Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Biology / Scientific American Supplement, No. 275, April 9, 1881 / Braille

Scientific American Supplement, No. 275, April 9, 1881 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

280,561 braille cells · 297 embossed pages at 40×25 · 792 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠎⠕⠕⠝⠀⠁⠋⠞⠑⠗⠀⠃⠇⠕⠎⠎⠕⠍⠊⠝⠛⠲⠀⠠⠁⠋⠞⠑⠗⠀⠁⠇⠇⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠑⠭⠏⠑⠗⠊⠍⠑⠝⠞⠎⠀⠍⠁⠙⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠗⠑⠏⠑⠇⠇⠑⠝⠞⠎⠀⠥⠎⠑⠙⠀⠋⠕⠗
⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠏⠇⠥⠍⠀⠉⠥⠗⠉⠥⠇⠊⠕⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠚⠁⠗⠗⠊⠝⠛⠀⠍⠑⠞⠓⠕⠙⠀
⠊⠎⠀⠋⠕⠥⠝⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠍⠕⠎⠞⠀⠑⠋⠋⠊⠉⠊⠑⠝⠞⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠗⠑⠇⠊⠁⠃⠇⠑⠂⠀⠊⠋⠀⠏⠗⠕⠏⠑⠗⠇⠽⠀⠏⠑⠗⠋⠕⠗⠍⠑⠙⠲⠀
⠠⠧⠁⠗⠊⠕⠥⠎⠀⠗⠑⠍⠑⠙⠊⠑⠎⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠊⠝⠎⠑⠉⠞⠎⠀⠎⠕⠍⠑⠞⠊⠍⠑⠎⠀
⠓⠁⠧⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠗⠑⠙⠊⠞⠀⠕⠋⠀⠙⠕⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠺⠕⠗⠅⠂⠀⠊⠋⠀
⠥⠎⠑⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠕⠎⠑⠀⠎⠑⠁⠎⠕⠝⠎⠀⠺⠓⠑⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠊⠝⠎⠑⠉⠞⠎⠀
⠓⠁⠏⠏⠑⠝⠀⠞⠕⠀⠃⠑⠀⠋⠑⠺⠲⠀⠠⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠎⠕⠍⠑⠀⠊⠝⠎⠑⠉⠞⠎⠂⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠥⠎⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠕⠊⠇⠀⠊⠎⠀⠁⠙⠧⠁⠝⠞⠁⠛⠑⠕⠥⠎⠂⠀⠁⠎⠀⠊⠞⠀
⠁⠇⠺⠁⠽⠎⠀⠉⠇⠕⠎⠑⠎⠀⠥⠏⠀⠞⠓⠑⠊⠗⠀⠃⠗⠑⠁⠞⠓⠊⠝⠛⠀⠓⠕⠇⠑⠎⠀
⠁⠝⠙⠀⠎⠥⠋⠋⠕⠉⠁⠞⠑⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠍⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠊⠇⠀⠎⠓⠕⠥⠇⠙⠀⠃⠑⠀
⠍⠊⠭⠑⠙⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠍⠊⠇⠅⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠝⠀⠙⠊⠇⠥⠞⠑⠙⠀⠁⠎⠀
⠗⠑⠟⠥⠊⠗⠑⠙⠂⠀⠁⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠊⠇⠀⠁⠇⠕⠝⠑⠀⠉⠁⠝⠝⠕⠞⠀⠃⠑⠀
⠍⠊⠭⠑⠙⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠺⠁⠞⠑⠗⠲⠀⠠⠁⠎⠀⠁⠀⠛⠑⠝⠑⠗⠁⠇⠀
⠗⠑⠍⠑⠙⠽⠂⠀⠠⠏⠁⠗⠊⠎⠀⠛⠗⠑⠑⠝⠀⠊⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠎⠞⠗⠕⠝⠛⠑⠎⠞⠀
⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠉⠁⠝⠀⠃⠑⠀⠁⠏⠏⠇⠊⠑⠙⠲⠀⠠⠁⠀⠞⠑⠁⠎⠏⠕⠕⠝⠋⠥⠇⠀⠞⠕⠀⠁
⠀⠞⠁⠃⠇⠑⠎⠏⠕⠕⠝⠋⠥⠇⠂⠀⠊⠝⠀⠁⠀⠃⠁⠗⠗⠑⠇⠀⠕⠋⠀⠺⠁⠞⠑⠗⠂⠀⠊⠎
⠀⠑⠝⠕⠥⠛⠓⠲⠀⠠⠓⠕⠞⠀⠺⠁⠞⠑⠗⠀⠊⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠃⠑⠎⠞⠀⠗⠑⠍⠑⠙⠽⠀
⠋⠕⠗⠀⠓⠕⠥⠎⠑⠀⠏⠇⠁⠝⠞⠎⠲⠀⠠⠏⠇⠁⠉⠑⠀⠕⠝⠑⠀⠓⠁⠝⠙⠀⠕⠧⠑⠗⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠎⠕⠊⠇⠂⠀⠊⠝⠧⠑⠗⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠏⠕⠞⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠏⠇⠥⠝⠛⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑
⠀⠋⠕⠇⠊⠁⠛⠑⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠁⠀⠎⠑⠉⠕⠝⠙⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠁⠞⠀⠁⠀⠞⠊⠍⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀
⠺⠁⠞⠑⠗⠀⠓⠑⠁⠞⠑⠙⠀⠞⠕⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠼⠁⠑⠚⠀⠞⠕⠀⠼⠃⠚⠚⠰⠠⠋⠂⠀
⠁⠉⠉⠕⠗⠙⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠕⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠏⠇⠁⠝⠞⠎⠆⠀⠕⠗⠀⠁⠏⠏⠇⠽⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠁
⠀⠋⠊⠝⠑⠀⠗⠕⠎⠑⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠽⠑⠁⠎⠞⠀⠗⠑⠍⠑⠙⠽⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.