Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Biology / Scientific American, Volume 22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 / Braille

Scientific American, Volume 22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 2 — contracted English braille (EBAE-compatible subset). Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 1 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

363,261 braille cells · 385 embossed pages at 40×25 · 851 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠠⠁⠇⠍⠊⠛⠓⠞⠽⠂⠀⠕⠗⠀⠗⠑⠁⠙⠬⠀⠠⠑⠥⠗⠊⠏⠊⠙⠑⠎⠀⠾⠀
⠞⠗⠁⠝⠎⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠊⠝⠌⠑⠁⠙⠀⠷⠀⠠⠇⠑⠁⠎⠬⠀⠯⠀⠠⠛⠕⠑⠮⠀⠔⠀⠮
⠀⠕⠗⠊⠛⠔⠁⠇⠂⠀⠮⠀⠉⠗⠽⠀⠁⠇⠺⠁⠽⠎⠀⠊⠎⠀⠿⠀⠄⠎⠳⠝⠙⠀
⠇⠑⠜⠝⠬⠲⠄⠀⠠⠮⠀⠊⠙⠑⠁⠀⠁⠇⠺⠁⠽⠎⠀⠊⠎⠀⠞⠀⠘⠮⠀⠌⠥⠙⠊⠑⠎⠀
⠁⠗⠑⠀⠎⠁⠋⠑⠲⠀⠀⠠⠮⠀⠎⠏⠑⠁⠅⠻⠀⠝⠑⠭⠞⠀⠏⠗⠕⠉⠑⠫⠫⠀⠞⠕⠀⠩⠪⠀
⠞⠀⠝⠀⠁⠇⠕⠝⠑⠀⠔⠀⠠⠉⠁⠹⠕⠇⠊⠉⠀⠉⠳⠝⠞⠗⠊⠑⠎⠂⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀⠎⠥⠡⠀
⠺⠜⠋⠜⠑⠀⠃⠑⠢⠀⠺⠁⠛⠫⠂⠀⠯⠀⠞⠀⠑⠧⠢⠀⠝⠪⠀⠔⠀⠠⠏⠗⠕⠞⠑⠌⠁⠝⠞⠀
⠠⠁⠍⠻⠊⠉⠁⠀⠮⠀⠋⠊⠛⠓⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀⠛⠕⠬⠀⠕⠝⠲⠀⠀⠠⠐⠕⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀
⠋⠊⠑⠇⠙⠎⠀⠕⠝⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠮⠀⠎⠑⠧⠻⠑⠌⠀⠺⠜⠋⠜⠑⠀⠸⠓⠀⠗⠁⠛⠫⠀⠔⠀
⠠⠏⠗⠕⠞⠑⠌⠁⠝⠞⠀⠉⠳⠝⠞⠗⠊⠑⠎⠀⠴⠀⠞⠀⠷⠀⠠⠛⠑⠕⠇⠕⠛⠽⠲⠀⠠⠋⠀⠮
⠀⠋⠊⠗⠌⠀⠇⠊⠎⠏⠬⠎⠀⠷⠀⠊⠝⠧⠑⠌⠊⠛⠁⠞⠕⠗⠎⠀⠔⠀⠹⠊⠎⠀⠎⠉⠊⠢⠉⠑
⠀⠮⠗⠑⠀⠴⠀⠺⠜⠲⠀⠠⠮⠀⠑⠜⠇⠽⠀⠎⠳⠝⠙⠀⠙⠕⠉⠞⠗⠔⠑⠀⠴⠀⠞⠀
⠋⠕⠎⠎⠊⠇⠀⠗⠑⠍⠁⠔⠎⠀⠶⠀⠇⠥⠎⠥⠎⠀⠝⠁⠞⠥⠗⠁⠑⠤⠤⠋⠗⠑⠁⠅⠎⠀⠷⠀
⠝⠁⠞⠥⠗⠑⠤⠤⠯⠀⠔⠀⠼⠁⠑⠁⠛⠀⠠⠋⠗⠁⠉⠁⠌⠕⠗⠀⠴⠀⠧⠊⠕⠇⠢⠞⠇⠽⠀
⠁⠞⠞⠁⠉⠅⠫⠀⠃⠑⠉⠁⠥⠎⠑⠀⠓⠑⠀⠹⠳⠛⠓⠞⠀⠮⠍⠀⠎⠕⠍⠑⠹⠬⠀⠍⠲⠀
⠠⠝⠕⠀⠇⠑⠎⠎⠀⠁⠀⠍⠁⠝⠀⠹⠁⠝⠀⠠⠃⠻⠝⠜⠙⠀⠠⠏⠁⠇⠊⠎⠎⠽⠀
⠋⠕⠇⠇⠪⠫⠀⠥⠏⠀⠮⠀⠉⠕⠝⠞⠑⠌⠂⠀⠕⠝⠀⠮⠀⠐⠗⠀⠎⠊⠙⠑⠂⠀⠔⠀
⠠⠋⠗⠁⠝⠉⠑⠂⠀⠃⠀⠭⠀⠗⠑⠟⠥⠊⠗⠫⠀⠼⠁⠑⠚⠀⠽⠑⠜⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠉⠜⠗⠽⠀⠮
⠀⠙⠁⠽⠀⠋⠁⠊⠗⠇⠽⠀⠁⠛⠁⠔⠌⠀⠹⠊⠎⠀⠎⠬⠇⠑⠀⠏⠗⠑⠏⠕⠌⠻⠳⠎⠀
⠮⠕⠗⠽⠲⠀⠠⠮⠀⠡⠁⠍⠏⠊⠕⠝⠀⠱⠕⠀⠙⠑⠁⠇⠞⠀⠭⠀⠮⠀⠙⠑⠁⠙⠇⠽⠀⠃⠇⠪
⠀⠴⠀⠠⠎⠉⠊⠇⠇⠁⠂⠀⠯⠀⠦⠀⠺⠑⠁⠏⠕⠝⠎⠀⠶⠀⠋⠁⠉⠞⠎⠀⠕⠃⠞⠁⠔⠫⠀
⠃⠽⠀⠑⠭⠁⠍⠔⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠋⠕⠎⠎⠊⠇⠎⠀⠷⠀⠠⠉⠁⠇⠁⠃⠗⠊⠁⠂⠀
⠶⠼⠁⠋⠛⠚⠶⠲⠀⠠⠃⠀⠮⠀⠁⠙⠧⠕⠉⠁⠞⠑⠎⠀⠷⠀⠞⠁⠍⠏⠻⠬⠀⠾⠀
⠎⠉⠊⠢⠞⠊⠋⠊⠉⠀⠗⠑⠁⠎⠕⠝⠬⠀⠎⠕⠕⠝⠀⠗⠑⠞⠊⠗⠫⠀⠞⠕⠀⠁⠀⠝⠪⠀
⠏⠕⠎⠊⠞⠊⠕⠝⠲⠀⠠⠭⠀⠴⠀⠌⠗⠕⠝⠛⠂⠀⠿⠀⠭⠀⠴⠀⠁⠏⠏⠜⠢⠞⠇⠽⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.