 is /ill upright1 ) 8 h&s 9 ! l9e betwe5 8 %\ld]s1 & 8 feet & 8 arms /raight1 s t he c hold himself d[n1 & employ 8 /r5g? 9 a p]fectly natural position4 ,on go+ d[n a slope1 ! fix$ frame ( a bicycle or tricycle leans =w>d1 & places ! rid] 9 su* a position t extra weight is ?r[n on 8 arms & 8 %\ld]s1 :]eas ! sw+ frame ( ! ,otto goes back1 & ! rid] ( necessity assumes t position 9 :i* 8 arms are reliev$ ( all /ra94 ,9 s f> z ! g5]al position tak5 by ! automatic ,otto frame is conc]n$1 ne>ly ! same effect c be obta9$ by us+ ! sw+ frame ( ! ,devon tricycle1 :i* c be %ift$ & lock$ 9 any position :i* ! rid] wi%es1 or by ! slid+ saddle1 :i* c be slid backw>d or =w>d & lock$ s z to place ! rid] 9 "o ( ?ree positions4 ,?\gh ! rid] c by ^! devices assume ne>ly t position ) respect to ! treadles :i* is mo/ advantage\s1 he _c obta9 t curi\s =e & aft oscillation made use ( by ! ,ottoi/ 9 climb+ hills1 :i*1 z ! model on ! table %[s1 enables him to get pa/ ! dead po9ts )\t ev5 mov+1 & :i*1 !re=e1 makes ! ,otto by f> ! be/ hill-climb+ ma*9e !re is1 if acc\nt is tak5 ( ! high spe$+ ) :i* all ,ottoi/s ride4 ,?is is a proposition :i* none :o kn[s ! ma*9e w "q = "o mom5t4 ,! fre$om ( motion result+ f ! sw+ ( ! frame ( ! ,otto gives a pleasurable s5sation1 :i* ^? :o h only exp]i5c$ ! con/ra9$ motion ( a ?ree-:eel] _c ev5 und]/&4 ,! v peculi> me?od ( driv+ & /e]+1 :i* seems s puzzl+ to ! novice1 especially if he is a good rid] ( o!r ma*9es--= 9 t case he is f> worse (f ?an "o :o has nev] ridd5 any?+--give ! rid]1 :5 he is famili> ) !m1 a control ov] ! ma*9e :i* is /ill surpris+ to me4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ma*9e w run along /raight1 backw>d or =w>d1 s long z ! h&les are let alone4 ,?is automatic /raight runn+ is a luxury1 = until a deviation has to be made1 ! /e]+ h&les ne$ n be t\*$1 & ! rid] may1 if suffici5tly confid5t1 travel ) 8 arms fold$ or 8 h&s 9 8 pockets4 ,! rigid connection betwe5 ! cranks & ! :eels does away ) all ! backla%1 :i* is s unpleasant ) *a9 or too!d :eel ge>+4 ,!re is no diff]5tial ge> or clut*1 b ! ma*9e possesses ! advantage ( ! clut* ov] ! diff]5tial ge> :5 meet+ ) unequal resi/ance on a /raight c\rse1 = ea* :eel mu/ travel at ! same spe$2 b1 9 turn+ a corn]1 in/ead ( driv+ ! inn] :eel only1 :i* is done by ! clut* or bo? :eels equally1 :i* is ! case ) diff]5tial ge>1 ea* :eel is driv51 b ! out] "o m ?an ! inn]4 ,at high spe$s1 ! /e]+ ( ! ,otto has ?is advantage1 t :]eas1 ) a giv5 action on a tricyle1 ! same deviation w be effect$ 9 ! same space at high z at l[ spe$s1 ! same action on ! ,otto w1 at high spe$s1 produce ! same deviation 9 ! same "t z x does at l[ spe$s2 & s in/ead ( becom+ m s5sitive at high spe$s1 z is ! case ) ! tricyle1 ! /e]+ ( ! ,otto rema9s ! same4 ,?is is because ! /e]+ ( ! tricycle dep5ds on a k9ematical1 t ( ! ,otto on a dynamical pr9ciple4 ,9 ano!r respect1 no ma*9e c approa* ! ,otto2 at almo/ any spe$ ! rid] c1 if !re is reason1 in/antly dism\nt1 by :i* action he puts on ! brakes1 & ! ma*9e w save him f fall+1 /opp+ ) him almo/ in/antly4 ,z is well kn[n1 we c move backw>d & =w>d1 we c twi/ ar\nd & ar\nd 9 our own wid?1 or c ride ov] bricks ) impunity4 ,"o objection to ! ma*9e is ! difficulty ( le>n+1 :i* is consid]able1 b :i* pres5ts no dang]4 ,?is difficulty has be5 mu* exagg]at$1 = be=e ! pres5t p[]ful brake 0 appli$ x did require consid]able skill to ride x d[n a /eep hill4 ,! way to d ?is mu/ /ill be le>nt1 b x is n[ comp>atively easy4 ,= go+ d[n /eep hills1 ! front /e]+ tricycle is )\t a rival2 ,i d n "k :at o!r ma*9e w d ?is bett] ?an ! ,otto4 ,la/ly1 ! foot /raps1 :i* w\ld be a great advantage on any ma*9e1 if only !y 7 safe1 are n--?\gh none b rid]s w believe x--9 any way a s\rce ( dang] on ! ,otto4 ,hav+ ridd5 ?is ma*9e = close ^u #aj1jjj miles1 ,i c speak ) m au?ority on ?is po9t ?an c ^? :o are n able to sit ^u x = a mom5t4 ,! only disadvantage :i* ! ma*9e pres5ts is ! fact t x is impossible to remove ! feet f ! p$als :ile runn+1 )\t dism\nt+2 b ?\gh !y mu/ at all times foll[ ! p$als1 ! ,ottoi/ is n1 z is g5]ally ?\ght1 work+ :5 desc5d+ a hill4 ,! en?usia/ic t]ms 9 :i* e "o :o has ma/]$ ! peculi>ities ( ! ,otto speaks ( x w\ld be consid]$ z evid5ce 9 its favor1 if we 7 n all consid]$ by o!r cycli/s to be 9 v>i\s /ages ( lunacy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,canal ,,iron ,,works1 ,,london4 ,"s int]e/ is awak5$ 9 eng9e]+ circles 9 ,london1 j n[1 by ! approa*+ close ( ! old eng9e]+ works s well kn[n z ! ,canal ,ironworks1 at ! entrance to ! ,isle ( ,dogs1 ,london1 ,e4 ,?is notable e/abli%m5t /&s second 9 priority 9 ,london--t ( ,messrs4 ,maudslay1 ,sons ,field be+ ! olde/--= ! manufacture ( m>9e eng9es4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ! late ,messrs4 ,seaw>ds1 above sixty ye>s ago4 ,"h 0 orig9at$ ,seaw>d's hoi/+ %e]s ) ! travel+ back leg1 a mod]n example ( :i*1 #ajj feet high1 9 iron1 /&s on ! :>f4 ,an int]e/+ tool1 also1 is ! l>ge v]tical bor+ ma*9e = l>ge/ size cyl9d]s2 ,seaw>d sp5t #e1jjj ^u ?is1 & x is c]ta9ly an admirable tool4 ,!re is also ! l>ge v]tical slott+ ma*9e1 ) a /roke up to #e feet #b in*es1 a wond]fully p[]ful & compact ma*9e4 ,! ext5sive collection ( screw+ tackle is1 p]haps1 unsurpass$1 & ext5ds up to #h in*es diamet]4 ,!re is a peculi> erect+ %op ro(1 :i* w /ill repay exam9ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,m>9oni',s ,,rot>y ,,pr9t+ ,,press4 ,! greate/ progress t has be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ! art ( pr9t+ is 9 ! inv5tion ( ! high spe$ press provid$ ) cont9u\s pap]4 ,?ree ,fr5* con/ructors1 ,messrs4 ,m>9oni1 ,alauzet1 & ,d]riey1 h br\ght ?is k9d ( app>atus to su* a degree ( p]fection t ! majority ( =eign j\rnals hav+ a l>ge circulation buy _! presses 9 ,france4 ,we reproduce 9 ,fig4 #a a p]spective view ( ! ,m>9oni press1 & 9 ,fig4 #b a diagram %[+ ! p>ts ( ! same4 ,9 ord] to give a complete description ( x1 we _c d bett] ?an to reproduce ! v int]e/+ /udy t has be5 made ( x by ,mr4 ,monet1 a civil eng9e]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,m>9oni',s ,,rot>y ,,pr9t+ ,,press4 ,! roll]1 ,j 7,fig4 #b71 is plac$ 9 ! ma*9e 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x is receiv$ f ! pap] manufactory4 ,! pap] unw9ds1 runs ov] ! roll]s1 e & e'1 :i* s]ve only = taut5+ x1 & !n passes betwe5 ! two cyl9d]s1 ,a & ,b4 ,! cyl9d]1 ,a1 c>ries ! =m1 & ,b c>ries ! blanket1 & ! pap] ?us receives its fir/ impression4 ,x aft]w>d passes betwe5 ! cyl9d]s1 ,a' & ,b'1 & receives an impression on ! o!r side1 ! cyl9d]1 ,a'1 c>ry+ ! =m1 & ,b' ! blanket4 ,be+ n[ pr9t$ on bo? sides1 x passes betwe5 ! cyl9d]s1 ,,kk'1 :i* cut x (f & all[ ! %eet to slide betwe5 ! cords ( ! roll]s4 ,^! latt] lead ! %eets ov] ! roll]s1 g h1 on :i* !y w9d1 "o ov] ! o!r1 :5 ! roll]s1 a a'1 are 9 ! position %[n by unbrok5 l9es 9 ! cut4 ,! "p ( ! ma*9e t holds ! roll]s1 g h1 & ! diff]5t cords t w9d ov] !m1 is ! accumulator1 & x is 9 ?is "p ( ! press t ! %eets accumulate1 "o ov] ! o!r1 to any numb] desir$4 ,! size ( ! roll]s1 g h1 & _! di/ance ap>t are s regulat$ t :5 ! %eet rea*es ! accumulator1 x falls exactly on ^? t h prec$$ x4 ,:5 ! prop] numb] ( %eets is 9 ! accumulator 7#d or #e be+ ! numb] mo/ employ$ = aft]w>d facilitat+ ! sep>ation into packets on ! receiv+ table71 ! two small roll]s1 a a'1 advance ov] ! rack1 ,n1 & ! %eets1 in/ead ( cont9u+ to roll ov] into ! accumulator1 fall on ! rack & are deposit$ by x ^u ! receiv+ table1 ,o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,m>9oni',s ,,press4 ,! rack hav+ fall5 tw5ty times1 & deposit$ five %eets ea* "t1 or "o hundr$ 9 all1 ! table moves 9 su* a way z to prev5t ! %eets subsequ5tly deposit$ f gett+ mix$ ) !m4 ,:5 ! rack has fall5 tw5ty times1 ! table returns to its initial position4 ,! di/ribut+ roll]s1 ,d1 come 9 contact ) ! ink+ roll]s1 ,i1 once dur+ ea* revolution ( ! pr9t+ cyl9d]s1 & are m\nt$ on rack+ lev]s provid$ ) regulat+ screws t p]mit ( easily regulat+ ! am\nt ( ink tak5 up4 ,! supports ( ! ink+ roll]s are movable & c be made to approa* or rec$e f ! di/ribut+ roll]s1 s z to /ill fur!r v>y ! am\nt ( ink tak5 up by !m4 ,! di/ribut+ roll]s supply ! ink to a roll]1 ,e1 ( l>ge diamet]1 :i*1 hav+ a backw>d & =w>d motion1 beg9s to di/ribute ! ink & to transmit x to a second roll]1 ,f1 ( ! same diamet]4 ,?is latt] !n spreads x ov] a metallic cyl9d]1 ,g1 :i* is ( ! same diamet] z ! pr9t+ cyl9d]s1 & aga9/ :i* revolve ?ree di/ribut+ roll]s1 ,h1 t h a backw>d & =w>d motion4 ,betwe5 ! cyl9drical ink+ table1 ,g1 & ! type cyl9d]1 !re are situat$ ink+ cyl9d]s1 ,t1 ( l>ge diamet]1 t con/antly take up ink f ! ink+ table & di/ribute x ov] ! types4 ,! ma*9e "h describ$1 :5 design$ = pr9t+ l>ge siz$ j\rnals1 has cyl9d]s ^: circumf]5ce corresponds to ! size ( pap] = two wid?s ( pages1 & ^: l5g? is suffici5t to all[ x to receive two =ms4 ,ea* cyl9d]1 !n1 c>ries f\r =ms1 or eight 9 all1 & pr9ts two complete copies at ea* revolution4 ,! l>ge %eet cut (f by ! cyl9d]s1 ,k ,k'1 conta9s1 !n1 two copies2 & ?is %eet1 on pass+ "u ! roll]1 f is aga9 cut 9 two by a disk :i* sep>ates x 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! cyl9d]s4 ,to ?is press !re may be add$ a me*anical fold] ( ,mr4 ,m>9oni's inv5tion1 capable ( fold+ a j\rnal five times4--,annales ,indu/rielles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*5ot',s ,,economic ,,filt] ,,press4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,*5ot1 :o is occupi$ 9 ! manufacture ( w9e f dry grapes1 has be5 l$ to devise a new /yle ( filt]1 :i* by reason ( its mode ( action & its con/ruction1 he calls ! ,economic ,filt] ,press4 ,! app>atus1 :i* is %[n 9 ! accompany+ cut1 consi/s ( flat bags ^: m\? may be at ! top1 z usual1 or at ! side4 ,?r\gh ?is orifice !re is introduc$ a flat piece ( wood or metal1 :i*1 l ! bag1 has an ap]ture ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,! :ole is susp5d$ f a di/ribut+ pipe t is fix$ at "o end to ! frame & is free at ! o!r4 ,?is pipe is slott$ b5ea?1 & ! pieces ( wood or metal conta91 opposite ! slot1 a numb] ( small ap]tures t put ! di/ribut] 9 communication ) ! int]ior ( ! bags4 ,betwe5 ^! latt] !re are plac$ wire clo? frames :i* hold !m 9 position & facilitate ! fl[ ( ! filt]$ liquid4 ,! cut %[s ! filt] provid$ ) a portion ( its bags & frames4 ,:5 all ! frames are 9 place !y are lock$ by caus+ ! movable plate to move =w>d by means ( two screws connect$ ) an endless *a9 & actuat$ by a h& :eel4 ,! pressure ( ?is plate closes up ! bags h]metically4 ,!n1 ! fe$ cock be+ op5$1 ! liquid fl[s into all ! bags1 deposits !re9 :at x holds 9 susp5sion1 & ! cl>ifi$ product fl[s to ! incl9$ bottom ( ! filt] & f !nce to ! ext]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*5ot',s ,,economic ,,filt] ,,press4 ,! app>atus may be suppli$ ei!r ?r\gh an upp] res]voir1 a juice elevator1 or a pump4 ,! dis*>ge is proportional to ! squ>e root ( ! pressure4 ,:5 ! bags are full ( residuum1 ! fe$ cock is clos$1 ! filt] is unscrew$1 & ! bags & frames are tak5 out4 ,) fre% bags & ! same frames1 x is possible to at once set ! app>atus 9 op]ation aga94 ,be=e ! filt] is tak5 ap>t1 ! residuum may be exhau/$ by wa%+ x ei!r ) wat] or /eam1 or by pressure4 ,to effect ! op]ation by pressure1 ! pieces ( wood or metal are remov$1 ! m\?s are clos$ by mak+ a fold 9 ! top ( ! bags1 & ! latt] are !n put back into ! app>atus or into an ord9>y press & submitt$ to ano!r squeez+4 ,to r5d] ! maneuv]+ ( x easi]1 ! app>atus has be5 giv5 a horizontal position4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,am]ican ,eng9e] ,,/eel ,,*a9s ,,)\t ,,weld+4 ,we take ! foll[+ description1 toge!r ) ! illu/rations1 ( a me?od & ma*9e = mak+ /eel *a9 )\t weld+1 f our valu$ contempor>y1 ,le ,g5ie ,civil1 ( ,p>is3 ,:5 we reg>d an ord9>y oval-l9k$ *a9 endwise1 x pres5ts itself 9 ! =m ( a metal cross1 & x 0 ?is t gave ! cue to ,m4 ,oury1 ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,ars5als1 to con/ruct *a9 )\t weld+4 ,by a s]ies ( matrices & pun*es1 etc41 he contrives1 ) small loss ( metal1 to model a *a9 out ( cross-%ap$ /eel b>4 ,/eel is ! bett] mat]ial = su* usage1 f its homog5eity1 bo? z to composition & /r5g?4 ,ref]r+ to ! plate bel[1 ,figs4 #a to #aj expla9 ! successive /eps f ! b> to ! f9i%$ *a94 ,fig4 #a %[s 9 plan & section ! /eel b>1 ^: l5g? may be "s #dj feet1 & :i* w\ld make a *a9 say #ej feet long4 ,! %ape ( ! b> pres5ts no difficulties 9 ! way ( roll+4 ,figs4 #b & #c give1 9 side elevations ( ! two faces & sections1 ! fir/ r\gh =m ( ! l9ks4 ,^! fir/ beg9 to take ! ext]ior %ape ) ! r\nd+ ( ! angles4 ,! op]ations foll[+1 repres5t$ by ,figs4 #d & #e1 is ! pi]c+ ( ! c5t] ( ! l9ks1 :i* c lat] be furni%$ ) a /ay = su* *a9s z require special /r5g?4 ,! po9t n[ is to deta* ! l9ks1 :i* is accompli%$ by oblique pi]c+s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,9 ! op]ation repres5t$ by ,fig4 #g1 ! oval %ape is imp>t$ to ! l9k1 & ! op]ation f9i%es z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,actually1 ! l9ks are circul> & sep>ate4 ,?is sep>ation is ret>d$ z mu* z possible1 = x is pla9 t x is easi] to op]ate a rigid b> ?an a *a91 above all :5 ! op]ation necessitates its be+ pu%$ =w>d4 ,by means ( a good sy/em ( heat+1 analog\s to t employ$ on ! l>ge p>ts ent]+ into %ip con/ruction1 x is hop$ to p]=m a major "p ( ! op]ations1 ( :i* we h giv5 b an idea1 at a s+le heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,mak+ ,,*a9 ,,)\t ,,weld+4 ,^! op]ations require "w on bo? faces alt]nately--?is pres5ts no difficulties2 b :at appe>s to u mo/ difficult to realize is cont9u\s "w1 ! b> pass+ ?r\gh sev]al ma*9es :i* successively impress ^u x ! /eps ( progress t[>d ! f9i%$ *a94 ,if ! ma*9es are end on to ea* o!r 9 a direct l9e1 !re w necess>ily be a fix$ place = ea* tool2 ! r\gh cut *a9 mu/ accurately rea* ! po9t :]e ano!r tool is ready to cont9ue ! model+4 ,?is appe>s to u practically impossible1 ! m s z ! elongation :i* ! b> takes at ea* /amp v>ies ) its initial diamet]4 ,:at is m admissible is t ) "o heat & 9 ! same ma*9e an op]ation c\ld be p]=m$ on ! two faces p]p5dicul>ly4 ,! b> c\ld !n be tak5 f "o furnace & put 9 ano!r imm$iately1 to pass at once to ano!r ma*9e to aga9 und]go ! op]ations foll[+4 ,! "w c\ld !n be done rapidly1 submitt+ ! b> to sev]al heats4 ,a few words on ! tools z !y exi/4 ,! mo/ important pr9ciple to note1 & on :i* ! diff]5t ma*9es employ$ are design$1 is ?is3 ,! pun*es or matrices act+ on ! *a9 at its diff]5t po9ts ( progress are put 9 motion by spiral spr+s work$ by means ( tappets or cams di/ribut$ ov] ! circumf]5ce ( a cyl9d]1 hav+ a rot>y movem5t imp>t$ to x by pulleys & belts4 ,! figures on our plate %[ ) suffici5t cle>ness ! work+ ( "o ( ^! ma*9es4 ,x w be se5 t ! b> trav]ses ?r\gh & ?r\gh ! ma*9e = /amp+1 & t x c be dis5gag$ = a reheat+ be=e pass+ to subsequ5t op]ations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! bog peat ( ,mexico is n[ be+ us$ on a consid]able scale z fuel = locomotives1 /ation>y eng9es1 smelt+ purposes1 smi?s' fires1 & h\seh\ld use4 ,! peat is mix$ ) a prop] proportion ( bitum51 & is said n only to burn freely1 & )\t smoke 9 mu* quantity1 b to give a high] dynamic equival5t ( heat ?an ! same am\nt ( wood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,bitt] ,,sub/ance ,,( ,,hops4 ,footnote3 ,! ,brew]s' ,gu>dian1 f ! ,zeit4 f4 d4 gesammte ,brauwes54 ,by ,,dr4 ,h4 ,,bung5]4 ,little t is def9ite is kn[n ( ! sub/ance or sub/ances to :i* ! hop owes its bitt]ness4 ,l]m] has succe$$1 x is true1 9 sep>at+ f hops a cry/alliz$ colorless sub/ance1 insoluble 9 wat]1 an alkal9e solution ( :i* has a m>k$ bitt] flavor1 & :i* easily *anges on exposure to ! air1 assum+ a res9\s =m4 ,accord+ to ,l]m]1 ! =mula ( ?is sub/ance is ,c#cb;,h#ej,o#g2 x possesses ! prop]ties ( a weak acid & =ms a *>act]i/ic copp] salt1 :i* is soluble 9 e!r4 ,?is hop bitt] is1 h[ev]1 produc$ f ! hop by a v r\ndab\t process1 by treatm5t ( ! extract ) alkalies2 x is n !re=e reg>d$ by _m z pres5t 9 ?is =m 9 ! hop1 & !y hold t x is only produc$ by ! action ( ! alkalies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 ,etti1 by a complicat$ extract+ process1 b )\t us+ an alkali1 succe$$ 9 produc+ a bitt] sub/ance f hops1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 soluble 9 wat]4 ,sev]al exp]im5ts conv9c$ me t !re really exi/$ 9 hops a cry/allizable sub/ance1 insoluble 9 wat]1 ! alcoholic & alkal9e solution ( :i* _h a bitt] flavor1 9 %ort1 :i* possess$ all ! prop]ties ( ,l]m]'s hop bitt] acid4 ,petroleum e!r is ! be/ practical solv5t 9 use = its isolation1 z x does n dissolve ! majority ( ! rema9+ con/itu5ts ( ! hop1 especially ! hop-res91 :i* !y conta9 9 consid]able quantity4 ,/ill1 ! extraction ( hop-bitt] acid f hops is a tr\blesome & ?ankless job1 ! petroleum e!r tak+ up c]ta9 sub/ances :i* add greatly to ! difficulty ( purify+ ! cry/als4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we c readily & quickly atta9 our object1 if we employ = our orig9al mat]ial fre% lupul9e f unsulphur$ hops4 ,! foll[+ process has furni%$ me ! be/ results3 ,! lupul9e is fir/ fre$ f gross impurities 7hop-se$ leaves1 etc471 & !n cov]$ ) petroleum e!r boil+ at a l[ temp]ature 7#dj to #gj7 9 /opp]$ flasks4 ,! mixture is %ak5 up f "t to "t4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 by means ( a ,zull[sky filt] imm]s$ 9 ! mass1 & ) ! aid ( a suction-pump1 ! d>k br[n solution is drawn (f2 !n fre% e!r is p\r$ on to ! lupul9e1 & x is all[$ to /& = ano!r tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,aft] ?is process has be5 ?ree times repeat$1 ne>ly ev]y?+ ! petroleum w dissolve has probably be5 extract$4 ,! solutions are put toge!r1 & ! petroleum e!r di/ill$ (f 9 vacuo at a l[ temp]ature1 until !re rema9s 9 ! flask a d>k br[n sirup1 :i* on cool+ solidifies into a cry/all9e mass4 ,?is is pulv]iz$ & turn$ on to a filt] compos$ ( a l>ge funnel1 9 :i* a small] funnel cov]$ ) musl9 is ins]t$4 ,) ! aid ( a suction-pump1 ! great] portion ( ! ?ick1 crude solution c be filt]$ ?r\gh4 ,!re rema9s on ! filt] a highly color$ cry/all9e cake1 :i* %\ld be pulv]iz$ ) a small quantity ( petroleum e!r & aga9 filt]$4 ,aft] ?is op]ation has be5 repeat$ ?ree or f\r times1 we obta9 an almo/ colorless mass1 consi/+ ( hop-bitt] acid1 contam9at$ by small quantities ( a fatty sub/ance1 & a sub/ance :i* ,i c\ld n isolate1 & :i* ,i _h at fir/ great tr\ble 9 sep>at+ f ! hop-bitt] acid4 ,if we d n wi% to utilize ?is crude sub/ance at once1 x w be necess>y to melt x 9 ! wat] ba? & p\r x into a bottle "u close seal1 :]e x w at once cry/allize & solidify4 ,if x rema9s expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 x w soon become /icky & turn p>tly into res94 ,six kilos ( lupul9e1 :i* includ$ a l>ge proportion ( s&1 furni%$ #djj grammes ( crude hop-bitt] acid4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts 9 cry/allization ) petroleum e!r gave poor results2 x is difficult to produce ! acid pure 9 l>ge quantities by ?is process1 z a small quantity ( ! above sub/ance ob/9ately cl+s to x1 & x readily assumes a non-cry/allizable =m4 ,our object is m readily atta9$ if we cry/allize x once f alcohol1 = :i* purpose we dissolve x 9 a little lukew>m alcohol1 !n quickly cool ! solution2 flakes ( a fatty sub/ance w be sep>at$1 :i* are remov$ by filtration ) ! aid ( a suction-pump4 ,!n we ?r[ a few small cry/als ( ! acid into ! solution1 & aft] a %ort "t cry/allization comm5ces4 ,z soon z x appe>s to be end$1 ! "m solution is remov$ ) ! aid ( a plat9um cone1 & ! cry/als wa%$ ) a little cold alcohol4 ,! alcoholic "m solution1 :i* /ill conta9s ! *ief "p ( ! bitt] acid1 mu/ be quickly evaporat$1 & ! residue consign$ to a flask4 ,! acid cry/alliz$ f ! alcohol is !n recry/alliz$ sev]al times f petroleum-e!r4 ,9 ord] to quickly dissolve ! bitt] sub/ance1 x %\ld be c>efully melt$ 9 a flask1 & d\ble its volume ( e!r gradually add$2 on its cool+1 we obta9 beautiful prismatic cry/als1 :i* atta9 a l5g? ( #a cm41 & become p]fectly pure aft] f\r or five cry/allizations4 ,! "m solutions mu/ be spe$ily evaporat$ if we /ill wi% to obta9 cry/als2 aft] a "t !y w only furni% a res9\s residue4 ,! hop-bitt] acid melts at #ib to #ic4 ,x is easily soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 b5zol1 *lor(orm1 sulphide ( c>bon1 & v9eg>2 to a less] ext5t 9 cold petroleum e!r1 & n at all 9 wat]4 ,9 ! analysis ,i obta9$ figures :i* correspond be/ ) ^? calculat$ f ! =mula ,c#be;,h#ce,o#d4 ,obta9$4 ,calculat$4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------- #b4 ,cry/al4 #c4 ,cry/al4 #e4 ,cry/al4 #f4 ,cry/al4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 ,c #ge4ai #gd4gi #gd4hc #gd4i #ge4jd #ge4je #ge4jg ,h #h4gg #h4ig #h4ij #h4he #h4hg #h4hc #h4hj ,o #af4jd ,if we %ake up ! e!r solution ( bitt] sub/ance ) an aque\s solution ( acetate ( copp]1 ! e!r w assume a gre5 color1 & gradually deposits a gre5 cry/all9e p[d]1 a cupre\s comb9ation ( ! bitt] acid4 ,x is difficult to obta9 9 a pure /ate1 z ! solutions are readily subject to slight decomposition1 accompani$ by a small deposit ( copp] oxide4 ,?is comb9ation is readily soluble 9 alcohol1 to a less] ext5t 9 e!r1 & is insoluble 9 wat]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( analysis1 ,i obta9$ ! foll[+ figures3 ,c #fi4d p] c5t4 #fi4c p] c5t4 ,h #g4ie #g4ih ,cu #g4bj #g4ah ,if we suppose t ! copp] comb9es ) two molecules ( hop-bitt] acid1 by ! decomposition ( "o ( its atoms1 ,h1 we obta9 ! =mula ,c#ej;,h#fh,o#h;,cu4 ,?is comb9ation w conta9 #fi4hg p] c5t4 ,c1 #g4ia p] c5t4 ,h1 & #g4cc p] c5t4 ,cu4 ,! figures obta9$ d n p]fectly co9cide ) ^? calculat$2 x is nev]!less probable t ! =mula is correct1 & ! comb9$ sub/ance analyz$ 0 n p]fectly true4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! fact t solutions ( hop-bitt] acid1 if left /&+ too long1 assume a yell[ color1 & on evaporation leave only a yell[ res9\s residue4 ,?is1 z its reaction %[s1 ev9ces a complete analogy ) ! cry/alliz$ acid4 ,! d>k-color$ "m solution1 f :i* ! cry/all9e cakes ( bitt] acid are obta9$1 conta9s a l>ge proportion ( ?is res9\s comp\nd1 :i* c be isolat$ by treatm5t ) a weak soda-lye2 ?is sub/ance1 l ! cry/alliz$ acid1 is soluble 9 alkalies1 & c be precipitat$ f an alkal9e solution by an acid4 ,old hops furni% f> less cry/allizable acid ?an new hops2 f "s samples ,i h be5 able to obta9 only a few cry/als2 ! rema9d] _h be5 trans=m$ into ! res9\s modification4 ,if pure hop-bitt] acid be pulv]iz$ & expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 x soon turns yell[ & ! surface assumes a res9\s consi/5cy4 ,at ! same "t1 a m pron\nc$ odor ( fatty acids & aldehydes is app>5t4 ,/ill m rapidly w ?is oxidation occur if a ?9 lay] ( an alcoholic solution ( ! acid is all[$ to evaporate 9 ! air4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we c all[ hop-oil to /& = days )\t its odor be+ p]ceptibly *ang$2 x appe>s to me m ?an probable t ! peculi> smell ( old hops is due f> m to ! oxidation ( ! bitt] sub/ance ?an to ! oxidation ( oil4 ,hop-bitt] acid appe>s to possess ! "* ( an aldehyde & ( a weak acid2 = ! pres5t ,i am n 9 a position to /ate its con/itution m cle>ly4 ,mo/ ( ! oxidiz+ processes h an en]getic effect on x1 =m+ also consid]able quantities ( val]ianic acid4 ,! "q z to :e!r ! hop owes *iefly to ?is acid & its res9\s modifications ! prop]ty ( imp>t+ a pron\nc$ bitt] flavor to a solution1 ,i mu/ = ! pres5t leave unansw]$4 ,! acid & its isom] are bo? insoluble 9 wat]2 !y are1 on ! o!r h&1 v readily dissolv$ 9 hop oil2 !y also furni% a tol]ably bitt] solution1 if boil$ = a long "t 9 wat]1 probably on _! acc\nt ( _! gradual decomposition4 ,i w n = ! pres5t g fur!r into ! subject1 z ,i hope soon to be 9 a position to give m def9ite in=mation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,vic>age1 ,,=e/ ,,hill1 ,,k5t4 ,?is vic>age1 = ! ,rev4 ,frank ,jones1 has rec5tly be5 complet$ f ! designs ( ,mr4 ,e4,w4 ,m\nt=d1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a42 ( #bb ,buck+ham ,/reet1 ,/r&1 ,w4 ,c41 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,appleton1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ( ! ,wool ,ex*ange1 ,coleman ,/reet1 ,e4 ,c41 :o 7 ! jo9t ar*itects4 ,! build] 0 ,mr4 ,william ,rob9son1 ( ,l[] ,toot+1 ,s4 ,w4 ,! walls are ( yell[ /ock bricks1 ) r$ brick ar*es1 quo9s1 etc41 ! gables be+ hung ) ,k5ti% tiles & ! ro(s cov]$ ) ,broseley tiles4 ,! int]nal jo9]y is ( pit* p9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,vic>age1 ,,=e/ ,,hill4--,,view ,,f ,,road4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,vic>age1 ,,=e/ ,,hill4--,,view ,,f ,,g>d54 ,! illu/rations are f draw+s by ,mr4 ,j4 ,/oni]4--,! ,ar*itect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"s ,,economical ,,processes ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,clo?work+ ,,indu/ry4 ,footnote3 ,read be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london1 ,may1 #ahhd4 ,by ,dr4 ,,william ,,ramsay1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,bri/ol4 ,9 ?is pres5t age ( sci5tific & te*nical activity1 !re is "o bran* :i* has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 ! subject ( an article 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 ,x is "o :i* des]ves att5tion4 ,x 0 !re t]m$ ,! ,inve/igation ( ,residual ,ph5om5a1 & ,i c conceive no bett] title to express ! idea4 ,! inve/igator :o fir/ explores an unkn[n region is cont5t if he c 9 "s measure del9eate its gr& features--its riv]s1 its m\nta9 *a9s1 its pla9s2 if he be a geologi/1 he attempts no m ?an broadly to obs]ve its mo/ important rock =mations2 if a botani/1 its m /rik+ =ms ( vegetation4 ,s ) ! sci5tific inve/igator4 ,! *emi/ or physici/ :o discov]s a new law seldom succe$s 9 do+ m ?an te/+ its g5]al accuracy by exp]im5ts2 x is res]v$ = 8 successors to note ! div]g5ce betwe5 8 broad & sweep+ g5]alization & p>ticul> in/ances :i* d n q accord ) x4 ,s x 0 ) ,boyle's law t ! volume ( a gas v>ies 9 inv]se ratio to ! pressure to :i* x is expos$2 s x is ) ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 inasmu* z det]ioration & deg5]ation play a "p :i* 01 p]haps1 at fir/ ov]look$2 & simil> in/ances may be f\nd 9 almo/ all pure sci5ces4 ,i conceive t ! p>allel f ! te*nical po9t ( view is a d\ble "o4 ,= j z e te*nical process _c be consid]$ to be beyond improvem5t1 !re is always scope = te*nical inve/igation2 b ! true residual ph5om5a ( :i* ,i w\ld speak to-night are wa/e products4 ,!re is1 ,i imag9e1 no manufacture 9 :i* e sub/ance produc$ meets ) a m>ket4 ,"s products are always all[$ to run to wa/e1 yet x is evid5t t e ef=t consi/5t ) economy %\ld be made to prev5t su* wa/e2 & x has be5 frequ5tly f\nd t an attempt 9 ?is direction1 ?\gh at fir/ unsuccessful1 has f9ally be5 work$ into su* a =m z to remun]ate ! manufactur]4 ,x is my purpose to-night to br+ "u y\r notice me?ods by :i* sav+ c be effect$ 9 ! clo? indu/ry4 ,i am aw>e t ^! me?ods h n mu* claim to novelty2 b ,i also "k t !re are1 un=tunately1 few works :]e !y are practic$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! relates to ! sav+ & utilization ( ! soap us$ 9 wool sc\r+ & mill+4 ,x is1 p]haps1 h>dly necess>y to expla9 t wool5 goods are sc\r$ by be+ run betwe5 roll]s1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh a ba? ( soap1 & ?is is cont9u$ = sev]al h\rs1 ! clo? be+ repeat$ly moi/5$ ) ! lye1 & repeat$ly wrung out by ! roll]s4 ,! process is analog\s to ord9>y wa%+2 ! soap dissolves ! greasy film adh]+ to ! fib]s1 & ! dirt me*anically reta9$ is ?us loos5$1 & wa%$ away4 ,n[1 9 ord] to dissolve ?is greasy matt]1 a consid]able am\nt ( soap mu/ be employ$2 & 9 ! c\rse ( purification ( ! fabric1 n m]ely :at may be *>act]iz$ z dirt is remov$1 b also %ort fib]s1 & v>i\s dye-/uffs ) :i* ! fabric has be5 dy$1 _m ( :i* are p>tially soluble 9 alkal9e wat]2 moreov]1 x inv>iably happ5s t "s dye does n comb9e ) ! fib] & mordant1 ?us becom+ fix$1 b m]ely incru/s ! fib]2 h5ce ?is portion is wa%$ (f :5 ! reta9+ film ( grease is remov$ f ! fib]4 ,! suds1 !re=e1 aft] fulfill+ ?is purpose1 are no long] a pure solution ( soap1 b conta9 _m =eign matt]s2 & ! problem is s to treat ^! suds z to recov] ! fat 9 "s condition available = re-conv]sion into soap4 ,= ?is purpose wood5 runnels are plac$ b5ea? ! roll]s1 ?r\gh :i* ! clo? passes 9 ! sc\r+ ma*9e1 s z to collect ! suds aft] !y h be5 sp5t4 ,^! runnels lead to a wood5 pipe or runnel1 :i* receives ! sp5t suds f all ! sc\r+ ma*9es1 & ! :ole ( ! wa/e1 in/ead ( be+ let (f into ! /ream1 pollut+ x1 deliv]s into a tank or tr\gh1 :i* may also be con/ruct$ ( wood1 b1 z x has to )/& ! action ( acid1 is bett] l9$ ) lead4 ,?is tank is necess>ily proportion$ 9 size to ! numb] ( sc\r+ ma*9es & ! quantity ( sp5t suds to be treat$4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity has collect$1 oil ( vitriol1 dilut$ ) twice its bulk ( wat]1 is add$1 "o workman p\r+ x 9 gradually :ile ano!r /irs ! cont5ts ( ! tank vigor\sly4 ,at %ort int]vals1 ! liquid is te/$ by means ( litmus pap]1 & :5 x %[s a fa9t acid reaction1 by turn+ ! blue pap] r$1 ! addition ( acid is /opp$4 ,! acid has !n comb9$ ) ! alkali ( ! soap1 :ile ! fatty acids =m]ly 9 comb9ation ) ! alkali are lib]at$1 & float to ! surface ( ! liquid1 c>ry+ ) !m ! impurities 9 ! %ape ( %ort fib]s & dye /uffs2 ! s& & heavi] impurity1 %\ld any be pres5t1 s9ks to ! bottom4 ,aft] /&+ = "s h\rs1 ! sep>ation is complete4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate ! two lay]s1 ! tank is provid$ ) an exit 9 ! side1 ne> ! bottom1 clos$ by a sluice or valve4 ,?is valve is op5$1 & ! wat]y portion is all[$ to escape into a s& filt] b$4 ,! filt] s]ves to reta9 any solid impurities :i* may /ill rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! wat]2 b x w be f\nd t ! escap+ wat] is ne>ly pure4 ,! d>k br[n fatty acid is mix$ ) a l>ge am\nt ( impurity1 su* z %ort wool fib]s1 burrs1 s&1 & dye /uffs wa%$ f ! wool4 ,to remove wat] m completely1 ! semi-fluid mass is pump$ f ! tank1 & deliv]$ into hair-clo? filt]s2 ! liquid :i* dra9s f ^! bags f9ds its ways to ! s& filt]s jo9+ ! dra9age :i* =m]ly pass$ out f ! tank ?r\gh ! sluice4 ,aft] be+ turn$ ov] 9 ! filt] sev]al times1 ! residue is transf]r$ to canvas sacks4 ,^! sacks are plac$ 9 a filt] press1 :]e !y are expos$ to pressure :ile heat$ to a temp]ature suffici5t to melt ! fat4 ,! solid impurities rema9 9 ! bags1 :ile ! fatty acids escape1 & are receiv$ 9 a b>rel or tank = ! purpose4 ,! fatty acids1 :5 cold1 are ( a deep br[n color1 & ( ! consi/5cy ( butt]4 ,! residue is kept1 & ! me?od ( treat+ x = ! recov]y ( indigo w aft]w>d be describ$4 ,! fatty acids are n[ ready = conv]sion into soap4 ,x may "h be rem>k$ t1 on di/illation1 !y yield a ne>ly :ite fatty mass1 :i*1 :5 treat$ ) soda-lye1 is capable ( yield+ a p]fectly :ite soap4 ,b1 = ! clo?work]'s purpose1 ?is purification is unnecess>y4 ,! conv]sion into soap is a v simple matt]4 ,z ! fats are acids--a mixture ( palmitic1 oleic1 & /e>ic acids--& n ! glyc]9e salts ( ^! acids1 l ord9>y fats1 soap is made by caus+ !m directly to unite ) cau/ic soda4 ,! fats are melt$ 9 a copp]1 by means ( a /eam-jacket1 or coil ( /eam-pipe 9 ! copp]1 & ! soda-lye is run 9 until complete union has tak5 place4 ,! exact po9t ( neutralization c easily be f\nd by tak+ out a small sample aft] /irr+1 & dissolv+ x 9 "s me?ylat$ spirits4 ,a few drops ( alcoholic t9cture ( ph5ol-ph?ale9 are !n add$1 & z soon z a fa9t r$ color appe>s1 addition ( soda is /opp$4 ,?is %[s t ! fatty acids h be5 ov]-saturat$4 ,addition ( a little m fat r5d]s !m p]fectly neutral1 & ! soap is !n ladl$ out into wood5 m\lds1 l9$ ) loose %eets ( z9c4 ,! result+ soap is ( a br[n color1 b is p]fectly adapt$ = ! purpose ( wool-sc\r+4 ,x %\ld "h be m5tion$ t1 9 practice1 ! soap is always made some:at alkal9e2 9 po9t ( fact1 x conta9s ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( free alkali4 ,?is is f\nd to assi/ 9 sc\r+2 ,i presume t ! free alkali =ms a soap ) ! oil add$ to ! wool dur+ sp9n+1 & if no free alkali be pres5t1 ?is oil w\ld n be s ?or\ghly remov$4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ?is simple me?od ( soap-mak+1 !re is no salt+ out to sep>ate ! true soap f ! wat]y solution ( glyc]9e1 = no glyc]9e is pres5t4 ,! app>atus may be ( ! simple/ nature1 & on any requir$ scale1 proportionate to ! size ( ! mill4 ,x is a process :i* requires no specially skill$ labor2 9 any works "s h& may be told (f to conduct ! process z occasion requires2 & z a v l>ge proportion ( ! fatty matt] is recov]$1 ! soap-bill is r$uc$ to a v small fraction ( ! am\nt :i* w\ld be paid 7 recov]y n practic$4 ,& la/ly1 ! /reams are n pollut$2 ! only wa/e is a little sulphate ( soda1 :i* c h>dly be reg>d$ z a nuisance1 inasmu* z x is a n unfrequ5t con/itu5t ( _m natural wat]s4 ,let u n[ return to ! solid matt] f :i* ! fatty acids h be5 remov$ by pressure4 ,?is br[n1 e>?ly-look+ cake consi/s ( vegetable impurity wa%$ (f f ! clo?1 ( %ort fib]s1 & ( v>i\s dye /uffs4 ,x is divid$ into two lots3 ,t :i* conta9s indigo1 & t :i* conta9s none1 or :i* conta9s too small a quantity = pr(itable extraction4 ,& x may "h be rem>k$1 t x is advisable to collect ! suds f clo? dy$ ) indigo sep>ate f t to dye :i* no indigo has be5 employ$4 ,! residue f indigo-dy$ clo? has always a m or less blue %ade1 & if mu* indigo is pres5t1 ! well-kn[n copp]-color is evid5t4 ,( c\rse1 ! am\nt ( indigo mu/ greatly v>y1 b x may rise to #h or #aj p] c5t4 ( ! total weight ( ! refuse4 ,to recov] ! indigo f ?is refuse1 ! some:at h>d cakes are brok5 up1 plac$ 9 a tank1 & all[$ to /eep 9 wat]4 ,:5 q dis9tegrat$1 !y are transf]r$ to ano!r tank--a b>rel may be us$ = small quantities--& ?us ?is refuse is expos$ to ! r$uc+ action ( copp]as & lime4 ,! indigo is conv]t$ into indigo-:ite1 & is r5d]$ soluble1 & x oxidizes on ! surface1 =m+ a lay] ( blue fro? on ! top ( ! liquid1 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! impurities s9ks4 ,?is process ( r$uction may la/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & is help$ by frequ5t /irr+4 ,! indigo scum is pres]v$1 & plac$ 9 filt] clo?s1 :]e x is ?or\ghly wa%$ ) wat] two or ?ree times4 ,! residue :i* has sunk to ! bottom is remov$1 dri$1 & =ms a valuable manure1 ow+ to ! am\nt ( ! nitrog5 :i* x conta9s4 ,its value may be increas$ by addition ( weak vitriol1 :i* ex]cises a decompos+ action on ! nitrog5\s matt]1 =m+ ) x sulphate ( ammonia4 ,! orig9al residue f ! filt]-press1 if x does n conta9 indigo1 may be at once put to simil> use4 ,9 l>ge works1 :i* dye _! own goods1 x is well kn[n t ! f]m5tation vat is 9 g5]al use = indigo-dye+4 ,b ?is vat requires con/ant sup]9t5d5ce1 & mu/ be kept 9 cont9ual action2 besides1 x is successful only on a comp>atively l>ge scale4 ,&1 moreov]1 x requires skill$ labor4 ,small works1 or works 9 :i* dye+ is only occasionally practic$1 f9d x m conv5i5t to use ,s*tz5b]g] & ,lal&e's process4 ,al?\gh ?is process is well kn[n1 a %ort description ( x may n "h be out ( place4 ,! process dep5ds on ! r$uction ( indigo to indigo-:ite1 or soluble indigo1 by means ( hyposulphite1 or1 z x is g5]ally t]m$ to avoid confusion ) anti*lore1 rightly nam$ ?iosulphate ( soda1 hydrosulphite ( soda4 ,! =mula ( ?is sub/ance is ,na,h,s,o#b1 z di/+ui%$ f :at is commonly kn[n z hyposulphite ( soda1 ,na#b,s#b,o#c4 ,x is produc$ by ! action ( z9c-du/ on ! acid sulphite ( soda4 ,! z9c may be suppos$ to remove oxyg5 f ! acid sulphite1 ,na,h,s,o#c1 giv+ hyposulphite1 ,na,h,s#jb4 ,! r$uction ( ! acid sulphite is be/ p]=m$ 9 a cask1 :i* c be clos$ at ! top1 s z to avoid entrance ( air4 ,! acid sulphite ( soda1 at a /r5g? ( #ej or #fj ,twaddell 7specific gravity #a4bf to #a4c71 is plac$ 9 ! cask1 & z9c-du/ is add$1 ) frequ5t /irr+4 ,! liquid is !n mix$ ) milk ( lime1 & aft] aga9 ?or\ghly /irr+1 ! liquid is all[$ to settle1 & ! cle> is decant$ into ! dye+-copp]4 ,! indigo1 9 ! fro?y /ate 9 :i* x is skimm$ f ! purify+ b>rels or tanks1 is !n add$1 ) suffici5t lime to dissolve x :5 x has be5 r$uc$4 ,x is heat$ g5tly by a /eam coil1 to ab\t #ij ,fahr41 & ! goods are dy$ 9 x4 ,! colors obta9$ by means ( ?is indigo are light 9 %ade1 & ! goods mu/ be dipp$ sev]al times if d>k %ades are requir$4 ,b x is f\nd bett] 9 practice n to attempt to dye d>k %ades by ?is process2 ! ord9>y indigo-vat is bett] adapt$ = su* "w4 ,! object ( n wa/+ indigo is suffici5tly atta9$ by employ+ x = ! purpose to :i* x is be/ adapt$4 ,( c\rse ! recov]$ indigo may be us$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,i m]ely m5tion ! mo/ conv5i5t way ( dispos+ ( x 9 works :]e only a small quantity is recov]$1 & :i* d n practice dye+ on an ext5sive scale4 ,i h n[ to ask y to turn to a diff]5t subject1 namely1 ! sc\r+ ( wool1 n by ! usual ag5t1 wat]1 b by a liquid1 bisulphide ( c>bon1 made by ! action ( sulphur vapor on r$ hot coke or *>coal4 ,?is1 aga91 is n :olly a new process1 = v>i\s attempts h be5 made to dissolve out ! yolk1 or su9t1 or greasy matt] f unwa%$ wool1 z x comes f ! back ( ! %eep4 ,fusel oil has be5 pat5t$ = ?is purpose4 ,c>bon disulphide has also be5 pat5t$1 b1 z w aft]w>d be %[n1 ! old me?od ( remov+ x f ! wool injur$ ! color & quality ( ! fib]1 s z to make ! application ( ?is sc\r+ ag5t a failure4 ,wool 9 its unwa%$ /ate conta9s a consid]able proportion ( :at is t]m$ su9t4 ,?is consi/s ( ! fatty matt] exud$ z p]spiration f ! %eep1 along )1 or 9 "s =m ( comb9ation )1 pota% d]iv$ f ! grass on :i* ! %eep fe$4 ,su9t 0 fir/ inve/igat$ by ,vauquel94 ,he obta9$ x by evaporat+1 aft] filtration1 ! wat] 9 :i* raw fleeces _h be5 wa%$4 ,! residue is ( a br[n color1 & has a sal9e1 bitt] ta/e4 ,on addition ( an acid to its solution 9 wat]1 x coagulates1 & a fatty matt] rises to ! surface4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a pota% soap1 to a great ext5t conta9+ c>bonate & acetate ( pota%1 along ) *loride ( potassium & lime1 probably 9 comb9ation also ) fatty acids4 ,x is usually mix$ ) s& & c>bonate ( lime4 ,9 #ahbh1 ,m4 ,*evreul1 :o is /ill alive 9 ,p>is1 al?\gh ne>ly a c5tury old1 publi%$ an analysis ( m]9o wool4 ,x consi/$ (3 ,p] c5t4 ,pure wool #ca4bc ,soluble su9t #cb4gd ,insoluble #h4eg ,e>?y matt] #bg4df ------ #ajj4jj ,x is easily se5 t su9t =ms a v important con/itu5t ( raw wool4 ,its proportion v>ies1 ( c\rse1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! pa/ure on :i* ! %eep are f$1 ! climate1 etc4 ,wool f ,bu5os ,ayres1 = example1 conta9s mu* less ?an t analyz$ by ,m4 ,*evreul2 its am\nt is only #ab p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! raw wool4 ,?is su9t conta9s always ab\t #eb p] c5t4 ( residue :5 ignit$4 ,! composition ( ?is residue is3 ,p] c5t4 ,c>bonate ( pota% #hf4gh ,*loride ( potassium #f4ah ,sulphate ( pota% #b4hc ,silica1 alum9a1 etc4 #d4ba ------ #ajj4jj ,9 #ahei1 ,,mm4 ,maum5e & ,rogelet pat5t$ ! use ( ! wat] 9 :i* wool has be5 wa%$ z a s\rce ( pota%1 & at pres5t ! extraction ( pota% f su9t is practic$ 9 ,france on a l>ge scale4 ,! wool is wa%$ 9 a sy/ematic mann]1 9 casks1 ) cold wat]1 :i* runs out ( ! la/ cask ) specific gravity #a4a4 ,^! wa%+s are evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue is calc9$ 9 iron retorts1 ! gas evolv$ be+ us$ = illum9at+ purposes4 ,! rema9+ c9d]1 consi/+ ( a mixture ( *>coal & c>bonate ( pota%1 is treat$ ) wat]1 :]eby ! latt] is dissolv$ out4 ,! residue left on evaporation ( ?is wat] consi/s l>gely--almo/ entirely--( :ite c>bonate ( pota%4 ,at pres5t !re are works at ,rheims1 ,elboeuf1 ,f\rmi]1 & ,v]vi]1 :i* yield ab\t #a1jjj tons ( c>bonate ( pota% annually4 ,n[1 only #ae1jjj tons are made p] annum by ,leblanc's process4 ,9 #ahfh1 #fb1jjj tons ( wool 7 import$ into ,brita9 f ,au/ralia alone1 & f ?is #g1jjj to #h1jjj tons ( c>bonate ( pota% might h be5 recov]$1 ! value ( :i* is #bfj1jjj4 ,yet x 0 all wa/$6 ,& ?is e/imate does n include ! fats ( ! su9t1 :i* are wor? an ev5 great] sum4 ,n[1 x is evid5t t !re is "h a pr(itable s\rce ( economy4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no "w 9 ?is c\ntry saves its wa%+s4 ,! wat] all goes to pollute ! ne>e/ riv]4 ,! use ( c>bon disulphide has aga9 be5 introduc$1 & x is to be hop$ ) bett] success1 = me?ods h be5 devis$ :]eby ! wool is n injur$ by x1 b is ev5 r5d]$ bett] ?an :5 sc\r$ by ! old process ( wa%+ ) c>bonate ( soda & wat]1 or by soap4 ,! process is due to ,mr4 ,?omas ,j4 ,mull+s4 ,briefly describ$1 x consi/s 9 expos+ ! wool1 plac$ 9 a hydro-extractor1 to ! action ( bisulphide ( c>bon2 ! ma*9e is !n made to revolve1 & ! excess ( solv5t is expell$1 c>ry+ ) x ! fatty matt]s2 ! solv5t f9ds its way into a tank1 f :i* x fl[s into a /ill1 heat$ ) /eam2 ! c>bon disulphide1 :i* boils at a v l[ temp]ature1 di/ills ov]1 & is aga9 ready = use1 :ile ! residue 9 ! /ill consi/s ( su9t wa%$ f ! wool4 ,to remove ! la/ trace ( c>bon disulphide f ! wool 9 ! hydro-extractor1 cold wat] is admitt$1 & :5 ! wool is soak$1 ! ma*9e aga9 revolves4 ,on expulsion ( ! wat]1 ! wool is ready = wa%+ 9 ! ord9>y ma*9es1 b ) cold wat] only in/ead ( hot soapsuds4 ,! di/+ui%+ features ( ,mr4 ,mull+s' process are1 me?od by :i* loss ( c>bon disulphide is avoid$1 & ! extraction ( t solv5t by means ( cold wat]4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a hydro-extractor or c5trifugal ma*9e ( special con/ruction1 fitt$ ) a bell-%ap$ cov]1 :i* c be lift$ into & out ( position by means ( a weight$ lev]4 ,! rim ( ?is cov] fits into an annul> cup fill$ ) wat]1 :i* surr\nds ! top ( ! ma*9e1 =m+ an effective seal or jo9t4 ,^u ! sp9dle ( ?is ma*9e is susp5d$1 z 9 ord9>y =ms ( ! hydro-extractor1 a p]=at$ basket1 & 9 ?is basket is plac$ ! wool to be treat$4 ,! cov] be+ clos$1 ! c>bon disulphide is admitt$1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! wool1 ! greasy matt] is dissolv$1 & along ) ! solv5t ent]s a res]voir4 ,! ma*9e is n[ set 9 motion1 & ! bulk ( ! solv5t is drawn (f4 ,cold wat] is !n admitt$1 & ! ma*9e be+ aga9 caus$ to rotate1 ! :ole ( ! bisulphide is expell$4 ,x is a curi\s fact t1 al?\gh wool soaks rem>kably easily ) c>bon disulphide1 & at once becomes wet1 cold wat] expels & replaces almo/ all t liquid4 ,?is op]ation takes ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 & at "o op]ation ab\t #a cwt4 ( raw wool may be treat$4 ,! wool is !n wa%$ 9 suitable wa%+ ma*9es ( ! ord9>y type1 b ) cold wat]1 no soap or alkali be+ employ$4 ,! bisulphide ( c>bon1 mix$ ) wat]1 fl[s into a res]voir1 provid$ ) diaphragms to prev5t spla%+1 & consequ5t loss by evaporation4 ,f its gravity x s9ks1 =m+ a lay] bel[ ! wat]2 x is !n sep>at$ & recov]$ by di/illation1 & may be us$ 9 subsequ5t op]ations4 ,! po9t 9 :i* ?is process diff]s f ! old & unsuccessful ones =m]ly tri$1 is 9 ! expulsion ( ! c>bon disulphide4 ,x 0 imag9$ t x 0 necess>y to expel x by means ( heat or /eam4 ,n[1 :5 wool moi/ ) bisulphide is heat$1 x inv>iably turns yell[4 ,no heat mu/1 !re=e1 be employ$4 ,z already rem>k$1 ! solv5t is expell$ ) cold wat]4 ,! residue1 aft] di/illation ( ! c>bon disulphide1 is a grayi% color$1 v visc\s oily matt]1 /ill reta9+ a little bisulphide1 z may be p]ceiv$ f ! smell4 ,x has n ! composition ( ord9>y su9t1 inasmu* z x conta9s no c>bonate ( pota%1 & inde$ little m9]al matt] ( any k9d4 ,a sample :i* ,i analyz$ lo/ 9 dry+ #cf4b p] c5t41 ! loss consi/+ ( wat] & c>bon disulphide4 ,x gave a residue on ignition am\nt+ only to #a4f p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al fatty matt]1 or #b4e p] c5t4 ( ! dri$ fat4 ,! oil appe>s1 f "s exp]im5ts :i* ,i made1 to be a mixture ( a glyc]9e salt & a *ole/]9e salt ( fatty acids4 ,x di/ills )\t mu* decomposition1 giv+ a br[n-yell[ oil1 :i* fluoresces /rongly1 & has a some:at pung5t smell4 ,! molecul> weight 0 det]m9$ by saponification ) alcoholic pota%1 & subsequ5t titration ( ! excess ( pota% employ$4 ,?is 0 f\nd to equal #edf4c4 ,?is w\ld correspond to a mixture ( #ah4g p>ts ( /e>ate1 palmitate1 & oleate ( glyc]9e1 ) #ha4c p>ts ( ! same acids comb9$ ) *ole/]yl4 ,b ?is is l>gely conjecture4 ,! boil+ po9t ( ! oil is high1 mu* above ! range ( a m]curial !rmomet]1 s t x is difficult to ga9 an insight into its composition4 ,an objection :i* has be5 rais$ to ?is process is t ! use ( su* an easily inflammable sub/ance z bisulphide ( c>bon is att5d$ by great risk ( fire4 ,7 ! bisulphide to be expos$ to free air1 !re might be =ce 9 ?is objection2 b !re is no reason :y x %\ld ev] be remov$ f "u a lay] ( wat]4 ,! app>atus1 to make all safe1 %\ld n be "u ! same ro( z ! mill2 & no op5 fire ne$ be us$ 9 ! build+ set ap>t = x4 ,x is easy to rotate ! c5trifugal ma*9e by a belt f ! mill1 b bett] by a small eng9e atta*$1 ! p[] = :i* c be conduct$ by a small /eam-pipe1 & ! di/illation ( ! bisulphide c also be conduct$ )\t dang] by ! use ( /eam1 z its boil+ po9t is a v l[ "o4 ,! "q may be naturally ask$1 ,h[ d ! wool & fabric made f ! wool sc\r$ by ?is process1 comp>e ) t sc\r$ 9 ! usual way8 ,to answ] ?is "q ,i may ref] to a te/ made by ,messrs4 ,isaac ,hold5 ,co41 at _! works at ,r\baix4 ,a sample ( wool 0 divid$ into two portions1 "o ( :i* 0 sc\r$ by ! usual me?od1 & ! o!r by ! turb9e or ,mull+s' process4 ,skill$ work]s !n span ea* sample to z f9e a ?read z possible4 ,n[ ! ?9ness to :i* a wool c be spun is evid5ce ( its p[] ( cohesion--9 o!r words1 its /r5g?4 ,! weight ( #a1jjj met]s ( ! wool clean$ by ! new process bore to t sc\r$ by ! old process ! proportion ( #a1jae to #a1jhe1 %[+ t a consid]ably f9] ?read _h be5 produc$4 ,& 9 total quantity1 #fg4ec kilos4 ( ! =m] correspond$ to #ga4gg kilos4 ( ! latt]1 %[+ a proportionately less wa/e4 ,su* f9e y>n _h nev] be=e be5 obta9$ f simil> wool4 ,! y>n ( ! soap-wa%$ wool c\ld n be spun1 = x c\ld n )/& ! /ra92 :]eas1 t sc\r$ by ! new process gave an admirable ?read4 ,ano!r te/ to :i* x 0 subject$ may be cit$4 ,x is ! cu/om 9 ,france1 be=e ! wool is sc\r$1 to put x ?r\gh a sort+ process1 by :i* all ! %ort l5g?s are we$$ out4 ,on a quantity exce$+ #aa1jjj kilogrammes1 half ( :i* 0 sc\r$ by ! turb9e process1 & half by ! ord9>y process1 ! =m] 9 sc\r+ lo/ 9 weight #b p] c5t4 less ?an ! latt]1 al?\gh ! %ort l5g? extract$ f ! moiety ?us treat$ weigh$ only #aj kilogrammes1 :ile t tak5 f ! o!r weigh$ ov] #aej kilogrammes4 ,?is sav+1 ev5 ) ! unequal treatm5t1 am\nt$ 9 value to f #cj to #dj c5times p] kilogramme4 ,9 ord] t ! importance ( ?is application may be realiz$1 ,i %all conclude ) "s figures3 ,! raw wool import$ into ,engl&1 9 ! ye> #ahhb1 am\nt$ to #a1dhg1afi bales1 its total value be+ ab\t #bb1jjj1jjj4 ,! co/ ( wa%+ ?is wool by ! old process1 ) c>bonate ( soda1 am\nts to ab\t d4 p] lb4 ( ! raw mat]ial4 ,! co/ = ! total quantity ( wool import$ is at lea/ #a1bad1jjj4 ,b x is cu/om>y to wa% wool ) soap1 especially = ! comb+ trade1 & ! co/ is !n ab\t #a;d4 p] lb4 ,! co/ ( sc\r+ by ! new process is ab\t #a #es4 p] ton1 or #j4ac;d4 p] lb4 ,tak+ ! lea/ favorable comp>ison1 7 all ! import$ wool 7home-gr[n wool is "h left out ( ! calculation1 = want ( suffici5t returns7 cleans$ by ! turb9e process1 ! actual sav+ w\ld be #a1bad1ejj m9us #cae1gjj1 or ne>ly #ijj1jjj p] annum4 ,x is ?us se5 t !re is room = a v important economy 9 ! treatm5t ( wool4 ,i h endeavor$ to %[ h[ economy may be practic$ 9 sc\r+ by ! old process ) soap1 & h[ "o dye /uff may be pr(itably recov]$4 ,x is to be hop$ t means ( extract+ o!r dyes f ! residue may soon foll[4 ,unless ! process 7 too co/ly to repay ! tr\ble ( extraction1 x w\ld be well wor? practic+2 = x w\ld n m]ely be a solution ( ! problem ( h[ to avoid wa/e1 b w\ld at ! same "t prev5t ! pollution ( our /reams1 n[1 un=tunately1 only too r>ely pellucid2 & 7 ! la/ process to h z successful a future z ,i hope x may h1 a v important sav+ ( exp5se w\ld result1 & a l>ge quantity ( valuable fatty matt] w\ld no long] be ?r[n away4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/ions ,,9 ,,decorative ,,art4--,,designs ,,= ,,iron ,,gates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,coal ,,& ,,its ,,uses4 ,footnote3 ,f a pap] lately read be=e ! ,association ( ,=em5 ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,,james ,,pyke4 ,! records f :i* geologi/s draw _! in=mation c sc>cely be comp>$ to writt5 or pr9t$ hi/ories4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 nations ( :om no writt5 acc\nt exi/s1 :o p]haps nev] _h any writt5 hi/ory1 b ab\t :om we are /ill able to ga!r f o!r s\rces a va/ am\nt ( in=mation4 ,_! h\ses1 _! monum5ts1 _! weapons1 & _! tools h surviv$1 & ^! tell u ! k9d ( life1 ! /ate ( civilization1 & ! skill ( ! m5 to :om !y belong$2 f ! cont5ts ( _! tombs we le>n :at mann] ( m5 !y 7 physically2 sometimes a sudd5 *ange 9 ! appo9tm5ts & belong+s ( ! folk indicates t tribes :i* _h = a long "t inhabit$ a di/rict 7 driv5 out & replac$ by a new race4 ,?us1 !n1 f waifs & /rays we c piece toge!r a fairly connect$ acc\nt ( ! ev5ts ( a p]iod long antec$5t to any writt5 hi/ory4 ,! inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,s*liemann on ! suppos$ site ( ! city ( ,troy furni% a good example ( ?is me?od ( rese>*4 ,he f\nd ly+1 "o on ! top ( ano!r1 traces ( ! exi/5ce ( five successive communities ( m51 diff]+ 9 cu/oms & social developm5t1 & 0 able to e/abli% ! fact t "s ( ! cities _h be5 de/roy$ by fire1 & t lat] on o!r t[ns _h gr[n up ov] ! buri$ rema9s ( ! e>li] settlem5ts4 ,! l[e/ lay]s 71 ( c\rse1 ! olde/1 & ! position ( ea* lay] 9 ! pile gives its date1 n 9 ye>s1 b ) reg>d to ! lay]s above & bel[ x4 ,n[1 f "t immemorial nature has be5 at "w build+ up monum5ts & provid+ tombs :i* tell u :at 7 ! ev5ts go+ on1 & :at k9d ( inhabitants ! e>? _h long be=e man made 8 appe>ance on its surface4 ,! monum5ts are ! rocks :i* compose ! gr\nd "u our feet1 & ^!1 l _m anci5t monum5ts ( human con/ruction1 are ! tombs ( ! creatures t liv$ :ile !y 7 be+ built4 ,_m facts te/ify t ! e>?'s cru/ did n come into exi/5ce exactly z we f9d x n[1 b t its rocks h be5 built up by ! sl[ action ( natural ag5cies4 ,^! rocks con/antly inclose ! rema9s ( plants & animals1 & z x is evid5t t nei!r plant nor animal c\ld h liv$ 9 ! he>t ( a solid rock1 ?is fact %[s t ! rock mu/ 9 "s way h ga!r$ r\nd ! rema9s t are n[ f\nd 9 x4 ,aga91 _m ( ^! rema9s1 or fossils1 belong$ to animals t liv$ 9 wat]1 ! l>g] "p1 inde$1 to m>9e creatures4 ,?is indicates t ! rock 0 =m$ b5ea? ! sea1 & :5 we exam9e ! way 9 :i* ! con/itu5ts ( ! rock are arrang$1 we frequ5tly f9d x to correspond exactly ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! s& & mud t riv]s sweep d[n into ! sea or lakes are spread out ov] ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,9 a pile ( rocks =m$ 9 ?is way x is cle> t ! l[e/ is ! olde/ ( all1 & t any "o /ratum ly+ above is y\ng] ?an ! "o b5ea? x4 ,fur!r1 ! occurr5ce ( rocks inl& conta9+ m>9e fossils f> above ! sea level %[s t ! sea & l& h *ang$ places4 ,:51 aga91 we f9d t ! fossils ( "o gr\p ( rocks diff] entirely f ^? ( a gr\p ly+ above !m1 we le>n t "o race ( creatures di$ out & 0 supplant$ by a new assemblage ( animal =ms4 ,^! g5]al rem>ks w1 ,i tru/1 give "s notion ( ! evid5ce :i* is available = recon/ruct+ ! hi/ory ( ^? remote p]iods ) :i* geology deals1 & ( ! k9d ( reason+ :i* ! geologi/ employs = int]pret+ ! records t are submitt$ to him4 ,we w n[ briefly exam9e1 by aid ( ^! me?ods1 ! gr\p ( rocks 9 :i* coal occurs 9 ,great ,brita91 & see h[ f> we c read ! /ory !y h to tell4 ,! gr\p ) :i* we h to deal is call$ ! c>bonif]\s or coal be>+ sy/em1 & x includes f\r classes ( rocks1 viz43 #a1 s&/one2 #b1 %ale or b9d2 #c1 lime/one2 #d1 coal & und]clay4 ,we w take ! s&/ones & %ales fir/4 ,!y are gra9s ( s& kn[n to m9]alogi/s z qu>tz1 & consi/+ ( a sub/ance call$ silica by *emi/s4 ,! gra9s ( s& are b\nd toge!r by a cem5t :i* 9 "s few cases is id5tical 9 composition ) !mselves1 & consi/s ( pure silica1 b usually is a mixture ( s&y1 clayey1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,! %ales are made up v l>gely ( clay1 mix$1 h[ev]1 usually ) s& & o!r sub/ances1 =m+ a conglom]ate4 ,bo? s&/ones & %ales are divid$ into lay]s or b$s1 & are said to be /ratifi$4 ,x is ?is /ratifi$ or b$d$ /ructure t gives u ! fir/ clew to ! way 9 :i* ^! rocks 7 =m$4 ,riv]s are con/antly c>ry+ d[n s& & mud into ! sea or lakes1 & :5 _! fl[ is slack5$ on ent]+ ! /ill wat] ! mat]ials !y br+ d[n ) !m s9k & are spread out 9 lay]s ov] ! bottom4 ,! /ructure ( ! s&/ones & %ales %[s t !y 7 =m$ 9 ?is way2 !y (t5 inclose ! rema9s ( plants t h be5 c>ri$ d[n f l&1 & occasionally ( animals t liv$ 9 ! wat] :]e !y 7 deposit$4 ,! next we h to consid] is lime/one1 :i* is ma9ly made up ( a sub/ance kn[n to *emi/s z calcium c>bonate1 or c>bonate ( lime4 ,9 "s di/ricts1 especially 9 volcanic c\ntries1 spr+s occur v highly *>g$ ) c>bonate ( lime4 ,! w>m spr+s ( ,matlock are a case 9 po9t2 !y are probably ! la/ ve/ige ( volcanic action :i* 0 9 op]ation 9 t neighborhood dur+ c>bonif]\s times4 ,lime/one is *iefly =m$ by ! ag5cy ( small m>9e creatures ( l[ organization4 ,by ! aid ( ^! animals ! c>bonate ( lime is br\ght back to a solid =m2 at _! dea? _! h>d p>ts fall to ! bottom & accumulate 9 a mass ( pure lime/one1 :i* aft]w>d becomes solidifi$ into lime/one rock4 ,! in=mation t lime/one gives u is ?is3 ,:5 we f9d1 z is (t5 ! case1 a mass ( lime/one hundr$s ( feet ?ick1 & compos$ ( little else b c>bonate ( lime1 we "k t ! spot :]e x occurs 01 at ! "t x 0 =m$1 f> out at sea1 cov]$ by ! cle> wat] ( mid ocean2 & :5 we f9d t ?is lime/one gr[s 9 c]ta9 directions e>?y & impure1 & t lay]s ( %ale & s&/one1 ?9 at fir/1 b gradually ?ick5+ out 9 a w$ge-%ape =m1 come 9 betwe5 its b$s1 we "k t 9 ^? directions we are travel+ t[>d ! %ore l9es ( t sea :5ce ! wat] 0 receiv+ f "t to "t supplies ( muddy & s&y s$im5t4 ,! next class ( rocks are ! clays t are f\nd b5ea? e b$ ( coal1 & :i* are kn[n z und]clays1 or w>rant1 or spav9s4 ,!y v>y v mu* 9 m9]al composition4 ,sometimes !y are s(t clay2 sometimes clay mix$ ) a c]ta9 portion ( s&2 & sometimes !y conta9 su* a l>ge proportion ( silici\s matt]s t !y become h>d1 fl9ty rock1 :i* _m ( y "k "u ! "n ( ganni/]4 ,b all und]clays agree 9 two po9ts3 !y are all un/ratifi$4 ,!y diff] totally f ! %ales & s&/ones 9 ?is respect1 & in/ead ( splitt+ up readily into ?9 flakes1 !y break up into irregul> lumpy masses4 ,& !y all conta9 a v peculi> vegetable fossil call$ ,/igm>ia4 ,?is /range fossil 0 = a long "t a sore puzzle to fossil botani/s1 & aft] mu* discussion ! "q 0 fairly solv$ by ,mr4 ,b9ney by ! discov]y ( a tree emb$d$ 9 ! coal measures1 & /&+ erect j z x grew1 ) its roots spread out into ! /ratum on :i* x /ood4 ,^! roots 7 ,/igm>ia1 & ! /uff into :i* !y p5etrat$ 0 an und]clay4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell m5tions an individual sigill>ia #gb feet 9 l5g? f\nd at ,newca/le1 & a specim5 tak5 f ! ,j>r[ coal m9e 0 m ?an #dj feet 9 l5g? & #ac feet 9 diamet] ne> ! base4 ,x is n (t5 ^! trees are f\nd erect1 because ! action ( wat]1 comb9$ ) natural decay1 has g5]ally ?r[n !m d[n4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 v l>ge numb]s 9 ! ro( ( ! coal1 evid5tly hav+ be5 toss$ ov]1 & ly+ !re flat & squeez$ ?9 by ! pressure ( ! measures t lie above !m4 ,la/ly1 we come to coal itself--a rock :i* con/itutes a small portion ( ! :ole bulk ( ! c>bonif]\s deposits1 b :i* may be fairly look$ ^u z ! mo/ important memb] ( t gr\p1 bo? on acc\nt ( its intr9sic value & also f ! int]e/ t atta*es to its hi/ory4 ,t coal is little else b m9]aliz$ vegetable matt] is a po9t on :i* !re has = a long "t be5 b small d\bt4 ,! m m9ute inve/igations ( rec5t ye>s h n only plac$ ?is completely beyond "q1 b h also enabl$ u to say :at ! plants 7 :i* contribut$ to ! =mation ( coal1 & 9 "s cases ev5 to decide :at portions ( ^? plants ent] into its composition4 ,x is a ?+ s univ]sally admitt$ on all h&s1 t ,i %all take x = grant$ y are all p]fectly conv9c$ t coal has be5 no?+ 9 ! _w b a great mass ( vegetable matt]4 ,! only "q is3 ,h[ 7 ^! great masses ( vegetable matt] br\ght toge!r8 ,& y mu/ realize t !y 7 v l>ge masses inde$4 ,j to take "o in/ance4 ,! ,york%ire & ,d]by%ire coal field is some:]e ab\t #gjj to #hjj squ>e miles 9 area1 & ,lanca%ire ab\t #bjj4 ,well1 9 bo? ^! coal fields y h a great numb] ( b$s ( coal t spread ov] ! :ole ( !m ) tol]able regul>ity & ?ickness1 & v (t5 ) sc>cely any break :atev]4 ,& ?is is only a v small portion ( :at mu/ h be5 ! orig9al %eet ( coal1 s t y see we h to acc\nt = a mass ( vegetable matt] p]fectly free f any admixture ( s&1 mud1 or dirt1 & laid d[n ) tol]ably uni=m ?ickness ov] _m hundr$s ( squ>e miles4 ,at "o "t x 0 suppos$ t coal 0 =m$ out ( dead trees & plants :i* 7 swept d[n by riv]s into ! sea1 j 9 ! same way z %ales & s&/ones 7 =m$ out ( mud & s& s swept d[n4 ,! fatal objection to ?is !ory1 h[ev]1 is t riv]s w\ld n br+ d[n dead wood alone1 b !y w\ld br+ d[n s& & mud1 & o!r matt]s1 & t 9 ! bottom ( ! sea ! dead wood w\ld be mix$ ) ^! matt]s1 & in/ead ( gett+ a p]fectly unmix$ mass ( vegetable matt]1 we %\ld get a mixture ( dead plants1 s&1 mud1 & o!r ?+s1 :i* w\ld give rise to some?+ l coal1 b some?+ v diff]5t1 z any "o :o tries to burn su* coal w soon f9d out1 f really good1 pure h\se coal4 ,s t ?is !ory1 :i* is g5]ally kn[n z ! drift !ory1 0 totally inadequate to acc\nt = ! facts z we "k !m4 ,! o!r !ory 0 t coal 0 =m$ out ( plants & trees t grew on ! spot :]e we n[ f9d coal itself4 ,on ?is supposition x is easy to acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( =eign admixtures ( s&1 mud1 & clay 9 ! coal2 & we c also und]/& v mu* bett] ?an by ! aid ( ! drift !ory h[ ! coal _h accumulat$ ) su* wond]ful uni=mity ( ?ickness ov] su* v l>ge areas4 ,?is !ory 0 = "s "t b poorly receiv$2 b aft] ! discov]y ( ,sir ,william ,logan1 t e b$ ( coal _h a b$ ( und]clay b5ea?1 & ! discov]y ( ,mr4 ,b9ney1 t ^! und]clays 7 true soils on :i* plants _h und\bt$ly gr[n1 !re 0 no d\bt :atev] t ?is 0 ! real & true explanation ( ! matt]4 ,i d>e say _m ( y h _h occasion to walk across peat bogs4 ,! peat bog is a great mass ( vegetable matt]1 :i* is e ye> gr[+ ?ick] & ?ick]2 & und]nea? x !re is almo/ always a b$ ( ?9 clay1 9 look v mu* l ! und]clays1 & ?is ?9 clay is p5etrat$ by ! rootlets ( ! moss =m+ ! peat1 exactly ! same way z ! und]clays ( ! coal measures are p5etrat$ by ! /igm>ia & its rootlets4 ,b y mu/ n suppose t ! plants out ( :i* coal 0 =m$ 7 exactly ! same l[ type ( moss :i* =ms our pres5t peat bogs4 ,h[ev]1 x is pretty c]ta9 t !y 7 = ! mo/ "p ( a loose1 succul5t texture1 & t !y grew v rapidly inde$4 ,y w h notic$ t !re is "o /ep m want$ to make good ?is !ory ( ! gr[? ( coal on ! spot :]e we n[ f9d x4 ,! coal is f\nd1 z already describ$1 int]b$d$ ) %ales & s&/ones4 ,^! %ales & s&/ones1 z %[n1 7 =m$ b5ea? ! wat] ( ! sea1 & z long z !y rema9$ !re ( c\rse no plants c\ld gr[ ^u !m4 ,! "q is1 ,h[ 0 ! l& surface =m$ = ! gr[? ( plants8 ,x mu/ h be5 =m$ 9 "s way or o!r by ! sea bottom hav+ be5 rais$ above ! level ( ! wat]4 ,n[1 we h di/9ct pro( 9 _m cases t elevation ( ! sea bottom & depression ( ! l& is n[ go+ on 9 _m p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,&1 !re=e1 we %all be assum+ no?+ beyond ! range ( exp]i5ce if we say t su* elevations & depressions w5t on dur+ coal measure times4 ,! coal measure times mu/ h be5 times dur+ :i* ! same spot 0 n[ bel[ ! sea1 & n[ dry l&1 ov] & ov] aga94 ,!re 0 a l& surface on :i* plants grew fa/ & multipli$ rapidly1 & z !y di$ fell & accumulat$ 9 a great heap ( dead vegetable matt]4 ,aft] a "t ?is lay] ( vegetable matt] 0 sl[ly & g5tly let d[n b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! sea--s sl[ly t ! wat] fl[+ ov] x did n1 z a rule1 di/urb ! loose1 pa/y mass2 & !n1 by ! me?od ,i h describ$ to y1 %ales & s&/ones 7 deposit$ on ! top ( ?is mass ( dead vegetable matt]4 ,by _! weight !y compress$ x1 & by c]ta9 *emical *anges 7:i* we h n "t to g into ?is ev5+7 ?is d5se mass ( vegetable matt] became conv]t$ into coal4 ,aft] a "t ! %ales & s&/ones :i* _h be5 pil$ above ?is /uff1 :i* 0 to =m coal = ! future1 7 aga9 elevat$ to =m a l& surface2 ^u ?is ano!r =e/ sprang up1 & by its decay produc$ ano!r mass ( vegetable matt] fit to =m coal4 ,?is aga9 0 let d[n bel[ ! wat]1 m %ales & s&/ones 7 deposit$ on ! top1 & ?is process w5t on ov] & ov] aga9 till ! :ole mass ( our pres5t coal measures 0 =m$4 ,y w n[ see h[ x is t trees are s seldom f\nd 9 an upright position 9 ! coal b$s4 ,z ! l& w5t d[n1 !y w\ld 9 v _m cases be toppl$ ov] by ! wat] z x fl[$ aga9/ !m1 or _! base w\ld be rott$1 & !y w\ld !n ei!r fall or be bl[n ov]2 t is ! reason :y 9 mo/ cases !y are f\nd ly+ flat on ! ro( ( ! coal b$4 ,b 9 a few cases1 :5 ! depression 0 v g5tle & gradual1 ! trees 7 n ov]?r[n1 & ! %ales & s&/ones accumulat$ r\nd !m & pres]v$ !m 9 ! position 9 :i* !y grew4 ,i d n "k t ,i c po9t out to y any?+ n[adays t exactly resembles ! /ate ( ?+s t mu/ h gone on dur+ ! times ^! coal measures 7 be+ =m$2 b !re are a great _m cases /rik+ly analog\s to !m4 ,i %all n attempt to describe !m to y1 b may j m5tion ! mangrove swamps t v (t5 fr+e ! coa/s 9 ! tropics1 & ! cypress swamps ( ! ,mississippi1 :i* are s well describ$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 9 8 rec5t works2 also ! great ,dismal ,swamp ( ,virg9ia1 :i* appe>s to me to furni% ! ne>e/ analogue to ! /ate ( ?+s t exi/$ dur+ coal measure times4 ,hav+ expla9$ ! way 9 :i* coal measures h be5 =m$1 we w n[ take a brief sket* ( its uses & products4 ,! ye> #abei is memorable 9 ! annals ( coal m9+4 ,hi!rto ! m9]al _h n be5 rais$ by au?ority1 b 9 t ye> ,h5ry ,,iii4 grant$ a *>t] to ! freem5 ( ,newca/le-on-,tyne = lib]ty to dig coal1 & a consid]able export trade 0 e/abli%$ ) ,london1 & x spe$ily became an article among ! v>i\s manufactur]s ( ! metropolis4 ,b its popul>ity 0 b %ort liv$4 ,an impression became g5]al t ! smoke aris+ !refrom contam9at$ ! atmosph]e & 0 injuri\s to public heal?4 ,ye>s ( exp]i5ce h prov$ ! fallacy ( ! imputation2 b 9 #acjf ! outcry became s g5]al t a proclamation 0 issu$ by ,edw>d ,i =bidd+ ! use ( ! (f5d+ fuel1 & au?oriz+ ! de/ruction ( all furnaces1 etc41 ( ^? p]sons :o %\ld p]si/ 9 us+ x4 ,prejudice gradually gave way z ! value ( ! fossil fuel became bett] kn[n1 & f t "t d[nw>d its use has become m & m ext5d$ d[n to ! enorm\s ext5t ( our pres5t trade4 ,! annual increase 9 ! production ( coal 9 ! ,briti% ,isles s9ce ! ye> #ahed is ov] #b million tons4 ,9 t ye> ! coal produce 0 ab\t #fe million tons1 & x has gr[n up to ! ye> #ahhj to ! gr& total ( #ace million tons4 ,we w n[ deal ) "s ( ! uses t ?is valuable black diamond is n[ be+ put to4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! c5t] ( all our ent]prise & prosp]ity1 & ^u x dep5ds our *ief success z a manufactur+ nation = ! future4 ,:5 x is exhau/$ we %all h to look =w>d to ! condition ( ?+s :i* n[ obta9s 9 ^? regions :]e !re is no coal--t is to say1 in/ead ( our be+ a nation full ( manufactur+ & m]cantile ent]prise1 a great nation to :i* all ! p ( ! e>? resort1 we %all be m]ely a p :o live = ourselves by ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd4 ,! duration ( our coal fields has be5 asc]ta9$ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,mr4 ,hall1 an accompli%$ geologi/1 tells u t 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t "t we h a /ock ( coal suffici5t = our consumption = no less ?an #a1jjj ye>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pr(essor ,jevons1 ^: op9ion is wor?y ( ! v greate/ weight on su* que/ions1 calculates t #ajj ye>s is ab\t ! t5ure ( our coal fields1 accord+ to ! pres5t rate ( increase 9 ! consumption4 ,:i*ev] view we take1 soon] or lat] ! end mu/ ultimately come :5 ! coal w be exhau/$2 :5 ! great ma9spr+ ( our comm]cial ent]prise w be gone1 & we %all rev]t to t condition 9 :i* we 7 be=e ! coal fields 7 work$4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view1 !re=e1 coal has an especial int]e/ to u z eng9e]s4 ,if coal is important 9 ?is direction1 x is no less important 9 a purely sci5tific po9t ( view1 ap>t f any m]cantile end4 ,! *emi/ or physici/ w tell y ! wondr\s /ory t ! black sub/ance :i* y burn is simply s mu* light & heat & motion borr[$ f ! sun & inve/$ 9 ! tissues ( plants4 ,he w tell y t :5 y sit r\nd y\r firesides ! flame :i* enliv5s y1 & ! gas :i* enables y to read1 & :i* civilizes y1 is no?+ 9 ! _w b s mu* sunlight & s mu* sunheat bottl$ up 9 ! tissues ( vegetables1 & simply reproduc$ 9 y\r grates & gas burn]s4 ,v few p]sons1 ,i am afraid1 realize ?is1 :i* is "o ( ! _m /ories :i* sci5ce 9 its high] tea*+s %[s u--"o ( ^? fairy tales :i* are ! result ( ! mo/ c>eful sci5tific inve/igation4 ,( ! hundr$ & odd million tons ( coal :i* we 9 ?is c\ntry burn 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj tons are ?r[n on our h\se fires2 #cj1jjj1jjj tons f9d _! way into our bla/ furnaces1 or are o!rwise us$ 9 ! smelt+ & manufacture ( metals2 ab\t #dh1jjj1jjj are burnt "u /eam boil]s2 #f1jjj1jjj are us$ 9 gas-mak+2 :ile ! rema9d] is consum$ 9 pott]ies1 glass works1 brick & lime kilns1 *emical works1 & o!r sundries :i* ,i ne$ n speak (4 ,to g into ! *emi/ry ( coal is q suffici5t to take up m "t ?an ,i h at my disposal ?is ev5+1 !re=e ,i w briefly t\* on a few ( ! ma9 po9ts4 ,coal gas is made1 z y are all aw>e1 by heat+ coal or cannel1 :i* is ! special =m ( coal mo/ valu$ = ! purpose1 on acc\nt ( ! high quality ( gas x produces 9 cyl9drical fireclay retorts4 ,! by-products obta9$ 9 ! manufacture ( coal gas1 ! t> & ! ammonia wat]1 are n[adays sc>cely less important ?an ! coal gas itself4 ,! ammonia wat] furni%es l>ge quantities ( salts to be us$1 among o!r applications1 z food = plants4 ,we ?us re/ore to-day to our vegetation ! nitrog5 :i* exi/$ 9 plants ( primeval times4 ,! t>1 black & noisome ?\gh x be1 is a m>vel\s product1 by ! reason ( scores ( beautiful sub/ances :i* are conceal$ )9 x4 ,coal t> :5 di/ill$ yields ?ree ma9 products3 naph?a1 dead oil1 & pit* or asphalt4 ,! naph?a on r$i/illation yields b5z9e1 f :i* are prep>$ "s ( our mo/ beautiful dyes2 ! dead oil1 z ! less volatile portion is t]m$1 furni%es c>bolic acid1 us$ z a dis9fectant & antiseptic1 toge!r ) an?rac5e & naph?al9e2 all ?ree sub/ances ! />t+ po9ts ( new s]ies ( color+ matt]s4 ,?is discov]y ( ^! color+ matt]s m>ks an era 9 ! hi/ory ( *emical sci5ce2 x ex]cis$ an extraord9>y influ5ce on ! developm5t ( organic *emi/ry4 ,!oretical & appli$ *emi/ry 7 knit toge!r 9 clos] union ?an ev]1 & dye foll[$ dye 9 quick succession2 aft] mauve came mag5ta1 & 9 close att5dance foll[$ a brilliant tra9 ( r$s1 yell[s1 oranges1 gre5s1 blues1 & violets2 9 fact1 all ! simple & beautiful colors ( ! ra9b[4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r /ory ( coal t> to be told4 ,among ! _m curi\s sub/ances t wond]ful fluid conta9s is ! beautiful wax-l body call$ p>aff9e1 ! developm5t ( :i* *iefly owes its orig9 to ! g5ius & en]gy ( ,mr4 ,james ,"y4 ,z e>ly z #ahdh1 ,mr4 ,"y _h work$ a small petroleum spr+ 9 a coal m9e 9 ,d]by%ire1 & _h produc$ oils suitable = burn+ & lubricat+ purposes1 b ! spr+ gave out1 & !n ,mr4 ,"y s\ght to obta9 ^! oils by di/ill+ coal4 ,aft] _m trials1 9 conjunction ) o!r g5tlem5 connect$ !re)1 he prov$ successful1 & ! pres5t magnitude ( ?is indu/ry is )\t p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ,briti% manufactures4 ,9 ,scotl& alone !re are ab\t sixty p>aff9e oil works1 "o alone occupy+ a site ( ne>ly =ty acres4 ,"h ab\t #abj1jjj gallons ( crude oil are produc$ weekly1 & among ! v>i\s works 9 ,scotl& ab\t #hjj1jjj tons ( %ale are di/ill$ p] annum1 produc+ ne>ly #cj1jjj1jjj gallons ( crude oil1 f :i* ab\t #ab1jjj1jjj gallons ( ref9$ burn+ oil are obta9$ 9 addition to ! l>ge quantities ( naph?a1 solid p>aff9e1 ammonia1 & o!r *emical products4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago sc>cely a doz5 p]sons _h se5 ?is p>aff9e1 & n[ x is turn$ out by ! ton1 fa%ion$ into c&les delicately t9t$ ) colors obta9$ f coal t>4 ,i might dwell on ?is subject until x becomes we>isome to y1 !re=e ,i w n trespass too mu* on y\r "t4 ,b f e po9t we look we rea* ?is fact1 t our coal trade is "o :i* develops itself accord+ to laws t we are p]fectly p[]less to control2 if x seems to promise a less rapid increase "h1 x is only t x may spread abroad ) accel]at$ vigor else:]e2 if x is our slave 9 "s aspects1 x seems z if x 7 our ma/] 9 o!rs4 ,f9ally1 we h to ask1 ,:at ( our export coals8 ,rapid z has be5 ! gr[? ( our total production dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-?ree ye>s1 ! gr[? ( our export ( coals has be5 great] /ill4 ,beg9n+ at #d1cjj1jjj tons 9 '#ed1 we f9d x rea*+ #af1bej1jjj tons 9 '#gf1 & an increase at a correspond+ ratio up to ! pres5t date z f> z /ati/ics w c>ry u4 ,at su* a rate ( increase x w\ld seem z if our :ole annual production w\ld be ultimately swall[$ up 9 our exports1 & x is n1 p]haps1 impossible t aft] we h ceas$ to be to any great ext5t a manufactur+ p1 a c]ta9 export trade 9 coal may /ill cont9ue4 ,j ! same z ! export trade 9 coal prec$$ by c5turies our own uses = x o!r ?an dome/ic1 s may x also survive ^! by a p]iod z prolong$4 ,if our desc5t f our pres5t favor$ position be a gradual "o1 mu* may be done 9 ! int]val to adapt ourselves to ! future outcome1 b x is c]ta9 t no?+ w be done except "u ! /]n p]suasion ( necessity4 ,:5 our coal fields become exhau/$1 be x soon or late1 he w\ld be a wise or1 p]haps1 a ra% speculator :o fix$ himself to a ye> or a g5]ation4 ,be+ inevitable1 ! be/ philosophy is to make our decl9e m gradual & less bitt]4 ,s5tim5tal regrets t ^! hills & valleys w no long] res\nd ) ! d9 ( labor1 or be black5$ by ! smoke ( ! factory1 w\ld surely be out ( place4 ,:at we might regret is t ,brita91 :i* we "k & are pr\d (1 ! ,brita9 ( great a*ievem5ts 9 politics & lit]ature1 ( free ?\ght & self-respect+ ob$i5ce1 ( a ?\s& ye>s ( high endeavor & con/ant progress1 0 inde$ to p]i% :5 ^! factories & furnaces :irl$ & blaz$ _! la/4 ,b1 x is n s4 ,?is c\ntry's =tunes are gradually be+ m]g$ into ^? ( a ,great] ,brita91 :i* l>gely1 ?r\gh ! aid ( coal1 ^: prospective loss we are lam5t+1 has gr[n beyond ! limits ( ^! isl&s to ov]spread ! va/e/ & ri*e/ regions ( ! e>?2 & we h no reason to fe> t ! great inh]itance t ,am]ica & ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& h accept$ f u w 9 _! h&s be dealt unwor?ily ) 9 ! future4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ga/on ,,plante4 ,?is em95t sci5ti/ 0 born 9 ,or!z 7,dep>tm5t ( ,basses-,pyrnes7 on ! #bb;d ( ,april1 #ahcd2 at pres5t 9 8 fiftie? ye>4 ,he began 8 sci5tific c>e] z assi/ant to ,edmund ,becqu]el at ! ,cons]vatoire des ,arts et ,mti]s at ,p>is4 ,9 ! ye> #ahei1 aft] resign+ 8 position at ! above nam$ in/itution1 he ent]$ ^u 8 rese>*es 9 electricity1 & has cont9u$ !m ev] s9ce4 ,8 "w entitl$ ,re*]*es sur l',electricit is a model ( cle> language & elegant demon/ration1 & conta9s all ! pap]s pres5t$ by ,plant to ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces s9ce #ahei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ga/on ,,plante4 ,at ! ,p>is ,electrical ,exhibition 9 #ahha1 ,plant receiv$ a ,diploma ( ,honor1 ! highe/ di/9ction conf]r$1 :ile 9 ! same ye> ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces vot$ him ! ,lacaze prize1 & ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,national ,indu/ry pres5t$ him ) ! ,ampre m$al1 its highe/ aw>d4 ,plant des]ves n only ! honors conf]r$ ^u him by 8 own c\ntry1 b ^? ( ! _w on acc\nt ( 8 cosmopolitan "*--a r>ity among 8 c\ntrym54 ,he s5ds 8 app>atus to all exhibitions ( any consequ5ce2 !y appe>$ at ,muni* & ,vi5na1 :]e _! int]pretation by ! att5dant add$ consid]ably to ! r5[n ( _! au?or4--,zeit* f4 ,elektrote*nik4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,w>r5 ,,colburn4 ,w>r5 ,colburn1 ! em95t ,am]ican ma!matician1 0 born 9 ,d$ham1 ,mass41 ,m>* #a1 #agic4 ,he 0 ! elde/ son ( a l>ge family ( *ildr54 ,8 p>5ts 7 poor1 & ,w>r5 01 dur+ 8 *ildhood1 frequ5tly employ$ 9 diff]5t manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts to aid ! family by 8 small e>n+s4 ,9 e>ly boyhood he manife/$ an unusual ta/e = ma!matics1 & 9 ! common di/rict s*ool 0 reg>d$ z rem>kable 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,he le>n$ ! trade ( a ma*9i/1 /udy+ w9t]s1 until he 0 ov] tw5ty-two ye>s ( age1 :5 he began to fit = ,h>v>d ,college1 :i* he ent]$ 9 #ahag & graduat$ ) high honors 9 #ahbj4 ,he taught s*ool 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 :ile 9 college1 9 ,bo/on1 ,leom9/]1 & 9 ,canton1 ,mass4 ,f #ahbj to #ahbc he taught a select s*ool 9 ,bo/on4 ,:ile 9 college he 0 reg>d$ z by f> ! be/ ma!matician 9 8 class1 & dur+ ?is p]iod ?\ght !re 0 ! necessity = su* a book z 8 ,fir/ ,lessons 9 ,intellectual ,ari?metic4 ,?is conviction _h be5 =c$ ^u 8 m9d by 8 exp]i5ce 9 tea*+4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahba he publi%$ 8 fir/ edition4 ,8 plan 0 well dige/$1 al?\gh he 0 accu/om$ to say t ! pupils :o 7 "u 8 tuition made 8 ari?metic = him2 t ! que/ions !y ask$ & ! necess>y answ]s & explanations :i* he gave 9 reply 7 embodi$ 9 ! book1 :i* has _h a sale unprec$5t$ = any book on elem5t>y ari?metic 9 ! _w1 hav+ rea*$ ov] #b1jjj1jjj copies 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! sale /ill cont9ues1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,great ,brita94 ,x has be5 translat$ into mo/ ( ! ,european languages & by mission>ies into _m ,asiatic languages4 ,aft] tea*+ 9 ,bo/on ab\t two & "o-half ye>s1 he 0 *os5 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,bo/on ,manufactur+ ,company's works at ,wal?am1 ,mass41 & accept$ ! position2 & 9 ,augu/1 #ahbd1 ow+ to ! me*anical g5ius he display$ 9 apply+ p[] to ma*9]y1 comb9$ ) 8 great adm9i/rative ability1 he 0 appo9t$ sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,l[ell ,m]rimac ,manufactur+ ,co41 at ,l[ell1 ,mass4 ,"h he project$ a sy/em ( lectures ( an in/ructive "*1 pres5t+ comm]ce & useful subjects 9 su* a way z to ga9 att5tion & enlight5 ! p4 ,= sev]al ye>s he deliv]$ gratuit\s lectures on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,animals1 ,light1 ,electricity1 ! ,seasons1 ,hydraulics1 ,eclipses1 etc4 ,8 k ( ma*9]y enabl$ him admirably to illu/rate ^! lectures by models ( 8 own con/ruction2 & 8 successful exp]im5ts & simple tea*+ add$ mu* to ! practical k ( 8 op]atives4 ,he propos$ to occupy ! space betwe5 ! common s*ools & ! college halls by c>ry+1 s f> z might be practicable1 ! design ( ! ,rum=d ,lectures ( ,h>v>d into ! community ( ! actual work]s ( common life4 ,9 ! mean "t he dis*>g$ 8 (ficial duties effici5tly1 & ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! s*ools ( ,l[ell 0 also add$ to 8 labors4 ,he nev] rel9qui%$1 dur+ ^! busy ye>s1 ! design =m$ 9 8 college days ( furni%+ to ! *ildr5 ( ! c\ntry a s]ies ( text-books on ! inductive plan 9 ma!matics4 ,8 ,algebra ^u ! ,inductive ,me?od ( ,in/ruction1 appe>$ 9 #ahbe1 & 8 ,sequel to ,intellectual ,ari?metic 9 #ahcf4 ,he reg>d$ ! ,sequel z a book ( m m]it & importance ?an ! ,fir/ ,lessons4 ,he also publi%$ a s]ies ( selections f ,miss ,edgewor?'s /ories1 9 a suitable =m = read+ ex]cises = ! y\ng] classes ( ! ,l[ell s*ools1 9 ! use ( :i* ! tea*]s 7 c>efully in/ruct$4 ,9 ,may1 #ahbg1 he 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,= sev]al ye>s he 0 a memb] ( ! ,exam9+ ,committee = ,ma!matics at ,h>v>d ,college4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,sup]9t5d+ ,s*ool ,committee ( ,l[ell2 & s busy 7 he & 8 c[ork]s t !y 7 repeat$ly oblig$ to hold _! meet+s at six o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,w>r5 ,colburn 0 ard5tly admir$--almo/ rev]$--by ! tea*]s :o 7 tra9$ to use 8 ,inductive ,me?ods ( ,in/ruction 9 tea*+ elem5t>y ma!matics4 ,9 p]sonal appe>ance ,mr4 ,colburn 0 decid$ly pleas+4 ,8 height 0 five feet t51 & 8 figure 0 well proportion$4 ,8 face 0 "o n to be =gott52 x indicat$ sweetness ( disposition1 b5evol5ce1 intellig5ce1 & ref9em5t4 ,8 m5tal op]ations 7 n rapid1 & x 0 only by great pati5ce & long cont9u$ ?\ght t he a*iev$ 8 objects4 ,he 0 n flu5t 9 conv]sation2 8 hesitancy ( spee*1 h[ev]1 0 n s great :5 ) fri5ds z ) /rang]s4 ,! t5d5cy ( 8 m9d 0 t[>d ! practical 9 k2 8 /udy 0 to simplify sci5ce1 & to make x accessible to common m9ds4 ,mr4 ,colburn w live 9 educational hi/ory z ! au?or ( ,w>r5 ,colburn's ,fir/ ,lessons1 "o ( ! v be/ books ev] writt51 & :i*1 = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 0 9 almo/ univ]sal use z a text-book 9 ! be/ common s*ools1 n only 9 ! prim>y & int]m$iate grades1 b also 9 ! gramm> s*ool classes4 ,9 accordance ) ! me?od ( ?is fam\s book1 ! pupils 7 taught 9 a natural way1 a k ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ari?metic4 ,by its use !y develop$ ! ability to solve m5tally & ) great facility all ( ! simple que/ions likely to occur 9 ! e day bus9ess ( common life4 ,und\bt$ly ,pe/alozzi fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( ! true inductive me?od ( tea*+ numb]s2 b x 0 ,mr4 ,colburn :o adapt$ x to ! ne$s ( ! *ildr5 ( ! common elem5t>y s*ools4 ,x has wr\ght a great *ange 9 tea*+1 & plac$ ,w>r5 ,colburn on ! roll z "o ( ! educational b5efactors ( 8 age4 ,he di$ at ,l[ell1 ,mass41 ,sept4 #ac1 #ahhc1 at ! age ( #ij ye>s4--,j\rnal ( ,education4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ury',s ,,dynamo-,,electric ,,ma*9e4 ,?ury's dynamo-electric ma*9e1 :i* pres5ts "s peculi>ities1 has nev] to our k be5 employ$ outside ( ,sw$5 & a few neighbor+ regions2 b ?is is d\btless due to "s p]sonal motive or o!r ( its con/ructors1 s9ce x has1 x w\ld seem1 giv5 excell5t results 9 e application t has be5 made ( x4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 p]spective 9 ,fig4 #a1 & 9 longitud9al section & elevation 9 ,figs4 #b & #c4 ,z may be se51 x is a multipol> 7#f-pole7 ma*9e 9 :i* an attempt has be5 made to utilize magnetically1 z f> z possible1 all ! iron us$ 9 ! frame4 ,= ?is reason ! sy/em has be5 giv5 ! =m ( a hexagonal prism1 ^: faces are =m$ ( flat electro-magnets1 ,a1 ,a1 xxx1 con/itut+ ! inductors4 ,! int]nal angles ( ?is prism are fill$ by pol> expansions1 ,p1 ,p1 xxx1 alt]nately nor? & s\?1 t ?us =m 9 ! int]ior ( ! app>atus an inscrib$ cyl9d] design$ to receive ! armature4 ,?is latt] belongs to ! k9ds t are w\nd ^u a cyl9d] 9 :i* ! wire is ext]nal !reto4 ,! conductors are plac$ ^u ! iron drum longitud9ally & p>allel ) its axis4 ,b in/ead ( be+ connect$ ) ea* o!r at ! po/]i] end ( ! armature1 z 9 ! ,siem5s sy/em1 !y are connect$ accord+ to *ords t correspond to a f\r?1 a six?1 or any equal fraction :atev] ( ! circumf]5ce4 ,fig4 #d gives a p]spective view ( ! cyl9d]1 ^u :i* ! conductors #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & s on1 are plac$ accord+ to g5]atrices4 ,! armature is suppos$ to be divid$ into six p>ts1 ea* conductor pass+ ov] ! bases ( ! drum ?r\gh a *ord equal to ! radius1 t is to say1 correspond+ to a six? ( ! circumf]5ce4 ,?ree conductors are all connect$ toge!r 9 su* a way z to =m b a s+le circuit clos$ ^u itself4 ,conductor #a1 = example1 is connect$ ) ,no4 #f 9 su* a way t ! end issu+ f #a becomes ! end t ent]s ,no4 #f4 ,conductor ,no4 #c is connect$ 9 ! same way ) ,no4 #h1 & s on1 up to ! la/ conductor1 :i* is connect$ 9 its turn ) ! end t ent]s ! fir/4 ,z ! figure %[s1 ! conductor be=e pass+ f #c to #h1 = example1 returns sev]al times ^u itself 9 foll[+ #f & #c1 & ! same is ! case ) all ! re/ ( ! w9d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,p]spective ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,?ury ,,ma*9e4 ,9 ?is way ! cyl9d] becomes inclos$ )9 n9e rectangul> wire frames1 ea* ( :i* is connect$ ) ! foll[+ "o by a conductor t is at ! same "t connect$ ) "o ( ! n9e plates ( ! collector4 ,! numb] ( ! rubb]s corresponds to t ( ! induct+ poles4 ,!y may be c\pl$ 9 diff]5t ways1 b !y are 9 mo/ cases unit$ = quantity4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,?ury armature resembles1 9 ! sy/em ( w9d+1 ^? ( ! ,siem5s ma*9es & _! d]ivatives4 ,b x diff]s f ^!1 h[ev]1 9 ! details connect$ ) ! c\pl+ ( ! wires1 f ! v fact t ! features ( a two-pole ma*9e are n f\nd exactly 9 a multipol> "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #b ,,& #c4 ,?is latt] k9d ( ma*9e is consid]$ advantage\s by its inv5tors1 9 t !re is no ne$ ( revolv+ x ) mu* velocity4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t al?\gh we r$uce ! velocity by ?is mode ( con/ruction1 we are1 on ano!r h&1 oblig$ to increase ! size ( ! ma*9e1 s t1 accord+ to ! circum/ances "u :i* we *anc$ to be plac$1 ! advantage may n[ be on ! "o side & n[ on ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #d ,,& #e4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ,fig4 #d is ess5tially diagrammatic1 & is design$ to give a cle>] idea ( ! mode ( w9d+ ! armature4 ,9 practice ! numb] ( ! frames1 & consequ5tly t ( ! plates ( ! conductor1 is mu* great]1 & ! arrangem5t t we h describ$ is repeat$ a c]ta9 numb] ( times1 ! conduct] always =m+ a circuit t is clos$ ^u itself4 ,! ,?ury ma*9es are con/ruct$ 9 diff]5t /yles4 ,no4 #a is a #ajj-lamp 7#af c&les & #ajj volts7 ma*9e1 & ,nos4 #b & #c are nom9ally #bej-lamp ones1 b may be m4 ,_! weight is #a1ajj kilogrammes1 & _! velocity1 = #ajj volts1 is f #djj to #ejj revolutions1 accord+ to ! mode ( c\pl+4 ,a lat] type1 n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 is to furni% f #gej to #b1jjj lamps1 ) #bej revolutions1 = #ajj volts1 & is n to weigh m ?an #b1jjj kilogrammes4 ,let u add t ,messrs4 ,meuron & ,cu5od1 ! manufactur]s1 h likewise appli$ _! mode ( w9d+ to conductors arrang$ radially ^u ! surface ( a circle4 ,fig4 #e %[s ?is arrangem5t4 ,9 ?is case ! inductors w1 x is unnecess>y to say1 be arrang$ lat]ally z 9 all flat r+ ma*9es4 ,! arrangem5t w recall1 = example1 t ( ! ,victoria ma*9es 7,bru%-,mordey74 ,we d n ?9k t ! inv5tors h appli$ ?is radial arrangem5t practically1 = x does n appe> to be advantage\s4 ,! p>ts ( conductors :i* are p]p5dicul> to ! radius1 & :i* c be only in]t 7ev5 if !y d n become ! seat ( disadvantage\s curr5ts71 h1 9 fact1 too great an importance ) respect to ! radial p>ts4--,a4 ,gu]\t1 9 ,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,breguet',s ,,telephone4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,=bes gives ! foll[+ description3 ,! in/rum5t :i* ,i call ,bregut's telephone is f\nd$ ^u ! in/rum5t :i* 0 describ$ by ,lipmann1 call$ ! capill>y electromet]4 ,! ph5om5on may be %[n 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,"o ( ! easie/ me?ods to %[ x is by tak+ a long glass tube & b5d+ x into two glasses ( dilute acid1 &1 ! tube be+ fill$ ) acid itself1 a piece ( m]cury is plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! tube4 ,!n if "o pole ( a batt]y is connect$ ) "o vessel ( acid1 & ! o!r pole ( ! batt]y is connect$ ) ! o!r vessel ( acid1 at ! mom5t ( connection ! bit ( m]cury w be se5 to travel to ! "r or left1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,m4 ,lipmann expla9$ ! action by %[+ t ! electro-motive =ce :i* is g5]at$ t5ds to alt] ! convexity ( ! surface ( ! m]cury4 ,! surface ( ! m]cury1 look$ at f "o side1 has a convex =m1 :i* is alt]$ by ! electro-motive =ce set up :5 connection is made ) ! batt]y4 ,! equilibrium ( ! m]cury is dep5d5t ^u ! convexity1 & consequ5tly :5 ! convexity is di/urb$ ! m]cury moves to "o side or ! o!r4 ,lipmann also %[$ t if a tube conta9+ a bit ( m]cury1 & tap]+ to a po9t1 is tak5 & dipp$ into acid1 & !n ! tube fill$ ) acid1 on "o pole ( a batt]y be+ dipp$ into ! tube & ano!r into ! acid ! m]cury w move up or d[n1 %[+ simil> action to t :i* ,i h j describ$4 ,lipmann fur!r %[$ ! rev]se effect1 t if a piece ( m]cury be =cibly press$1 s z to alt] ! convexity ( its surface1 su* z by br++ x into a n>r[] "p ( ! tube1 !n !re is an electro-motive =ce produc$4 ,x occurr$ to me1 & no d\bt x did to ,breguet also1 t if we speak ei!r aga9/ ! surface ( ! glass tube1 & caus$ ! tube to vibrate1 or if ! m]cury 7 caus$ to vibrate 9 ! mann] ,i h %[n1 we ought to be able to introduce a v>y+ curr5t 9 ! wires :i* might h suffici5t electro-motive =ce to produce audible spee* 9 a ,bell telephone4 ,fur!r1 ! same in/rum5t1 s9ce v>y+ electro-motive =ce affect$ ! drop ( m]cury & produc$ v>y+ displacem5t1 ought also to act z a receiv+ in/rum5t1 & %\ld vibrate 9 accordance ) ! curr5ts t arrive4 ,my exp]im5ts h only be5 9 ! way ( us+ ! in/rum5t z a transmitt]2 b ,bregut1 ,i f9d1 us$ x z a receiv] z well z a transmitt]1 ?\gh ,i am n aw>e t ,m4 ,breguet made any actual exp]im5ts s z to produce articulate spee*4 ,i presume t ?is 0 done1 al?\gh ,i h n come across any description ( ! exp]im5ts1 & x 0 = t reason t ,i ?\ght possibly "s acc\nt ( my own exp]im5ts might be int]e/+ to ! memb]s ( ! ,society4 ,! fir/ tubes t ,i us$ 7 bits ( glass tube ab\t a c5timet] diamet]1 & simply drawn out to a tap]+ po9t4 ,i h ! tubes "h4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t ,i tri$ 0 by tapp+ ! glass tube s z to me*anically %ift ! position ( ! m]cury1 & by li/5+ on ! telephone = ! effect4 ,= a long "t1 at lea/ an h\r1 ,i c\ld get no effect at all4 ,at la/ ,i got a s\nd1 b c\ld n und]/& h[ x 0 t at "o "t ( tapp+ ,i c\ld n he>1 :ile at ano!r "t x 0 q l\d4 ,at ! top ,i always got s\nd1 b at ! side ,i got no s\nd1 al?\gh ! m]cury 0 %ak+4 ,i !n tri$ to see h[ feeble a curr5t 0 audible 9 ! telephone4 ,an assi/ant tapp$ ! tube :ile ,i /ood out ( ! way1 & :]e ,i c\ld n see4 ,i got him to tap x g5tl] & g5tl]1 & c\ld he> ! mo/ feeble tap4 ,a pellet ( pap] 0 next dropp$ f v>i\s heights d[n to an in*1 & ea* tap 0 p]fectly audible 9 ! telephone4 ,i tri$ _m me?ods1 & "o1 purely accid5tally *os51 0 a piece ( glass tube :i* ,i _h drawn out into a tube ab\t #b mm4 diamet]1 & !n ne>ly clos$ ! end ( x4 ,i h t tube "h1 & y w see :at an ill-%ap5 & ugly-look+ tube x is1 b x is "o ( ! be/ tubes ,i ev] got2 & f9ally1 ,i f\nd t small bits ( !rmomet] tube1 :i* 7 simply clos$ at _! ends ) a bl[-pipe1 gave v good results1 & ,i 0 able to make !m useful = v>i\s purposes4 ,i !n tri$ m\nt+ a tube on ! end ( a speak+-trumpet & speak+ to ! m]cury1 b got no effect4 ,9 e place :]e ,i atta*$ ! glass tube itself to a s\nd+-bo>d ,i got a v accurate reproduction4 ,i put "o on a piece ( f]rotype plate1 & t gave really ! be/ result ,i ev] got4 ,! tube 0 fa/5$ ) seal+-wax1 & ) x ,i got excell5t spee* he>d 9 a ,bell receiv]4 ,i tri$ putt+ 9 a l>ge numb] ( ^! tubes1 all 9 quantity1 on ! bottom ( a f]rotype plate1 b ) no advantage4 ,i h n yet tri$ putt+ !m 9 s]ies1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 s z to increase ! electro-motive =ce1 b ,i ?9k t probably w\ld be an improvem5t2 ( c\rse x w\ld require _m vessels ( acidulat$ wat] to dip into4 ,! mo/ di/9ct articulate spee* 0 obta9$ f an ord9>y f]rotype telephone plate1 secur$ at ! edges1 & "o ( ! glass tubes y see "h atta*$ to x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,munro',s ,,telephonic ,,exp]im5ts4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,munro1 ^: "n is well kn[n n only z a v cle> writ] ^u electrical subjects1 b z an orig9al inve/igator1 has rec5tly1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,w>wick1 be5 conduct+ a mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5tal inve/igation ( ! action ( ! microphone z a telephonic transmitt]1 ) ! result ( prov+ t metals may advantage\sly be employ$ 9 ! place ( c>bon 9 a transmitt+ in/rum5t1 a practical developm5t ( "o ( ! v e>lie/ ( ,pr(essor ,hughes' microphones4 ,! fact t metallic electrodes c practically be employ$ 9 microphonic transmitt]s has be5 d5i$ ( late ) s mu* assurance & 9 su* high qu>t]s1 t ,mr4 ,munro's successful applications ( t portion ( ,pr(essor ,hughes' discov]y possess an especial int]e/1 & mu/ to a consid]able ext5t affect ! aspect ( litigation 9 future conte/s 9 :i* ! discov]y ( ! microphone & ! inv5tion ( ! c>bon transmitt] are vital po9ts at issue4 ,9 inve/igat+ ! prop]ties ( metallic conductors employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( microphones1 ,mr4 ,munro's fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made ) wires4 ,^!1 9 "s cases1 7 caus$ by ! action ( a diaphragm1 to rub ! "o on ! o!r 9 su* a mann] z to make ! po9t ( contact v>y 7"u ! influ5ce ( ! vibrations ( ! diaphragms7 on "o side or o!r ( a position ( normal pot5tial1 s t by ! movem5t ( a wire atta*$ to a vibrat+ tympan along a fix$ wire convey+ a curr5t f a batt]y1 & !reby %unt+ ! curr5t at v>i\s positions along ! l5g? ( ! fix$ wire1 ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t 9 ! d]iv$ circuit1 9 :i* 0 includ$ a suitable receiv]1 0 v>i$ accord+ly4 ,9 o!r exp]im5ts m]cury 0 employ$1 ei!r z a slid+-drop1 inclos+ ! fix$ wire1 or z an oscillat+ column2 b ^! exp]im5ts1 ?\gh in/ructive & int]e/+1 did n = v>i\s reasons give enc\rag+ results ) a view to ! practical application ( ! pr9ciple4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 l$ ,mr4 ,munro to proce$ ) comp\nd wire /ructures1 su* z grat+s re/+ ^u or rubb+ aga9/ "o ano!r1 & "o ( ! fir/ exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction prov$ v successful1 & l$ ,mr4 ,munro to ! con/ruction ( 8 gauze telephone1 :i* is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & effici5t ( 8 practical app>atus4 ,?is in/rum5t consi/s ess5tially ( two pieces ( iron-wire gauze1 ! "o fix$ 9 a v]tical plane1 & ! o!r re/+ m or less lightly aga9/ x1 ! pressure betwe5 !m be+ regulat$ by an adju/able spr+ or weight4 ,^! gauze plates are s connect$ 9 a telephonic circuit z to con/itute ! electrodes ( a microphone2 = t\*+ "o ano!r lightly 9 sev]al po9ts1 !y all[ ! curr5t to be transmitt$ betwe5 !m 9 inv]se proportion to ! resi/ance (f]$ to x 9 its passage f "o to ! o!r4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( sonor\s vibrations ! "o plate dances m or less on ! o!r1 ?us v>y+ ! resi/ance2 & v p]fect articulation is produc$ 9 a telephonic receiv] includ$ 9 ! circuit4 ,! gauze transmitt] s con/ruct$ may be fix$ )9 a wall-box ) or )\t a m\?piece2 b z ! s\nd waves act+ directly ^u ! gauze plates set !m into agitation ?r\gh _! sympa!tic vibration or by direct impact1 no sort ( diaphragm or equival5t device is necess>y1 & none is employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,a conv5i5t =m ( ?is app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & to :i* ! "n ( ,! ,lyre ,telephone has be5 giv5 f its resemblance to t impossible musical in/rum5t4 ,9 ?is app>atus1 ,g is a plate ( iron wire gauze /ret*$ v]tically betwe5 two horizontal wires atta*$ to a lyre-%ap$ framework ( mahogany2 aga9/ ! plate re/s ! small] plate1 ,g1 ! normal pressure betwe5 !m be+ regulat$ by an adju/able spr+ act+ 9 opposition to a weight$ lev]1 ,w4 ,! two plates are connect$ respectively ) ! atta*m5t screws1 ,x & ,y1 by :i* ! in/rum5t is plac$ 9 a circuit ) a batt]y & telephonic circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,a modification ( ?is app>atus is %[n 9 ! diagram sket*1 ,fig4 #b1 :i* w probably be a m practical =m4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! electrodes consi/ ( two circul> disks ( iron wire gauze ( diff]5t diamet]s1 ! l>g] disk1 ,g1 :i* is fix$1 be+ pi]c$ ) holes ( small] diamet] ?an ! small] disk1 ,g4 ,9 ! diagram ! two disks are %[n sep>at$ = ! purpose ( explanation1 b 9 reality !y re/ ! "o aga9/ ! o!r2 ! small] & movable disk1 ,g1 is held up aga9/ ,g ) great] or less pressure by ! spiral spr+1 ,s1 ! t5sion ( :i* c be adju/$ by a screw or o!r suitable device at ,n4 ,?is =m ( ! app>atus is m suitable = inclosure 9 a wall box ) or )\t a m\?piece1 b x does n require ! employm5t ( any k9d ( diaphragm or tympan4 ,mr4 ,munro c employ ) all 8 in/rum5ts an induction coil = in/allations :]e ! resi/ance ( ! l9e wire makes x desirable to d s2 ! microphone & batt]y be+ includ$ 9 ! prim>y circuit & ! telephones 9 ! second>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #c is an +5i\s arrangem5t devis$ by ,mr4 ,munro1 9 :i* ! adju/+ spr+ or weight is sub/itut$ by a magnet :i* may be ei!r a p]man5t or an electro-magnet4 ,! figure %[s an arrangem5t 9 :i* ! fix$ gauze1 g1 is p]=at$ z 9 ! app>atus illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 & ! movable electrode1 g1 is b5t or di%$ s z to press ^u g ar\nd its edge4 ,e is a magnet :i* by its attractive influ5ce ^u g holds t up aga9/ g ) a pressure dep5d5t ^u its magnetic int5sity & ^u its di/ance f ! gauze4 ,by mak+ ,e an electro-magnet1 & includ+ its coil 9 ! telephonic circuit1 an in/rum5t may be con/ruct$ 9 :i* ! normal pressure betwe5 ! electrodes c be automatically adju/$ to ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 & 9 cases :]e an induction coil is employ$ ! magnet1 ,e1 may be ! core ( su* a coil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #d illu/rates an app>atus devis$ by ,mr4 ,munro1 & to :i* ! "n !rmo-microphone might be giv51 z x is a microphone 9 :i* !rmo-electric curr5ts are employ$ 9 ! place ( voltaic curr5ts1 its special feature ( int]e/ ly+ 9 ! fact t ! heat$ junction ( ! !rmo-electric c\ple is id5tical ) ! microphone contacts ( ! two electrodes4 ,9 ?is v elegant exp]im5t a piece ( iron wire gauze1 ,g1 is support$ 9 a horizontal position by a light metallic support1 ,b4 ,to ano!r support4 ,a1 is loosely h+$ a frame1 :i* at its fur!r extremity c>ries a little coil ( ,g]man silv] wire1 ,c1 :i* by its weight re/s ^u ! c5t] ( ! gauze plate1 ,g2 & 9 contact !re)1 & to increase ! pressure ( contact1 a little b> weight is laid )9 ! convolutions ( ! core4 ,! two electrodes1 ! gauze1 & ! coil are connect$1 z %[n1 to a receiv+ telephone1 ,t4 ,^u ! application ( heat1 z f ! flame ( a _s lamp plac$ bel[1 a !rmo-electric curr5t is set up ?r\gh\t ! circuit2 9 ?is condition ! app>atus becomes a v p]fect microphone1 & :5 ! pressure betwe5 ! electrodes is prop]ly adju/$ x is a v effici5t telephonic transmitt]1 transmitt+ articulate spee* & musical s\nds ) rem>kable cle>ness & fidelity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,mr4 ,munro is1 ) ! aid ( ,mr4 ,w>wick's manipulative skill1 ext5d+ ?is portion ( 8 inve/igation fur!r by exp]im5t+ ) gauzes & coils ( v>i\s metals =m+ o!r c\ples 9 ! !rmo-electric s]ies1 z well z ) iron & o!r gauzes electrotyp$ ) bismu? & o!r metals1 & we hope 9 due "t to lay ! results ( ^? exp]im5ts be=e our read]s4 ,mr4 ,munro has1 moreov]1 obs]v$ t if two pieces ( gauze ( id5tical mat]ial & 9 microphonic contact be heat$1 a peculi> sigh+ s\nd is he>d 9 a telephone connect$ ) !m & ) a batt]y1 & he attributes ?is ph5om5on to ! electrical dis*>ge betwe5 ! gauze plates be+ facilitat$ & increas$ by ! action ( heat1 b we are r incl9$ to trace ! effect to ! me*anical action ( ! "o gauze mov+ ov] ! o!r "u ! influ5ce ( expansion & contraction ( ! metals by ! v>iable temp]ature ( ! flame & convection curr5ts ( heat$ air1 su* movem5t produc+ ! s\nds j z w\ld be produc$ if "o ( ! electrodes ( an ord9>y microphone 7 z delicately mov$ by ! h& or o!r ag5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,figs4 #e & #f illu/rate ano!r & di/9ct =m ( metallic microphone transmitt] design$ by ,mr4 ,munro & ,mr4 ,w>wick1 9 :i* a small *a91 pref]ably ( iron1 =ms ! microphonic portion ( ! app>atus4 ,9 ,fig4 #e1 ,a is a plate ( sonor\s wood =m+ a diaphragm or collector ( ! sonor\s waves2 to ! back ( ?is is atta*$ a %ort l5g? ( *a91 ,c1 ! opposite ends ( :i* are by ! wires1 ,x & ,y1 includ$ 9 ! telephonic circuit4 ,! po9ts ( junction ( ! l9ks ) "o ano!r con/itute ! v>iable microphonic contacts1 & ! normal pressure betwe5 !m is adju/$ by ! spiral spr+1 ,s1 ! t5sion ( :i* may be v>i$ by ! cord & w9d+ p91 ,b4 ,fig4 #f is ! section ( a transmitt] con/ruct$ ^u ?is pr9ciple1 & 9 :i* two *a9s1 c & c'1 are employ$ atta*$ at "o end by a wire1 f1 to a diaphragm m\?piece1 ,n1 & at _! opposite extremities to ! adju/+ spr+s1 s & s'2 an induction coil1 ,d1 may be employ$ if ! resi/ance ( ! l9e r5d] x advantage\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,fig4 #g is a =m ( p5cil microphone exp]im5t$ ) by ,mr4 ,munro1 :i* diff]s f "s ( ! ,hughes' transmitt]s adopt$ by ,crossley1 ,g[]1 ,ad]1 & _m o!rs only 9 ! mat]ial ( :i* x is compos$1 ,mr4 ,munro's be+ ( ca/ iron1 :ile ! o!rs to :i* we h ref]r$ are ( c>bon rods su* z are us$ 9 electric light+4 ,9 ,fig4 #g a light ca/-iron b>1 i1 ( ! =m %[n1 is support$ 9 holes drill$ 9 two blocks ( ca/ iron1 i i'1 & ! pressure betwe5 ! b> & ! blocks c be adju/$ by a regulat+ spr+1 s4 ,9 connection ) ?is app>atus ,mr4 ,munro has obs]v$ t ru/ has no appreciable effect ^u ! effici5cy ( ! in/rum5t unless x be to su* an ext5t z to cause ! two to adh]e1 or to be ru/$ up toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,we n[ come to ano!r class ( metallic transmitt]s ) :i* ,mr4 ,munro & 8 associate h be5 mak+ exp]im5ts1 & to :i* he has giv5 ! "n ,gra9 transmitt]1 s9ce x consi/s ( a box hav+ metallic sides1 e e'1 to :i* t]m9al screws1 t t'1 are atta*$ & fill$ 9 betwe5 ) iron or brass fil+s1 granules ( spongy iron1 or inde$ small metallic p>ticles 9 any =m2 "o ( ! mo/ effici5t transmitt]s be+ a box su* z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 fill$ ) a quantity ( 94 screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,! results ( ,mr4 ,munro's exp]im5ts h l$ him to ! op9ion t ! action ( ! microphone mu/ be attribut$ to ! action ( sonor\s vibrations ^u ! air or gase\s m$ium sep>at+ ! s-call$ contact-po9ts ( ! electrodes1 & t across ^! spaces1 or films ( gase\s matt]1 sil5t electrical dis*>ges take place1 ! /r5g?s ( :i*1 be+ det]m9$ by ! ?ickness ( ! gase\s /rata ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 v>y ) ! motion ( ! electrodes2 & z1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! di/ances ( ! electrodes f "o ano!r is det]m9$ by ! s\nd-waves1 ! s\nd 9 t way controls ! curr5t4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,maneuvr+ ,,bi*romate ,,( ,,potassa ,,piles ,,f ,a ,,di/ance4 ,bi*romate ( potassa piles1 especially ^? s+le liquid ones t are appli$ to dome/ic light+1 all pres5t ! grave defect ( consum+ almo/ z mu* z9c 9 op5 z 9 clos$ circuit1 & ( becom+ rapidly exhau/$ if c>e be n tak5 to remove ! z9c f ! liquid :5 ! batt]y is n 9 use4 ,?is op]ation1 :i* is a purely me*anical "o1 has hi!rto requir$ ! pile to be locat$ ne> ! place :]e x 0 to be us$1 or to h at "o's disposal a sy/em ( me*anical transmission t 0 complicat$ & n v ornam5tal4 ,9 ord] to d away ) ?is inconv5i5ce1 :i* is inh]5t to all bi*romate piles1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,m>es*al has inv5t$ & _h con/ruct$ an +5i\s sy/em t we %all n[ describe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,bi*romate ,,( ,,potassium ,,pile1 ,,) ,,maneuv]+ ,,app>atus4 ,mr4 ,m>es*al's plan consi/s 9 susp5d+ ! frame t c>ries all ! batt]y z9cs 7,fig4 #a7 f ! extremity ( a horizontal beam1 & balanc+ !m by means ( weights at ! o!r extremity4 ,! sy/em1 be+ balanc$1 ! lift+ or imm]sion ( ! z9cs !n only requires a slight me*anical p[]1 su* z may be obta9$ f an ord9>y kit*5 jack ?r\gh a comb9ation t w be readily und]/ood ^u ref]5ce to ,fig4 #b4 ,! axis1 ,m1 ( ! jack1 on revolv+1 c>ries along a crank1 ,,md1 to :i* is fix$ a connect+-rod1 ,a1 ^: o!r extremity is atta*$ to ! horizontal beam t supports ! z9cs & c\nt]poises4 ,if ! axle1 ,m1 be giv5 a cont9u\s revolution1 x w communicate to ! rod1 ,a1 an upw>d & d[nw>d motion t w be transmitt$ to ! beam & produce an alt]nate imm]sion & em]sion ( ! z9cs4 ,^u /opp+ ! jack at c]ta9 prop]ly select$ positions ( ! rod1 ,,md1 ! z9cs may1 at w1 be kept imm]s$ 9 ! liquids1 or vice v]sa4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by ,mr4 ,m>es*al 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! jack c>ries along 9 its motion a horizontal fly-:eel1 ,v1 aga9/ ^: rim !re be>s an iron %oe1 ,f1 plac$ opposite an electro-magnet1 ,e4 ,9 ! ord9>y position1 ?is %oe1 :i* is fix$ to a spr+1 be>s aga9/ ! felly ( ! :eel & /ops ! jack ?r\gh friction4 ,:5 a curr5t is s5t into ! electro-magnet1 ,e1 ! brake %oe1 ,f1 is attract$1 leaves ! fly :eel1 & sets free ! jack1 :i* cont9ues to revolve until ! curr5t ceases to pass into ! electro4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,app>atus4 ,! problem1 !n1 is r$uc$ to s5d+ a curr5t into ! electro & 9 %utt+ x (f at ! prop] mom5t4 ,?is result is obta9$ v simply by means ( an auxili>y ,leclau*e pile4 7,! piles got up = h\se bells w answ]47 ,! curr5t f ?is pile is cut (f f ! electro1 ,f1 by means ( a button1 ,b1 :5 x is desir$ to light or ext+ui% ! lamps4 ,9 a position ( re/1 = example1 ! crank1 ,,md1 is v]tical1 z %[n 9 ! diagram to ! "r 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! circuit is op5 betwe5 ,m & ,n ?r\gh ! effect ( ! small rod1 ,c1 :i* sep>ates ! spr+1 ,r1 f ! spr+1 ,r'4 ,z soon z ! circuit has be5 clos$1 be x only = an in/ant1 ! crank leaves its v]tical position1 ! rod1 ,c1 quits ! b5d1 ,s1 & ! spr+1 ,r1 by virtue ( its ela/icity1 t\*es ! spr+1 ,r'1 & cont9ues its contact until ! crank1 ,,md1 hav+ made a half revolution1 ! rod1 ,c'1 repulses ! spr+1 ,r1 & breaks ! circuit anew4 ,! brake !n acts1 & ! crank /ops aft] mak+ a revolution ( #ahj1 & imm]s+ ! z9cs to a maximum dep?4 ,9 ord] to ext+ui% ! lamp1 x is only necess>y to press ! button1 ,b1 aga94 ,! axle1 ,m1 w !n make ano!r half revolution1 &1 :5 x /ops1 ! z9ks w be entirely out ( ! liquid4 ,! dep? ( imm]sion is regulat$ by fix+ ! crank-p94 ,d1 9 ! ap]tures1 ,t#a1 or ,t#b1 ( ! connect+ rod4 ,?is p]mits ! travel1 & consequ5tly ! degree ( imm]sion1 to be v>i$4 ,! device requires ?ree wires1 two = connect+ ! lamp ) ! batt]y1 & "o = maneuv]+ ! app>atus ?r\gh a clos+ ( ! contact1 ,b4 ,) ,mr4 ,m>es*al's sy/em1 bi*romate ( potassa piles may be utiliz$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases :]e a light ( b %ort duration is requir$ until ! batt]y is exhau/$1 )\t ! t$i\s maneuv]+ ( a w9* & )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,! jack p]mits ( a l>ge numb] ( light+s & ext9ctions be+ effect$ be=e x becomes necess>y to w9d up its clockwork movem5t4 ,?is op]ation1 h[ev]1 is v simple1 & may be p]=m$ e "t ! batt]y is visit$ 9 ord] to see :at /ate x is 94 ,we reg>d ,mr4 ,m>es*al's app>atus z an indisp5sable addition to e case ( dome/ic electric light+ 9 :i* bi*romate ( potassa piles are us$1 &1 9 g5]al1 to all cases :]e ! pile becomes uselessly exhau/$ 9 op5 circuit4 ,x w likewise f9d an application 9 laboratories1 :]e ! bi*romate pile is 9 mu* dem& because ( its p[]ful qualities1 & :]e x is (t5 necess>y to ord] x f q a di/ant po9t4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,magnetic ,,rotations4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,voice4 ,! rem>kable rese>*es & exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,hughes cle>ly %[ t magnetism is totally indep5d5t ( iron1 & t its molecules1 p>ticles1 or pol>ities are capable ( rotation 9 t metal4 ,x w\ld also appe> t by reason ( ! friction betwe5 magnetism & iron1 ! molecules ( ! latt] are only p>tially mov$1 su* movem5t be+ ! result ( ! t5d5cy ( iron to ret>d magnetic *ange4 ,i h f\nd t ! magnetic molecules also possess in]tia1 t !y are capable ( acquir+ mom5tum1 & t _! rotation cont9ues = a consid]able "t aft] ! excit+ cause ( _! rotation has ceas$4 ,^! facts may be prov$ 9 a v evid5t mann]1 inasmu* z induc$ electric curr5ts are g5]at$ by ?is aft] rotation1 :i* may be made to light inc&esc5t lamps4 ,9 ?is case ! magnetic rotations are produc$ 9 an electro magnet by means ( alt]nate curr5ts suppli$ by alt]nat+ ,gramme ma*9e4 ,9 ord] to bett] expla9 ! action1 x w be necess>y to ref] to a new electro-motor1 :i* 0 ! subject ( an article 9 ! ,electrical ,review ( ,febru>y #ai la/4 ,x is ( t type ( motor 9 :i* ! field magnet & armature poles are alt]nately arrang$1 & :i* requires a p]iodical rev]sibility ( magnetism 9 ! armature to cause ! latt] to revolve1 z 9 ! ,griscom motor4 ,! insulat+ /rips 9 ! commutator are suffici5tly wide to demagnetize ! :ole ( ! ma*9e be=e rev]sibility 9 ! armature takes place1 & ?is demagnetization sets up a direct induc$ curr5t1 :i* is caught 9 a %unt circuit by ! aid ( a second commutator1 :i* only comes into action :5 ! fir/ commutator goes out4 ,:5 ?is motor is suppli$ by a cont9u\s curr5t1 x is easy to und]/& t ! induc$ curr5t :i* passes ?r\gh ! %unt circuit1 & :i* is caus$ by ! demagnetization1 is proportional to ! mass ( iron & wire ( :i* ! ma*9e is compos$1 or proportional to its inductive capacity4 ,?is curr5t is purely a second>y effect1 ( %ort duration1 & only occurs once at ea* break ( ! commutator4 ,! motor is ( su* a size t :5 suppli$ ) a cont9u\s curr5t ( prop] /r5g? ! induc$ electrical effect 9 ! %unt circuit w light "o inc&esc5t lamp4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is suppli$ ) an alt]nat+ curr5t ( ! same p[]1 x w light eight lamps1 & ! me*anical p[] giv5 (f is ev5 m ?an ) a cont9u\s curr5t1 provid$ t ! alt]nations f ! dynamo d n exce$ #f1jjj a m9ute4 ,at fir/ ,i 0 consid]ably puzzl$ by ?is great diff]5ce1 because 9 bo? cases x is impossible = ! lamp circuit to be act$ ^u by ! ma9 curr5t4 ,x occurr$ to me1 h[ev]1 t ! rapid alt]nations ( ! excit+ curr5t f ! dynamo1 & ! consequ5t spe$ ( magnetic molecul> rotation1 gave ! latt] a c]ta9 mom5tum1 & t by wid5+ ! insulat+ /rips ( ! fir/ or ma9 curr5t commutator1 & proportionately increas+ ! wid? ( conduct+ surface 9 ! %unt commutator up to c]ta9 limits1 ?is effect w\ld be increas$4 ,i f\nd su* to be ! case1 f :i* ,i inf]r$ t ! increase ( induc$ curr5t 9 ! %unt circuit 0 on acc\nt ( its long] duration1 by reason ( ! acquir$ mom5tum ( ! magnetic molecul> rotations aft] ! alt]nat+ excit+ curr5t _h ceas$4 ,illu/ration ,^? :o h facilities = c>ry+ out exp]im5ts may prove x 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,e1 9 ! inclos$ draw+1 is an electro-magnet ^: bru%es press on two metallic b&s1 ,b & ,b1 fix$ to b insulat$ f ! sp9dle1 ,a4 ,! b&1 ,b1 is 9 electrical circuit ) ! %unt commutator1 ,s1 & ! ma9 commutator1 ,m2 :ile ! b&1 ,b1 is 9 contact ) %unt commutator1 ,s1 & ma9 commutator1 ,m4 ,?is contact is made by conduct+ rods1 z indicat$4 ,! commutators1 z reg>ds _! bru%es1 are s arrang$ t :5 ,m & ,m are 9 action1 ,s & ,s are out ( action1 & vice v]sa4 ,! sp9dle & commutators are rotat$ by ! pulley1 ,p4 ,l is an inc&esc5t lamp 9 ! %unt circuit4 ,let u n[ suppose ! app>atus at re/1 & ! bru%es 9 electrical contact ) ! ma9 commutators1 ,m & ,m4 ,! curr5t f an alt]nat+ dynamo passes into ! magnet1 ,e1 & rapidly rev]ses its pol>ity4 ,by actuat+ ! pulley1 ,p1 ! commutators are rotat$1 :5 ,m & ,m g out (1 & ! %unt commutators1 ,s & ,s1 come into action1 enabl+ ! aft] curr5t set up 9 ! magnet to light ! lamp1 ,l1 9 ! %unt circuit4 ,9 ord] to make comp>ative te/s1 ! same app>atus may be suppli$ ) cont9u\s in/ead ( alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,! aft] curr5t 9 ! =m] case1 h[ev]1 is mu* small]1 consi/+ ( "o electrical impulse only at ea* break ( ! commutator1 :]eas 9 ! alt]nat+ sy/em ^! impulses are practically cont9u$2 ! result be+ t1 all ?+s be+ equal1 a f> great] numb] ( lamps may be us$ 9 ! %unt ?an :5 suppli$ by cont9u\s curr5t only1 & x w\ld appe> t ?is diff]5ce c only be attribut$ to ! fact t ! rotatory motion ( magnetic molecules1 or pol>ity ( ! magnet1 ,e1 acquires mom5tum :5 act$ ^u by a suitable physical cause1 su* z alt]nat+ curr5ts ( electricity2 ?is mom5tum la/+ a s5sible "t aft] ! cessation ( ! act+ cause4 ,if we _h ! gift ( magnetic sight1 & c\ld see :at is go+ on 9 ! electro-magnet :5 x is excit$ by alt]nat+ curr5ts1 we %\ld probably see ! molecules or pol>ities tumbl+ ov] ea* o!r at an enorm\s rate4 ,i d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t we %\ld see any?+ b a vibratory motion z reg>ds ! iron molecules4--,elec4 ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,am]4 ,,microscop4 ,,j\r4 ,,lighton',s ,,imm]sion ,,illum9ator ,! foll[+ extremely simple plan = an imm]sion illum9ator 0 fir/ br\ght to ! notice ( microscopi/s a few ye>s ago1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! inv5tor1 0 k9dly describ$ by ,pr(4 ,alb]t ,mc,calla1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,microscopi/s1 at ,columbus1 ,o4 ,x consi/s ( a small disk ( silv]$ plate glass1 c1 ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 :i* is cem5t$ by glyc]9e or "s homog5e\s imm]sion m$ium to ! "u surface ( ! glass-slide1 s4 ,let r repres5t ! silv]$ surface ( ! glass disk1 b1 ! imm]sion objective1 f1 ! ?9 glass cov]4 ,x w be easily se5 t ! ray ( light1 h1 f ! mirror or cond5s] above ! /age w ent] ! slide & !nce be refract$ to ! silv]$ surface ( ! illum9ator1 r1 :5ce x is reflect$ at a correspond+ angle to ! object 9 ! focus ( ! objective4 ,a %ield to prev5t unnecess>y light f ent]+ ! objective c be made ( any mat]ial at h&1 by tak+ a /rip "o in* long & ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* wide & turn+ up "o end4 ,a hole n m ?an ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 diamet] %\ld be made at ! angle4 ,! %ield %\ld be plac$ on ! upp] surface ( ! slide1 s t ! hole w cov] ! po9t :]e ! light f ! mirror ent]s ! glass4 ,) ?is illum9ator ,mll]'s balsam te/-plate is resolv$ ) ease1 ) suitable objectives4 ,diatoms m\nt$ dry are %[n 9 a mann] f> surpass+ t by ! usual arrangem5t ( mirror1 p>ticul>ly ) l>ge angle dry objectives4 ,ottumwa1 ,ia4 ,,wm4 ,,lighton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lighton',s ,,illum9ator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\cault',s ,,p5dulum ,,exp]im5ts4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,sci5ce owes to ,m4 ,f\cault ! sugge/ion t ! motions ( a p5dulum s susp5d$ z to be free to sw+ 9 any v]tical plane might be made to give ocul> demon/ration ( ! e>?'s rotation4 ,! pr9ciple ( pro( may be easily exhibit$1 ?\gh1 l ne>ly all ( ! evid5ces ( ! e>?'s rotation1 ! complete !ory ( ! matt] c only be ma/]$ by ! aid ( ma!matical rese>*es ( consid]able complexity4 ,suppose ,a ,b 7,fig4 #a7 to be a /raight rod 9 a horizontal position be>+ ! free p5dulum ,c ,d susp5d$ 9 "s su* mann] z is indicat$ at ,c2 & suppose ! p5dulum to be set sw++ 9 ! direction ( ! l5g? ( ! rod ,a ,b1 s t ! bob ,d rema9s ?r\gh\t ! oscillations v]tically "u ! rod ,a ,b4 ,n[1 if ,a ,b be %ift$ 9 ! mann] indicat$ by ! arr[s1 its horizontality be+ pres]v$1 x w be f\nd t ! p5dulum does n p>take 9 ?is motion4 ,?us1 if ! direction ( ,a ,b 0 nor? & s\? at fir/1 s t ! p5dulum 0 set sw++ 9 a nor? & s\? direction1 x w be f\nd t1 ! p5dulum w /ill sw+ 9 t direction1 ev5 ?\gh ! rod be made to take up an ea/ & we/ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,nor w x matt] if we suppose ,b 7say7 fix$ & ! rod %ift$ by mov+ ! end ,a horizontally r\nd ,b4 ,fur!r1 z ?is is true :atev] ! l5g? ( ! rod1 x is cle> t ! same fixity ( ! plane ( sw+ w be obs]v$ if ! rod be %ift$ horizontally z ?\gh =m+ "p ( a radial l9e f a po9t ,e 9 its l5g?4 ,9 ^! cases ! plane ( ! p5dulum's sw+ w inde$ be %ift$ bodily1 b ! direction ( sw+ w /ill cont9ue to be f nor? to s\?4 ,n[1 let ,p ,o ,p' repres5t ! pol> axis ( ! e>?2 a b a horizontal rod at ! pole be>+ a p5dulum1 z 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,x is cle> t if ! e>? is rotat+ ab\t ,p ,o ,p' 9 ! direction %[n by ! arr[1 ! rod a b is be+ %ift$ r\nd1 precisely z 9 ! case fir/ consid]$4 ,! sw++ p5dulum bel[ x w n p>take 9 its motion2 & ?us1 ?r\gh :atev] arc ! e>? rotates f we/ to ea/1 ?r\gh ! same arc w ! plane ( sw+ ( ! p5dulum appe> to travel f ea/ to we/ "u a b4 ,b we _c set up a p5dulum to sw+ at ! pole ( ! e>?4 ,let u inquire1 !n1 :e!r ! exp]im5t ought to h simil> results if c>ri$ out else:]e4 ,suppose ,a ,b to be our p5dulum-be>+ rod1 plac$ 7= conv5i5ce ( description m]ely7 9 a nor? & s\? position4 ,!n x is cle> t ,a ,b produc$ meets ! pol> axis produc$ 79 ,e1 suppose71 & :51 ow+ to ! e>?'s rotation1 ! rod has be5 c>ri$ to ! position ,a' ,b'1 x /ill passes ?r\gh ! po9t ,e4 ,h5ce x has %ift$ ?r\gh ! angle ,a ,e ,a'1 a motion :i* corresponds to ! case ( ! motion ( ,a ,b 79 ,fig4 #a7 ab\t ! po9t ,e1#a & ! plane ( ! p5dulum's sw+ w !re=e %[ a displacem5t equal to ! angle ,a ,e ,a'4 ,x w be at once se5 t = a giv5 arc ( rotation ! displacem5t is small] 9 ?is case ?an 9 ! =m]1 s9ce ! angle ,a ,e ,a' is obvi\sly less ?an ! angle ,a ,k ,a'4#b ,9 our latitude a free p5dulum %\ld seem to %ift ?r\gh "o degree 9 ab\t five m9utes4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 reality ,a ,e moves to ! position ,a' ,e ov] ! surface ( a cone hav+ ,e ,p' z axis1 & ,e z v]tex2 b = any small "p ( its motion1 ! effect is ! same z ?\gh x travel$ 9 a plane ?r\gh ,e1 t\*+ ?is cone2 & ! sum ( ! effects %\ld cle>ly be proportion$ to ! sum ( ! angul> displacem5ts4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 fact1 ! =m] angle is less ?an ! latt]1 9 ! same proportion t ,a ,k is less ?an ,a ,e1 or 9 ! proportion ( ! s9e ( ! angle ,a ,e ,p1 :i* is obvi\sly ! same z ! s9e ( ! latitude4 ,x is obvi\s t a great deal dep5ds on ! mode ( susp5sion4 ,:at is ne$$ is t ! p5dulum %\ld be z little affect$ z possible by its connection ) ! rotat+ e>?4 ,x w surprise _m1 p]haps1 to le>n t 9 ,f\cault's orig9al mode ( susp5sion ! upp] end ( ! wire be>+ ! p5dulum bob 0 fa/5$ to a metal plate by means ( a screw4 ,x might be suppos$ t ! torsion ( ! wire w\ld appreciably affect ! result4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! torsion 0 v small4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,/ill1 o!r modes ( susp5sion are obvi\sly sugge/$ by ! requirem5ts ( ! problem4 ,hans5 made use ( ! mode ( susp5sion exhibit$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,mr4 ,worms1 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ out at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 adopt$ a some:at simil> arrangem5t1 b 9 place ( ! hemisph]ical segm5t he employ$ a conoid1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 & a socket 0 provid$ 9 :i* ! conoid c\ld "w freely4 ,f "s exp]im5ts ,i made myself a score ( ye>s ago1 ,i am incl9$ to pref] a plane surface = ! conoid to "w ^u4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! fir/ sw+ ( ! p5dulum may take place truly 9 "o plane4 ,! mode ( lib]ation is also a matt] ( importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4#c4 ,_m int]e/+ exp]im5ts h be5 made ^u ! motions ( a free p5dulum1 reg>d$ z a pro( ( ! e>?'s rotation1 & :5 c>efully conduct$1 ! exp]im5ts h nev] fail$ to af=d ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,space1 h[ev]1 w only p]mit me to dwell on a s+le s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,i select ^? made by ,mr4 ,worms 9 ! ,hall ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 9 ! ye> #ahei3 ,! bob 0 a truly turn$ ball ( brass weigh+ #dj lb42 ! susp5d+ m$ium 0 a ?ick /eel wire2 ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum 0 #ag feet #i in*es4 ,! amplitude ( ! fir/ oscillation 0 #f #db'1 & dur+ ! "t ( ! exp]im5t--ab\t half an h\r--! arcs 7 n mu* dim9i%$4 ,z ,i _h to demon/rate to a l>ge numb] ( spectators1 ,i enc\nt]$ consid]able difficulty1 says ,mr4 ,worms1 9 r5d]+ ! small deviations ( ! plane ( oscillation visible to all4 ,i accompli%$ x 9 ?ree diff]5t ways4 ,^! he proce$s to describe4 ,he _h fir/ a set ( small cones set up1 :i* 7 successively knock$ d[n z ! *ange 9 ! plane ( ! p5dulum sl[ly br\ght ! po9t] "u ! bob to be> on cone aft] cone4 ,secondly1 a small cannon 0 s plac$ t ! fir/ t\* ( ! p5dulum po9t] aga9/ a plat9um wire across ! t\*-hole complet$ a galvanic circuit1 & s fir$ ! cannon4 ,la/ly1 a c&le 0 plac$ s z to ?r[ ! %ad[ ( ! p5dulum bob ^u a gr\nd-glass scre51 & s to exhibit ! gradual *ange ( ! plane ( sw+4 ,! results accord$ mo/ satisfactorily ) ! d$uctions f ! !ory ( ! e>?'s rotation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4#d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,lun>ian4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,maccord1 ,sc4,d4 ,! con/ruction ( app>atus = illu/rat+ ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies has (t5 occupi$ ! att5tion ( bo? ma!maticians & me*anicians1 :o h produc$ _m v +5i\s1 & 9 "s cases v complicat$1 comb9ations4 ,^! may be divid$ into two classes2 ! object ( ! fir/ be+ to repres5t exactly :at occurs--to reproduce ! precise movem5ts ( ! v>i\s bodies repres5t$ 9 _! true proportions & relations to ea* o!r1 9 respect to di/ances1 magnitudes1 times1 & phases4 ,:5 ! absolute complexity ( ! movem5ts ( ! bodies compos+ ! sol> sy/em is consid]$1 x is n s mu* a matt] ( wond] t a planet>ium :i* %all ?us imitate !m is a v delicate & complicat$ ma*9e z t x %\ld lie )9 ! limits ( human +5uity4 ,9 ! second class1 ! object is to %[ ! nature & ! causes ( specific ph5om5a1 )\t reg>d to o!rs p]haps1 & )\t necess>ily pay+ att5tion to exact proportions ( di/ances & dim5sions4 ,inde$1 x is (t5 ! case t ! illu/ration is made cle>] by exagg]at+ "s ( ^! & r$uc+ o!rs2 ?us1 = example1 ! causes ( ! v>iation 9 ! l5g?s ( ! days & nights1 & ( ! *anges 9 ! seasons1 c be exhibit$ to mu* bett] advantage by an app>atus 9 :i* ! diamet] ( ! sun & its di/ance f ! e>? are enorm\sly r$uc$ ?an !y possibly c\ld be 7 !y ( _! prop] proportionate magnitudes2 nor is ! pres5ce ( any o!r planet1 or ! att5dance ( a satellite1 at all necess>y or ev5 desirable = ! purpose nam$4 ,x is app>5t t ma*9es ( ?is class c be made mu* m simple ?an ^? ( ! fir/1 :ile at ! same "t x may safely be ass]t$ t = educational purposes !y are f> m useful4 ,9 bo? classes1 ! action involves ! use ( "s sort ( epicyclic tra91 s9ce ! motions to be expla9$ are bo? orbital & axial4 ,! planet>y body is c>ri$ r\nd by a tra9-arm1 & its rotation ab\t its axis is usually giv5 x by a tra9 ( ge>+1 ! inn] or c5tral :eel ( :i* is /ation>y1 be+ fa/5$ to ! fix$ frame support+ ! :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,improv$ ,,lun>ian4 ,! lun>ian :i* we h]e) pres5t belongs to ! second ( ! classes above nam$2 9 its con/ruction an attempt has be5 made to %[ by z simple means & 9 z cle> a mann] z possible ! nature ( ! foll[+ ph5om5a1 viz43 #a4 ,apogee & p]igee4 #b4 ,! moon's phases4 #c4 ,! rotation on h] axis1 by reason ( :i* %e always pres5ts ne>ly ! same face to ! e>?4 #d4 ,! incl9ation ( h] axis to ! plane ( h] orbit1 & h] consequ5t libration 9 latitude4 #e4 ,h] v>y+ angul> velocity1 & consequ5t libration 9 longitude4 ,! me*anism consi/s ( a tra9-arm1 ,t1 :i* turns ^u ! v]tical pivot1 ,p1 fix$ 9 ! /&4 ,9 ?is arm1 ,t1 are ! be>+s ( two cranks1 ,b & ,c4 equal 9 l5g? to ea* o!r & to a ?ird crank1 ,a1 :i* is /ation>y1 be+ fix$ to ! pivot1 ,p1 by a p91 p4 ,to ! crank-p9 ( ,a is secur$ a rev]t$ arm1 ,a'1 :i* supports ! e>?1 ,e1 & keeps x also /ation>y4 ,! ?ree cranks are connect$ by ! rod1 ,r1 l ! p>allel rod ( a locomotive3 to :i* is fa/5$ by a /eady-p91 o1 ! bevel :eel1 ,d1 conc5tric ) ! crank-p91 b4 ,! head ( ?is crank-p9 is fir/ made sph]ical1 !n fac$ (f at an angle ) ! axis ( b1 & 9 ! slop+ face is firmly fix$ ! long screw1 ,s1 =m+ ! support = ! moon1 ,m1 :i* is caus$ to rotate ab\t ! axis ( ,s1 by means ( ! :eel1 ,f1 equal to & engag+ ) ,d4 ,! upp] end ( ,s projects slightly ?r\gh a p]=ation 9 ! moon1 & to x ! hemisph]ical black %ell or cap1 ,g1 is fix$ by ! screw1 ,k2 ?is cap repres5ts ! unillum9at$ "p ( ! moon1 & s9ce ,g1 s1 b1 & ,b1 are 9 effect b "o piece1 ! cap moves precisely z ! crank does4 ,n[ z ! tra9-arm1 ,t1 is c>ri$ r\nd1 ! cranks1 ,b & ,c1 w turn 9 _! be>+s2 b by _! connection ) ,a1 !y are compell$ to rema9 always p>allel to !mselves1 & ?us ! axis ( ! moon receives a motion ( translation4 ,b s9ce dur+ ?is action ! :eel ,d turns relatively to ! p9 b1 ! moon evid5tly rotates ab\t its axis ) an angul> velocity precisely equal to t ( its orbital motion4 ,! black %ell h[ev] has ! motion ( translation only1 & ?us exhibits ! phases ( ! moon1 on ! supposition t ! s\rce ( light is inf9itely remote & ! rays come always 9 ! same direction1 :i* is n /rictly true1 ( c\rse2 b ! reasons ( ! v>y+ appe>ance are z cle>ly %[n z if x 7 absolutely exact4 ,! same may be said 9 reg>d to ! ph5om5a ( libration2 ! incl9ation ( ! moon's axis to ! plane ( h] orbit is really small1 b is purposely exagg]at$ 9 ?is app>atus 9 ord] to make ! results app>5t2 9 ! position repres5t$1 x is q obvi\s t an obs]v] ^u ! e>? c see a little pa/ "o pole1 & _c q see ! o!r1 z well z t ?is condition w be rev]s$ aft] half a revolution4 ,! action 9 ref]5ce to ! phases is cle>ly %[n 9 ! small diagram on ! "r4 ,! "o on ! left illu/rates ! mann] 9 :i* ! libration 9 longitude is made app>5t4 ,x w be not$ t ! c5t] ( ,m is n directly ov] ! axis ( ! be>+ ( ! crank1 ,b1 s t aft] half a revolution ! moon w be f>!r f ! e>? ?an %e is "h %[n4 ,h] orbit "h is circul>1 :]eas1 9 fact1 x is an ellipse2 b ! e>? n be+ 9 ! c5t]1 h] angul> velocity 9 relation to ! e>? is v>iable1 ! result ( :i* is t1 :5 %e is ne> h] quadrature1 ! actual =ce pres5t$ to ! e>? is slightly diff]5t f t pres5t$ :5 9 conjunction or opposition4 ,?us ^! v>i\s peculi>ities ( ! motion ( our satellite are exhibit$ by comp>atively simple means--! numb] ( mov+ p>ts be+1 x is believ$1 z small z x c be made2 & ! sub/itution ( a crank motion = ! usual tra9 ( :eels1 we ?9k1 is a new device4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,upright ,,attitude ,,( ,,mank9d4 ,e "o mu/ h he>d or h read ( ! suppos$ p]fect adaptation ( ! human frame to bip$al locomotion & to an upright attitude1 z well z ! advantages :i* we ga9 by ?is erect position4 ,we are told1 & ) p]fect tru?1 t 9 man ! occipital =am5--! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! bra9 is connect$ ) ! sp9al cord--is s plac$ t ! head is ne>ly 9 equilibrium :5 he /&s upright4 ,9 o!r mammalia ?is ap]ture lies fur!r back1 & takes a m oblique direction1 s t ! head is ?r[n =w>d1 & requires to be upheld p>tly by muscul> ef=t & p>tly by ! ligam5tum nu*1 popul>ly kn[n 9 cattle z ! pax-wax4 ,aga91 ! relative l5g?s ( ! bones ( ! h9d] extremities 9 man =m an ob/acle to 8 walk+ on all-f\rs4 ,if we keep ! legs /raight we may t\* ! gr\nd 9 front ( our feet ) ! tips ( ! f+]s1 b we _c place ! palms ( ! h&s ^u ! gr\nd & use !m to support any "p ( our weight 9 walk+4 ,n a few o!r po9ts ( a simil> t5d5cy h be5 s (t5 enl>g$ ^u1 9 works ( a teleological "*1 t !re c be no ne$ ev5 to specify !m at pres5t4 ,b till lately x has nev] be5 ask$1 ,is man's adaptation to an upright po/ure p]fect8 & ,is ?is po/ure att5d$ ) no drawbacks8 ,^! que/ions h be5 rais$ by ,dr4 ,s4 ,v4 ,clev5g] 9 a lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,*icago ,univ]sity ,club1 on ,april #ah1 #ahhb1 & rec5tly publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/4 ,?is lecture1 we may add1 co/ ! speak] ! *air ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy & ,physiology at ! ,*icago ,univ]sity6 ,dr4 ,clev5g] fir/ discusses ! position ( ! valves 9 ! ve9s4 ,! teleologi/s h long told u t ! valves 9 ! ve9s ( ! arms & legs assi/ 9 ! return ( blood to ! he>t aga9/ gravitation4 ,b :at e>?ly use has a man = valves 9 ! int]co/al ve9s :i* c>ry blood almo/ horizontally backw>d to ! azygos ve9s8 ,:5 recumb5t1 ^! valves are an actual ob/acle to ! free fl[ ( ! blood4 ,! inf]ior ?yroid ve9s :i* drop _! blood into ! innom9ate are ob/ruct$ by valves at _! junction4 ,two pairs ( valves are situate 9 ! ext]nal jugul>1 & ano!r pair 9 ! int]nal jugul>1 b !y d n prev5t regurgitation ( blood upw>d4 ,an anomaly exi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( valves f p>ts :]e !y are mo/ ne$$1 su* z ! v5 cav1 ! sp9al1 iliac1 hmorrhoidal1 & portal ve9s4 ,b if we place man ^u all-f\rs ^! anomalies disappe>1 & a law is f\nd regulat+ ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( valves1 &1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,clev5g]1 x is applicable to all quadrup$s & to ! s-call$ ,quadrumana4 ,ve9s fl[+ t[>d ! back1 i4e41 aga9/ gravitation 9 ! all-f\rs po/ure--are fitt$ ) valves2 ^? fl[+ 9 o!r directions are )\t4 ,= ! few exceptions a v feasible explanation is giv54 ,valves 9 ! hmorrhoidal ve9s w\ld be useless to quadrup$s2 b to man1 9 8 upright position1 !y w\ld be v valuable4 ,to _! abs5ce 9 man _m a life has be5 & w be sacrific$1 to say no?+ ( ! discom=t & di/ress occasion$ by ! engorgem5t kn[n z piles1 :i* ! pres5ce ( valves 9 _! ve9s w\ld obviate4 ,a noticeable dep>ture f ! rule obta9+ 9 ! vascul> sy/em ( mammalia also occurs to ! expos$ situation ( ! femoral art]y 9 man4 ,! art]ies lie deep] ?an ! ve9s1 or are o!rwise protect$1 = ! purpose--z a teleologi/ w\ld say--( prev5t+ s]i\s loss ( blood f sup]ficial cuts4 ,translat+ ?is view into evolution>y language1 x appe>s t only animals ) deeply plac$ art]ies c survive & transmit _! /ructural peculi>ities to _! (fspr+4 ,! ord9>y abrasions to :i* all animals are expos$1 n to m5tion _! onslaughts ^u ea* o!r1 w\ld quickly kill (f species ) sup]ficially plac$ art]ies4 ,b :5 man assum$ ! upright po/ure ! femoral art]y1 :i* 9 ! quadrup$al position is plac$ out ( rea* on ! inn] "p ( ! ?igh1 became expos$4 ,7 n ?is defect greatly comp5sat$ by man's ability to protect ?is "p 9 ways n op5 to brutes1 he1 too1 might h become ext9ct4 ,z x is1 ?is exposure ( s l>ge an art]y is a fruitful cause ( tr\ble & dea?4 ,we may "h m5tion "s o!r disadvantages ( ! upright position :i* ,dr4 ,clev5g] has omitt$4 ,=emo/ comes ! liability to fall due to an erect po/ure support$ ^u two feet only4 ,f\r-foot$ animals 9 _! natural haunts are little liable to fall2 if "o foot slips or fails to f9d hold1 ! o!r ?ree are available4 ,if a fall does occur on level gr\nd1 !re is v little dang] to any mammal ne>ly approa*+ man 9 bulk & weight4 ,_! vital p>ts1 especially ! he>t & ! head1 are ord9>ily s ne> ! gr\nd t to !m ! %ock is comp>atively slight4 ,to human be+s ! effects ( a fall on smoo?1 level gr\nd are (t5 s]i\s1 or ev5 deadly4 ,we ne$ m]ely call to m9d ! case ( ! illu/ri\s physici/ :om we h s rec5tly & sudd5ly lo/4 ,! upright attitude involves a fur!r s\rge ( dang]4 ,9 few p>ts 7if any7 ( ! body is a bl[ m fatal ?an ov] :at is popul>ly call$ ! pit ( ! /oma*4 ,9 ! quadrup$ ?is "p is little expos$ ei!r to accid5tal or int5tional injuries4 ,9 man x is q op5 to bo?4 ,a bl[1 a kick1 a fall among /ones1 etc41 may ?us easily prove fatal4 ,ano!r po9t is ! exposure & prom95ce ( ! g5]ative organs1 :i* 9 mo/ o!r animals are well protect$4 ,leav+ dang] out ( ! "q1 x may be ask$ :e!r we h n "h ! orig9 ( clo?+8 ,! assumption ( ! upright po/ure may h made primitive man aw>e ( 8 nak$ness4 ,return+ to ! illu/rations furni%$ by ,dr4 ,clev5g]1 we are rem9d$ t ano!r disadvantage :i* occurs f ! upright position ( man is 8 great] liability to +u9al h]nia4 ,9 quadrup$s ! ma9 weight ( ! abdom9al visc]a is support$ by ! ribs & by /rong pectoral & abdom9al muscles4 ,! weake/ "p ( ! latt] gr\p ( muscles is 9 ! region ( ,p\p>t's ligam5t1 above ! gro94 ,+u9al h]nia is r>e 9 o!r v]tebrates because ?is weak "p is reliev$ by ! pressure ( ! visc]a4 ,9 man ! pelvis receives almo/ ! entire load ( ! inte/9es1 & h5ce ,art is call$ 9 to comp5sate ! defici5cies ( nature1 & an imm5se numb] ( trusses h to be manufactur$ & us$4 ,x is calculat$ t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! human family suff] 9 ?is way4 ,/rangulat$ h]nia frequ5tly causes dea?4 ,! liability to femoral h]nia is 9 l mann] increas$ by ! upright position4 ,n[1 if man has always be5 erect f 8 creation--or1 if t t]m be dislik$1 f 8 orig9--we h evid5tly no?+ to hope f ! future 9 ! way ( an am5dm5t ( ?is & o!r defects4 ,b if we h sprung f a quadrup$al animal1 & h by degrees adopt$ an upright position1 to :i* we are z yet imp]fectly adapt$1 ! muscul> tissues ( ! abdom5 w d\btless 9 ! lapse ( ages become /r5g!n$ to meet ! dem& made ^u !m1 s t ! liability to rupture w decrease4 ,9 l mann] ! o!r defects above enum]at$ may gradually be r5d]$ less s]i\s4 ,a mo/ important po9t rema9s2 ! p]itoneal ligam5ts ( ! ut]us fully subs]ve susp5sory functions4 ,! ant]ior1 po/]ior1 & lat]al ligam5ts are ma9ly conc]n$ 9 prev5t+ ! gravid ut]us1 9 quadrup$s1 f pit*+ too f> =w>d t[>d ! diaphragm4 ,! r\nd ligam5ts are utt]ly unmean+ 9 ! human female1 b 9 ! l[] animals !y s]ve ! same purpose z ! o!r ligam5ts4 ,prolapsus ut]i1 f ! erect position & ! abs5ce ( supports adapt$ to ! position1 is ?us r5d]$ common1 de/roy+ ! heal? & happ9ess ( multitudes4 ,z a simple d$uction f me*anical laws1 x w\ld readily foll[ t any animal or race ( m5 :i* _h = ! longe/ "t ma9ta9$ an erect position w\ld h /raight] abdom5s1 wid] pelvic brims ) contract$ pelvic outlets1 & t ! weight ( ! sp9al column w\ld =ce ! sacrum l[] d[n4 ,?is1 g5]ally speak+1 we f9d to be ! case4 ,9 quadrup$s ! box-%ap$ pelvis1 :i* admits ( easy p>turition1 is preval5t4 ,:]e ! position ( ! animal is su* z to ?r[ ! weight ( ! visc]a into ! pelvis1 ! brim necess>ily wid5s1 ^! weighty organs s9k l[]1 & ! beads ( ! ?igh-bones act+ z fulcra p]mit ! cre/ ( ! ilium to be c>ri$ outw>d1 :ile ! l[] "p ( ! pelvis is at ! same "t contract$4 ,9 ! innom9ate bones ( a "y *ild ! box-%ape exi/s1 :ile its prom95t abdom5 resembles t ( ! gorilla4 ,! gibbon exhibits ?is iliac expansion ?r\gh ! sitt+ po/ure :i* develop$ 8 is*ial callosities4 ,simil>ly iliac expansion occurs 9 ! *impanzee4 ,! mega!rium _h wide iliacal expansions due to its semi-erect habits2 b z its weight 0 9 great "p support$ by ! huge tail1 & z ! f]mora re/$ 9 acetabula plac$ f> =w>d1 ! lev]age necess>y to contract ! l[] portion ( ! pelvis 0 abs5t4 ,pr(4 ,web]1 ( ,bonn1 quot$ 9 ,k>l ,vogt's ,vorlesung5 ueb] d5 ,m5soh51 di/+ui%es f\r *ief =ms ( ! pelvis 9 mank9d--! oval 9 ,aryans1 ! r\nd among ! ,r$ ,indians1 ! squ>e 9 ! ,mongols1 & ! w$ge-%ap$ 9 ! ,negro4 ,exam9+ ?is "q me*anically x w\ld seem t ! long] a race _h rema9$ 9 an upright position ! l[] is ! sacrum1 & ! great] is ! t5d5cy to approximate to ! l>g] lat]al diamet] ( ! ,european female4 ,! front to back diamet] ( ! ape's pelvis is usually great] ?an ! measurem5t f side to side4 ,a simil> condition af=ds ! cunei=m1 f :i* x may be inf]r$ t ! erect position 9 ! ,negro has n be5 ma9ta9$ s long z 9 ! ,mongol1 ^: pelvis has assum$ ! quadrilat]al %ape ow+ to p]si/5ce ( sp9al axis weight = a great] "t4 ,?is pressure has f9ally culm9at$ 9 =c+ ! sacrum ( ! ,european ne>] ! pubes1 ) consequ5t lat]al expansion & contraction ( ! diamet] f front to back4 ,f ! m>supials to ! lemurs ! box-%ap$ pelvis rema9s4 ,) ! w$ge-%ape occasion$ 9 ! l[e/ human types !re occurs a fur!r rem>kable ph5om5on 9 ! increas$ size ( ! foetal head accompany+ ! contraction ( ! pelvic outlet4 ,:ile ! m>supial head is ab\t "o-six? ! size ( ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! bony p>turi5t canal1 ! mom5t we pass to erect animals ! great] relative increase is !re se5 9 cranial size1 ) a coexi/+ decrease 9 ! area ( ! outlet4 ,?is alt]$ condition ( ?+s has caus$ ! dea? ( millions ( o!rwise p]fectly heal?y & well-=m$ human mo!rs & *ildr54 ,! palontologi/ might tell u if "s su* case ( is*ial approximation by natural me*anical causes has n caus$ ! probable ext9ction ( :ole g5]a ( v]tebrates4 ,if we are to believe t = our orig9al s9 ! pangs & labor ( *ildbir? 7 increas$1 & if we also believe 9 ! disproportionate contraction ( ! pelvic space be+ an effici5t cause ( ! same difficulties ( p>turition1 ! logical inf]5ce is t man's orig9al s9 consi/$ 9 8 gett+ ^u 8 h9d legs4 ,?is subject is n )\t direct applications4 ,acc\*eurs cause _! pati5ts to assume :at is call$ ! knee-*e/ position1 a prone "o1 = ! purpose ( re/or+ ! ut]us to some?+ ne> a natural position4 ,br[n-,sequ>d recomm5ds1 9 myelitis1 or sp9al conge/ion1 draw+ away ! blood f ! sp9e by plac+ ! pati5t on 8 abdom5 or side1 ) h&s & feet some:at hang+ d[n4 ,! liability to sp9a bifida is greate/ 9 ! human infant1 ?r\gh ! /ress ?r[n on ! sp9e4 ,! easy p>turition 9 ! l[] human races is due to ! discrepancy betwe5 cranial & pelvic sizes n hav+ be5 z yet rea*$ by ^? races4 ,! ,s&wi* ,isl& "m has a difficult deliv]y only :5 h] *ild is half :ite1 & has consequ5tly a long] head ?an ! unmix$ native /ra94 ,at pres5t ! _w goes on 9 its bl9dness1 app>5tly satisfi$ t ev]y?+ is all "r because its exi/s1 ignorant ( ! evil consequ5ces ( app>5tly b5eficial pecul>ities1 vaunt+ man's erectness & its advantages1 :ile ignor+ ! disadvantages4 ,! obs]vation t ! l[] ! animal ! m prolific 7n univ]sally true67 w\ld w>rant ! belief t ! high] ! animal ! m difficulties encompass its propagation & developm5t4 ,! cranio-pelvic difficulty may p]haps settle ! ,mal?usian "q z f> z ! high] races ( m5 are conc]n$ by _! ext9ction4 ,if ! facts br\ght =w>d by ,dr4 ,clev5g] _c be controv]t$1 !y seem to prove t man mu/ h orig9at$ by gradual developm5t f a f\r-foot$ be+4 ,_h he be5 creat$ an erect1 bip$al animal1 z we f9d him1 8 /ructure w\ld h be5 n 9 p>tial1 b 9 p]fect1 adaptation to ! conditions ( t attitude4 ,t "s ( ! peculi>ities ( 8 /ructure are bett] 9 h>mony ) a horizontal ?an a v]tical position ( ! sp9al column1 is p]haps ! /ronge/ argum5t aga9/ ! !ory ( direct creation & ! radical toto coelo di/9ction betwe5 man & bea/ t has yet be5 advanc$4 ,we _c at ! mom5t lay our h&s ^u any ?or\gh & tru/wor?y acc\nt ( ! valves 9 ! ve9s ( ! slo?3 z t animal sp5ds its life hang+1 back d[nw>d1 ! /ructure ( ! ve9s w\ld be int]e/+ 9 ?is connection4--,,ed4 ,j4 ,s4--,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,our ,,enemies1 ,,! ,,microbes4 ,we h se5 ! microbes1 z our s]vants#a1 (t5 p]=m+1 unbekn[n to u1 ! "w ( purify+ & reg5]at+ ! soil & atmosph]e4 ,let u n[ exam9e our enemies1 = !y are num]\s4 ,ev]y:]e frequ5t--9 ! air1 9 ! e>?1 9 ! wat]--!y only await an occasion to introduce !mselves into our body 9 ord] to engage 9 a conte/ = exi/5ce ) ! cells t make up our tissues2 &1 (t5 victori\s1 !y cause dea? ) fe>ful rapidity4 ,:5 we h nam$ *>bon1 septicmia1 diph!ria1 typhoid fev]1 pork measles1 etc41 we %all h indicat$ ! s]i\s affections t microbes are capable ( eng5d]+ 9 ! animal organism4 ,footnote #a3 ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #ddf1 page #gabe4 ,we call ^? diseases p>asitic t are occasion$ by ! introduction ( a liv+ organism into ! bodies ( animals4 ,al?\gh a k ( su* diseases is easy :]e x conc]ns p>asites su* z ac>i & worms1 x becomes v difficult :5 x is a "q ( diseases t are caus$ by ! ,bact]iace4 ,9 fact1 ! g]ms ( ^! plants exi/ 9 ! air 9 l>ge quantities1 z is %[n by ! analysis ( pure air by a sunbeam1 & we are oblig$ to take m9ute precautions to prev5t !n f invad+ organic sub/ances4 ,if1 !n1 dur+ an autopsy ( an individual or animal1 a microscopic exam9ation reveals ! pres5ce ( microbes1 we _c affirm t ! latt] 7 ! cause ( ! affection t x is desir$ to /udy1 s9ce !y might h introduc$ !mselves dur+ ! manipulation1 & by reason ( _! rapid vegetation h invad$ ! tissues ( ! dead animal 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! presumption exi/s1 nev]!less1 t :5 ! same =m ( bact]ia is pres5t 9 ! same tissue ) ! same affection1 x is connect$ ) ! disease4 ,?is 0 :at ,dava9e 0 ! fir/ to %[ ) reg>d to ,bacillus an?racis1 :i* causes *>bon4 ,he1 9 #ahej1 hav+ exam9$ ! blood ( an animal t _h di$ ( ?is disease1 f\nd !re9 amid ! globules 7,fig4 #a71 small1 immovable1 v n>r[ rods ( a l5g? d\ble t ( ! blood corpuscles4 ,x 0 n till #ahfc t he suspect$ ! active role ( ^! organisms 9 ! *>bon malady1 & endeavor$ to demon/rate x by exp]im5ts 9 inoculation4 ,is ! pres5ce ( ^! little rods 9 ! blood ( an animal t has di$ ( *>bon suffici5t ( itself to demon/rate ! p>asitic nature ( ! affection8 ,no2 9 ord] t ! demon/ration %all be complete1 ! bact]ia mu/ be isolat$1 cultivat$ 9 a /ate ( purity 9 prop] liquids1 & !n be us$ to inoculate animals )4 ,if ! latt] die ) all ! symptoms ( *>bon1 ! demon/ration w be complete4 ,dava9e did1 inde$1 p]=m "s exp]im5ts 9 inoculation t 7 successful1 b 8 results 7 contradict$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,jaill>d & ,leplat1 & ^? ( ,mr4 ,b]t conc]n+ ! toxic influ5ce ( oxyg5 at high t5sion ^u microbes4 ,z ,dava9e 0 unable to expla9 ! contradiction betwe5 8 results & ^? ( ,messrs4 ,jaill>d1 ,leplat1 & ,b]t1 m9ds 7 n z yet conv9c$1 not)/&+ ! support t 8 ideas receiv$ f ,mr4 ,ko*'s rese>*es4 ,9 #ahgg ,mr4 ,pa/eur took up ,dava9e's exp]im5ts1 & confirm$ 8 affirmations /ep by /ep by employ+ ! me?od ( culture t he _h us$ ) su* success 9 8 /udies ^u f]m5tation4 ,he isolat$ ,dava9e's bact]ium by cultivat+ x 9 a decoction ( be] yea/ t _h be5 previ\sly /]iliz$ 7,fig4 #b72 & aft] f t5 to tw5ty cultures1 he f\nd t a portion ( ! liquid conta9+ a few bact]ia1 :5 us$ = inoculat+ a rabbit1 quickly caus$ ! latt] to die ( *>bon1 :ile ! same liquid1 :5 filt]$ ?r\gh pla/] or porcela91 became h>mless4 ,dava9e's bact]ium develops exclusively 9 ! blood1 & is nev] f\nd at any dep? 9 ! tissues4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! alga1 hav+ ne$ ( oxyg5 9 ord] to live1 borr[s its fl[ f ! blood1 & ?us extracts f ! globules t :i* !y %\ld h c>ri$ to ! tissue4 ,! animal !re=e dies asphyxiat$4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( oxyg5 9 ! blood t ! latt] assumes ! blacki%-br[n color t *>act]izes ! malady1 & t has giv5 its "n ( *>bon 7coal74 ,! p>asitic nature ( *>bon 0 !re=e absolutely demon/rat$1 fir/1 by ! con/ant pres5ce ( ,bacillus an?racis 9 ! blood ( an?racoid animals1 & second1 by ! pure culture ( ! p>asite & ! inoculation ( animals ) *>bon by means ( x4 ,dava9e began ! demon/ration 9 #ahfc1 & ,pa/eur f9i%$ x 9 #ahgg4 ,^! facts are n[ inconte/able2 yet1 to %[ h[ sl[ly tru? is propagat$1 ev5 9 ^! days ( telegraphs & telephones1 !re might h be5 read a few mon?s ago1 9 an int]e/+ article on microbes1 by ,dr4 ,fol1 a di/+ui%$ savant1 ! /atem5t t *>bon & tub]culosis 7 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,ko*6 ,new p>asitic affections1 ^: exi/5ce 0 suspect$1 7 soon discov]$ & sci5tifically demon/rat$1 su*1 = example1 z septicmia1 or ! putrefaction :i* occurs 9 liv+ animals1 :i* 9 ambulances causes s fe>ful havoc among ! w\nd$1 & :i* proce$s f ,bacillus septicus4 ,?is p>asite exhibits itself "u ! =m ( little articulat$ rods t live isolat$ f oxyg5 9 ! mass ( ! tissues1 & disorganize ! latt] 9 dis5gag+ a l>ge quantity ( putrid gas4 ,o!r p>asites ( ?is class are ! micrococcus ( *ick5 *ol]a 7,fig4 #c71 ! micrococcus ( hog measles1 & ! ,spiro*oete ,ob]mei]i ( recurr5t fev]1 discov]$ by ,ob]mei] 7,fig4 #e74 ,besides ^!1 !re are a c]ta9 numb] ( maladies t seem z if !y mu/ be due to ! ,bact]iace1 al?\gh a demon/ration ( ! fact by ! me?od ( cultures & inoculation has n z yet be5 attempt$4 ,among su*1 we may cite typhoid fev]1 diph!ria1 murra91 tub]culosis 7,fig4 #d71 mal>ial fev] 7,fig4 #f71 etc4 ,z may be se51 ! li/ is already a long "o1 & x t5ds e day to /ill fur!r increase4 ,all ! progress t has be5 made 9 s few ye>s 9 our k ( contagi\s or epidemic diseases is due exclusively to ,m4 ,pa/eur & ! sci5tific me?od t he introduc$ ?r\gh 8 rem>kable labors on f]m5tation4 ,n[ t we "k our mo/ =midable enemies1 h[ %all we def5d ourselves aga9/ !m8 ,z we h se51 bact]ia exi/ ev]y:]e1 mix$ ) ! du/ t int]f]es ) ! transp>5cy ( ! air & cov]s all objects2 & !y are likewise f\nd 9 wat]4 ,"u normal conditions1 our body is clos$ to ^! organisms ?r\gh ! epid]mis & epi!lium1 &1 z has be5 %[n by ,mr4 ,pa/eur1 no bact]ia are f\nd 9 ! blood & tissues ( liv+ animals4 ,b let a rupture or w\nd occur1 & bact]ia w ent] ! body1 &1 :5 once ! enemy is 9 place1 x w be too late4 ,"o sole *ance ( safety rema9s to u1 & t is t 9 ! w>f>e t x is rag+ aga9/ our tissues ! enemy may succumb4 ,m4 ,pa/eur has %[n t ! blood corpsucles sometimes engage 9 ! conte/ aga9/ bact]ides & come (f victori\s4 ,9 fact1 *ick5s are pro( aga9/ poison+ by *>bon1 because1 ow+ to ! high temp]ature ( _! blood1 ! bact]ides are unable to extract oxyg5 f ! corpuscles !re(4 ,b1 if ! *ick5s be *ill$1 ! conditions are *ang$1 & !y w die ( *>bon j z d cattle & %eep2 b1 z ! result ( ! conte/ _c always be =ese51 x is necess>y at any co/ to prev5t bact]ides f ent]+ ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,i4 ,bact]ia ( *>bon 7,bacillus antracis47 ,,ii4 ,! same cultivat$ 9 yea/4 ,,iii4 ,! ,micrococcus ( *ick5 *ol]a4 ,,iv4 ,! ,bacillus ( tub]culosis4 ,v4 ,! ,spirillun ( recurr5t fev]4 ,,vi4 ,! ,bacillus ( mal>ia4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances a sev]e hygi5e w suffice to pres]ve u2 if a w\nd is receiv$ x %\ld be wa%$ ) wat] mix$ ) antiseptics1 su* z ph5ic acid1 borax1 or salicylic acid4 ,if wat] is impure1 x mu/ be boil$ & !n a]at$ be=e x is drunk4 ,if ! air is ! vehicle ( ! g]ms ( ! disease1 x w h to be filt]$ by means ( a musl9 curta9 kept wet ) a hygroscopic solution1 glyc]9e = example4 ,f9ally1 :51 aft] an epidemic1 contam9at$ ap>tm5ts are to be occupi$1 ! walls & floor & ! clo?+ mu/ be wa%$ ) antiseptic solutions ^: nature w v>y accord+ to circum/ances--/eam *>g$ ) ph5ic acid1 wat] mix$ ) a million? "p ( sulphuric acid1 boric acid1 ozone1 *lor9e1 etc4 ,^! prev5tives only prove effici5t on condition t !y be us$ p]si/5tly4 ,let our vigilance be lack+ = an in/ant1 & ! enemy w ent] to "w de/ruction1 = x only requires a spore less ?an a hundr$? ( a millimet] 9 diamet] to produce ! mo/ s]i\s affections4 ,=tunately1 & x is aga9 to ,mr4 ,pa/eur t we owe ^! wond]ful discov]ies1 ! p>asitic microbes !mselves1 :i* s[ sickness & dea?1 may1 ?r\gh prop] culture1 become true vacc9e viri t are capable ( pres]v+ ! organism aga9/ any future attack ( ! disease t !y 7 capable ( produc+2 su* vacc9e matt]s h be5 discov]$ = *>bon1 *ick5 *ol]a1 ! measles ( sw9e1 etc4 ,:5 ! micrococcus ( *ick5 *ol]a 7,fig4 #c47 is cultivat$1 x is se5 t ! activity ( ! microbe 9 cultures expos$ to ! air gradually dim9i%es4 ,:ile a drop ( ! liquid w\ld1 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 h kill$ all ! *ick5s t 7 inoculat$ ) x1 its effect aft] two1 ?ree1 or f\r days consid]ably dim9i%es1 & an inoculation ) x produces no?+ m ?an a slight indisposition 9 ! animal1 & "o t is nev] foll[$ by a s]i\s accid5t4 ,x is !n said t ! virul5ce ( ! microbe is att5uat$4 ,! air is ! ag5t ( ?is trans=mation t gradually r5d]s ! bact]ia b5ign1 = 9 cultures made "u ! same circum/ances z ! prec$+1 b ) ! abs5ce ( air1 ! activity ( ^! alg is pres]v$ = days or weeks1 & !y w !n cause dea? j z surely z !y w\ld h done at ! end ( "o day4 ,:at is rem>kable is t animals inoculat$ ) ! att5uat$ micrococcus become = a v>y+ l5g? ( "t refractory to ! action ( ! mo/ =midable p>asites ( ?is k9d4 ,mr4 ,pa/eur has discov]$ two su* vacc9e viri--"o = *ick5 *ol]a & ! o!r = *>bon4 ,8 results h n be5 accept$ )\t a /ruggle1 & x requir$ no?+ less ?an public exp]im5t 9 vacc9ation1 bo? 9 ,france & abroad1 to conv9ce ! incr$ul\s4 ,!re are /ill p at ! pres5t "t :o ass]t t ,mr4 ,pa/eur's process ( vacc9ation has n a great practical range6 ,& yet1 "h we h ! results2 m ?an #djj1jjj animals h be5 vacc9at$ s9ce #ahha1 & x has be5 f\nd t ! mortality is t5 times less 9 ^! ?an 9 ^? t h n be5 vacc9at$6 ,an impetus has n[ be5 giv51 & we c look to ! future ) confid5ce1 =1 if our enemies are num]\s1 ! use ( a sev]e hygi5e & prev5tive vacc9ation w p]mit u to gradually free humanity f ! t]rible sc\rges t sap ! s\rces ( =tune & life4--,sci5ce et ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,w9e ,,fly4 ,at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,new ,york ,microscopical ,society1 a pap] 0 read by ,dr4 ,samuel ,lockwood1 secret>y ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,/ate ,microscopical ,society4 ,8 subject 0 ! ,w9e ,fly1 ,drosophila ampelophila4 ,! pap] 0 a contribution to ! life-hi/ory ( ?is m9ute insect4 ,he _h giv5 9 "p ?ree ye>s to its /udy1 beg9n+ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahha1 :5 no?+ :atev] ( its life-hi/ory seem$ to h be5 kn[n4 ,9 ,octob] ! flies attack$ 8 ,concords4 ,he f\nd ^u a grape :i* he 0 inspect+ ) a pocket-l5s an extremely small :ite egg2 b lo/ x4 ,! grapes :5 br\ght on ! table 7 infe/$ by ! flies1 :i* prov$ to be ! above m5tion$ species4 ,:5 driv5 f ! grapes !y w\ld fly to ! w9d[1 :]e he captur$ two ( !m ,^! 7 plac$ 9 a j> ) a grape = food4 ,9 two days he f\nd "o egg on ! out] sk9 ( ! grape4 ,! lay+ 0 kept up = f\r or five days1 until !re 7 ab\t ?irty1 "s on ! outside ( ! grape & "s at an op5+ :]e ! two flies _h f$4 ,! egg _h a pair ( curi\s susp5d]s ne> ! end :]e ! m\? ( ! l>va w\ld develop4 ,^! susp5d]s 7 atta*$ at _! ends to ! grape1 b :]e ! egg 0 laid 9 ! s(t "p ( ! fruit ! susp5d]s 7 spread out at ! surface2 ?us ! l>va w\ld em]ge clean f ! %ell4 ,! egg 0 #j4e mm4 9 l5g?1 & ab\t a f\r? ( t 9 wid?4 ,! l>va :5 gr[n 0 at lea/ f\r times z long z ! egg4 ,z ! l>va burr[$ 9 ! juices ( ! fruit1 two q prom95t brea?+ tubes at ! po/]ior end 7 kept 9 ! air4 ,betwe5 ^! c>d9al tubes 7 sev]al teat-l po9ts1 mu* small]1 b hav+ a simil> function4 ,! l>vae appe>$ 9 five days aft] ! eggs 7 laid4 ,9 ab\t z _m m days ! pup>ium /ate w\ld be ent]$1 & 9 ab\t six days m ! fly or imago w\ld appe>4 ,9 oviposit+ ! susp5sors w\ld leave ! ovip>\s duct la/4 ,! pap] claim$ t ! curi\s %ape ( ! egg compell$ ! female to oviposit sl[ly1 z x took "t = ! egg to assume its =m2 h5ce1 ! eggs 7 n laid 9 /r+s or masses1 b s+ly & at consid]able int]vals4 ,! flies are v hairy1 especially ! females4 ,! neck & ev5 ! eyes are v hirsute4 ,! eyes are r$1 q l>ge & pretty1 ?\gh some:at outre "u ! microscope1 = f betwe5 ! little l5ses are project+1 /raight1 /iff hairs4 ,z ! insect is q active1 x mu/ be t ?is fr++ ( ! t9y eyelets ) hair does n mat]ially obscure its vision4 ,:5 ! m9ut5ess ( ?is s+ul> arrangem5t is consid]$1 x is surely rem>kable4 ,?is g5]al hair9ess ( ! female especially1 & t ab\t ! head1 neck1 & =w>d "p ( ! ?orax1 /&s correlat$ to a beautiful /ructure f\nd only 9 ! male1 :i* has on ! t>sus ( ea* leg 9 ! =w>d pair :at ! lectur] call$ a sexual comb4 ,x is a beautiful comb ( a v d>k br[n color1 ea* comb hav+ t5 po9t$ & /rong tee?4 ,9 ! nuptial embrace ^! combs are fix$ 9 ! hairy front ( ! ?orax ( ! female1 ?us becom+ little grapnels4 ,! flies love any vegetable sub/ance 9 f]m5tation1 :e!r acetic or v9\s4 ,h5ce x w ab\nd ab\t cid] mills1 sw>m on pres]ves 9 ! pantry1 & 9 cell>s or places :]e w9e is be+ made or /or$4 ,! pap] %[$ ! t5d5cy ( ! glucose 9 ! ov]-ripe grape to ! v9\s f]m5t1 & t ! fly delight$ 9 x4 ,a s+ul> accid5t %[$ h[ !y lov$ ev5 ! v high spirits4 ,9 mak+ "s ( ! m\nts %[n to ! society1 ,dr4 ,lockwood _h left a bottle ( #ij p] c5t4 alcohol uncork$ ov] night4 ,next morn+ he 0 a/oni%$ to f9d 8 alcohol ( a beautiful ame?y/9e color1 & ! cork out4 ,inspection %[$ a numb] ( ^! t9y creatures1 :i*1 :5 fill$ ) ! purple juice ( ! grape1 _h smelt ! alcohol 9 ! op5 bottle1 & _h gone 9 to dr9k4 ,!y _h ignom9i\sly p]i%$1 & _h giv5 color to ! liquid4--,micro4 ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature4 ,,! ,,potetomet]1 ,,an ,,in/rum5t ,,= ,,measur+ ,,! ,,transpiration ,,( ,,wat] ,,by ,,plants4 ,9 view ( ! int]e/ n[ atta*+ to rec5t advances 9 vegetable physiology1 x seems n unlikely t a description ( ! in/rum5t be>+ ! above "n1 lately publi%$ by ,moll 7,ar*ives ,ne]l&aises1 t4 xviii471 w s]ve z useful purpose4 ,! app>atus 0 design$ to d away ) c]ta9 s\rces ( error 9 ,sa*s' old] =m ( ! in/rum5t1 describ$ 9 8 ,exp]im5tal ,physiologie--errors *iefly due to ! cont9ual alt]ation ( pressure dur+ ! progress ( ! exp]im5t4 ,z %[n 9 ! diagram1 ! potetomet] consi/s ess5tially ( a glass tube1 a d1 op5 at bo? ends1 & bl[n out into a bulb ne> ! l[] end2 an ap]ture also exi/s on ei!r side ( ! bulb at or ab\t its equator4 ,! two ends ( ! ma9 tube are gov]n$ by ! /opcocks1 a & d1 & ! great] l5g? ( ! tube is graduat$4 ,a p]=at$ ca\t*\c /opp] is fitt$ into "o ap>ture ( ! bulb1 e1 & ! tube1 g k1 fits h]metically to ! o!r4 ,?is latt] tube is dilat$ into a cup at h to receive ! ca\t*\c /opp]1 into :i* ! end ( ! %oot to be exp]im5t$ ^u is prop]ly fix$4 ,! fix+ ( ! %oot is effect$ by ca\t*\c & wire or silk1 z %[n at i1 & mu/ be p]=m$ s t ! clean-cut end ( ! %oot is exactly at ! level ( a tube pass+ ?r\gh ! p]=at$ /opp]1 e1 ( ! bulb2 ?is is easily manag$1 & is provid$ = by ! b5d+ ( ! tube1 g h4 ,! tube1 f1 pass+ horizontally ?r\gh ! ca\t*\c /opp]1 e1 is int5d$ to admit bubbles ( air1 & s equalize ! pressure & at ! same "t af=d a means ( measur+ ! rapidity ( ! absorption ( wat] by ! transpir+ %oot4 ,?is tube 7see ,fig4 #b1 f7 is a %ort piece ( capill>y glass tub+1 to :i* is fix$ a ?9 %ea? ( copp]1 b'1 :i* slides on x1 & supports a small plate ( poli%$ copp]1 a'1 9 su* a mann] t ! latt] c be held v]tically at a small di/ance f ! inn] op5+ ( ! tube1 & s regulate ! size ( ! bubble ( air to be direct$ upw>d into ! graduat$ tube1 a b4 ,illu/ration ,! app>atus is fill$ by plac+ ! l[] end ( ! ma9 tube "u wat]1 clos+ ! tubes1 f & i 7) ca\t*\c tub+ & clips71 & op5+ ! /opcocks1 a & d4 ,wat] is !n suck$ 9 f a1 & ! :ole app>atus c>efully fill$4 ,! cocks are !n turn$1 & ! cut end ( ! %oot fix$ into i1 z /at$2 c>e mu/ be tak5 t no air rema9s "u ! cut end at i1 & ! end ( ! %oot mu/ be at ! level1 k l4 ,?is done1 ! tube1 f1 may !n be op5$4 ,! leaves ( ! %oot transpire wat]1 :i* is replac$ ?r\gh ! /em at ! cut end 9 i f ! wat] 9 ! app>atus4 ,a bubble ( air passes ?r\gh ! tube1 f1 & at once asc5ds into ! graduat$ tube1 a c4 ,! desc5t ( ! wat]-level 9 ?is tube--:i* may conv5i5tly be graduat$ to measure cubic millimet]s--enables ! exp]im5t] at once to read (f ! am\nt ( wat] employ$ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,x is n necess>y to dwell on obvi\s modifications ( ^! ess5tials1 nor to speak ( ! slight difficulties ( manipulation 7especially ) ! tube1 f74 ,( c\rse ! app>atus might be m\nt$ 9 sev]al ways2 & excell5t results = demon/ration 9 class c\ld be obta9$ by arrang+ ! :ole on "o ( ! pans ( a s5sitive balance4 ,h4 ,,m>%all ,,w>d4 ,botanical ,laboratory1 ,ow5s ,college4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bolivian ,,c9*ona ,,=e/s4 ,! great progress made 9 ! acclimation ( c9*ona trees 9 ,india1 ,ceylon1 & else:]e has awak5$ ! gov]nm5ts ( c\ntries :]e ! plants are indig5\s to ! necessity ( cons]v+ f reckless de/ruction1 & replant+ d5ud$ =e/s1 s z to be able to keep up ! supply ( ?is valuable product4 ,9 ,bolivia1 s9ce #ahgh1 accord+ to ! report ( ! ,ne!rl&s ,consul1 private individuals & l& own]s h tak5 up ! "q ) great e>ne/ness1 & at ! pres5t "t on ! banks ( ! ,mapiri1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,la ,paz1 !re are ov] a million ( "y trees gr[+4 ,new plantations h also sprung up 9 v>i\s o!r localities1 ei!r on private gr\nd or t own$ by ,gov]nm5t4 ,! competition ( ,india & ,ceylon 9 supply+ ! m>kets has _h also ! effect ( induc+ m c>e 9 collect+ & also ( revisit+ old spots1 (t5 ) ! result ( a ri* h>ve/ ( b>k :i* _h be5 left on p>tly d5ud$ trunks1 & ! op5+ up ( new localities4 ,! new %oots spr++ up f ! old /umps h yield$ mu* quill b>k1 & ! root b>k ( ! old /umps has also be5 utiliz$4 ,! replant+ entails v little exp5se4 ,! ,indian t5ant on an e/ate has a h\se & l& f ! own] 7haci5da7 ( ! e/ate4 ,= ?is he b9ds himself to "w = two to f\r days a week1 at f #bh to #cf c5ts p] day1 wom5 & *ildr5 obta9+ #af to #ba c5ts p] day4 ,?us ! plant+1 we$+1 etc41 dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s is b nom9al 9 exp5se2 aft] ?is p]iod ! trees may be left to !mselves4 ,on ,gov]nm5t l& ! exp5se is great]1 z1 aft] an application be+ made1 ! l& is put up to public auction1 & may fet* a v l[ or high] price accord+ to ! bidd+4 ,! l& secur$1 contracts are made ) natives ( ! l[] class to cle> ! =e/ & plant c9*ona4 ,! contracts are (t5 sublet to ,indians4 ,! "y plants are plant$ f five to six feet ap>t1 ) banana trees betwe51 on acc\nt ( _! rapid gr[? & ! %ade ! latt] af=d4 ,f ,m>* to ,june1 aft] ! wet season is ov]1 is ! be/ "t = plant+1 & ! contractor keeps ! plantation free f we$s & 9 good ord] = twelve mon?s1 :5 x is h&$ ov] to ! own]4 ,! foll[+ is giv5 z ! co/ ( ! ,mapiri ,riv] plantation ( an area f #fj or m miles 9 ext5t3 ,gr\nd4 #a1bjj #cjj1jjj plants at #j4ad4 #db1jjj ,sup]9t5d5t1 build+s1 etc4 #d1djj ,int]e/4 #d1hjj ------- ,total4 #eb1djj ,till ! plants are above two ye>s ( age1 !y are liable to die f dr\ght or ! attacks ( ants1 & dur+ #ahgh _m ?\s&s di$ f ^! causes4 ,at ! end ( ! f\r? ye> "s proprietors beg9 to collect ! quill b>k by ! me?od ( coppic+4 ,x is fe>$ by "s t1 %\ld ?is new v5ture be successful1 x w prove a dang]\s rival to ! plantations ( ,india1 ,ceylon1 & ,java1 & l[] ! price ( b>k consid]ably4--,j\r4 ,society ( ,arts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f]ns4 ,n4 ,davallioides ,furcans4--,among ! _m cre/$ f]ns 9 cultivation1 ?is1 ( :i* ! annex$ is an illu/ration1 is "o ( ! mo/ di/9ct2 s diff]5t inde$ x is f ! type1 t x is que/ionable if x really is a =m ( x2 ! mo/ ess5tial *>act]i/ic1 t ( ! fructification at ! extreme edge ( ! lobes ( ! p9n1 is altoge!r abs5t1 & ! :ole habit ( ! plant is also ?or\ghly di/9ct4 ,x is ( equally robu/ gr[?1 b its h&somely ar*+ fronds1 :i* are f #c feet to #d feet 9 l5g?1 are produc$ 9 great abundance f a c5tral tuft or agglom]ation ( cr[ns4 ,its mo/ di/9ct *>act]i/ic is ! furcation ( ! p9n1 :i* are all ( ! same dim5sions1 :e!r /]ile or f]tile2 !y are all opposite & closely set along ! mid-rib1 :]eas ^? ( ,n4 davallioides are set mu* fur!r ap>t4 ,9 ! b>r5 p9n :i* are only situat$ on ! l[] portion ( ! frond1 & :i* g5]ally are only few 9 numb]1 ! furcation is rudim5t>y2 9 ! f]tile p9n x is twice & ev5 ?ree times repeat$ 9 ! extremities ( ! fir/ division1 becom+ m complex t[>d ! po9t ( ! frond1 :]e x (t5 =ms q a l>ge tassel1 ^: weight gives ! fronds q an elegant1 ar*+ habit4 ,on t acc\nt ?is plant is valuable = gr[+ 9 baskets ( l>ge dim5sions1 9 :i* x %[s itself (f to good advantage1 & nev] fails to prove attractive4 ,al?\gh x produces spores freely1 x is be/ to propagate x by means ( ! "y plants produc$ f rhizomes 9 ! ord9>y way1 on acc\nt ( ! extreme v>iations :i* take place among ! se$l+s1 a small p]c5tage only ( :i* are possess$ ( ! true "* ( ! p>5t plant4 ,/ove4--,! ,g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,nephrolepis ,,davallioides ,,furcans4 ,n4 ,duffi4--,?is pretty1 neat-habit$ species1 ( :i* an illu/ration1 k9dly l5t u by ,mr4 ,bull1 appe>s 9 ano!r place1 is a native ( ! ,duke ( ,york's ,isl&1 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean1 & is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! :ole g5us4 ,its compact habit1 its comp>atively small dim5sions1 & ! bright1 glossy color ( its beautifully tassel$ fronds r5d] x a mo/ welcome addition to a gr\p ( f]ns naturally ri* 9 decorative plants4 ,its curi\sly & irregul>ly p9nate fronds are borne on sl5d] /alks1 t]ete t[>d ! base1 & cov]$ ) r$di% br[n1 d[ny scales1 in/ead ( be+ produc$ loosely1 z 9 mo/ o!r ,nephrolepises2 ^! are d5sily cr[d$1 & ! outcome ( closely clu/]$ cr[ns4 ,!y measure f #ae in*es to #ah in*es long1 & are t]m9at$ by v h&some massive cre/s1 :i* v>y 9 size accord+ to ! temp]ature 9 :i* ! plant is gr[n4 ,we h at diff]5t times he>d compla9ts ( ^! fronds be+ simply furcate1 :5 ! same plant1 aft] be+ subject$ to a great] am\nt ( heat & moi/ure1 produc$ fronds v heavily tassel$1 & p>tak+ ( an elegant vase-%ap$ appe>ance4 ,9 fact1 no?+ %ort ( ! moi/ heat ( a /ove w induce x to %[ its *>act]s 9 _! be/ condition4 ,! p9n1 :i* are small1 ( diff]5t sizes1 r\nd$ & s]rat$ at ! edges1 are produc$ 9 pairs1 "o ov]ly+ ! o!r1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 ^? on ! top are ! l>ge/4 ,! pairs are sometimes opposite1 b mo/ly alt]nate1 di/ant t[>d ! base1 approximate high] up1 & cr[d$ & q ov]lapp+ 9 ! cre/$ portion ( ! frond4 ,?is1 be+ a ?or\ghly b>r5 k9d1 c only be propagat$ by division ( ! cr[ns1 an op]ation easily done at any "t ( ! ye>1 b mo/ safely 9 e>ly spr+ & by "y plants produc$ f ! rhizomes1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are produc$ mu* m sp>+ly ?an 9 any o!r species4 ,x is also "o ( ! be/ adapt$ = pot or pan culture1 its some:at upright habit mak+ x less suitable = baskets1 brackets1 & wall cov]+ ?an o!r species4 ,/ove4--,! ,g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,nephrolepis ,,duffi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,=mation ,,( ,,sug>4 ,a pap] on ,! ,=mation ( ,sug> 9 ! ,sug>-cane 0 rec5tly read by ,m4 ,aim ,gir>d be=e ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,by comp>ative inve/igations ( ! am\nt ( cane sug> & grape sug> 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sug>-cane 9 ! aft]noon & be=e sunrise1 ! au?or has f\nd t only 9 ! sub/ance ( ! leaves does ?is quantity v>y1 & t ! quantity ( cane sug> s9ks dur+ ! night to "o-half1 :ile ! quantity ( r$uc+ sug> rema9s almo/ unalt]$4 ,he f9ds fur!r t ! quantity ( sug>-cane 9 ! leaves increases ) ! illum9ation1 on v bright days rea*+ ne>ly "o p] c5t41 consid]ably less on dull ones1 & 9 ei!r case dim9i%+ dur+ ! night by "o-half4 ,f ?is ! au?or concludes t ! =mation ( sac*>ose f glucose takes place entirely 9 ! leaves "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight1 & t ! sac*>ose !reupon asc5ds ! cane ?r\gh ! petioles1 etc41 & collects !re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ci ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$1 ) h9ts = procur+ advances on inv5tions4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4