Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Biology / Scientific American, Volume 22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 / Braille

Scientific American, Volume 22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 2 — contracted English braille (EBAE-compatible subset). Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 1 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

363,261 braille cells · 385 embossed pages at 40×25 · 851 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠸⠎⠀⠯⠀⠁⠙⠕⠏⠞⠫⠀⠁⠀⠝⠜⠗⠪⠀⠏⠕⠇⠊⠉⠽⠂⠀⠔⠀⠗⠑⠋⠻⠢⠉⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀
⠊⠝⠧⠢⠞⠕⠗⠎⠀⠷⠀⠕⠮⠗⠀⠝⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠲⠀⠠⠸⠮⠀⠏⠗⠑⠎⠢⠞⠀⠏⠁⠞⠢⠞
⠀⠇⠁⠺⠎⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠎⠀⠋⠗⠁⠍⠫⠀⠵⠀⠏⠗⠁⠉⠞⠊⠉⠁⠇⠇⠽⠀⠞⠕⠀⠙⠑⠃⠜⠀
⠁⠇⠇⠀⠏⠻⠎⠕⠝⠎⠀⠑⠭⠉⠑⠏⠞⠀⠠⠉⠁⠝⠁⠙⠊⠁⠝⠎⠀⠋⠀⠞⠁⠅⠬⠀
⠏⠁⠞⠢⠞⠎⠆⠀⠯⠀⠮⠀⠗⠑⠎⠥⠇⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀⠞⠀⠠⠁⠍⠻⠊⠉⠁⠝⠀⠯⠀
⠠⠑⠝⠛⠇⠊⠩⠀⠊⠝⠧⠢⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠏⠊⠗⠁⠞⠫⠀⠯⠀⠏⠁⠞⠢⠞⠫⠀⠔⠀
⠮⠀⠠⠙⠕⠍⠔⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠾⠳⠞⠀⠎⠀⠍⠥⠡⠀⠵⠀⠁⠀⠹⠁⠝⠅⠀⠽⠂⠀⠎⠊⠗⠂⠀
⠞⠕⠀⠮⠀⠃⠕⠝⠁⠀⠋⠊⠙⠑⠀⠕⠗⠊⠛⠔⠁⠞⠕⠗⠎⠲⠀⠀⠠⠁⠀⠏⠗⠕⠞⠑⠌⠀
⠓⠁⠎⠀⠃⠑⠢⠀⠏⠗⠑⠎⠢⠞⠫⠀⠞⠕⠀⠓⠻⠀⠠⠍⠁⠚⠑⠌⠽⠄⠎⠀
⠠⠎⠑⠉⠗⠑⠞⠜⠽⠀⠷⠀⠠⠌⠁⠞⠑⠀⠿⠀⠮⠀⠠⠉⠕⠇⠕⠝⠊⠑⠎⠂⠀⠁⠎⠅⠬⠀⠞⠀
⠮⠀⠝⠑⠺⠀⠇⠁⠺⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠃⠑⠀⠗⠑⠚⠑⠉⠞⠫⠂⠀⠕⠝⠀⠮⠀⠛⠗⠳⠝⠙⠀⠞⠀⠭
⠀⠙⠑⠏⠗⠊⠧⠑⠎⠀⠮⠀⠎⠥⠃⠚⠑⠉⠞⠎⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠠⠉⠗⠪⠝⠀⠷⠀⠸⠮⠀
⠑⠟⠥⠁⠇⠀⠗⠊⠛⠓⠞⠎⠀⠹⠗⠳⠛⠓⠳⠞⠀⠮⠀⠑⠍⠏⠊⠗⠑⠲⠀⠠⠮⠗⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀
⠿⠉⠑⠀⠔⠀⠹⠊⠎⠀⠕⠃⠚⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠯⠀⠠⠐⠇⠀⠠⠛⠗⠁⠝⠧⠊⠇⠇⠑⠀
⠓⠁⠎⠀⠏⠗⠕⠍⠊⠎⠫⠀⠞⠀⠭⠀⠩⠁⠇⠇⠀⠃⠑⠀⠙⠥⠇⠽⠀⠉⠕⠝⠎⠊⠙⠻⠫⠀
⠃⠑⠿⠑⠀⠮⠀⠠⠟⠥⠑⠢⠀⠊⠎⠀⠁⠙⠧⠊⠎⠫⠀⠞⠕⠀⠎⠊⠛⠝⠀⠮⠀⠇⠁⠺⠲⠀⠀
⠠⠮⠀⠏⠗⠕⠃⠁⠃⠇⠑⠀⠗⠑⠎⠥⠇⠞⠀⠺⠀⠃⠑⠀⠁⠀⠗⠑⠧⠊⠎⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀
⠠⠙⠕⠍⠔⠊⠕⠝⠀⠏⠁⠞⠢⠞⠀⠉⠕⠙⠑⠀⠎⠀⠵⠀⠞⠕⠀⠇⠑⠞⠀⠔⠀
⠠⠑⠝⠛⠇⠊⠩⠍⠢⠀⠃⠀⠑⠭⠉⠇⠥⠙⠑⠀⠮⠀⠠⠽⠁⠝⠅⠑⠑⠎⠂⠀⠋⠀⠱⠕⠍⠀⠮⠀
⠠⠉⠁⠝⠁⠙⠊⠁⠝⠎⠀⠙⠻⠊⠧⠑⠀⠱⠁⠞⠑⠧⠻⠀⠷⠀⠊⠍⠏⠗⠕⠧⠑⠍⠢⠞⠂⠀
⠏⠗⠕⠛⠗⠑⠎⠎⠂⠀⠯⠀⠑⠝⠻⠛⠽⠀⠮⠽⠀⠏⠕⠎⠎⠑⠎⠎⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠔⠔
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠔⠔⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠔⠔⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠔⠔⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠔⠔⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠠⠠⠮⠀⠠⠠⠃⠗⠊⠛⠓⠞⠻⠀⠠⠠⠎⠊⠙⠑⠲⠀⠀⠀⠠⠬⠗⠁⠞⠊⠞⠥⠙⠑⠀
⠎⠑⠇⠙⠕⠍⠀⠑⠝⠞⠻⠎⠀⠊⠝⠞⠕⠀⠮⠀⠉⠕⠍⠏⠕⠎⠊⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠁⠀⠞⠗⠥⠑
⠀⠊⠝⠧⠢⠞⠕⠗⠂⠀⠯⠀⠝⠕⠹⠬⠀⠔⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀⠃⠥⠎⠔⠑⠎⠎⠀⠉⠜⠑⠻⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.