Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Biology / Scientific American, Volume 22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 / Braille

Scientific American, Volume 22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 2 — contracted English braille (EBAE-compatible subset). Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 1 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

363,261 braille cells · 385 embossed pages at 40×25 · 851 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠕⠗⠀⠃⠕⠞⠞⠕⠍⠀⠏⠇⠁⠞⠑⠂⠀⠯⠀⠁⠞⠀⠮⠀⠞⠕⠏⠀⠃⠽⠀⠞⠺⠕⠀⠇⠊⠛⠓⠞
⠀⠉⠗⠕⠎⠎⠀⠙⠊⠌⠁⠝⠉⠑⠀⠃⠕⠇⠞⠎⠲⠀⠠⠮⠀⠍⠥⠵⠵⠇⠑⠀⠯⠀⠃⠗⠑⠑⠡⠀
⠑⠭⠞⠗⠑⠍⠊⠞⠊⠑⠎⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠏⠊⠑⠉⠑⠀⠏⠗⠕⠚⠑⠉⠞⠀⠺⠑⠇⠇⠀
⠃⠑⠽⠕⠝⠙⠀⠘⠹⠀⠡⠑⠑⠅⠎⠲⠀⠠⠁⠇⠕⠝⠛⠀⠮⠀⠃⠕⠞⠞⠕⠍⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀
⠞⠗⠳⠛⠓⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠉⠜⠗⠊⠁⠛⠑⠂⠀⠙⠊⠗⠑⠉⠞⠇⠽⠀⠐⠥⠀⠮⠀⠛⠥⠝⠂⠀
⠇⠊⠑⠎⠀⠁⠀⠝⠑⠜⠇⠽⠀⠓⠕⠗⠊⠵⠕⠝⠞⠁⠇⠀⠓⠽⠙⠗⠁⠥⠇⠊⠉⠀⠏⠗⠑⠎⠎⠀
⠉⠽⠇⠔⠙⠻⠂⠀⠮⠀⠏⠥⠍⠏⠀⠯⠀⠓⠯⠇⠑⠀⠁⠉⠞⠥⠁⠞⠬⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀
⠎⠑⠢⠀⠔⠀⠮⠀⠋⠊⠛⠥⠗⠑⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠮⠀⠏⠗⠕⠏⠻⠀⠇⠑⠋⠞⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠛⠥⠝⠂
⠀⠯⠀⠮⠀⠎⠥⠏⠏⠇⠽⠀⠷⠀⠺⠁⠞⠻⠀⠿⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠊⠎⠀⠉⠕⠝⠞⠁⠔⠫⠀⠔⠀⠮⠀
⠓⠕⠇⠇⠪⠀⠃⠕⠞⠞⠕⠍⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠉⠜⠗⠊⠁⠛⠑⠲⠀⠠⠕⠝⠀⠑⠁⠡⠀⠎⠊⠙⠑⠀
⠡⠑⠑⠅⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠉⠜⠗⠊⠁⠛⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠿⠍⠫⠂⠀⠃⠽⠀⠉⠥⠗⠧⠫⠀⠏⠇⠁⠝⠬⠂
⠀⠁⠀⠉⠊⠗⠉⠥⠇⠜⠀⠎⠑⠛⠍⠢⠞⠁⠇⠀⠗⠁⠉⠑⠂⠀⠕⠏⠢⠬⠀⠊⠝⠺⠜⠙⠀⠕⠗⠀
⠞⠪⠜⠙⠀⠑⠁⠡⠀⠕⠮⠗⠂⠀⠗⠑⠉⠞⠁⠝⠛⠥⠇⠜⠀⠔⠀⠉⠗⠕⠎⠎⠀⠎⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝
⠀⠯⠀⠊⠝⠞⠕⠀⠑⠁⠡⠀⠷⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠊⠎⠀⠋⠊⠞⠞⠫⠀⠁⠀⠎⠑⠛⠍⠢⠞⠁⠇⠀
⠃⠇⠕⠉⠅⠀⠚⠀⠋⠊⠇⠇⠬⠀⠭⠀⠥⠏⠂⠀⠯⠀⠕⠉⠉⠥⠏⠽⠬⠀⠁⠀⠏⠕⠗⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀
⠷⠀⠊⠞⠎⠀⠇⠢⠛⠹⠀⠎⠀⠵⠀⠞⠕⠀⠎⠇⠊⠙⠑⠀⠑⠁⠎⠊⠇⠽⠀⠥⠏⠀⠕⠗⠀
⠙⠪⠝⠺⠜⠙⠀⠹⠗⠳⠛⠓⠀⠮⠀⠱⠕⠇⠑⠀⠗⠁⠝⠛⠑⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠁⠗⠉⠀⠕⠗⠀
⠎⠑⠛⠍⠢⠞⠲⠀⠀⠠⠮⠀⠉⠢⠞⠻⠀⠏⠕⠔⠞⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠇⠢⠛⠹⠀⠷⠀⠑⠁⠡⠀⠷⠀
⠘⠹⠀⠃⠇⠕⠉⠅⠎⠀⠉⠜⠗⠊⠑⠎⠀⠐⠕⠀⠎⠊⠙⠑⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠛⠥⠝⠂⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠊⠎
⠀⠉⠕⠝⠝⠑⠉⠞⠫⠀⠁⠇⠎⠕⠀⠾⠀⠮⠀⠞⠺⠕⠀⠓⠑⠁⠧⠽⠀⠗⠁⠙⠊⠥⠎⠀⠃⠜⠎⠀
⠎⠑⠢⠀⠕⠥⠞⠎⠊⠙⠑⠀⠮⠀⠡⠑⠑⠅⠎⠂⠀⠯⠀⠏⠊⠧⠕⠞⠫⠀⠉⠇⠕⠎⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠮
⠀⠎⠑⠛⠍⠢⠞⠀⠗⠁⠉⠑⠎⠀⠕⠝⠀⠮⠀⠕⠥⠞⠎⠊⠙⠑⠂⠀⠯⠀⠾⠀⠁⠀⠎⠽⠌⠑⠍⠀
⠷⠀⠇⠔⠅⠀⠐⠺⠀⠃⠑⠞⠺⠑⠢⠀⠮⠀⠛⠥⠝⠀⠊⠞⠎⠑⠇⠋⠀⠯⠀⠮⠀
⠉⠗⠕⠎⠩⠑⠁⠙⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠗⠁⠍⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠓⠽⠙⠗⠁⠥⠇⠊⠉⠀⠉⠽⠇⠔⠙⠻⠂⠀
⠱⠊⠡⠀⠛⠊⠧⠑⠎⠀⠍⠕⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠞⠕⠀⠮⠀⠛⠥⠝⠀⠔⠀⠑⠇⠑⠧⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠗

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.