,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #bge ,,new ,,york1 ,,april #i1 #ahha ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,no4 #bge4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,! ,v>i\s ,modes ( ,transmitt+ ,p[] to a ,di/ance4 7,cont9u$ f ,no4 #bgd47 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,ar*>d4 ( ,g5eva4--,,ii4 ,compress$ ,air4--,,iii4 ,transmission by ,pressure ,wat]4--,,iv4 ,transmission by ,electricity4--,g5]al ,results ,! ,hot*kiss ,revolv+ ,gun ,float+ ,pontoon ,dock4 #b figures4--,improv$ float+ pontoon dock ,,ii4 ,,te*nology ,,& ,,*emi/ry4--,:eat & ,:eat ,bread4 ,by ,h4 ,,mege ,,m\ries4--,color 9 bread4--,anatomical /ructure & *emical composition ( :eat4--,embryo & coat+ ( ! embryo4-- ,c]eal9e--,phosphate ( calcium4--#a figure1 section ( a gra9 ( :eat1 magnifi$4 ,orig9 ( ,new ,process ,mill+4--,special report to ! ,c5sus ,bureau4 ,by ,,alb]t ,,hopp94--,pres5t /atus ( mill+ /ructures & ma*9]y 9 ,m9neapolis by ,special ,c5sus ,ag5t ,c4 ,w4 ,,johnson4--,communication f ,,george ,t4 ,,smi?4 ,tap = ,eff]vesc+ ,liquids4 #a figure4 ,london ,*emical ,society4--,notes4--,p5ta?ionic acid1 ,mr4 ,,vivian ,,lewes4--,hydroc>bons f ,ros9 ,_s4 ,dr4 ,,arm/rong4--,on ! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,relative ,weight ( ,s+le ,molecules4 ,e4 ,,vogel4--,on ! ,syn!tical ,production ( ,ammonia by ! ,comb9ation ( ,hydrog5 & ,nitrog5 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ,heat$ ,spongy ,plat9um1 ,g4 ,s4 ,,johnson4--,on ! ,oxidation ( ,organic ,matt] 9 ,wat]1 ,a4 ,,d[ns4 ,rose ,oil1 or ,otto ( ,roses4 ,by ,,*as4 ,g4 ,,w>n=d ,,lock4--,s\rces ( rose oil4--,hi/ory--,:]e rose g>d5s are n[ cultivat$ = oil4--,me?ods ( cultivation4--,processes ( di/illation4--,adult]ations ,a ,new ,me?od ( ,prep>+ ,metatoluid9e4 ,by ,,osc> ,,widman4 ,,iii4 ,,agriculture1 ,,horticulture1 ,,etc4--,! ,gu5on ,milk ,mirror4 #a figure4 ,escut*eon ( ! ,j]sey ,bull ,calf1 ,gr& ,mirror4 ,two ,good ,lawn ,trees ,cutt+ ,sods = ,lawns ,horticultural ,notes3 ,new apples1 pe>s1 grapes1 etc4--,discussion on ,grapes4 ,we/]n ,new ,york ,society4--,new pea*es4--,insects affect+ horticulture4--,insect de/roy]s4 ,obs]vations on ! ,salmon ( ! ,pacific4 ,by ,,david ,s4 ,,jordan & ,,*>les ,b4 ,,gilb]t4 ,valuable c5sus report4 ,,iv4 ,,light1 ,,electricity ,,etc4--,relation betwe5 ,electricity & ,light4 ,dr4 ,o4 ,t4 ,lodge's lecture be=e ! ,london ,in/itute4 ,int]e/+ ,electrical ,rese>*es by ,dr4 ,w>r5 de ,la ,rue & ,dr4 ,hugo ,mill]4 ,telephony by ,!rmic ,curr5ts ,! ,telectroscope4 ,by ,moxs4 ,,s5lecq4 #e figures4 ,a successful app>atus = transmitt+ & reproduc+ cam]a pictures by electricity4 ,v4 ,,hygi5e1 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,etc4--,rapid ,brea?+ z a ,pa9 ,obtunde 9 ,m9or ,surg]y1 ,ob/etrics1 ! ,g5]al ,practice ( ,m$ic9e1 & ( ,d5ti/ry4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,a4 ,bonwill's pap] be=e ! ,philadelphia ,c\nty ,m$ical ,society4 #h figures4 ,sphygmographic trac+s4 ,,vi4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,art1 ,,etc4--,arti/'s ,homes4 ,no4 #aa4 ,weirleigh4 ,resid5ce ( ,h>rison ,weir4 ,p]spective & plans4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:eat ,,& ,,:eat ,,bread4 ,by ,h4 ,m,,ge-,,m\ri,s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! int]e/ t has be5 rec5tly excit$ on ! subject ( bread re=m1 we h1 says ! ,london ,mill]1 translat$ ! int]e/+ contribution ( ,h4 ,mge-,m\ris to ! ,imp]ial & ,c5tral ,society ( ,agriculture ( ,france1 & subsequ5tly publi%$ 9 a sep>ate =m 9 #ahfj1 on ,:eat & ,:eat ,bread1 ) ! illu/ration prep>$ by ! au?or = ! contribution4 ,! au?or says3 ,i repeat 9 ?is pamphlet ! pr9cipal facts put =? 9 ! notes issu$ by me1 & 9 ! reports furni%$ by ,mr4 ,*evreul to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 f #ahec up to #ahfj4 ,! /udy ( ! /ructure ( ! :eat b]ry1 its *emical composition1 its alim5t>y value1 its pres]vation1 etc41 is n alone ( int]e/ to sci5ce1 agriculture1 & indu/ry1 b x is wor?y ( attract+ ! att5tion ( gov]nm5ts1 = ?is /udy1 9 its connection to political economy1 is b\nd up ) ! fate & ! prosp]ity ( nations4 ,:eat has be5 cultivat$ f "t immemorial4 ,at fir/ x 0 r\ghly cru%$ & consum$ 9 ! =m ( a ?ick s\p1 or 9 cakes bak$ on an ord9>y he>?4 ,_m c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,egyptians 7 acqua9t$ ) ! means ( mak+ f]m5t$ or leav5$ bread2 aft]w>ds ?is practice spread into ,greece1 & x is f\nd 9 e/eem at ,rome two c5turies ,b4,c42 f ,rome ! new me?od 0 introduc$ among ! ,gauls1 & x is f\nd to-day to exi/ almo/ ! same z x 0 practic$ at t p]iod1 ) ! exception1 ( c\rse1 ( ! consid]able improvem5ts introduc$ 9 ! bak+ & gr9d+4 ,s9ce ! =tunate idea 0 =m$ ( trans=m+ ! :eat into bread1 ?is gra9 has always produc$ :ite bread1 & d>k or br[n bread1 f :i* ! conclusion 0 drawn t x mu/ necess>ily make :ite bread & br[n bread2 on ! o!r h&1 ! fl\rs1 mix$ ) bran1 made a br[ni%1 d\ghy1 & badly ris5 bread1 & x 0 !re=e conclud$ t ! bran1 by its color1 produc$ ?is inf]ior bread4 ,f ?is error1 accept$ z a tru?1 ! mo/ contradictory op9ions ( ! mo/ opposite processes h aris51 :i* are repeat$ at ! pres5t day 9 ! art ( sep>at+ z completely z possible all ! tissues ( ! :eat1 & ( extract+ f ! gra9 only #gj p] c5t ( fl\r fit = mak+ :ite bread4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult = ! obs]v] to admit t a small quantity ( ! ?9 yell[ envelope c1 by a simple m+l+ ) ! crumb ( ! loaf1 color x br[n1 & x is /ill m difficult to admit t ! actual pres5ce ( ^! envelopes c )\t decomposition r5d] bread d\ghy1 badly rais$1 /icky1 & incapable ( swell+ 9 wat]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh "s di/+ui%$ *emi/s d5y or exalt ! nutritive prop]ties ( bran1 agriculturi/s1 tak+ practical obs]vation z pro(1 attribute to t portion ( ! gra9 a physiological action :i* has no?+ 9 common ) pla/ic alim5tation1 & prove t animals weak5$ by a too long usage ( dry fodd]1 are re/or$ to heal? by ! use ( bran1 :i* only seems to act by its pres5ce1 s9ce ! great] portion ( x1 z already demon/rat$ by ,mr4 ,poggiale1 is pass$ ?r\gh ) ! excrem5t4 ,) ^! op9ions1 app>5tly s oppos$1 x evid5tly results t !re is an unkn[n factor at ! bottom ( ! "q2 x is ! nature ( ?is factor ,i wi% to f9d out1 & x 0 aft] ! discov]y t ,i 0 able to expla9 ! nature ( br[n bread1 & its role 9 ! alim5tation ( animals4 ,we h !n to exam9e ! causes ( ! production ( br[n bread1 to /ate :y :ite bread kills animals f$ exclusively on x1 :ile bread mix$ ) bran makes !m live4 ,we h to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( panification1 ! op]ations ( gr9d+1 & to expla9 ! means ( prep>+ a bread m economical & m favorable to heal?4 ,to expla9 ?is "q cle>ly & briefly we mu/ fir/ be acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s sub/ances =m+ ! b]ry1 _! nature1 _! position1 & _! prop]ties4 ,?is we %all d ) ! aid ( ! illu/ration giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,a ,,gra9 ,,( ,,:eat ,,magnifi$4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,diagram4 #a4--,sup]ficial ,coat+ ( ! ,epid]mis1 sev]$ at ! ,crease ( ! ,k]nel4 #b4--,section ( ,epid]mis1 ,av]ages ( ! ,weight ( ! ,:ole ,gra91 4 #c4--;,epic>p1 d4 d4 d4 #a 4 #d4--;,endoc>p1 d4 d4 d4 #a 4 #e4--,te/a or ,episp]m1 d4 d4 d4 #b 4 #f4--;,embryo ,membrane 7) imag9>y spaces 9 :ite on bo? sides to make x di/9ct74 #g4 _/ ,gluton\s ,cells #h4 ,endosp]m conta9+ d4 d4 #ij 4 #i4_/ ,f>9acc\s ,matt] _/ ,,anatomical ,,/ructure ,,& ,,*emical ,,composition ,,( ,,:eat4 ,! figure repres5ts ! longitud9al cut ( a gra9 ( :eat2 x 0 made by tak+1 ) ! aid ( ! microscope & ( photography1 ! draw+ ( a l>ge quantity ( fragm5ts1 :i*1 jo9$ toge!r at la/1 produc$ ! figure ( ! entire cut4 ,^! multipli$ results 7 necess>y to appreciate ! ins]tion ( ! tegum5ts & _! nature 9 e "p ( ! b]ry2 9 ?is long & difficult "w ,i h be5 aid$ by ! co-op]ation ( ,mr4 ,b]ts*1 :o1 z is kn[n1 has discov]$ a means ( fix+ rapidly by photography any image f ! microscope4 ,i mu/ /ate1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ev5 9 #ahcg ,mr4 ,pay5 /udi$ & publi%$ ! /ructure & ! composition ( a fragm5t ( a gra9 ( :eat2 t ?is le>n$ *emi/1 ^: au?ority 9 su* matt]s is kn[n1 p]fectly describ$ ! envelopes or cov]+s1 & indicat$ ! pres5ce ( v>i\s imm$iate pr9ciples 7especially ( azote1 fatty & m9]al sub/ances :i* fill up ! range ( contigu\s cells betwe5 !m & ! p]iph]y ( ! p]isp]m1 to ! exclusion ( ! glut5 & ! />*y granules71 z well z to ! mode ( ins]tion ( ! granules ( />* 9 ! glut5 conta9$ 9 ! cells1 ) n>r[ divisions f ! p]isp]m1 & 9 su* a mann] t up to ! po9t ( work+ indicat$ by ! figure #a ?is /udy 0 complete4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h be5 oblig$ to recomm5ce x1 to /udy ! special facts be>+ on ! alim5t>y "q1 & ,i mu/ say t all ! results obta9$ by ,mr4 ,b]ts*1 ,mr4 ,trcul1 & myself agree ) ^? giv5 by ,mr4 ,pay54 ,,envelopes ,,( ,,! ,,b]ry4 ,no4 #a repres5ts a sup]ficial side ( ! crease4 ,no4 #b indicates ! epid]mis or cuticle4 ,?is cov]+ is extremely light1 & (f]s no?+ rem>kable2 #ajj lb4 ( :eat conta9 lb4 ( x4 ,no4 #c indicates ! epic>p4 ,?is envelope is di/+ui%$ by a d\ble r[ ( long & po9t$ vessels2 x is1 l ! fir/ "o1 v light & )\t action2 #ajj lb4 ( :eat conta9 #a lb4 ( x4 ,no4 #d repres5ts ! endoc>p1 or la/ tegum5t ( ! b]ry2 ! s>coc>p1 :i* %\ld be f\nd betwe5 ! numb]s #b & #c1 no long] exi/s1 hav+ be5 absorb$4 ,! endoc>p is rem>kable by its r[ ( r\nd & regul> cells1 :i* appe> 9 ! cut l a cont9u\s /r+ ( beads2 #ajj lb4 ( :eat conta9 #a lb4 ( x4 ,^! ?ree envelopes are colorless1 light1 & spongy2 _! elem5t>y composition is t ( /raw2 !y are easily remov$ besides ) ! aid ( damp & friction4 ,?is prop]ty has giv5 rise to an op]ation call$ decortication1 ! results ( :i* we %all exam9e lat] on f an indu/rial po9t ( view4 ,! :ole ( ! envelopes ( ! b]ry ( :eat am\nt to #c lb4 9 #ajj lb4 ( :eat4 ,,envelopes ,,& ,,tissues ,,( ,,! ,,b]ry ,,prop]4 ,no4 #e indicates ! te/a or episp]m4 ,?is ext]nal tegum5t ( ! b]ry is clos] ?an ! prec$+ ones2 x conta9s 9 ! v small cells two color+ matt]s1 ! "o ( a pali% yell[1 ! o!r ( an orange yell[1 & accord+ z ! "o or ! o!r matt] pr$om9ates1 ! :eat is ( a m or less int5se yell[ color2 h5ce come all ! v>ieties ( :eat kn[n 9 comm]ce z :ite1 r$di%1 or r$ :eats4 ,"u ?is tegum5t is f\nd a v ?91 colorless membrane1 :i*1 ) ! te/a or episp]m1 =ms two p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! :eat4 ,no4 #f indicates ! embry\s membrane1 :i* is only an expansion ( ! g]m or embryo ,no4 #aj4 ,?is membrane is se5 purposely remov$ f its contigu\s p>ts1 s z to r5d] m visible its =m & ins]tions4 ,"u ?is tissue is f\nd ) ! ,nos4 #g1 #h1 & #i1 ! endosp]m or p]isp]m1 conta9+ ! glut5 & ! />*2 soluble & insoluble album9oids1 t is to say1 ! fl\r4 ,! endosp]m & ! embry\s membrane are ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( ! b]ry2 ! fir/ is "o ( ! depots ( ! pla/ic alim5ts1 ! second conta9s ag5ts capable ( dissolv+ ^! alim5ts dur+ ! g]m9ation1 ( det]m9+ _! absorption 9 ! dige/ive organs ( animals1 & ( produc+ 9 ! d\gh a decomposition /rong en\gh to make d>k bread4 ,we %all proce$ to exam9e sep>ately ^! two p>ts ( ! b]ry4 ,,endosp]m ,,or ,,fl\ry ,,portion1 ,,nos4 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,?is portion is compos$ ( l>ge glut9\s cells1 9 :i* ! granules ( />* are f\nd4 ,! composition ( ^! diff]5t lay]s (f]s a p>ticul> int]e/2 ! c5t]1 ,no4 #i1 is ! s(te/ "p2 x conta9s ! lea/ glut5 & ! mo/ />*2 x is ! "p :i* fir/ pulv]izes "u ! /one1 & gives1 aft] ! fir/ bolt+1 ! f9e fl\r4 ,z ?is fl\r is poore/ 9 glut51 x makes a d\gh ) little consi/5cy1 & incapable ( mak+ an op5 bread1 well rais$4 ,! fir/ lay]1 ,no4 #h1 :i* surr\nds ! c5t]1 produces small :ite middl+s1 h>d] & ri*] 9 glut5 ?an ! c5t]2 x bakes v well1 & weighs #bj lb4 9 #ajj1 & x is ^! #bj p>ts 9 #ajj :i*1 :5 mix$ ) ! #ej p>ts 9 ! c5t]1 =m ! f9e/ quality fl\r1 us$ = mak+ :ite bread4 ,! lay] ,no4 #g1 :i* surr\nds ! prec$+ "o1 is /ill h>d] & ri*] 9 glut52 un=tunately 9 ! r$uction x becomes mix$ ) "s hundr$? p>ts ( ! bran1 :i* r5d] x unsuitable = mak+ bread ( ! f9e/ quality2 x produces 9 ! regr9d+ l[] grade & d>k fl\rs1 toge!r weigh+ #g p] c5t4 ,! ext]nal lay]1 naturally adh]+ to ! membrane1 ,no4 #f1 becomes mix$ 9 ! gr9d+ ) bran1 to ! ext5t ( ab\t #bj p] c5t41 :i* r5d]s x unsuitable ev5 = mak+ br[n bread2 x s]ves to =m ! regr9d+s & ! (fals de/9$ = ! n\ri%m5t ( animals2 ?is lay] is1 h[ev]1 ! h>de/1 & conta9s ! l>ge/ quantity ( glut51 & x is by consequ5ce ! mo/ nutritive4 ,we n[ see ! endosp]m increas+ f ! c5t]1 =m$ ( fl\ry lay]s1 :i* augm5t 9 ri*ness 9 glut51 9 proportion z !y are remov$ f ! c5t]4 ,n[1 z ! fl\rs make m bread 9 proportion to ! quantity ( glut5 !y conta91 & ! glut5 gives m bread 9 proportion to its be+ m develop$1 or hav+ m consi/5ce1 x foll[s t ! fl\r belong+ to ! p>ts ( ! b]ry ne>e/ ! envelopes or cov]+s %\ld produce ! greate/ portion ( bread1 & ?is is :at takes place 9 effect4 ,! product ( ! diff]5t lay]s ( ! endosp]m is giv5 bel[1 & x w be se5 t ! quantity ( bread increases 9 a proportion relatively great] ?an t ( ! glut51 :i* proves once m t ! glut5 ( ! c5t] or la/ =mation has less consi/5ce ?an t ( ! o!r lay]s ( old] =mation4 ,! foll[+ are ! results obta9$ f ! same :eat3 ,glut54 ,bread4 #ajj p>ts ( fl\r 9 c5t] conta944 #h & produce #abh fir/ lay] 44 #i1b #acf second 44 #aa #adj ext]nal 44 #ac #ade ,on ! :ole1 x is se51 accord+ to ! composition ( ! fl\ry "p ( ! gra91 t ! b]ry conta9s on an av]age #ij p>ts 9 #ajj ( fl\r fit = mak+ bread ( ! fir/ quality1 & t ! inevitable mix+ 9 ( a small quantity ( bran r$uces ^! #ij to #gj p>ts ) ! ord9>y processes2 b ! loss is n alone !re1 = ! =ego+ table %[s t ! be/ portion ( ! gra9 is reject$ f ! food ( man t br[n or d>k bread is made ( fl\r ( v good quality1 & t ! fir/ quality bread is made f ! portion ( ! endosp]m conta9+ ! glut5 9 ! smalle/ quantity & 9 ! lea/ develop$ =m4 ,?is is a consid]ation n to be pass$ ov] lightly2 assur$ly ! glut5 ( ! c5t] conta9s z mu* azote z ! glut5 ( ! circumf]5ce1 b x mu/ n be admitt$ 9 a g5]al way t ! alim5t>y p[] ( a body is 9 connection ) ! am\nt ( azote x conta9s1 & )\t ent]+ into consid]ations :i* w\ld c>ry u too wide ( ! subject1 we %all simply /ate t if ! fle% ( "y animals1 z1 = in/ance1 ! calf1 has a debilitat+ action1 :ile ! develop$ fle% ( full-gr[n animals--( a heif]1 = example--has really n\ri%+ prop]ties1 al?\gh ! fle% ( ea* animal conta9s ! same quantity ( azote1 we mu/ conclude t ! proportion ( elem5ts is n ev]y?+1 & t ! azotic or nitrog5\s elem5ts are m n\ri%+ 9 proportion z !y are m develop$4 ,?is is :y ! glut5 ( ! lay]s ne>e/ ! bran is ( q a special int]e/ f ! po9t ( view ( alim5tation & 9 ! prep>ation ( bread4 ,,! ,,embryo ,,& ,,! ,,coat+ ,,( ,,! ,,embryo4 ,to be intelligible1 ,i mu/ comm5ce by "s v brief rem>ks on ! tissues ( vegetables4 ,!re are two sorts di/+ui%$ among plants2 "s seem ( no importance 9 ! ph5om5a ( nutrition2 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 t5d to ! assimilation ( ! organic or inorganic compon5ts :i* %\ld n\ri% & develop all ! p>ts ( ! plant4 ,! latt] h a /rik+ analogy ) f]m5ts2 _! composition is almo/ simil>1 & _! action is increas$ or dim9i%$ by ! same causes4 ,^! tissues1 =m$ 9 a /ate ( repose 9 vegetables z 9 gra91 h special prop]ties2 ?us ! b]ry possesses a p]ic>p ^: tissues %\ld rema9 =eign to ! ph5om5a ( g]m9ation1 & ^! tissues %[ no p>ticul>ity wor?y ( rem>k1 b ! coat+ ( ! embryo1 :i* %\ld play an active "p1 possesses1 on ! contr>y1 prop]ties t may be comp>$ to ^? ( f]m5ts4 ,) reg>d to ^! f]m5ts1 ,i mu/ fur!r rem>k t ,i h n be5 able1 nor am ,i yet able1 to express 9 =mula my op9ion ( ! nature ( ^! bodies1 b little kn[n z yet2 ,i h only made use ( ! language mo/ly employ$1 )\t wi%+ to t\* on que/ions rais$ by ! effects ( ! pres5ce1 & by ! m complex effects ( liv+ bodies1 :i* ex]cise analog\s actions4 ,) ^! res]vations ,i %all proce$ to exam9e ! tissues 9 ! b]ry :i* help t[>d ! g]m9ation4 ,,! ,,embryo 7#aj1 see woodcut7 is compos$ ( ! root ( ! plant1 ) :i* we h no?+ to d "h4 ,?is root ( ! plant :i* is to gr[ is emb$d$ 9 a mass ( cells full ( fatty bodies4 ,^! bodies pres5t ?is rem>kable p>ticul>ity1 t !y conta9 among _! elem5ts sulphur & phosphorus4 ,:5 y dehydrate by alcohol #ajj grammes ( ! embryo ( :eat1 obta9$ by ! same means z ! membrane 7a process indicat$ lat] on71 ?is embryo1 treat$ ) e!r1 produces #bj grammes ( oils compos$ elem5t>ily ( hydrog51 oxyg51 c>bon1 azote1 sulphur1 & phosphorus4 ,?is analysis1 made accord+ to ! means indicat$ by ,m4 ,fremy1 %[s t ! fatty bodies ( ! embryo are compos$ l ^? ( ! g]m ( an egg1 l ^? ( ! bra9 & ( ! n]v\s sy/em ( animals4 ,x is necess>y = u to /op an in/ant at ?is fact3 9 ! fir/ place1 because x proves t vegetables are design$ to =m ! phosphoric z well z ! nitrog5\s & t]n>y alim5ts1 & f9ally1 because x indicates h[ important x is to mix ! embryo & its dep5d5ts ) ! bread 9 ! mo/ complete mann] possible1 see+ t a l>ge portion ( ^! phosphoric bodies always become decompos$ dur+ ! bak+4 ,,coat+ ,,( ,,! ,,embryo4--,?is membrane 7#f71 :i* is only an expansion ( ! embryo1 surr\nds ! endosp]m2 x is compos$ ( beautiful irregul> cubic cells1 dim9i%+ accord+ z !y come ne>] to ! embryo4 ,^! cells are compos$1 fir/1 ( ! insoluble cellul> tissue2 second1 ( phosphate ( *alk & fatty phosphoric bodies2 ?ird1 ( soluble c]eal9e4 ,9 ord] to /udy ! composition & ! nature ( ?is tissue1 x mu/ be completely isolat$1 & ?is result is obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! :eat %\ld be damp$ ) wat] conta9+ #aj p>ts 9 #ajj ( alcoholiz$ cau/ic soda2 at ! expiration ( "o h\r ! envelopes ( ! p]ic>p1 & ( ! te/a ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 %\ld be sep>at$ by friction 9 a co>se clo?1 hav+ be5 r$uc$ by ! action ( ! alkali to a pulpy /ate2 ea* b]ry %\ld !n be op5$ sep>ately to remove ! portion ( ! envelope held 9 ! fold ( ! crease1 & !n all ! b]ries divid$ 9 two are put into ?ree p>ts ( wat] *>g$ ) "o-hundr$? ( cau/ic pota%4 ,?is liquid dissolves ! glut51 divides ! />*1 & at ! expiration ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! p>ts ( ! b]ries are knead$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 collect$ 9 pure wat]1 & wa%$ until ! wat] issues cle>2 ^! membranes ) _! embryos1 :i* are (t5 deta*$ by ?is op]ation1 are ca/ into wat] acidulat$ ) "o-hundr$? ( hydro*loric acid1 & at ! end ( sev]al h\rs !y %\ld be completely wa%$4 ,! product obta9$ consi/s ( beautiful :ite membranes1 insoluble 9 alkalies & dilut$ acids1 :i* %[ "u ! microscope beautiful cells jo9$ 9 a tissue foll[+ ! embryo1 ) :i* x has inde$ a /rik+ analogy 9 its prop]ties & composition4 ,?is membrane1 exhau/$ by ! alcohol & e!r1 gives1 by an elem5t>y analysis1 hydrog51 oxyg51 c>bon1 & azote4 ,un=tunately1 "u ! action ( ! te/s ?is membrane has be5 kill$1 & x no long] possesses ! special prop]ties ( active tissues4 ,among ^! prop]ties ?ree may be especially m5tion$3 #a/4 ,its resi/ance to wat] *>g$ ) a m9]al salt1 su* z sea salt = in/ance #b;d4 ,its action ?r\gh its pres5ce4 #c;d4 ,its action z a f]m5t4 ,! action ( saltwat] is expla9$ z foll[s3 ,:5 ! b]ry is plung$ into pure wat] x w be obs]v$ t ! wat] p5etrates 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs to ! v c5t] ( ! endosp]m1 b if wat] *>g$ or saturat$ ) sea salt be us$1 x w be se5 t ! liquid imm$iately passes ?r\gh ! tegum5ts ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e1 & /ops abruptly be=e ! embryo membrane ,no4 #f1 :i* w rema9 q dry & brittle = sev]al days1 ! b]ry rema9+ all ! "t 9 ! wat]4 ,%\ld ! wat] p5etrate fur!r aft] sev]al days1 x c be asc]ta9$ t ! entrance 0 ga9$ ?r\gh ! "p ,no #aj free ( ?is tissue1 & ?is not)/&+ ! cells are full ( fatty bodies4 ,?is membrane alone produces ?is action1 = if ! coat+s ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e be remov$1 ! resi/ance to ! liquid rema9s ! same1 :ile if ! :ole1 or a portion ( x1 be divid$1 ei!r by friction betwe5 two mill/ones or by simple incisions1 ! liquid p5etrates ! b]ry )9 a few h\rs4 ,?is prop]ty is analog\s to t ( ! radicules ( roots1 :i* take up ! bodies mo/ suitable = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! plant4 ,x proves1 besides1 t ?is membrane1 l all ^? end[$ ) life1 does n obey m ! ord9>y laws ( p]meability ?an ^? ( *emical aff9ity1 & ?is prop]ty c be turn$ to advantage 9 ! pres]vation ( gra9 9 decortication & gr9d+4 ,to det]m9e ! action ( ?is tissue ?r\gh its pres5ce1 take #ajj grammes ( :eat1 wa% x & remove ! fir/ coat+ by decortication2 !n imm]se x = sev]al h\rs 9 lukew>m wat]1 & dry aft]w>ds 9 an ord9>y temp]ature4 ,x %\ld !n be r$uc$ 9 a small c(fee mill1 ! fl\r & middl+s sep>at$ by sift+ & ! bran repass$ ?r\gh a ma*9e t w cru% x )\t break+ x2 !n dress x aga91 & repeat ! op]ation six times at lea/4 ,! bran n[ obta9$ is compos$ ( ! embry\s membrane1 a little fl\r adh]+ to x1 & "s traces ( ! tegum5ts ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e4 ,?is co>se tissue-weighs ab\t #ad grammes1 & to det]m9e its action ?r\gh its pres5ce1 place x 9 #bjj grammes ( wat] at a temp]ature ( #hf2 aft]w>ds press x4 ,! liquid t escapes conta9s *iefly ! fl\r & c]eal9e4 ,filt] ?is liquid1 & put x 9 a te/ glass m>k$ ,no4 #a1 :i* w s]ve to det]m9e ! action ( ! c]eal9e4 ,! bran %\ld n[ be wa%$ until ! wat] issues pure1 & until x %[s no blui% color :5 iodiz$ wat] & sulphuric acid are add$2 :5 ! wa%+ is f9i%$ ! bran swoll5 by ! wat] is plac$ "u a press1 & ! liquid extract$ is plac$1 aft] be+ filt]$1 9 a te/ tube4 ,?is te/ tube s]ves to %[ t all c]eal9e has be5 remov$ f ! blades ( ! tissue4 ,f9ally1 ^! small blades ( bran1 wa%$ & press$1 are ca/1 ) #ej grammes ( lukew>m wat]1 into a te/ tube1 m>k$ ,no4 #c2 #ajj grammes ( dilut$ />* to "o-t5? ( dry />* are !n add$ 9 ea* te/ tube1 & !y are put into a wat] ba? at a temp]ature ( #ajd ,fahr5heit1 be+ /irr$ lightly e fifte5 m9utes4 ,at ! expiration ( an h\r1 or at ! mo/ an h\r & a half1 ,no4 #a glass no long] conta9s any />*1 z x has be5 conv]t$ into dextr9e & glucose by ! c]eal9e1 & ! iodiz$ wat] only produces a purple color4 ,no4 #b glass1 ) ! same addition1 produces a blui% color1 & pres]ves ! />* intact1 :i* proves t ! bran 0 well fre$ f ! c]eal9e conta9$4 ,no4 #c glass1 l ,no4 #a1 %[s a purple color+1 & ! liquid only conta9s1 9 place ( ! />*1 dextr9e & glucose1 i4 e1 ! tissue has _h ! same action z ! c]eal9e depriv$ ( ! tissue1 & ! c]eal9e z ! tissue fre$ f c]eal9e4 ,! same membrane rewa%$ c aga9 trans=m ! dilut$ />* sev]al times4 ,?is action is due to ! pres5ce ( ! embry\s membrane1 = aft] f\r consecutive op]ations x /ill pres]ves its orig9al weight4 ,z reg>ds ! rema9s ( ! o!r segm5ts1 !y h no influ5ce on ?is ph5om5on1 = ! coat+ ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e1 sep>at$ by ! wat] & friction1 h no action :atev] on ! dilut$ />*4 ,besides its action ?r\gh its pres5ce1 :i* is imm$iate1 ! embry\s membrane may also act z a f]m5t1 active only aft] a developm5t1 v>y+ 9 duration accord+ to ! conditions ( temp]ature & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( f]m5ts 9 act+4 ,i make a di/9ction "h z is se51 betwe5 ! action ?r\gh be+ pres5t1 & ! action ( real f]m5ts1 b x is n my int5tion to approve or disapprove ( ! diff]5t op9ions express$ on ?is subject4 ,i make use ( ^! expressions only to expla9 m cle>ly ! ph5om5a ,i h to speak (1 = x is our duty to be> 9 m9d t ! real f]m5ts only act aft] a long] or %ort] p]iod ( developm5t1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! effects ?r\gh pres5ce are imm$iate4 ,i n[ return to ! embry\s membrane4 ,v>i\s causes increase or decrease ! action ( ?is tissue1 b x may be said 9 g5]al t all ! ag5ts t kill ! embry\s membrane w also kill ! c]eal9e4 ,?is 0 ! reason :y ,i at fir/ attribut$ ! production ( d>k bread exclusively to ! latt] f]m5t1 b x 0 easy to obs]ve t dur+ ! bak+1 decompositions result$ at ov] #aeh ,fah41 :ile ! c]eal9e 0 /ill coagulat$1 & t bread conta9+ bran1 submitt$ to #bab ( heat1 became liquefi$ 9 wat] at #ajd4 ,x 0 n[ easy to det]m9e t d>k fl\rs1 f :i* ! c]eal9e _h be5 remov$ by repeat$ wa%+s1 /ill produc$ d>k bread4 ,x 0 at ?is "t1 9 rememb]+ my exp]i5ces ) organic bodies1 ,i det]m9$ ! prop]ties ( ! insoluble tissue1 depriv$ ( ! soluble c]eal9e1 ) analog\s prop]ties1 b di/+ui%$ n alone by its solid organization & /ate ( insolubility1 b also by its resi/ance to heat1 :i* acts z on yea/4 ,!re exi/s1 9 reality1 ,i repeat1 a resemblance betwe5 ! embry\s membrane & ! yea/2 !y h ! same imm$iate composition2 !y are de/roy$ by ! same poisons1 dead5$ by ! same temp]atures1 annihilat$ by ! same ag5ts1 propagat$ 9 an analog\s mann]1 & x might be said t ! organic tissues end[$ ) life are only an agglom]ation ( fix$ cells ( f]m5ts4 ,at all ev5ts1 :5 ! blades ( ! embry\s membrane1 prep>$ z already /at$1 are expos$ to a wat] ba? at #bab1 ?is tissue1 9 contact ) ! dilut$ />*1 produces ! same decomposition2 ! contact1 h[ev]1 %\ld cont9ue two or ?ree h\rs 9 place ( "o4 ,if1 in/ead ( plac+ ^! membranes 9 ! wat] ba?1 !y are envelop$ 9 two p\nds ( d\gh1 & ?is d\gh put 9 ! ov51 aft] ! bak+ ! wa%$ membranes produce ! same results1 :i* especially proves t ?is membrane c support a temp]ature ( #bab ,fah4 )\t disorganization4 ,we %all ref] to ?is prop]ty 9 speak+ ( ! ph5om5a ( panification4 ,,c]eal9e4--,! cells compos+ ! embry\s membrane conta91 z already /at$1 ! c]eal9e1 b aft] ! g]m9ation !y conta9 c]eal9e & dia/ase1 t is to say1 a portion ( ! c]eal9e *ang$ into dia/ase1 ) :i* x has ! greate/ analogy4 ,x is kn[n h[ difficult x is to isolate & /udy album9\s sub/ances4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( obta9+ & /udy+ c]eal9e4 ,take ! raw embry\s membrane1 prep>$ z /at$1 /eep x = an h\r 9 spirits ( w9e dilut$ ) twice its volume ( wat]1 & r5ew ?is liquid sev]al times until ! dextr9e1 glucose1 color+ matt]s1 etc41 h be5 completely remov$4 ,! membranes %\ld n[ be press$ & ca/ into a quantity ( wat] suffici5t to make a fluid pa/e ( !m1 squeeze out ! mixture1 filt] ! liquid obta9$1 & ?is liquid w conta9 ! c]eal9e suffici5tly pure to be /udi$ 9 its effects4 ,its pr9cipal prop]ties are3 ,! liquid evaporat$ at a l[ temp]ature produces an amorph\s1 r\gh mass ne>ly colorless1 & almo/ entirely soluble 9 di/ill$ wat]2 ?is solution coagulates betwe5 #aeh & #afg ,fah41 & ! coagulum is insoluble 9 acids & weak alkalies2 ! solution is precipitat$ by all dilut$ acids1 by phosphoric acid at all ! degrees ( hydration1 & ev5 by a curr5t ( c>bonic acid4 ,all ^! precipitates r$issolve ) an excess ( acid1 sulphuric acid except$4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid =ms an insoluble d[ny :ite precipitate1 & ! conc5trat$ vegetable acids1 ) ! exception ( tannic acid1 d n det]m9e any precipitate4 ,c]eal9e coagulat$ by an acid r$issolves 9 an excess ( ! same acid1 b x has become dead & has no m action on ! />*4 ,! alkalies d n =m any precipitate1 b !y kill ! c]eal9e z if x _h be5 precipitat$ ,! neutral r5net does n make any precipitate 9 a solution ( c]eal9e--#e c5tigrammes ( dry c]eal9e trans=m 9 tw5ty-five m9utes #aj grammes ( />*1 r$uc$ to a pa/e by #ajj grammes ( wat] at #aac ,fah4 ,x w be se5 t c]eal9e has a gr& analogy ) album5 & legum9e1 b x is di/+ui%$ f !m by ! action ( ! r5net1 ( ! heat ( acids1 alcohol1 & above all by its prop]ty ( trans=m+ ! />* into glucose & dextr9e4 ,x may be said t "s album9\s sub/ances h ?is prop]ty1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ^! bodies1 l glut51 = example1 only possess x aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! decomposition4 ,! album9\s matt] approa*+ ne>e/ to c]eal9e is ! dia/ase1 = x is only a trans=mation ( ! c]eal9e dur+ ! g]m9ation1 ! pro( ( :i* may be _h 9 analyz+ ! embry\s membrane1 :i* %[s m dia/ase & less c]eal9e 9 proportion to ! advancem5t ( ! g]m9ation3 x diff]s1 h[ev]1 f ! dia/ase by ! action ( heat1 alcohol1 etc4 ,x is se5 t 9 e case ! c]eal9e & ! embry\s membrane act toge!r1 & 9 an analog\s mann]2 we %all %ortly exam9e _! effects on ! dige/ion & 9 ! ph5om5a ( panification4 ,,phosphate ,,( ,,calcium4--,mr4 ,pay5 0 ! fir/ to make ! obs]vation t ! greate/ am\nt ( phosphate ( *alk is f\nd 9 ! tegum5ts adjo9+ ! f>9ace\s or fl\ry mass4 ,?is obs]vation is important f two po9ts ( view2 9 ! fir/ place1 x %[s u t ?is m9]al alim5t1 necess>y to ! life ( animals1 is reject$ f ord9>y bread2 & 9 ! next place1 x br+s a new pro( t phosphate ( *alk is f\nd1 & ought to be f\nd1 9 ev]yplace :]e !re are membranes susceptible ( ex]cis+ vital functions among animals z well z vegetables4 ,phosphate ( *alk is n 9 reality 7z ,i wi%$ to prove 9 ano!r "w7 a pla/ic matt] suitable = =m+ bones1 = ! bones ( infants are ?ree times m solid ?an ^? ( old m51 :i* conta9 ?ree times z mu* ( x4 ,! quantity ( phosphate ( *alk necess>y to ! con/itution ( animals is 9 proportion to ! temp]ature ( ^? animals1 & (t5 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! weight ( _! bones1 = vegetables1 al?\gh !y h no bones1 require phosphate ( *alk4 ,?is is because ?is salt is ! natural /imulant ( liv+ membranes1 & ! bony tissue is only a depot ( phosphate ( *alk1 analog\s to ! adipose tissue1 ! fat ( :i* is absorb$ :5 ! alim5tation com+ f ! ext]ior becomes insuffici5t4 ,n[1 z we "k all ! p>ts con/itut+ ! b]ry ( :eat1 x w be easy to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( panification1 & to conclude f ! pres5t mom5t t x is n indiff]5t to reject f ! bread ?is embry\s membrane :]e ! ag5ts ( dige/ion are f\nd1 viz41 ! phosphoric bodies & ! phosphate ( *alk4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,new ,,process ,,mill+4 ,! foll[+ article 0 writt5 by ,alb]t ,hopp91 editor ( ! ,nor?we/]n ,mill]1 at ! reque/ ( ,special ,ag5t ,*as4 ,w4 ,johnson1 & =ms a "p ( 8 report to ! c5sus bureau on ! manufactur+ indu/ries ( ,m9neapolis4 ,! developm5t ( ! mill+ indu/ry 9 ?is city has be5 s intimately connect$ ) ! gr[? & prosp]ity ( ! city itself1 t ! /eps by :i* ! art ( mill+ has rea*$ its pres5t high /ate ( p]fection are wor?y ( note1 especially z ,m9neapolis may rightly claim ! honor ( hav+ br\ght ! improvem5ts1 :i* h )9 ! la/ decade s ?or\ghly revolutioniz$ ! art ( mak+ fl\r1 fir/ into public notice1 & ( hav+ contribut$ ! l>ge/ %>e ( capital & inv5tive skill to _! full developm5t4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case t ! clu/] ( mills ar\nd ! ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony is to-day look$ ^u z ! head-c5t] ( ! mill+ indu/ry n only ( ?is c\ntry1 b ( ! _w4 ,an exception to ?is broad /atem5t may possibly be made 9 favor ( ! city ( ,buda ,pe/1 9 ,au/ro-,hung>y1 f ! lead+ mills 9 :i* ! mill]s 9 ?is c\ntry h obta9$ _m valuable ideas4 ,to ! cr$it ( ,am]ican mill]s & millwrights x mu/1 h[ev]1 be said t !y h 9 all cases improv$ ^u ! in=mation !y h ?us obta9$4 ,to rightly und]/& ! *ange t has tak5 place 9 mill+ me?ods dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 x is necess>y to comp>e ! old way ) ! new1 & to obs]ve :]e9 !y diff]4 ,f ! days ( ,oliv] ,evans1 ! fir/ ,am]ican me*anic to make any improvem5t 9 mill+ ma*9]y1 until #ahgj1 !re 01 if we may except "s gra9 clean+ or smut ma*9es1 no v /rongly m>k$ advance 9 mill+ ma*9]y or 9 ! me?ods ( manufactur+ fl\r4 ,x is true t ! reel cov]$ ) f9ely-wov5 silk bolt+ clo? _h tak5 ! place ( ! musl9 or wool5 cov]$ h& sieve1 & t ! old granite mill/ones h giv5 place to ! ,fr5* burr2 b ^! did n affect ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! modus op]&i1 al?\gh ! quality ( ! product 01 no d\bt1 mat]ially improv$4 ,! processes employ$ 9 all ! mills 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t5 ye>s ago 7 id5tical1 or v ne>ly s1 ) ^? 9 use 9 ! ,br&yw9e ,mills 9 ,evans's day4 ,!y 7 v simple1 & may be divid$ into two di/9ct op]ations4 ,fir/4 ,gr9d+ 7lit]ally7 ! :eat4 ,second4 ,bolt+ or sep>at+ ! fl\r or int]ior portion ( ! b]ry f ! out] husk1 or bran4 ,x may seem to "s a ra% ass]tion1 b ?is primitive way ( mak+ fl\r is /ill 9 vogue 9 ov] "o-half ( ! mills ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 affect ! tru? ( ! /atem5t t ! great] "p ( ! fl\r n[ made 9 ?is c\ntry is made on an entirely diff]5t & va/ly-improv$ sy/em1 :i* has come to be kn[n to ! trade z ! new process4 ,9 look+ = a reason = ! sudd5 activity & _s ( progress :i* _h its culm9ation 9 ! new process1 ! "* ( ! :eat rais$ 9 ! diff]5t sections ( ! ,union mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,:eat may be divid$ into two classes1 spr+ & w9t]1 ! latt] g5]ally be+ m />*y & easily pulv]iz$1 & at ! same "t hav+ a v t\gh bran or husk1 :i* does n readily crumble or cut to pieces 9 ! process ( gr9d+4 ,x 0 ) ?is :eat t ! mills ( ! c\ntry _h *iefly to d1 & ! defects ( ! old sy/em ( mill+ 7 n !n s app>5t4 ,) ! settlem5t ( ,m9nesota1 & ! developm5t ( its capacities z a :eat-gr[+ ,/ate1 a new factor 9 ! mill+ problem 0 introduc$1 :i* = a "t bid fair to ru9 e mill] :o und]took to solve x4 ,! :eat rais$ 9 ?is ,/ate 01 f ! climatic conditions1 a spr+ :eat1 h>d 9 /ructure & hav+ a ?91 t5d]1 & friable bran4 ,9 mill+ ?is :eat1 if an attempt 0 made to gr9d x z f9e z 0 !n cu/om>y to gr9d w9t] :eat1 ! bran 0 gr\nd almo/ z f9e z ! fl\r1 & pass$ z readily ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! bolt+ reels or sieves1 r5d]+ ! fl\r d>k1 specky1 & altoge!r unfit to ent] ! ,ea/]n m>kets 9 competition ) fl\r f ! w9t] :eat sections4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! gr9d+ 0 n s f9e z to break up ! bran1 ! int]ior ( ! b]ry be+ h>d] to pulv]ize1 0 n r5d]$ suffici5tly f9e1 & !re rema9$ aft] ! fl\r 0 bolt$ out a l>ge p]c5tage ( %orts or middl+s1 :i*1 :ile conta9+ ! /ronge/ & be/ fl\r 9 ! b]ry1 7 s full ( dirt & impurities z to r5d] !m unfit = any fur!r gr9d+ except = ! v l[e/ grade ( fl\r1 te*nically kn[n z 'r$ dog4' ,! fl\r produc$ f ! fir/ gr9d+ 0 also m or less specky & discolor$1 &1 9 ev]y?+ b /r5g?1 inf]ior to t made f w9t] :eat1 :ile ! 'yield' 0 s small1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! am\nt ( :eat :i* x took to make a b>rel ( fl\r 0 s l>ge1 t mill+ 9 ,m9nesota & o!r spr+ :eat sections 0 any?+ b pr(itable4 ,! problem :i* t5 ye>s s9ce confront$ ! mill]s ( ?is city 0 h[ to obta9 f ! :eat :i* !y _h to gr9d a :ite1 cle> fl\r1 & to s increase ! yield z to leave "s m>g9 = pr(it4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! solution ( ?is problem 0 ! inv5tion by ,e4 ,n4 ,la ,croix ( ! ma*9e :i* has s9ce be5 call$ ! purifi]1 :i* remov$ ! dirt & light impurities f ! refuse middl+s 9 ! same mann] t du/ & *aff are remov$ f :eat by a fann+ mill4 ,! middl+s ?us purifi$ 7 !n regr\nd1 & ! result 0 a mu* :it] & clean] fl\r ?an x _h be5 possible to obta9 "u ! old process ( l[ close gr9d+4 ,?is fl\r 0 call$ 'pat5t' or 'fancy1' & at once took a high position 9 ! m>ket4 ,! fir/ ma*9e built by ,la ,croix 0 imm$iately improv$ by ,george ,t4 ,smi?1 & has s9ce !n be5 ! subject ( numb]less v>iations1 *anges1 & improvem5ts2 & ov] ! pr9ciples embodi$ 9 its con/ruction !re has be5 f\ght "o ( ! longe/ & mo/ bitt] battles record$ 9 ! annals ( pat5t litigation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! purifi] is to-day ! mo/ important ma*9e 9 use 9 ! manufacture ( fl\r 9 ?is c\ntry1 & may ) propriety be call$ ! corn]-/one ( new process mill+4 ,! e>lie/ exp]im5ts 9 its use 9 ?is c\ntry 7 made 9 :at 0 !n kn[n z ! 'big mill' 9 ?is city1 own$ by ,wa%burn1 ,/eph5s ,co41 & n[ kn[n z ! ,wa%burn ,mill ,b4 ,! next /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! new process1 also orig9at+ 9 ,m9neapolis1 0 ! ab&onm5t ( ! old sy/em ( crack+ ! mill/one1 & sub/itut+ 9 its /ead ! use ( smoo? surfaces on ! mill/ones1 ?us 9 a l>ge measure do+ away ) ! abrasion ( ! bran1 & rais+ ! quality ( ! fl\r produc$ at ! fir/ gr9d+4 ,s f> z we "k1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,/eph5s1 a ,m9neapolis mill]1 !n employ$ 9 ! mill own$ by ,messrs4 ,pillsbury1 ,crock] ,fi%1 & n[ a memb] ( ! prom95t mill+ firm ( ,freeman ,/eph5s1 ,riv] ,falls1 ,wiscons91 0 ! fir/ to v5ture on ?is innovation4 ,he also fir/ practic$ ! wid5+ ( ! furr[s 9 ! mill/ones & increas+ _! numb]1 ?us add+ l>gely to ! am\nt ( middl+s made at ! fir/ gr9d+1 & rais+ ! p]c5tage ( pat5t fl\r4 ,he 0 w>mly support$ by ,amasa ,k4 ,o/r&]1 s9ce deceas$1 ! f\nd] & = a numb] ( ye>s ! editor ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,mill]1 a trade newspap]4 ,! new ideas 7 = a "t vigor\sly combat$ by ! mill]s1 b _! wor? 0 s pla9 t !y 7 soon adopt$1 n only 9 ,m9neapolis1 b by progressive mill]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! tru? 0 ! 'new process' 9 its entirety1 :i* may be summ>iz$ 9 f\r /eps--fir/1 gr9d+ or1 m prop]ly1 granulat+ ! b]ry2 second1 bolt+ or sep>at+ ! '*op' or meal into fir/ fl\r1 middl+s1 & bran2 ?ird1 purify+ ! middl+s1 f\r?1 regr9d+ & rebolt+ ! middl+s to produce ! high] grade1 or 'pat5t' fl\r4 ,?is high] grade fl\r drove ! be/ w9t] :eat fl\rs out ( ! ,ea/]n m>kets1 & plac$ mill+ 9 ,m9nesota ^u a firm basis4 ,! developm5t ( ! 'new process' _c be claim$ by any "o man4 ,hundr$s ( mill]s all ov] ! c\ntry h contribut$ to its advance1 b ! mill]s ( ,m9neapolis h always tak5 ! lead4 ,)9 ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s :at may be di/9ctively call$ ! 'new process' has1 9 ! mills ( ,m9neapolis & "s few o!r lead+ mills 9 ! c\ntry1 be5 giv+ place to a new sy/em1 or r1 a ref9em5t ( ! processes above describ$4 ,?is late/ sy/em is kn[n to ! trade z ! 'gradual r$uction' or high-gr9d+ sy/em1 z ! 'new process' is ! m$ium high-gr9d+ sy/em1 & ! old way is ! l[ or close gr9d+ sy/em4 ,9 us+ ! gradual r$uction 9 mak+ fl\r ! mill/ones are ab&on$1 except = f9i%+ "s ( ! inf]ior grades ( fl\r1 & ! "w is done by means ( groov$ & pla9 roll]s1 made ( *ill$ iron or porcela94 ,9 "s cases disks ( *ill$ iron1 suitably furr[$1 are us$1 & 9 o!rs concave mills1 consi/+ ( a cyl9d] runn+ aga9/ a concave plate4 ,9 ,m9neapolis ! *ill$ iron rolls take ! prec$5ce ( all o!r means4 ,! sy/em ( gradual r$uction is mu* m complicat$ ?an ei!r ( ^? :i* prec$$ x2 b ! results obta9$ are a m>k$ advance ov] ! 'new process4' ,! p]c5tage ( high-grade fl\r is increas$1 sev]al grades ( diff]5t degrees ( excell5ce be+ produc$1 & ! yield is also great] f a giv5 quantity ( :eat4 ,! sy/em consi/s 9 r$uc+ ! :eat to fl\r1 n at "o op]ation1 z 9 ! old sy/em1 nor 9 two gr9d+s1 z 9 ! 'new process1' b 9 sev]al successive r$uctions1 f\r1 five1 or six1 z ! case may be4 ,! :eat is fir/ pass$ ?r\gh a pair ( corrugat$ *ill$ iron roll]s1 :i* m]ely split x op5 along ! crease ( ! b]ry1 lib]at+ ! dirt :i* lies 9 ! crease s t x c be remov$ by bolt+4 ,a v small p]c5tage ( l[-grade fl\r is also made 9 ?is r$uction4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh :at is te*nically call$ a 'scalp+ reel' to remove ! dirt & fl\r1 ! brok5 :eat is pass$ ?r\gh a second set ( corrugat$ roll]s1 by :i* x is fur!r brok5 up1 & !n passes ?r\gh a second sep>at+ reel1 :i* removes ! fl\r & middl+s4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ successively until ! fl\r portion ( ! b]ry is entirely remov$ f ! bran1 ! necess>y sep>ation be+ made aft] ea* r$uction4 ,! middl+s f ! sev]al r$uctions are pass$ ?r\gh ! purifi]s1 &1 aft] be+ purifi$1 are r$uc$ to fl\r by successive r$uctions on smoo? iron or porcela9 roll]s4 ,9 "s cases1 z /at$ above1 iron disks & concave mills are sub/itut$ = ! roll] mill1 b ! op]ation is sub/antially ! same4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal objects s\ght to be atta9$ by ?is high-gr9d+ sy/em is to avoid all abrasion ( ! bran1 ano!r is to take out ! dirt 9 ! crease ( ! b]ry at ! beg9n+ ( ! process1 & /ill ano!r to ?or\ghly free ! bran f fl\r1 s z to obta9 z l>ge a yield z possible4 ,incid5tal to ! improv$ me?ods ( mill+1 z n[ practic$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 is a m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! clean+ ( ! gra9 & prep>+ x = fl\r+4 ,! e>lie/ gra9-clean+ ma*9e 0 ! 'smutt]1' ! (fice ( :i* 0 to break ! smut balls1 & sc\r ! outside ( ! bran to remove any adh]+ du/1 ! sc\r+ ma*9e be+ too h>% 9 its action1 break+ ! k]nels ( :eat1 & s scrat*+ & weak5+ ! bran t x broke up readily 9 ! gr9d+4 ,! sc\r+ process 0 !re=e less5$1 & 0 foll[$ by bru% ma*9es1 :i* bru%$ ! dirt1 loos5$ up & left by ! sc\r]1 f ! b]ry4 ,o!r ma*9es = remov+ ! fuzzy & g]m ends ( ! b]ry h also be5 introduc$1 & ev]y?+ possible is done to free ! gra9 f extrane\s impurities be=e ! process ( r$uction is comm5c$4 ,9 all ! m9or details ( ! mill !re has be5 ! same m>k$ *ange1 until ! mod]n m]*ant mill ( to-day no m resembles t ( tw5ty-five ye>s ago ?an does ! mod]n cotton mill ! old-fa%ion$ di/aff4 ,! *ange has ext5d$ into ! w9t] :eat sections1 & no mill 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c hope to hold its place 9 ! m>kets unless x is provid$ ) ! _m improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y & processes :i* h result$ f ! exp]im5ts begun 9 ?is city only t5 ye>s s9ce1 & :i* h made ! "n ( ,m9neapolis & ! products ( h] _m mills fam\s ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! relative m]its ( ! fl\r made by ! new process & ! old h be5 w>mly discuss$1 b ! g5]al v]dict ( ! great body ( consum]s is t ! pat5t or new process fl\r is bett] 9 e way = bread mak+ purposes1 be+ cle>]1 :it]1 m ev5ly granulat$1 & possess+ m /r5g?4 ,c>eful *emical analysis has confirm$ ?is4 ,z betwe5 w9t] & spr+ :eat fl\rs made by ! new process & gradual r$uction sy/ems1 x maybe rem>k$ t ! =m] conta9 m />* & are :it] 9 color1 :ile ! latt]1 hav+ m glut51 excel 9 /r5g?4 ,9 mill+ all v>ieties ( :eat1 :e!r w9t] or spr+1 ! new processes are 9 e way sup]ior to ! old1 &1 9 aid+ _! inception & developm5t1 ! mill]s ( ,m9neapolis h conf]r$ a la/+ b5efit on ! c\ntry4 ,m9neapolis1 ,m9n41 ,decemb] #a1 #ahhj4 ,,! ,,mill+ ,,/ructures ,,& ,,ma*9]y4 ,mr4 ,johnson add$ ! foll[+1 %[+ ! pres5t /atus ( ! mill+ indu/ry 9 ,m9neapolis3 ,! description ( ! process ( ! manufacture ( fl\r s well giv5 above1 conveys no idea ( ! ext5t & magnitude ( ! mill+ /ructures1 ma*9]y1 & build+s employ$ 9 ! bus9ess4 ,_m ( ! lead+ mill]s & millwrights h p]sonally visit$ & /udi$ ! be/ mills 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,hung>y1 & ,g]many1 & are z famili> ) _! !ory1 me?ods1 & con/ruction z ( _! own1 & no exp5se or labor has be5 sp>$ 9 introduc+ ! mo/ approv$ features ( ! improvem5ts 9 ! =eign mills4 ,exp]im5t+ is con/antly go+ on1 & ! pa? beh9d ! successful mill]s is /rewn ) ! wrecks ( failures4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! ma*9]y is import$1 ?\gh ! ,am]ican ma*9i/s are fa/ out/ripp+ _! ,european rivals 9 ! quality & effici5cy ( ! ma*9]y ne$$ = ! new mills con/antly go+ up4 ,!re are tw5ty-eight ( ^! mills n[ con/ruct$ & at "w1 op]at+ an equival5t ( #dab runs ( /one1 consum+ ov] sixte5 million bu%els ( :eat1 & manufactur+ ov] ?ree million b>rels ( fl\r annually4 ,_! capacities range f #bej to #a1ejj b>rels ( fl\r p] day4 ,great z ^! capacities are1 !re is n[ "o 9 process ( con/ruction1 ! ,pillsbury ,a ,mill1 :i* at ! beg9n+ ( ! h>ve/ ( #ahha w h a capacity ( #d1jjj b>rels daily4 ,! ,wa%burn ,a ,mill1 ^: capacity is n[ #a1ejj b>rels1 is be+ enl>g$ to make #h1ejj b>rels a day1 & ! ,cr[n ,roll] ,mill1 own$ by ,*ri/ian ,bros4 ,co41 is also be+ enl>g$ to produce #c1jjj b>rels a day4 ,! l>ge/ mill 9 ,europe has a daily capacity ( b #b1hjj b>rels1 & no ,european mill is fitt$ ) ! exquisite p]fection ( ma*9]y & app>atus to be f\nd 9 ! mills ( ?is city4 ,! build+s are ma9ly built ( blue lime/one1 f\nd s abundant 9 ! qu>ries ( ?is city1 range & l9e "w1 & re/ on ! solid l$ge4 ,! e>li] built mills are sev]ely pla91 b ! new] ones are greatly improv$ by ! ta/e ( ! ar*itect1 & are impos+ & beautiful 9 appe>ance4 ,,direct ,,=eign ,,trade4 ,! fl\r ( ,m9neapolis1 hold+ s high a rank 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w1 is always 9 active dem&1 especially ! be/ grades1 & br+s f #a4jj to #a4fj p] b>rel m ?an fl\r ( ! be/ qualities ( s\!rn1 ea/]n1 or =eign :eat4 ,dur+ ! ye> ne>ly a million b>rels 7 %ipp$ direct to ,european & o!r =eign ports1 on ?r\gh bills ( lad+1 & drawn = by banks "h hav+ special =eign ex*ange arrangem5ts1 at sight1 on ! day ( %ipm5t4 ,?is trade is con/antly increas+1 & ! am\nt ( fl\r h&l$ by ea/]n commission m5 is decreas+ 9 proportion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ref]r+ to ! =ego+1 ! foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,geo4 ,t4 ,smi? to ! editor ( ! ,london ,mill] is ( int]e/3 ,,sir3 ,i f9d publi%$ 9 ! ,nor?-we/]n ,mill] ( ,decemb] #bd1 #ahhj1 extracts f an article on ! orig9 ( new process mill+1 prep>$ by ,alb]t ,hopp91 ,esq41 editor ( ! above-nam$ j\rnal1 = ! use ( "o ( ! /ati/ical divisions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus1 :i* is s at v>iance1 9 at lea/ "o important p>ticul>1 ) ! facts set =? 9 ! pap] read by me be=e ! ,briti% & ,iri% mill]s1 at _! meet+ 9 ,may la/1 t ,i ?9k ,i ought to take notice ( its /atem5ts1 m especially z ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,mill] has q a circulation on ?is side ( ! wat]4 ,z /at$ 9 ! pap] read by me above-m5tion$1 ,i 0 engag$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahga1 by ,mr4 ,*ri/ian1 :o 0 !n op]at+ ! big1 or ,wa%burn ,mill at ,m9neapolis1 to take *>ge ( ! /ones 9 t mill4 ,at ?is "t ,mr4 ,*ri/ian 0 v mu* int]e/$ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! quality ( 8 fl\r1 :i* 9 common ) ! fl\r ( ,m9neapolis mills1 )\t exception1 0 v poor inde$4 ,= "s "t previ\s to ?is ,i _h insi/$ to him mo/ /r5u\sly t ! beg9n+ ( any improvem5t mu/ be f\nd 9 smoo?1 true1 & well balanc$ /ones1 & x 0 because he 0 at la/ conv9c$ t my ideas 7 at lea/ wor?y ( a practical te/ ,i 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( 8 mill4 ,ne>ly two mon?s 7 consum$ 9 tru+ & smoo?+ ! /one1 z all mill]s 9 ! mill _h /ruck at once :5 !y became acqua9t$ ) ! "* ( ! *anges ,i propos$ to make4 ,i rema9$ ) ,mr4 ,*ri/ian until ! latt] "p ( #ahga1 9 all ab\t eight mon?s4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! fl\r f ! ,wa%burn ,mill atta9$ a celebrity t made x kn[n & s\ght aft] all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x comm&$ att5tion z an ev5t ( ! v greate/ importance1 f ! fact t x 0 ju/ly felt t if a mill gr9d+ spr+ :eat exclusively 0 capable ( produc+ a fl\r inf9itely sup]ior 9 e way to ! be/ t c\ld be made f ! f9e/ v>ieties ( w9t] :eats1 ! new ,nor? ,we/]n t]ritory1 ) its peculi> adaptation to ! gr[+ ( spr+ gra91 & its b\ndless capacity = production1 mu/ at once become "o ( ! mo/ important sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ian's appreciation ( ! improvem5ts ,i _h made 9 8 mill 0 atte/$ by d\bly-lock$ & gu>d$ entrances1 & by ! /r+5t regulations :i* 7 adopt$ to prev5t any ( 8 employes c>ry+ in=mation ) reg>d to ! process to 8 competitors4 ,all ?is "t o!r ,m9neapolis mills 7 do+ su* "w & only su* z !y _h done previ\sly4 ,ought n ! writ] ( an article on ! orig9 ( new process mill+--:i* article is int5d$ to become hi/orical1 & to h its au!nticity indors$ by ! gov]nm5t--to h kn[n :e!r ,mr4 ,*ri/ian1 9 ! ,wa%burn ,mill1 did or did n make a grade ( fl\r :i* has h>dly be5 excell$ s9ce = mon?s be=e any o!r ,m9neapolis mill approa*$ 8 product 9 any degree8 ,& %\ld he n be well en\gh acqua9t$ ) ! mill+ ( t p]iod--#ahga-b--to "k t su* results z 7 obta9$ 9 ! ,wa%burn ,mill c\ld only be secur$ by ! use ( smoo? & true /ones8 ,mr4 ,/eph5s--:om ,i %all m5tion aga9 pres5tly--did n "w 9 ! ,wa%burn ,mill :ile ,i 0 9 *>ge ( x4 ,9 ! fall ( #ahga ,i ent]$ into a contract ) ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,pillsbury1 own] ( ! ,taylor ,mill & s5ior p>tn] 9 ! firm by :om ! ,m9neapolis ,mill 0 op]at$1 to put bo? ^? mills into condition to make ! same grade ( fl\r z ,mr4 ,*ri/ian 0 mak+4 ,! consid]ation 9 ! contract 0 #e1jjj dols4 ,at ! above mills ,i met to "s ext5t ! same ob/ruction 9 reg>d to mill]s /rik+ z _h greet$ me at ,mr4 ,*ri/ian's mill e>li] 9 ! ye>2 b among ^? :o did n /rike at ! ,m9neapolis ,mill ,i saw1 = ! fir/ "t1 ,mr4 ,/eph5s--!n /ill 9 8 appr5tice%ip--:om ,mr4 ,hopp9 decl>es to h be51 s f> z ,i "k1 ! fir/ mill] to use smoo? /ones4 ,if ,mr4 ,hopp9 is "r 9 8 ass]tion1 p]haps he w expla9 :y1 dur+ ! eight mon?s ,i 0 at ! ,wa%burn ,mill1 ,mr4 ,/eph5s did n make a correspond+ improvem5t 9 ! product ( ! ,m9neapolis ,mill4 ,t he did n d ?is is amply prov$ by ! fact ( ,mr4 ,pillsbury giv+ me #e1jjj dols4 to introduce improvem5ts into 8 mills1 :51 suppos+ ,mr4 ,hopp9's /atem5t to be correct1 he might h _h ! same alt]ations c>ri$ out "u ,mr4 ,/eph5s' direction at a m]e nom9al co/4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! /ones 9 bo? ! ,taylor & ,m9neapolis ,mills 7 z r\gh z any 9 ! ,wa%burn ,mill :5 ,i took *>ge ( !m4 ,?us x appe>s 7#a7 t ! fl\r made by ! mill 9 :i* ,/eph5s 0 employ$ 0 n improv$ 9 quality1 :ile t ( ! ,wa%burn ,mill1 :]e he 0 n employ$1 became ! f9e/ t _h ev] be5 made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at t "t4 ,t 7#b7 ! own] ( ! mill 9 :i* ,mr4 ,/eph5s 0 employ$1 z he 0 n mak+ good fl\r1 engag$ me at a l>ge co/ to introduce into 8 mills ! alt]ations by :i* only1 bo? ,mr4 ,hopp9 & myself agree1 c\ld any mat]ial improvem5t 9 ! mill+ ( t p]iod be effect$1 4viz41 smoo?1 true1 & well-balanc$ /ones4--,,geo4 ,t4 ,,smi?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= brea*y animals d n use b>b$ f5ces4 ,to see ! lac]ations t ^! f5ces h produc$ ^u ! innoc5t animals %\ld be suffici5t te/imony aga9/ !m4 ,_m use pokes & bl9d]s on cattle & goats1 b z a rule su* ?+s fail4 ,! bett] way is to sep>ate brea*y animals f ! lot1 z o!rs w imitate _! habits soon] or lat]1 & !n1 if n curable1 sell !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,gu5on ,,milk-,,mirror4 ,! "n ( ! simple ,bordeaux peasant is1 & %\ld be1 p]man5tly associat$ ) 8 discov]y t ! milk+ qualities ( c[s 71 to a consid]able ext5t1 indicat$ by c]ta9 ext]nal m>ks easily obs]v$4 ,we _h long kn[n t capaci\s udd]s & l>ge milk ve9s1 comb9$ ) good dige/ive capacity & a g5]al prepond]ance ( ! alim5t>y ov] ! locomotive sy/em1 7 indications t r>ely misl$ 9 reg>d to ! ability ( a c[ to give mu* milk2 b to judge ( ! am\nt ( milk a c[ w\ld yield1 & ! l5g? ( "t %e w\ld hold out 9 h] fl[1 two or ?ree ye>s be=e %e c\ld be call$ a c[--?is 0 ,gu5on's great accompli%m5t1 & ! "o = :i* he 0 aw>d$ a gold m$al by ! ,agricultural ,society ( 8 native di/rict4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( _m honors ) :i* he 0 rew>d$1 & x is mu* to say t no committee ( agriculturi/s :o h ev] inve/igat$ ! m]its ( ! sy/em h ev] spok5 disp>ag+ly ( x4 ,^? :o mo/ closely /udy x1 especially foll[+ ,gu5on's orig9al sy/em1 :i* has nev] be5 ess5tially improv$ ^u1 are mo/ positive 9 reg>d to its tru?1 en?usia/ic 9 reg>d to its value4 ,! f9e1 s(t hair ^u ! h9d] "p ( a c['s udd] = ! mo/ "p turns upw>d4 ,?is upw>d-gr[+ hair ext5ds 9 mo/ cases all ov] t "p ( ! udd] visible betwe5 ! h9d legs1 b is occasionally m>k$ by spots or m]e l9es1 usually sl5d] ovals1 9 :i* ! hair gr[s d[n4 ,?is t5d5cy ( ! hair to gr[ upw>d is n conf9$ to ! udd] prop]2 b ext5ds out ^u ! ?ighs & upw>d to ! tail4 ,! edges ( ?is space ov] :i* ! hair turns up are usually di/9ctly m>k$1 &1 z a rule1 ! l>g] ! area ( ?is space1 :i* is call$ ! mirror or escut*eon1 ! m milk ! c[ w give1 & ! long] %e w cont9ue 9 milk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,escut*eon ,,( ,,! ,,j]sey ,,bull-,,calf1 ,,gr& ,,mirror1 #d1ijd4 ,t portion ( ! escut*eon :i* cov]s ! udd] & ext5ds out on ! inside ( ea* ?igh1 has be5 designat$ z ! udd] or mamm>y mirror2 t :i* runs upw>d t[>ds ! sett+ on ( ! tail1 ! ris+ or plac5tal mirror4 ,! mamm>y mirror is ( ! great] value1 yet ! ris+ mirror is n to be disreg>d$4 ,x is reg>d$ ( especial mom5t t ! mirror1 tak5 z a :ole1 be symmetrical1 & especially t ! mamm>y mirror be s2 yet x (t5 occurs t x is f> o!rwise1 its outl9e be+ (t5 v fanta/ical--exhibit+ deep bays1 s to speak1 & isl&s ( d[nw>d gr[+ hair4 ,!re are also c]ta9 ovals1 nev] v l>ge1 yet di/9ct1 :i* d n detract f ! e/imat$ value ( an escut*eon2 notably ^? occurr+ on ! lobes ( ! udd] j above ! h9d teats4 ,^! are suppos$ to be po9ts ( value1 ?\gh = :at reason x w\ld be h>d to tell1 yet !y d occur ^u "s ( ! v be/ mil* c[s1 & ^? ^: mirrors correspond mo/ closely to _! p]=mances4 ,mr4 ,gu5on's discov]y enables bre$]s to det]m9e :i* ( _! calves are mo/ promis+1 & 9 pur*as+ "y /ock x af=ds indications :i* r>ely fail z to _! comp>ative milk yield4 ,^! indications occasionally prove utt]ly fallaci\s1 & ,mr4 ,gu5on gives rules = det]m9+ ?is class1 :i* he calls ba/>ds1 )\t wait+ = !m to fail 9 _! milk4 ,! signs are1 h[ev]1 r>ely s di/9ct t "o w\ld be will+ to sell a tw5ty-qu>t c[1 ^: yield confirm$ ! pr$iction ( h] mirror at fir/ calv+1 because ( ! possibility ( ! go+ dry 9 two mon?s1 or s1 z indicat$ by h] ba/>dy m>ks4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ! mirrors ( bulls 7:i* are mu* l ^? ( c[s1 b less ext5sive 9 e direction7 are reflect$ 9 _! daught]s4 ,?is gives rise to ! dang]\s cu/om ( bre$+ = mirrors1 r ?an = milk4 ,:at ! results may be aft] a few ye>s x is easy to see4 ,! mirror1 be+ valu$ = its own sake--t is1 because x sells ! heif]s--w be likely to lose its practical significance & value z a milk mirror4 ,we h a /rik+ photograph ( a "y ,j]sey bull1 ! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,john ,l4 ,hopk9s1 ( ,atlanta1 ,ga41 & call$ ,gr& ,mirror4 ,?is we h caus$ to be engrav$ & ! mirror is cle>ly %[n4 ,a l>g] mirror is r>ely se5 ^u a bull4 ,we hope 9 a future numb] to exhibit "s c[s' mirrors ( diff]5t =ms & degrees ( excell5ce4--,rural ,new ,york]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,two ,,good ,,lawn ,,trees4 ,! negundo1 or a%-leav$ maple1 z x is call$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 bett] kn[n at ! ,we/ z a box eld]1 is a tree t is n kn[n z ext5sively z x des]ves4 ,x is a h>d maple1 t gr[s z rapidly z ! s(t maple2 is h>dy1 possesses a beautiful foliage ( black gre5 leaves1 & is symmetrical 9 %ape4 ,?r\gh ea/]n ,i[a ,i f\nd x gr[+ wild1 & a favorite tree ) ! e>ly settl]s1 :o want$ some?+ t gave %ade & protection to _! homes quickly on _! prairie f>ms4 ,br\ght ea/1 its gr[? is rapid1 & x loses none ( ! *>act]i/ics x possess$ 9 its we/]n home4 ,^? :o h plant$ x are well pleas$ ) x4 ,x is a tree t transplants easily1 & ,i "k ( no reason :y x %\ld n be m popul>4 ,= ornam5tal lawn plant+1 ,i give pre-em95ce to ! cut-leaf weep+ bir*4 ,possess+ all ! good qualities ( ! :ite bir*1 x comb9es ) !m a beauty & delicate grace yield$ by no o!r tree4 ,x is an upright gr[]1 ) sl5d]1 droop+ bran*es1 adorn$ ) leaves ( deep ri* gre51 ea* leaf be+ delicately cut1 z ) a knife1 into semi-skeletons4 ,x holds its foliage & color till q late 9 ! fall4 ,! b>k1 ) age1 becomes :ite1 resembl+ ! :ite bir*1 & ! beauty ( ! tree increases ) its age4 ,x is a free gr[]1 & requires no trimm+4 ,nature has giv5 x a symmetry :i* art _c improve4 ,h4,t4,j4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cutt+ ,,sods ,,= ,,lawns4 ,i am a v good sod lay]1 & us$ to lay v l>ge lawns--half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an acre4 ,i cut ! sods z foll[s3 ,take a bo>d eight to n9e in*es wide1 f\r1 five1 or six feet long1 & cut d[nw>d all ar\nd ! bo>d1 !n turn ! bo>d ov] & cut aga9 alongside ! edge ( ! bo>d1 & s on z _m sods z ne$$4 ,!n cut ! turf ) a %>p spade1 all ! same l5g?s4 ,beg9 on "o end1 & roll toge!r4 ,eight in*es by five feet is ab\t z mu* z a man c h&le conv5i5tly4 ,x is v easy to load !m on a wagon1 c>t1 or b>r[1 & !y c be quickly laid4 ,aft] lay+ a good piece1 spr9kle a little ) a wat]+ pot1 if ! sods are dry2 !n use ! back ( ! spade to smoo? !m a little4 ,if a v f9e effect is want$1 ?r[ a %ovelful or two ( good e>? ov] ea* squ>e y>d1 & smoo? x ) ! back ( a /eel rake4 ,f4,h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c\ntry ,,g5tleman4 ,,horticultural ,,notes4 ,! ,we/]n ,new ,york ,society met at ,ro*e/]1 ,janu>y #bf4 ,new ,apples1 ,pe>s1 ,grapes1 etc4--,wm4 ,c ,b>ry1 secret>y ( ! committee on native fruits1 read a full report4 ,among ! old] v>ieties ( ! apple1 he /rongly recomm5d$ ,button ,beauty1 :i* _h prov$ s excell5t 9 ,massa*usetts1 & :i* _h be5 equally successful at ! ,m\nt ,hope ,nurs]ies at ,ro*e/]2 ! f9e gr[? ( ! tree & its great productiv5ess be+ /rongly 9 its favor4 ,! ,wag5] & ,nor!rn ,spy are among ! f9] sorts4 ,! ,melon is "o ( ! be/ among ! old] sorts2 ! fruit be+ q t5d] w n be> long %ipm5t1 b x possesses great value = home use1 & be+ a poor gr[]1 x _h be5 ?r[n aside by nurs]ym5 & or*>di/s4 ,x %\ld be top-graft$ on m vigor\s sorts4 ,! ,jona?an is ano!r f9e sort ( sl5d] gr[?1 :i* %\ld be top-graft$4 ,among new pe>s1 ,hoosic & ,fr$]ic ,clapp 7 highly comm5d$ = _! excell5ce4 ,"s ( ! old] pea*es ( f9e quality _h ( late be5 neglect$1 & among !m ,druid ,hill & ,brevoort4 ,among ! _m new pea*es highly recomm5d$ = _! e>ly rip5+1 !re 0 great resemblance to ea* o!r1 & "s _h prov$ e>li] ?an ,alex&]4 ,( ! new grapes1 ,lady ,wa%+ton 0 ! mo/ promis+4 ,! ,secret>y 0 a failure4 ,! ,jeff]son 0 a f9e sort1 ( high promise4 ,among ! new :ite grapes1 ,niag>a1 ,pr5tiss1 & ,du*ess /ood pre-em95t1 & 7 wor?y ( ! att5tion ( cultivators4 ,! ,v]g5nes1 f ,v]mont1 a light amb] color$ sort1 0 also highly comm5d$4 ,! ,elvira1 s highly valu$ 9 ,miss\ri1 does n succe$ well "h4 ,sev]al facts 7 /at$ 9 relation to ! ,delaw>e grape1 %[+ its reliability & excell5ce4 ,sev]al new v>ieties ( ! raspb]ry 7 nam$1 b few ( !m 7 f\nd equal to ! be/ old sorts4 ,if ,br9ckle's ,orange 7 tak5 z a /&>d = quality1 x w\ld %[ t none _h prov$ its equal 9 f9e quality4 ,! ,c>ol9e 0 l x 9 color1 b inf]ior 9 flavor4 ,! ,new ,ro*elle 0 ( second quality4 ,turn] 0 a good b]ry1 b too s(t = di/ant c>riage4 ,( ! _m new /rawb]ries nam$1 ea* seem$ to h "s special drawback4 ,! ,bidwell1 h[ev]1 0 a new sort ( p>ticul> excell5ce1 & ,*>les ,d[n+ ?9ks x ! mo/ promis+ ( ! new b]ries4 ,discussion on ,grapes4--,c4 ,w4 ,beadle1 ( ,ont>io1 9 allusion to ,moore's ,e>ly grape1 f9ds x mu* e>li] ?an ! ,concord1 & equal to x 9 quality1 rip5+ ev5 be=e ! ,h>t=d4 ,s4 ,d4 ,will>d1 ( ,g5eva1 ?\ght x inf]ior to ! ,concord1 & n ne>ly s good z ! ,word54 ,! la/ nam$ 0 bo? e>li] & bett] ?an ! ,concord1 & sold = sev5 c5ts p] p\nd :5 ! ,concord br\ght only f\r c5ts4 ,c4 ,a4 ,gre51 ( ,monroe ,c\nty1 said ! ,lady ,wa%+ton prov$ to be a v f9e grape1 slightly lat] ?an ,concord4 ,p4 ,l4 ,p]ry1 ( ,can&aigua1 said t ! ,v]g5nes rip5s ) ,h>t=d1 & possesses rem>kable keep+ qualities1 & is ( excell5t quality & free f pulp4 ,he pres5t$ specim5s :i* _h be5 kept 9 good condition4 ,he add$1 9 relation to ! ,word5 grape1 t "s ye>s ago x br\ght #ah c5ts p] p\nd 9 ,new ,york :5 ! ,concord sold ?ree days lat] = only #h c5ts4 ,9 su* comp>isons1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t new v>ieties usually receive m att5tion & bett] culture1 giv+ !m an additional advantage4 ,! ,niag>a grape receiv$ special att5tion f memb]s4 ,a4 ,c4 ,y\nglove1 ( ,yates ,c\nty1 ?\ght x sup]ior to any o!r :ite grape = its _m good qualities4 ,x 0 a vigor\s & heal?y gr[]1 & ! clu/]s 7 full & h&some4 ,w4 ,j4 ,f[l]1 ( ,monroe ,c\nty1 saw ! v9e 9 ,octob]1 ) ! leaves /ill hang+ well1 a great be>] & ! grape ( f9e quality4 ,c4 ,l4 ,hoag1 ( ,lockport1 said he began to pick ! ,niag>a on ! #bf? ( ,augu/1 b its quality improv$ by hang+ on ! v9e4 ,j4 ,h>ris1 ( ,niag>a ,c\nty1 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,niag>a1 & indors$ all ! comm5dation :i* _h be5 utt]$ 9 its favor4 ,t4 ,c4 ,maxwell said !re 0 "o fault--we c\ld n get x1 z x 0 n 9 m>ket4 ,w4 ,c4 ,b>ry1 ( ,ro*e/]1 spoke highly ( ! ,niag>a1 & its slight fox9ess w\ld be no objection to ^? :o l t peculi>ity4 ,c4 ,l4 ,hoag ?\ght ?is 0 ! same quality t ,col4 ,wild] describ$ z a little aromatic4 ,a4 ,c4 ,y\nglove f\nd ! ,niag>a to rip5 ) ! ,delaw>e4 ,inquiry be+ made relative to ! ,pock+ton grape1 ,h4 ,e4 ,hook] said x rip5$ z e>ly z ! ,concord4 ,c4 ,a4 ,gre5 0 surpris$ t x _h n attract$ m att5tion1 z he reg>d$ x z a v promis+ grape4 ,j4 ,*>lton1 ( ,ro*e/]1 said t ! fruit _h be5 cut = m>ket on ! #bi? ( ,augu/1 & on ! #f? ( ,septemb] x 0 fully ripe2 b he has kn[n x to hang z late z ,novemb]4 ,j4 ,s4 ,/one _h f\nd t :5 x hung z late z ,novemb] x became sweet & v ri* 9 flavor4 ,new ,pea*es4--,a4 ,c4 ,y\nglove _h f\nd su* v e>ly sorts z ,alex&] & ,amsd5 excell5t = home use1 b n pr(itable = m>ket4 ,! insects & birds made heavy depr$ations on !m4 ,:ile ne>ly all v e>ly & high-color$ sorts suff] l>gely f ! birds1 ! ,riv]s1 a :ite pea*1 does n attract !m1 & h5ce x may be pr(itable = m>ket if skillfully pack$2 r\gh & c>eless h&l+ w spoil ! fruit4 ,he add$ t ! ,:eatl& pea* su/a9s its high reputation1 & he ?\ght x ! be/ ( all sorts = m>ket1 rip5+ ) ,late ,craw=d4 ,x is a great be>]1 b c>ries a crop ( rem>kably uni=m size1 s t x is n (t5 necess>y to ?r[ out a bad specim54 ,?is is ! result ( exp]i5ce ) x by ,mr4 ,rog]s at ,:eatl&1 9 ,monroe ,c\nty1 & at 8 own resid5ce 9 ,v9e ,valley4 ,s4 ,d4 ,will>d confirm$ all t ,mr4 ,y\nglove _h said ( ! excell5ce ( ! ,riv]s pea*4 ,he _h rip5$ ! ,amsd5 = sev]al ye>s1 & f\nd x ab\t two weeks e>li] ?an ! ,riv]s1 & he ?\ght if ! ,amsd5 7 prop]ly ?9n$1 x w\ld prev5t ! common tr\ble ( its rott+2 su* _h be5 8 exp]i5ce4 ,e4 ,a4 ,bronson1 ( ,g5eva1 object$ to mak+ v e>ly pea*es prom95t = m>ket+1 z pur*as]s w\ld pref] wait+ a few days to pay+ high prices = ! e>lie/1 & he w\ld caution p aga9/ plant+ ! ,amsd5 too l>gely1 & its free recomm5dation might mislead4 ,may's ,*oice 0 nam$ by ,h4 ,e4 ,hook] z a beautiful yell[ pea*1 hav+ no sup]ior 9 quality1 b p]haps x may n be f\nd to h m g5]al value ?an ,e>ly & ,late ,craw=d4 ,x is sc>cely di/+ui%able 9 appe>ance f f9e specim5s ( ,e>ly ,craw=d4 ,w4 ,c4 ,b>ry 0 call$ on = ! mo/ rec5t exp]i5ce ) ! ,wat]loo1 b said he 0 n at home :5 x rip5$1 b he le>n$ t x _h su/a9$ its reputation4 ,a4 ,c4 ,y\nglove said t ! ,salway is ! be/ late pea*1 rip5+ eight or t5 days aft] ! ,smock4 ,s4 ,d4 ,will>d m5tion$ an or*>d ne> ,g5eva1 consi/+ ( #be ,salway trees1 :i* = f\r ye>s _h rip5$ _! crop & _h sold = #d p] bu%el 9 ! ,philadelphia m>ket1 or = #c at ,g5eva--a high] price ?an = any o!r sort--& ! own] int5ds to plant #bjj m trees4 ,w4 ,c4 ,b>ry said ! ,salway w n rip5 at ,ro*e/]4 ,hill's ,*ili 0 nam$ by "s memb]s z a good pea* = cann+ & dry+1 "s /at+ t x rip5s be=e & o!rs aft] ,late ,craw=d4 ,x requires ?9n+ on ! tree1 or ! fruit w be poor4 ,! ,all5 0 pron\nc$ by ,mr4 ,y\nglove z an excell5t1 int5sely high-color$ late pea*4 ,insects ,affect+ ,horticulture4--,mr4 ,zimm]man spoke ( ! importance ( all cultivators kn[+ s mu* ( insects & _! habits z to di/+ui% _! fri5ds f _! enemies4 ,:5 un*eck$ !y increase 9 an imm5se ratio1 & he m5tion$ z an in/ance t ! gre5 fly 7,aphis7 9 five g5]ations may become ! p>5t ( six ?\s& million desc5dants4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 to "k :at o!r insects are employ$ 9 hold+ !m 9 *eck1 by fe$+ on !m4 ,"s ( our mo/ =midable insects h be5 accid5tally import$ f ,europe1 su* z ! codl+ mo?1 asp>agus beetle1 cabbage butt]fly1 currant worm & bor]1 elm-tree beetle1 hessian fly1 etc42 b 9 ne>ly e in/ance ^! h come ov] )\t br++ _! insect enemies ) !m1 & 9 consequ5ce !y h spread m ext5sively "h ?an 9 ,europe4 ,x 0 !re=e urg$ t ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton be reque/$ to import1 z f> z practicable1 su* p>asites z are positively kn[n to prey on noxi\s insects4 ,! cabbage fly elud$ our ke5 cu/om-h\se (ficials 9 #ahff1 & has enjoy$ free citiz5%ip ev] s9ce4 ,by accid5t1 "o ( its insect enemies 7a small black fly7 0 br\ght ov] ) x1 & is n[ do+ excell5t "w by keep+ ! cabbage fly 9 *eck4 ,! codl+ mo?1 "o ( ! mo/ =midable fruit de/roy]s1 may be r$uc$ 9 numb] by ! well-kn[n pap] b&s2 b a m effici5t rem$y is to %[] !m e>ly 9 ! season ) ,p>is gre51 mix$ 9 wat] at ! rate ( only "o p\nd to "o hundr$ gallons ( wat]1 ) a =c+ pump1 soon aft] blossom+4 ,aft] all ! exp]im5ts made & repell5ts us$ = ! plum curculio1 ! j>r+ me?od is f\nd ! mo/ effici5t & reliable1 if prop]ly p]=m$4 ,v>i\s rem$ies = insects sometimes h ! cr$it ( do+ ! "w1 if us$ 9 ^? seasons :5 ! insects happ5 to be few4 ,) "s insects1 ! use ( oil is advantage\s1 z x always closes up _! brea?+ holes & suffocates !m4 ,! oil %\ld be mix$ ) milk1 & !n dilut$ z requir$1 z ! oil alone _c be mix$ ) ! wat]4 ,z a g5]al rem$y1 ,p>is gre5 is ! /ronge/ t c be appli$4 ,a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful1 9 a b>rel ( wat]1 is en\gh4 ,hot wat] is ! be/ rem$y = h\se plants4 ,place "o h& ov] ! soil1 inv]t ! pot1 & plunge ! foliage = a second only at a "t 9 wat] heat$ to f #aej to #bjj;,f1 accord+ to ! plants2 or apply ) a f9e rose4 ,! yea/ rem$y has n prov$ successful 9 all cases4 ,among b5eficial insects1 !re are ab\t "o hundr$ species ( lady bugs1 &1 s f> z kn[n1 all are b5eficial4 ,cultivators %\ld "k !m4 ,!y de/roy va/ quantities ( plant lice4 ,! gr\nd beetles are mo/ly cannibals1 & %\ld n be de/roy$4 ,! l>ge black beetle1 ) copp]y dots1 makes %ort "w ) ! ,colorado potato beetles2 & a bright gre5 beetle w climb trees to get a meal ( cank] worms4 ,i*neumon flies are among our mo/ useful insects4 ,! mu*-abus$ dragon flies are p]fectly h>mless to u1 b de/roy _m mosquitoes & flies4 ,among insects t attack l>ge fruits is ! codl+ mo?1 to be de/roy$ by pap] b&s1 or ) ,p>is gre5 %[]$ 9 wat]4 ,! r\nd-head$ apple-tree bor] is to be cut out1 & ! eggs exclud$ ) a %eet ( t>r$ pap] ar\nd ! /em1 & slightly sunk 9 ! e>?4 ,= ! oy/]-%ell b>k l\se1 apply l9se$ oil4 ,p>is gre51 9 wat]1 w kill ! cank] worm4 ,tobacco wat] does ! "w = plant lice4 ,pea*-tree bor]s are exclud$ ) t>r$ or felt pap]1 & cut out ) a knife4 ,j> ! grape flea beetle on an inv]t$ umbrella e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,among small-fruit insects1 ! /rawb]ry worms are readily de/roy$ ) hellebore1 an ounce to a gallon ( w>m wat]4 ,! same rem$y de/roys ! import$ currant worm4 ,insect ,de/roy]s4--,pr(4 ,w4 ,saund]s1 ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,ont>io1 foll[$ ,mr4 ,zimm]man ) a pap] on o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! same g5]al subject1 :i* conta9$ mu* in=mation & _m sugge/ions ( great value to cultivators4 ,he _h f\nd ,p>is gre5 an effici5t rem$y = ! bud-mo? on pe> & o!r trees4 ,he also recomm5ds ,p>is gre5 = ! grapev9e flea beetle4 ,hellebore is mu* bett] = ! pe> slug ?an du/+ ) s&1 z ^! slugs1 z soon z _! sk9 is spoil$ by be+ s&$1 ca/ x (f & g on ) _! "w ( de/ruction z freely z ev]1 & ?is !y repeat4 ,he rem>k$ t x is a common error t all insects are pe/s to ! cultivator4 ,!re are _m p>asites1 or useful ones1 :i* prey on our insect enemies4 ,out ( #g1jjj describ$ insects 9 ?is c\ntry1 only ab\t #ej h prov$ de/ructive to our crops4 ,p>asites are mu* m num]\s4 ,among lepidopt]\s insects 7butt]flies1 etc471 !re are v few noxi\s species2 _m active fri5ds are f\nd among ! ,hym5opt]a 7wasps1 etc471 ! i*neumon flies pre-em95tly s2 & 9 ! ord] ,hemipt]a 7bugs prop]7 are sev]al t de/roy our enemies4 ,h5ce ! v common error t birds :i* de/roy insects are b5eficial to u1 z !y are m likely to de/roy our insect fri5ds ?an ! few] enemies4 ,^? kn[n z flycat*]s may d nei!r h>m nor good2 s f> z !y eat ! :eat-midge & ,hessian fly !y conf] a positive b5efit2 9 o!r in/ances !y de/roy bo? fri5ds & enemies4 ,birds t are only p>tly insectivor\s1 & :i* eat gra9 & fruit1 may ne$ fur!r inquiry4 ,pr(4 ,s4 _h exam9$ ! /oma*s ( _m su* birds1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! ,am]ican rob91 & ! only curculio he ev] f\nd 9 any ( ^! 0 a s+le "o 9 a :ole *]ry :i* ! bird _h bolt$ entire4 ,rob9s _h prov$ v de/ructive to 8 grapes1 b _h n assi/$ at all 9 protect+ 8 cabbages gr[+ alongside 8 fruit g>d54 ,^! vegetables 7 ne>ly de/roy$ by ! l>vae ( ! cabbage fly1 :i* w\ld h af=d$ ! birds _m f9e1 ri* meals4 ,?is comp>atively feeble insect has be5 all[$ by ! ?rongs ( birds to spread ov] ! :ole cont95t4 ,a naturali/ 9 "o ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates _h exam9$ sev]al species ( ! ?ru%1 & f\nd !y _h eat5 mo/ly t class ( insects kn[n z our fri5ds4 ,pr(4 ,s4 spoke ( ! rem$ies = root lice1 among :i* 7 hot wat] & bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,hot wat] w get cold be=e x c rea* ! small] roots1 h[ev] effici5t x may be %[]$ on leaves4 ,bisulphide ( c>bon is v volatile1 inflammable1 & sometimes explosive1 & mu/ be h&l$ ) great c>e4 ,x p]meates ! soil1 & if 9 suffici5t quantity may be effective 9 de/roy+ ! phyllox]a2 b its co/ & dang]\s "* prev5t x f be+ g5]ally recomm5d$4 ,p>is gre5 is mo/ g5]ally useful = de/roy+ insects4 ,z sold to pur*as]s1 x is ( v>i\s grades ( purity4 ,! highe/ 9 price is commonly ! pure/1 & really ! *eape/4 ,a difficulty ) ?is v>iable quality is t x _c be prop]ly dilut$ ) wat]1 & ^? :o buy & use a poor article & try its efficacy1 w burn or kill _! plants :5 !y happ5 to use a /rong]1 pur]1 & m effici5t "o4 ,or1 if ! rev]se is done1 !y may pron\nce x a humbug f ! result+ failure4 ,"o teaspoonful1 if pure1 is en\gh = a l>ge pail ( wat]2 or if mix$ ) fl\r1 !re %\ld be =ty or fifty times z mu*4 ,wat] is be/1 z ! op]ator w n inhale ! du/4 ,london purple is ano!r =m ( ! ars5ic1 & has v v>iable qualities ( ! poison1 be+ m]ely refuse matt] f manufactories4 ,x is m soluble ?an ,p>is gre51 & h5ce m likely to scor* plants4 ,on ! :ole1 ,p>is gre5 is mu* ! be/ & mo/ reliable = common use4 ,at ! close ( ,pr(4 ,saund]s' rem>ks "s objections 7 made by memb]s pres5t to ! use ( ,p>is gre5 on fruit soon aft] blossom+1 & ,pr(4 ,s4 su/a9$ ! objection1 9 t ! k t ! fruit _h be5 %[]$ ) x w\ld det] pur*as]s f receiv+ x1 ev5 if no poison c\ld rema9 on x f spr+ to autumn4 ,a man _h br\ght to him potatoes to analyze = ars5ic1 on :i* ,p>is gre5 _h be5 us$1 & al?\gh x 0 %[n to him t ! poison did n rea* ! roots b5ea? ! soil1 & if x did x 0 insoluble & c\ld n ent] !m1 he 0 n satisfi$ until a c>eful analysis 0 made & no ars5ic at all f\nd 9 !m4 ,a memb] said t 9 mix+ ) pla/] !re %\ld be #ajj or #aej p\nds ( pla/] to "o ( ! ,p>is gre51 & t a small] quantity1 by weight1 ( fl\r w\ld answ]1 z t is a m bulky article = ! same weight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,salmon ,,( ,,! ,,pacific4 ,by ,,david ,s4 ,,jordan & ,,*as4 ,h4 ,,gilb]t4 ,dur+ ! mo/ ( ! pres5t ye>1 ! writ]s h be5 engag$ 9 ! /udy ( ! fi%es ( ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,u4,s4 ,fi% ,commission & ! ,u4,s4 ,c5sus ,bureau4 ,! foll[+ pages conta9 ! pr9cipal facts asc]ta9$ conc]n+ ! salmon ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,x is cond5s$ f our report to ! ,u4,s4 ,c5sus ,bureau1 by p]mission ( ,pr(essor ,goode1 assi/ant 9 *>ge ( fi%]y inve/igations4 ,!re are five species ( salmon 7,oncorhyn*us7 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,nor? ,pacific4 ,we h at pres5t no evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( any m on ei!r ! ,am]ican or ! ,asiatic side4 ,^! species may be call$ ! qu9nat or k+ salmon1 ! blue-back salmon or r$-fi%1 ! silv] salmon1 ! dog salmon1 & ! hump-back salmon1 or ,oncorhyn*us *\i*a1 n]ka1 kisut*1 keta1 & gorbus*a4 ,all ^! species are n[ kn[n to occur 9 ! wat]s ( ,kamts*atka z well z 9 ^? ( ,alaska & ,oregon4 ,z v]nacul> names ( def9ite application1 ! foll[+ are on record3 a4 ,qu9nat--,*\i*a1 k+ salmon1 e'qu9na1 saw-kwey1 ,*9nook salmon1 ,columbia ,riv] salmon1 ,sacram5to salmon1 tyee salmon1 ,mont]ey salmon1 deep-wat] salmon1 spr+ salmon1 ek-ul-ba 7ekewan7 7fall run74 b4 ,blue-bock--krasnaya ryba1 ,alaska r$-fi%1 ,idaho r$ fi%1 sukkegh1 ,fraz]'s ,riv] salmon1 rascal1 oo-*ooy-ha4 c4 ,silv] salmon--kisut*1 w9t] salmon1 hoopid1 sk[itz1 coho1 bielaya ryba1 o-o-wun4 d4 ,dog salmon--kayko1 lekai1 ktla:y1 qualo*1 fall salmon1 o-le-a-rah4 ,! males ( all ! species 9 ! fall are usually kn[n z dog salmon1 or fall salmon4 e4 ,hump-back--gorbus*a1 haddo1 hone1 holia1 lo/ salmon1 ,puget ,s\nd salmon1 dog salmon 7( ,alaska74 ,( ^! species1 ! blue-back pr$om9ates 9 ,fraz]'s ,riv]1 ! silv] salmon 9 ,puget ,s\nd1 ! qu9nat 9 ! ,columbia & ! ,sacram5to1 & ! silv] salmon 9 mo/ ( ! small /reams along ! coa/4 ,all ! species h be5 se5 by u 9 ! ,columbia & 9 ,fraz]'s ,riv]2 all b ! blue-back 9 ! ,sacram5to1 & all b ! blue-back 9 wat]s tribut>y to ,puget ,s\nd4 ,only ! qu9nat has be5 notic$ s\? ( ,san ,francisco1 & its range has be5 trac$ z f> z ,v5tura ,riv]1 :i* is ! s\!rnmo/ /ream 9 ,cali=nia :i* is n muddy & alkal9e at its m\?4 ,( ^! species1 ! qu9nat & blue-back salmon habitually run 9 ! spr+1 ! o!rs 9 ! fall4 ,! usual ord] ( runn+ 9 ! riv]s is z foll[s3 n]ka1 *\i*a1 kisut*1 gorbus*a1 keta4 ,! economic value ( ! spr+ runn+ salmon is f> great] ?an t ( ! o!r species1 because !y c be captur$ 9 numb]s :5 at _! be/1 :ile ! o!rs are usually tak5 only aft] det]ioration4 ,! habits ( ! salmon 9 ! ocean are n easily /udi$4 ,qu9nat & silv] salmon ( e size are tak5 ) ! se9e at almo/ any season 9 ,puget ,s\nd4 ,! qu9nat takes ! hook freely 9 ,mont]ey bay1 bo? ne> ! %ore & at a di/ance ( six or eight miles out4 ,we h reason to believe t ^! two species d n necess>ily seek great dep?s1 b probably rema9 n v f> f ! m\? ( ! riv]s 9 :i* !y 7 spawn$4 ,! blue-back & ! dog salmon probably seek deep] wat]1 z ! =m] is seldom or nev] tak5 ) ! se9e 9 ! ocean1 & ! latt] is kn[n to ent] ! ,/raits ( ,fuca at ! spawn+ season4 ,! great majority ( ! qu9nat salmon & ne>ly all blue-back salmon ent] ! riv]s 9 ! spr+4 ,! run ( bo? beg9s g5]ally ! la/ ( ,m>*2 x la/s1 ) v>i\s modifications & int]ruptions1 until ! actual spawn+ season 9 ,novemb]2 ! "t ( runn+ & ! proportionate am\nt ( ea* ( ! subord9ate runs1 v>y+ ) ea* diff]5t riv]4 ,9 g5]al1 ! runs are slack 9 ! summ] & increase ) ! fir/ high wat] ( autumn4 ,by ! la/ ( ,augu/ only /raggl+ blue-backs c be f\nd 9 ! l[] c\rse ( any /ream1 b bo? 9 ! ,columbia & ! ,sacram5to ! qu9nat runs 9 consid]able numb]s till ,octob] at lea/4 ,9 ! ,sacram5to ! run is greate/ 9 ! fall1 & m run 9 ! summ] ?an 9 spr+4 ,9 ! ,sacram5to & ! small] riv]s s\?w>d1 !re is a w9t] run1 beg9n+ 9 ,decemb]4 ,! spr+ salmon asc5d only ^? riv]s :i* are f$ by ! melt+ sn[s f ! m\nta9s1 & :i* h suffici5t volume to s5d _! wat]s well out to sea4 ,su* riv]s are ! ,sacram5to1 ,rogue1 ,klama?1 ,columbia1 & ,fraz]'s riv]s4 ,^? salmon :i* run 9 ! spr+ are *iefly adults 7suppos$ to be at lea/ ?ree ye>s old74 ,_! milt & spawn are no m develop$ ?an at ! same "t 9 o!rs ( ! same species :i* w n ent] ! riv]s until fall4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! contact ) cold fre% wat]1 :5 9 ! ocean1 9 "s way caus$ !m to turn t[>d x & to run1 be=e !re is any special influ5ce to t end ex]t$ by ! developm5t ( ! organs ( g5]ation4 ,high wat] on any ( ^! riv]s 9 ! spr+ is always foll[$ by an increas$ run ( salmon4 ,! cann]s ?9k1 & ?is is probably true1 t salmon :i* w\ld n h run till lat] are br\ght up by ! contact ) ! cold wat]4 ,! cause ( ?is effect ( cold fre% wat] is n und]/ood4 ,we may call x an in/9ct ( ! salmon1 :i* is ano!r way ( express+ our ignorance4 ,9 g5]al1 x seems to be true t 9 ^? riv]s & dur+ ^? ye>s :5 ! spr+ run is greate/1 ! fall run is lea/ to be dep5d$ on4 ,z ! season advances1 small] & y\ng] salmon ( ^! two species 7qu9nat & blue-back7 ent] ! riv]s to spawn1 & 9 ! fall ^! "y specim5s are v num]\s4 ,we h ?us f> fail$ to notice any gradations 9 size or appe>ance ( ^! "y fi% by :i* _! ages c\ld be asc]ta9$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t "s ( bo? sexes reproduce at ! age ( "o ye>4 ,9 ,fraz]'s ,riv]1 9 ! fall1 qu9nat male grilse ( e size1 f eight in*es upw>d1 7 runn+1 ! milt fully develop$1 b usually n %[+ ! hook$ jaws & d>k colors ( ! old] males4 ,females less ?an eighte5 in*es 9 l5g? 7 r>e4 ,all1 l>ge & small1 !n 9 ! riv]1 ( ei!r sex1 _h ! ov>ies or milt well develop$4 ,little blue-backs ( e size d[n to six in*es are also f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,columbia 9 ! fall1 ) _! organs ( g5]ation fully develop$4 ,n9ete5 tw5tie?s ( ^! "y fi% are males1 & "s ( !m h ! hook$ jaws & r$ color ( ! old males4 ,! av]age weight ( ! qu9nat 9 ! ,columbia 9 ! spr+ is tw5ty-two p\nds2 9 ! ,sacram5to ab\t sixte54 ,individuals weigh+ f =ty to sixty p\nds are frequ5tly f\nd 9 bo? riv]s1 & "s z high z eighty p\nds are report$4 ,x is que/ion$ :e!r ^! l>ge fi%es are3 7a47 ,^? :i*1 ( ! same age1 h gr[n m rapidly2 7b47 ,^? :i* are old] b h1 = "s reason1 fail$ to spawn2 or1 7c47 ,^? :i* h surviv$ "o or m spawn+ seasons4 ,all ( ^! orig9s may be possible 9 individual cases2 we are1 h[ev]1 ( ! op9ion t ! majority ( ^! l>ge fi% are ^? :i* h hi!rto run 9 ! fall & s may h surviv$ ! spawn+ season previ\s4 ,^? fi% :i* ent] ! riv]s 9 ! spr+ cont9ue _! asc5t until dea? or ! spawn+ season ov]takes !m4 ,probably none ( !m ev] return to ! ocean1 & a l>ge proportion fail to spawn4 ,!y are kn[n to asc5d ! ,sacram5to z f> z ! base ( ,m\nt ,%a/a1 or to its extreme head-wat]s1 ab\t f\r hundr$ miles4 ,9 ! ,columbia !y are kn[n to asc5d z f> z ! ,bitt] ,root ,m\nta9s1 & z f> z ! ,spokan ,falls1 & _! extreme limit is n kn[n4 ,?is is a di/ance ( six to eight hundr$ miles4 ,at ^! great di/ances1 :5 ! fi% h rea*$ ! spawn+ gr\nds1 besides ! usual *anges ( ! bre$+ season1 _! bodies are cov]$ ) bruises on :i* pat*es ( :ite fungus develop4 ,! f9s become mutilat$1 _! eyes are (t5 injur$ or de/roy$2 p>asitic worms ga!r 9 _! gills1 !y become extremely emaciat$1 _! fle% becomes :ite f ! loss ( ! oil1 & z soon z ! spawn+ act is accompli%$1 & sometimes be=e1 all ( !m die4 ,! asc5t ( ! ,cascades & ! ,dalles probably causes ! injury or dea? ( a great _m salmon4 ,:5 ! salmon ent] ! riv] !y refuse bait1 & _! /oma*s are always f\nd empty & contract$4 ,9 ! riv]s !y d n fe$1 & :5 !y rea* ! spawn+ gr\nds _! /oma*s1 pyloric coeca & all1 are said to be no l>g] ?an "o's f+]4 ,!y w sometimes take ! fly1 or a hook bait$ ) salmon roe1 9 ! cle> wat]s ( ! upp] tribut>ies1 b !re is no o!r evid5ce kn[n to u t !y fe$ :5 !re4 ,only ! qu9nat & blue-back 7!n call$ r$-fi%7 h be5 f\nd 9 ! fall at any great di/ance f ! sea4 ,! spawn+ season is probably ab\t ! same = all ! species4 ,x v>ies = all 9 diff]5t riv]s & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same riv]1 & d\btless ext5ds f ,july to ,decemb]4 ,! mann] ( spawn+ is probably simil> = all ! species1 b we h no data = any except ! qu9nat4 ,9 ?is species ! fi% pair (f1 ! male1 ) tail & sn\t1 excavates a broad %all[ ne/ 9 ! gravelly b$ ( ! /ream1 9 rapid wat]1 at a dep? ( "o to f\r feet2 ! female deposits h] eggs 9 x1 & aft] ! exclusion ( ! milt1 !y cov] !m ) /ones & gravel4 ,!y !n float d[n ! /ream tail =emo/4 ,a great majority ( !m die4 ,9 ! head-wat]s ( ! l>ge /reams all die1 unque/ionably4 ,9 ! small /reams1 & ne> ! sea1 an unkn[n p]c5tage probably survive4 ,! "y hat* 9 ab\t sixty days1 & mo/ ( !m return to ! ocean dur+ ! high wat] ( ! spr+4 ,! salmon ( all k9ds 9 ! spr+ are silv]y1 spott$ or n accord+ to ! species1 & ) ! m\? ab\t equally symmetrical 9 bo? sexes4 ,z ! spawn+ season approa*es ! female loses h] silv]y color1 becomes m slimy1 ! scales on ! back p>tly s9k into ! sk91 & ! fle% *anges f salmon r$ & becomes v>i\sly pal]1 f ! loss ( ! oil1 ! degree ( pal5ess v>y+ mu* ) individuals & ) inhabitants ( diff]5t riv]s4 ,9 ! l[] ,sacram5to ! fle% ( ! qu9nat 9 ei!r spr+ or fall is r>ely pale4 ,9 ! ,columbia1 a few ) pale fle% are sometimes tak5 9 spr+1 & a good _m 9 ! fall4 ,9 ,fraz]'s ,riv] ! fall run ( ! qu9nat is ne>ly wor?less = cann+ purposes1 because s _m are :ite meat$4 ,9 ! spr+ v few are :ite meat$1 b ! numb] increases t[>ds fall1 :5 !re is e v>iation1 "s hav+ r$ /reaks runn+ ?r\gh !m1 o!rs be+ r$ t[>d ! head & pale t[>d ! tail4 ,! r$ & pale ones _c be di/+ui%$ ext]nally1 & ! color is dep5d5t nei!r on age nor sex4 ,!re is said to be no diff]5ce 9 ! ta/e1 b !re is no m>ket = cann$ salmon n ( ! conv5tional orange color4 ,z ! season advances1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! males & ! females become m & m m>k$1 & keep pace ) ! developm5t ( ! milt1 z is %[n by dissection4 ,! males h3 7a47 ,! premaxill>ies & ! tip ( ! l[] jaw m & m prolong$2 bo? ( !m becom+ f9ally /rongly & (t5 extravagantly hook$1 s t ei!r !y %ut by ! side ( ea* o!r l %e>s1 or else ! m\? _c be clos$4 7b47 ,! front tee? become v long & can9e-l1 _! gr[? proce$+ v rapidly1 until !y are (t5 half an in* long4 7c47 ,! tee? on ! vom] & tongue (t5 disappe>4 7d47 ,! body gr[s m compress$ & deep] at ! %\ld]s1 s t a v di/9ct hump is =m$2 ?is is m develop$ 9 #j4 gorbus*a1 b is f\nd 9 all4 7e47 ,! scales disappe>1 especially on ! back1 by ! gr[? ( spongy sk94 7f47 ,! color *anges f silv]y to v>i\s %ades ( black & r$ or blot*y1 accord+ to ! species4 ,! blue-back turns rosy r$1 ! dog salmon a dull1 blot*y r$1 & ! quiunat g5]ally blacki%4 ,^! di/ort$ males are commonly consid]$ wor?less1 reject$ by ! cann]s & salmon-salt]s1 b pres]v$ by ! ,indians4 ,^! *anges are due solely to influ5ces connect$ ) ! gr[? ( ! te/es4 ,!y are n 9 any way due to ! action ( fre% wat]4 ,!y take place at ab\t ! same "t 9 ! adult males ( all species1 :e!r 9 ! ocean or 9 ! riv]s4 ,at ! "t ( ! spr+ runs all are symmetrical4 ,9 ! fall1 all males ( :atev] species are m or less di/ort$4 ,among ! dog salmon1 :i* run only 9 ! fall1 ! males are hook$-jaw$ & r$-blot*$ :5 !y fir/ ent] ! ,/raits ( ,fuca f ! outside4 ,! hump-back1 tak5 9 salt wat] ab\t ,seattle1 %[s ! same peculi>ities4 ,! male is slab-sid$1 hook-bill$1 & di/ort$1 & is reject$ by ! cann]s4 ,no hook-jaw$ females ( any species h be5 se54 ,x is n positively kn[n t any hook-jaw$ male survives ! reproductive act4 ,if any d1 _! jaws mu/ resume ! normal =m4 ,on fir/ ent]+ a /ream ! salmon swim ab\t z if play+3 !y always head t[>d ! curr5t1 & ?is play+ may be simply due to fac+ ! flood tide4 ,aft]w>ds !y ent] ! deepe/ p>ts ( ! /ream & swim /raight up1 ) few int]ruptions4 ,_! rate ( travel on ! ,sacram5to is e/imat$ by ,/one at ab\t two miles p] day2 on ! ,columbia at ab\t ?ree miles p] day4 ,z already /at$1 ! economic value ( any species dep5ds 9 great "p on its be+ a spr+ salmon4 ,x is n g5]ally possible to capture salmon ( any species 9 l>ge numb]s until !y h ent]$ ! riv]s1 & ! spr+ salmon ent] ! riv]s long be=e ! gr[? ( ! organs ( reproduction has r$uc$ ! ri*ness ( ! fle%4 ,! fall salmon _c be tak5 9 quantity until _! fle% has det]iorat$3 h5ce ! dog salmon is practically almo/ wor?less1 except to ! ,indians1 & ! hump-back salmon is little bett]4 ,! silv] salmon1 ) ! same bre$+ habits z ! dog salmon1 is m valuable1 z x is f\nd 9 ,puget ,s\nd = a consid]able "t be=e ! fall ra9s cause ! fall runs1 & x may be tak5 9 l>ge numb]s ) se9es be=e ! season = ent]+ ! riv]s4 ,! qu9nat salmon1 f its great size & abundance1 is m valuable ?an all o!r fi%es on our ,pacific coa/ toge!r4 ,! blue back1 simil> 9 fle% b mu* small] & less abundant1 is wor? mu* m ?an ! comb9$ value ( ! ?ree rema9+ species4 ,! fall salmon ( all species1 b especially ! dog salmon1 asc5d /reams b a %ort di/ance be=e spawn+4 ,!y seem to be 9 great anxiety to f9d fre% wat]1 & _m ( !m "w _! way up little brooks only a few in*es deep1 :]e !y soon p]i% mis]ably1 fl\nd]+ ab\t on ! /ones4 ,e /ream1 ( :atev] k9d1 has m or less ( ^! fall salmon4 ,x is ! prevail+ impression t ! salmon h "s special in/9ct :i* leads !m to return to spawn 9 ! same spawn+ gr\nds :]e !y 7 orig9ally hat*$4 ,we fail to f9d any evid5ce ( ?is 9 ! case ( ! ,pacific coa/ salmon1 & we d n believe x to be true4 ,x seems m probable t ! "y salmon1 hat*$ 9 any riv]1 mo/ly rema9 9 ! ocean )9 a radius ( tw5ty1 ?irty1 or =ty miles ( its m\?4 ,^!1 9 _! movem5ts ab\t 9 ! ocean1 may come into contact ) ! cold wat]s ( _! p>5t riv]s1 or p]haps ( any o!r riv]1 at a consid]able di/ance f ! %ore4 ,9 ! case ( ! qu9nat & ! blue-back1 _! in/9ct leads !m to asc5d ^! fre% wat]s1 & 9 a majority ( cases ^! wat]s w be ^? 9 :i* ! fi%es 9 "q 7 orig9ally spawn$4 ,lat] 9 ! season ! gr[? ( ! reproductive organs leads !m to approa* ! %ore & to se>* = fre% wat]s1 & /ill ! *ances are t !y may f9d ! orig9al /ream4 ,b und\bt$ly _m fall salmon asc5d1 or try to asc5d1 /reams 9 :i* no salmon 0 ev] hat*$4 ,x is said ( ! ,russian ,riv] & o!r ,cali=nia riv]s1 t _! m\?s 9 ! "t ( l[ wat] 9 summ] g5]ally become entirely clos$ by s& b>s1 & t ! salmon1 9 _! eag]ness to asc5d !m1 frequ5tly fl+ !mselves entirely out ( wat] on ! bea*4 ,b ?is does n prove t ! salmon are guid$ by a m>vel\s geographical in/9ct :i* leads !m to _! p>5t riv]4 ,! wat]s ( ,russian ,riv] soak ?r\gh ^! s& b>s1 & ! salmon in/9ct1 we ?9k1 leads !m m]ely to se>* = fre% wat]s4 ,?is matt] is mu* 9 ne$ ( fur!r inve/igation2 at pres5t1 h[ev]1 we f9d no reason to believe t ! salmon ent] ! ,rogue ,riv] simply because !y 7 spawn$ !re1 or t a salmon hat*$ 9 ! ,clackamas ,riv] is any ! m likely on t acc\nt to return to ! ,clackamas ?an to g up ! ,c[litz or ! ,des*utes4 ,at ! hat*]y on ,rogue ,riv]1 ! fi% are /ripp$1 m>k$ & set free1 & e ye> s9ce ! hat*]y has be5 9 op]ation "s ( ! m>k$ fi% h be5 re-caught4 ,! "y fry are also m>k$1 b none ( !m h be5 recaught4 ,?is ye> ! run ( silv] salmon 9 ,fraz]'s ,riv] 0 v light1 :ile on ,puget ,s\nd ! run 0 said by ! ,indians to be great] ?an ev] kn[n be=e4 ,bo? ^! cases may be due to ! same cause1 ! dry summ]1 l[ wat]1 & consequ5t failure ( ! salmon to f9d ! riv]s4 ,! run 9 ! ,s\nd is mu* m irregul> ?an 9 ! l>ge riv]s4 ,"o ye> !y w ab\nd 9 "o bay & its tribut>y /ream & h>dly be se5 9 ano!r1 :ile ! next ye> ! condition w be rev]s$4 ,at ,cape ,flatt]y ! run ( silv] salmon = ! pres5t ye> 0 v small1 :i* fact 0 g5]ally attribut$ by ! ,indians to ! bir? ( tw9s at ,neah ,bay4 ,9 reg>d to ! dim9ution ( ! numb] ( salmon on ! coa/4 ,9 ,puget's ,s\nd1 ,fraz]'s ,riv]1 & ! small] /reams1 !re appe>s to be little or no evid5ce ( ?is4 ,9 ! ,columbia ,riv] ! evid5ce appe>s some:at conflict+2 ! cat* dur+ ! pres5t ye> 7#ahhj7 has be5 consid]ably great] ?an ev] be=e 7ne>ly #edj1jjj cases ( #dh lb4 ea* hav+ be5 pack$71 al?\gh ! fi%+ = ?ree or f\r ye>s has be5 v ext5sive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! high wat] ( ! pres5t spr+ has und\bt$ly caus$ _m fi% to become spr+ salmon :i* w\ld o!rwise h run 9 ! fall4 ,moreov]1 x is urg$ t a few ye>s ago1 :5 ! numb] caught 0 ab\t half z great z n[1 ! am\nt ( nett+ us$ 0 p]haps "o-eigh? z mu*4 ,) a comp>atively small outfit ! cann]s caught half ! fi%1 n[ ) nets mu* l>g] & m num]\s1 !y cat* !m all1 sc>cely any escap+ dur+ ! fi%+ season 7,april #a to ,augu/ #a74 ,:e!r an actual r$uction 9 ! numb] ( fi% runn+ c be prov5 or n1 !re c be no "q t ! pres5t rate ( de/ruction ( ! salmon w deplete ! riv] be=e _m ye>s4 ,a consid]able numb] ( qu9nat salmon run 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 & "s /raggl]s ev5 lat]2 ^! n[ are all :i* keep up ! supply ( fi% 9 ! riv]4 ,! non-mole/ation ( ?is fall run1 !re=e1 does some?+ to atone = ! almo/ total de/ruction ( ! spr+ run4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is insuffici5t4 ,a well-ord]$ salmon hat*]y is ! only means by :i* ! de/ruction ( ! salmon 9 ! riv] c be prev5t$4 ,?is hat*]y %\ld be "u ! control ( ,oregon & ,wa%+ton1 & %\ld be support$ by a tax levi$ on ! cann$ fi%4 ,x %\ld be plac$ on a /ream :]e ! qu9nat salmon actually come to spawn4 ,x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r ! pres5t hat*]y on ! ,clackamas ,riv] actually receives ! qu9nat salmon 9 any numb]s4 ,x is ass]t$1 9 fact1 t ! eggs ( ! silv] salmon & dog salmon1 ) scatt]+ qu9nat1 are hat*$ !re4 ,we h no exact in=mation z to ! tru? ( ^! reports1 b ! matt] %\ld be tak5 into s]i\s consid]ation4 ,on ! ,sacram5to !re is no d\bt ( ! r$uction ( ! numb] ( salmon2 ?is is d\btless ma9ly attributable to ov]-fi%+1 b 9 "p x may be due to ! de/ruction ( spawn+ b$s by m9+ op]ations & o!r causes4 ,z to ! sup]iority ( ! ,columbia ,riv] salmon1 !re is no d\bt t ! qu9nat salmon av]age l>g] & fatt] 9 ! ,columbia ?an 9 ! ,sacram5to & 9 ,puget ,s\nd4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! cann$ fi% is1 h[ev]1 probably h>dly appreciable4 ,! cann$ salmon f ! ,columbia1 h[ev]1 br+ a bett] price 9 ! m>ket ?an ^? f else:]e4 ,! cann]s !re g5]ally h _h a high reg>d = ! reputation ( ! riv]1 & h avoid$ cann+ fall fi% or species o!r ?an ! qu9nat4 ,9 ! ,fraz]'s ,riv] ! blue-back is l>gely cann$1 & its fle% be+ a little m wat]y & p]haps pal]1 is grad$ bel[ ! qu9nat4 ,on ,puget ,s\nd v>i\s species are cann$2 9 fact1 ev]y?+ ) r$ fle%4 ,! be/ cann]s on ! ,sacram5to app>5tly take equal c>e ) _! product ) ^? ( ! ,columbia1 b !y dep5d l>gely on ! some:at inf]ior fall run4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sometimes salmon cann$ 9 ,san ,francisco1 :i* h be5 9 ! city m>kets1 & = "s reason rema9+ unsold1 h be5 s5t to ! cann]s2 su* salmon are unfit = food1 & cann+ !m %\ld be prohibit$4 ,! fact t ! hump-back salmon runs only on alt]nate ye>s 9 ,puget ,s\nd 7#ahge1 #ahgg1 #ahgi1 etc47 is well atte/$ & at pres5t unexpla9$4 ,/ray individuals only are tak5 9 o!r ye>s4 ,?is species has a di/9ct run1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 only 9 ,puget ,s\nd1 al?\gh individuals 7call$ lo/ salmon7 are occasionally tak5 9 ! ,columbia & 9 ! ,sacram5to4--,am]ican ,naturali/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,electricity ,,& ,,light4 ,footnote3 ,a lecture by ,dr4 ,o4 ,j4 ,lodge1 deliv]$ at ! ,london ,in/itution on ,decemb] #af1 #ahhj4 ,ev] s9ce ! subject on :i* ,i h ! honor to speak to y to-night 0 arrang$1 ,i h be5 a/oni%$ at my own audacity 9 propos+ to deal 9 ! c\rse ( sixty m9utes ) a subject s gigantic & s pr(\nd t a c\rse ( sixty lectures w\ld be q inadequate = its ?or\gh & exhau/ive treatm5t4 ,i mu/ inde$ conf9e myself c>efully to "s few ( ! typical & mo/ sali5t po9ts 9 ! relation betwe5 electricity & light1 & ,i mu/ economize "t by plung+ at once into ! middle ( ! matt] )\t fur!r prelim9>ies4 ,n[1 :5 a p]son is sett+ (f to discuss ! relation betwe5 electricity & light1 x is v natural & v prop] to pull him up %ort ) ! two que/ions3 ,:at d y mean by electricity8 & ,:at d y mean by light8 ,^! two que/ions ,i int5d to try briefly to answ]4 ,& "h let me obs]ve t 9 answ]+ ^! fundam5tal que/ions1 ,i d n necess>ily assume a fundam5tal ignorance on y\r "p ( ^! two ag5ts1 b r ! contr>y2 & mu/ beg y to rememb] t if ,i repeat well-kn[n & simple exp]im5ts be=e y1 x is = ! purpose ( direct+ att5tion to _! real mean+ & significance1 n to _! obvi\s & sup]ficial *>act]i/ics2 9 ! same way t ,i might repeat ! exce$+ly famili> exp]im5t ( dropp+ a /one to ! e>? if we 7 go+ to def9e :at we meant by gravitation4 ,n[1 !n1 we w ask fir/1 ,:at is electricity8 & ! simple answ] mu/ be1 ,we don't "k4 ,well1 b ?is ne$ n necess>ily be depress+4 ,if ! same "q 7 ask$ ab\t matt]1 or ab\t en]gy1 we %\ld h likewise to reply1 ,no "o kn[s4 ,b !n ! t]m ,matt] is a v g5]al "o1 & s is ! t]m ,en]gy4 ,!y are heads1 9 fact1 "u :i* we classify m special ph5om5a4 ,?us1 if we 7 ask$1 ,:at is sulphur8 or :at is sel5ium8 we %\ld at lea/ be able to reply1 ,a =m ( matt]2 & !n proce$ to describe its prop]ties1 i4 e41 h[ x affect$ our bodies & o!r bodies4 ,aga91 to ! "q1 ,:at is heat8 we c reply1 ,a =m ( en]gy2 & proce$ to describe ! peculi>ities :i* di/+ui% x f o!r =ms ( en]gy4 ,b to ! "q4 ,:at is electricity8 we h no answ] pat l ?is4 ,we c n ass]t t x is a =m ( matt]1 nei!r c we d5y x2 on ! o!r h&1 we c]ta9ly c n ass]t t x is a =m ( en]gy1 & ,i %\ld be dispos$ to d5y x4 ,x may be t electricity is an entity p] se1 j z matt] is an entity p] se4 ,nev]!less1 ,i c tell y :at ,i mean by electricity by appeal+ to its kn[n behavior4 ,"h is a batt]y1 t is1 an electricity pump2 x w drive electricity along4 ,pr(4 ,ayrt\ is go+1 ,i am afraid1 to tell y1 on ! #bj? ( ,janu>y next1 t x produces electricity2 b if he does1 ,i hope y w rememb] t t is exactly :at nei!r x nor any?+ else c d4 ,x is z impossible to g5]ate electricity 9 ! s5se ,i am try+ to give ! ^w1 z x is to produce matt]4 ,( c\rse ,i ne$ h>dly say t ,pr(4 ,ayrton kn[s ?is p]fectly well2 x is m]ely a "q ( words1 i4 e41 ( :at y und]/& by ! ^w electricity4 ,i want y1 !n1 to reg>d ?is batt]y & all electrical ma*9es & batt]ies z k9ds ( electricity pumps1 :i* drive ! electricity along ?r\gh ! wire v mu* z a wat]-pump c drive wat] along pipes4 ,:ile ?is is go+ on ! wire manife/s a :ole s]ies ( prop]ties1 :i* are call$ ! prop]ties ( ! curr5t4 ,"h 7 %[n an ignit$ plat9um wire1 ! electric arc betwe5 two c>bons1 an electric ma*9e sp>k1 an induction coil sp>k1 & a vacuum tube gl[4 ,also a l>ge nail 0 magnetiz$ by be+ wrapp$ 9 ! curr5t1 & two helices 7 susp5d$ & se5 to direct & attract ea* o!r4 ,to make a magnet1 !n1 we only ne$ a curr5t ( electricity fl[+ r\nd & r\nd 9 a :irl4 ,a vortex or :irlpool ( electricity is 9 fact a magnet2 & vice v]sa4 ,& ^! :irls h ! p[] ( direct+ & attract+ o!r previ\sly exi/+ :irls accord+ to c]ta9 laws1 call$ ! laws ( magnetism4 ,&1 moreov]1 !y h ! p[] ( excit+ fre% :irls 9 neighbor+ conductors1 & ( repell+ !m accord+ to ! laws ( diamagnetism4 ,! !ory ( ! actions is kn[n1 ?\gh ! nature ( ! :irls1 z ( ! simple /ream ( electricity1 is at pres5t unkn[n4 ,"h 0 %[n a l>ge electro-magnet & an induction-coil vacuum dis*>ge sp9n+ r\nd & r\nd :5 plac$ 9 its field4 ,s mu* = :at happ5s :5 electricity is made to travel along conductors1 i4 e41 :5 x travels along l a /ream ( wat] 9 a pipe1 or sp9s r\nd & r\nd l a :irlpool4 ,b !re is ano!r set ( ph5om5a1 usually reg>d$ z di/9ct & ( ano!r ord]1 b :i* are n s di/9ct z !y appe>1 :i* manife/ !mselves :5 y jo9 ! pump to a piece ( glass1 or any non-conductor1 & try to =ce ! electricity ?r\gh t4 ,y succe$ 9 driv+ "s ?r\gh1 b ! fl[ is no long] l t ( wat] 9 an op5 pipe2 x is z if ! pipe 7 completely ob/ruct$ by a numb] ( ela/ic p>titions or diaphragms4 ,! wat] c n move )\t /ra9+ & b5d+ ^! diaphragms1 & if y all[ x1 ^! /ra9$ p>titions w recov] !mselves1 & drive ! wat] back aga94 ,"h 0 expla9$ ! process ( *>g+ a ,leyd5 j>4 ,! ess5tial ?+ to rememb] is t we may h electrical en]gy 9 two =ms1 ! /atic & ! k9etic2 & x is1 !re=e1 also possible to h ! rapid alt]nation f "o ( ^! =ms to ! o!r1 call$ vibration4 ,n[ we w pass to ! second "q3 ,:at d y mean by light8 ,& ! fir/ & obvi\s answ] is1 ,ev]ybody kn[s4 ,& ev]ybody t is n bl9d does "k to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,we h a special s5se organ = appreciat+ light1 :]eas we h none = electricity4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ admit t we really "k v little ab\t ! intimate nature ( light--v little m ?an ab\t electricity4 ,b we d "k ?is1 t light is a =m ( en]gy1 &1 moreov]1 t x is en]gy rapidly alt]nat+ betwe5 ! /atic & ! k9etic =ms--t x is1 9 fact1 a special k9d ( en]gy ( vibration4 ,we are absolutely c]ta9 t light is a p]iodic di/urbance 9 "s m$ium1 p]iodic bo? 9 space & "t2 t is to say1 ! same appe>ances regul>ly recur at c]ta9 equal int]vals ( di/ance at ! same "t1 & also pres5t !mselves at equal int]vals ( "t at ! same place2 t 9 fact x belongs to ! class ( motions call$ by ma!maticians undulatory or wave motions4 ,! wave motion 9 ?is model 7,p[ell's wave app>atus7 results f ! simple up & d[n motion popul>ly associat$ ) ! t]m wave4 ,b :5 a ma!matician calls a ?+ a wave he means t ! di/urbance is repres5t$ by a c]ta9 g5]al type ( =mula1 n t x is an up-&-d[n motion1 or t x looks at all l ^? ?+s on ! top ( ! sea4 ,! motion ( ! surface ( ! sea falls )9 t =mula1 & h5ce is a special v>iety ( wave motion1 & ! t]m wave has acquir$ 9 popul> use ?is signification & no?+ else4 ,s t :5 "o speaks ord9>ily ( a wave or undulatory motion1 "o imm$iately ?9ks ( some?+ heav+ up & d[n1 or ev5 p]haps ( some?+ break+ on ! %ore4 ,b :5 we ass]t t ! =m ( en]gy call$ light is undulatory1 we by no means int5d to ass]t t any?+ :atev] is mov+ up & d[n1 or t ! motion1 if we c\ld see x1 w\ld be any?+ at all l :at we are accu/om$ to 9 ! ocean4 ,! k9d ( motion is unkn[n2 we are n ev5 sure t !re is any?+ l motion 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w at all4 ,n[1 h[ mu* connection betwe5 electricity & light h we p]ceiv$ 9 ?is glance into _! natures8 ,n mu*1 truly4 ,x am\nts to ab\t ?is3 ,t on ! "o h& electrical en]gy may exi/ 9 ei!r ( two =ms--! /atic =m1 :5 insulators are electrically /ra9$ by hav+ _h electricity driv5 p>tially ?r\gh !m 7z 9 ! ,leyd5 j>71 :i* /ra9 is a =m ( en]gy because ( ! t5d5cy to dis*>ge & d "w2 & ! k9etic =m1 :]e electricity is mov+ bodily along ?r\gh conductors or :irl+ r\nd & r\nd inside !m1 :i* motion ( electricity is a =m ( en]gy1 because ! conductors & :irls c attract or repel ea* o!r & !reby d "w4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 t light is ! rapid alt]nation ( en]gy f "o ( ^! =ms to ! o!r--! /atic =m :]e ! m$ium is /ra9$1 to ! k9etic =m :5 x moves4 ,x is j conceivable1 !n1 t ! /atic =m ( ! en]gy ( light is electro /atic1 t is1 t ! m$ium is electrically /ra9$1 & t ! k9etic =m ( ! en]gy ( light is electro-k9etic1 t is1 t ! motion is n ord9>y motion1 b electrical motion--9 fact1 t light is an electrical vibration1 n a mat]ial "o4 ,on ,novemb] #e1 la/ ye>1 !re di$ at ,cambridge a man 9 ! full vigor ( 8 faculties--su* faculties z d n appe> _m times 9 a c5tury--^: *ief "w has be5 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is v fact1 ! discov]y ( ! l9k connect+ light & electricity2 & ! pro(--= ,i believe x am\nts to a pro(--t !y are diff]5t manife/ations ( "o & ! same class ( ph5om5a--t light is1 9 fact1 an electro-magnetic di/urbance4 ,! premature dea? ( ,james ,cl]k-,maxwell is a loss to sci5ce :i* appe>s at pres5t utt]ly irrep>able1 = he 0 engag$ 9 rese>*es t no o!r man c hope z yet adequately to grasp & foll[ out2 b =tunately x did n occur till he _h publi%$ 8 book on ,electricity & ,magnetism1 "o ( ^? immortal productions :i* exalt "o's idea ( ! m9d ( man1 & :i* has be5 m5tion$ by compet5t critics 9 ! same brea? z ! ,pr9cipia itself4 ,b x is n p]fect l ! ,pr9cipia2 mu* ( x is r\gh-hewn1 & requires to be ?or\ghly work$ out4 ,x conta9s num]\s mispr9ts & errata1 & "p ( ! second volume is s difficult z to be almo/ un9telligible4 ,"s1 9 fact1 consi/s ( notes writt5 = private use & n int5d$ = publication4 ,x seems next to impossible n[ to mature a "w sil5tly = tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 z 0 done by ,newton two & a half c5turies ago4 ,b a second edition 0 prep>+1 & mu* might h be5 improv$ 9 =m if life _h be5 sp>$ to ! illu/ri\s au?or4 ,! ma9 pro( ( ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light is ?is3 ,! rate at :i* light travels has be5 measur$ _m times1 & is pretty well kn[n4 ,! rate at :i* an electro-magnetic wave di/urbance w\ld travel if su* c\ld be g5]at$ 7& ,mr4 ,fitzg]ald1 ( ,dubl91 ?9ks he has prov$ t x c n be g5]at$ directly by any kn[n electrical means7 c be also det]m9$ by calculation f electrical measurem5ts4 ,! two velocities agree exactly4 ,?is is ! great physical con/ant kn[n z ! ratio ,v1 :i* s _m physici/s h be5 measur+1 & are likely to be measur+ = "s "t to come4 ,_m & brilliant z 7 ,maxwell's discov]ies1 n only 9 electricity1 b also 9 ! !ory ( ! nature ( gases1 & 9 molecul> sci5ce g5]ally1 ,i c n help ?9k+ t if "o ( !m is m /rik+ & m full ( future significance ?an ! re/1 x is ! "o ,i h j m5tion$--! !ory t light is an electrical ph5om5on4 ,! fir/ glimpse ( ?is spl5did g5]alization 0 caught 9 #ahde1 five & ?irty ye>s ago1 by t pr9ce ( pure exp]im5tali/s1 ,mi*ael ,f>aday4 ,8 reasons = suspect+ "s connection betwe5 electricity & light are n cle> to u--9 fact1 !y c\ld n h be5 cle> to him2 b he seems to h felt a conviction t if he only tri$ long en\gh & s5t all k9ds ( rays ( light 9 all possible directions across electric & magnetic fields 9 all sorts ( m$ia1 he mu/ ultimately hit ^u some?+4 ,well1 ?is is v ne>ly :at he did4 ,) a sublime pati5ce & p]sev]ance :i* rem9d "o ( ! way ,kepl] hunt$ d[n guess aft] guess 9 a diff]5t field ( rese>*1 ,f>aday comb9$ electricity1 or magnetism1 & light 9 all mann] ( ways1 & at la/ he 0 rew>d$ ) a result4 ,& a mo/ out-(-!-way result x seem$4 ,fir/1 y h to get a mo/ p[]ful magnet & v /rongly excite x2 !n y h to pi]ce its two poles ) holes1 9 ord] t a beam ( light may travel f "o to ! o!r along ! l9es ( =ce2 !n1 z ord9>y light is no good1 y mu/ get a beam ( plane pol>iz$ light1 & s5d x betwe5 ! poles4 ,b /ill no result is obta9$ until1 f9ally1 y int]pose a piece ( a r>e & out-(-!-way mat]ial1 :i* ,f>aday _h himself discov]$ & made--a k9d ( glass :i* conta9s borate ( lead1 & :i* is v heavy1 or d5se1 & :i* mu/ be p]fectly anneal$4 ,& n[1 :5 all ^! arrangem5ts are complet$1 :at is se5 is simply ?is1 t if an analyz] is arrang$ to /op ! light & make ! field q d>k be=e ! magnet is excit$1 !n directly ! batt]y is connect$ & ! magnet call$ into action1 a fa9t & b>ely p]ceptible bright5+ ( ! field occurs1 :i* w disappe> if ! analyz] be slightly rotat$4 ,! exp]im5t 0 !n %[n4 ,n[1 no wond] t no "o und]/ood ?is result4 ,f>aday himself did n und]/& x at all4 ,he seems to h ?\ght t ! magnetic l9es ( =ce 7 r5d]$ lum9\s1 or t ! light 0 magnetiz$2 9 fact1 he 0 9 a fog1 & _h no idea ( its real significance4 ,nor _h any "o4 ,cont95tal philosoph]s exp]i5c$ "s difficulty & sev]al failures be=e !y 7 able to repeat ! exp]im5t4 ,x 01 9 fact1 discov]$ too soon1 & be=e ! sci5tific _w 0 ready to receive x1 & x 0 res]v$ = ,sir ,william ,?omson briefly1 b v cle>ly1 to po9t out1 & = ,cl]k-,maxwell m fully to develop1 its mo/ important consequ5ces4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! exp]im5t 0 !n illu/rat$ by ! aid ( a me*anical model4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal exp]im5t on :i* ,cl]k-,maxwell's !ory ( light is bas$2 b ( late ye>s _m fre% facts & relations betwe5 electricity & light h be5 discov]$1 & at ! pres5t "t !y are tumbl+ 9 9 great numb]s4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,f>aday t _m o!r transp>5t m$ia besides heavy glass w\ld %[ ! ph5om5on if plac$ betwe5 ! poles1 only 9 a less degree2 & ! v important obs]vation t air itself exhibits ! same ph5om5on1 ?\gh to an exce$+ly small ext5t1 has j be5 made by ,kundt & ,rontg5 9 ,g]many4 ,dr4 ,k]r1 ( ,glasg[1 has ext5d$ ! result to opaque bodies1 & has %[n t if light be pass$ ?r\gh magnetiz$ iron its plane is rotat$4 ,! film ( iron mu/ be exce$+ly ?91 because ( its opacity1 & h5ce1 ?\gh ! intr9sic rotat+ p[] ( iron is und\bt$ly v great1 ! obs]v$ rotation is exce$+ly small & difficult to obs]ve2 & x is only by a v rem>kable pati5ce & c>e & +5uity t ,dr4 ,k]r has obta9$ 8 result4 ,mr4 ,fitzg]ald1 ( ,dubl91 has exam9$ ! "q ma!matically1 & has %[n t ,maxwell's !ory w\ld h enabl$ ,dr4 ,k]r's result to be pr$ict$4 ,ano!r requirem5t ( ! !ory is t bodies :i* are transp>5t to light mu/ be insulators or non-conductors ( electricity1 & t conductors ( electricity are necess>ily opaque to light4 ,simple obs]vation amply confirms ?is2 metals are ! be/ conductors1 & are ! mo/ opaque bodies kn[n4 ,insulators su* z glass & cry/als are transp>5t :5ev] !y are suffici5tly homog5e\s1 & ! v rem>kable rese>*es ( ,pr(4 ,graham ,bell 9 ! la/ few mon?s h %[n t ev5 ebonite1 "o ( ! mo/ opaque insulators to ord9>y vision1 is c]ta9ly transp>5t to "s k9ds ( radiation1 & transp>5t to no small degree4 ,! reason :y transp>5t bodies mu/ insulate1 & :y conductors mu/ be opaque1 0 "h illu/rat$ by me*anical models4 ,a fur!r consequ5ce ( ! !ory is t ! velocity ( light 9 a transp>5t m$ium w be affect$ by its electrical /ra9 con/ant2 9 o!r words1 t its refractive index w be> "s close b n yet q asc]ta9$ relation to its specific inductive capacity4 ,exp]im5t has p>tially confirm$ ?is1 b ! confirmation is z yet v incomplete4 ,b !re are a numb] ( results n pr$ict$ by !ory1 & ^: connection ) ! !ory is n cle>ly made out4 ,we h ! fact t light fall+ on ! plat9um electrode ( a voltamet] g5]ates a curr5t1 fir/ obs]v$1 ,i ?9k1 by ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,grove--at any rate1 x is m5tion$ 9 8 ,correlation ( ,=ces--ext5d$ by ,becqu]el & ,rob]t ,sab9e to o!r sub/ances1 & n[ be+ ext5d$ to fluoresc5t & o!r bodies by ,pr(4 ,m9*94 ,& f9ally--= ,i mu/ be brief--we h ! rem>kable action ( light on sel5ium4 ,?is fact 0 discov]$ accid5tally by an assi/ant 9 ! laboratory ( ,mr4 ,will\ghby ,smi?1 :o notic$ t a piece ( sel5ium conduct$ electricity v mu* bett] :5 light 0 fall+ ^u x ?an :5 x 0 9 ! d>k4 ,! light ( a c&le is suffici5t1 & in/antane\sly br+s d[n ! resi/ance to some?+ l "o-fif? ( its orig9al value4 ,i c\ld %[ y ^! effects1 b !re is n mu* to see2 x is an int5sely int]e/+ ph5om5on1 b its ext]nal manife/ation is n /rik+--any m ?an ,f>aday's heavy glass exp]im5t 04 ,?is is ! ph5om5on :i*1 z y "k1 has be5 utiliz$ by ,pr(4 ,graham ,bell 9 t mo/ +5i\s & /rik+ inv5tion1 ! photophone4 ,by ! k9dness ( ,pr(4 ,silvanus ,?ompson1 ,i h a few slides to %[ ! pr9ciple ( ! inv5tion1 & ,mr4 ,%el=d ,bidwell has be5 k9d en\gh to l5d me 8 home-made photophone1 :i* answ]s exce$+ly well = %ort di/ances4 ,i h n[ trespass$ long en\gh ^u y\r pati5ce1 b ,i mu/ j allude to :at may v likely be ! next /rik+ popul> discov]y2 & t is ! transmission ( light by electricity2 ,i mean ! transmission ( su* ?+s z views & pictures by means ( ! electric wire4 ,x has n yet be5 done1 b x seems already !oretically possible1 & x may v soon be practically accompli%$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,int]e/+ ,,electrical ,,rese>*es4 ,dur+ ! la/ six ye>s ,dr4 ,w>r5 de la ,rue has be5 inve/igat+1 9 conjunction ) ,dr4 ,hugo ,mull]1 ! v>i\s & highly int]e/+ ph5om5a :i* accompany ! electric dis*>ge4 ,f "t to "t ! results ( _! rese>*es 7 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society1 & appe>$ 9 its ,proce$+s4 ,e>ly la/ ye> ,dr4 ,de la ,rue be+ reque/$ to br+ ! subject be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 acc$$ to ! press+ invitation ( 8 colleagues & sci5tific fri5ds4 ,! disc\rse1 :i* 0 necess>ily long po/pon$ on acc\nt ( ! prep>ations t _h to be made1 0 f9ally giv5 on ,friday1 ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y1 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable1 f ! elaborate nature ( ! exp]im5ts1 ev] deliv]$ 9 ! !at] ( t des]v$ly fam\s in/itution4 ,ow+ to ! great inconv5i5ce ( remov+ ! batt]y f 8 laboratory1 ,dr4 de la ,rue1 despite ! great exp5diture1 direct$ ,mr4 ,s4 ,tisley to prep>e1 expressly = ! lecture1 a second s]ies ( #ad1djj cells1 & fit x up 9 ! basem5t ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is new batt]y occupi$ ,mr4 ,tisley a :ole ye>1 :ile ! *>g+ ( x ext5d$ ov] a =tnight4 ,! de la ,rue cell1 if we may s call "o ( ^! elem5ts1 consi/s ( a z9c rod1 ! l[] portion ( :i* is emb$d$ 9 a solid electrolyte1 viz41 *loride ( silv]1 ) :i* are connect$ two flatt5$ silv] wires to s]ve z electrodes4 ,:5 ^! are unit$ & ! silv] *loride moi/5$1 *emical action beg9s1 & a weak b con/ant curr5t is g5]at$4 ,! electromotive =ce ( su* a cell is #a4jc volts1 & a curr5t equival5t to "o volt pass+ ?r\gh a resi/ance ( "o ohm 0 f\nd to decompose #j4jjadf gra9 ( wat] 9 "o second4 ,! batt]y is divid$ into cab9ets1 :i* hold f #a1bjj to #b1afj small elem5ts ea*4 ,?is facilitates removal1 & also ! detection ( any fault t may occur4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 #ahjh ,sir ,humphry ,davy con/ruct$ 8 batt]y ( #b1jjj cells1 & ?us succe$$ 9 exalt+ ! t9y sp>k obta9$ 9 clos+ ! circuit into ! lum9\s %eaf ( ! voltaic arc4 ,he also obs]v$ t ! sp>k pass$ ev5 :5 ! poles 7 sep>at$ by a di/ance v>y+ f #a_/dj to #a_/cj ( an in*4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 subsequ5tly =gott51 z we f9d lat] physici/s que/ion+ ! possibility ( ! sp>k leap+ ov] any int]pol> di/ance4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,gassiot1 ( ,clapham1 demon/rat$ ! inaccuracy ( ?is op9ion by con/ruct+ a batt]y ( #c1jjj ,leclan* cells1 :i* gave a sp>k ( #j4jbe in*2 a simil> numb] ( de la ,rue cells gives an #j4jefd in* sp>k4 ,?is consid]able increase 9 pot5tial is *iefly due to bett] insulation4 ,! great en]gy ( ?is batt]y 0 illu/rat$ by a v>iety ( exp]im5ts4 ,?us1 a l>ge cond5s]1 specially con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,v>ley1 & hav+ a capacity equal to t ( #f1dhe l>ge ,leyd5 j>s1 0 almo/ imm$iately *>g$ by ! curr5t f #aj1jjj cells4 ,wires ( v>i\s k9ds1 & f #i in*es to #bi in*es 9 l5g?1 7 in/antly volatiliz$ by ! passage ( ! electricity ?us /or$ up4 ,! curr5t induc$ 9 ! second>y wire ( a coil by ! dis*>ge ( ! cond5s] ?r\gh ! prim>y1 0 also suffici5tly int5se to deflagrate wires ( consid]able l5g? & ?ickness4 ,x 0 ) su* p[] at 8 comm& t ,dr4 ,de la ,rue proce$$ to inve/igate sev]al important electrical laws4 ,he has f\nd1 = example1 t ! positive dis*>ge is m int]mitt5t ?an ! negative1 t ! arc is always prec$$ by a /ream]-l dis*>ge1 t its temp]ature is ab\t #af1jjj deg41 & its l5g? at ! ord9>y pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 :5 tak5 betwe5 two po9ts1 v>ies z ! squ>e ( ! numb] ( cells4 ,?us1 ) a batt]y ( #a1jjj cells1 ! arc 0 #j4jjea in*1 ) #aa1jjj cells x increas$ to #j4fb in*4 ,! same law 0 f\nd to hold :5 ! dis*>ge took place betwe5 a po9t & a disk2 x fail$ entirely1 h[ev]1 :5 ! t]m9als 7 two disks4 ,x 0 also %[n t ! voltaic arc is n a ph5om5on ( conduction1 b is ess5tially a disruptive dis*>ge1 ! int]vals betwe5 ! passage ( two successive /atic sp>ks be+ ! "t requir$ = ! batt]y to collect suffici5t p[] to leap ov] ! int]pos$ resi/ance4 ,?is 0 fur!r confirm$ by ! introduction ( a cond5s]1 :5 ! int]vals 7 p]ceptibly l>g]4 ,f>aday prov$ t ! quantity ( electricity necess>y to produce a /rong fla% ( lightn+ w\ld result f ! decomposition ( a s+le gra9 ( wat]1 & ,dr4 de la ,rue's exp]im5ts confirm ?is extraord9>y /atem5t4 ,he has calculat$ t ?is quantity ( electricity w\ld be #e1jjj times z great z ! *>ge ( 8 l>ge cond5s]1 & t a lightn+ fla% a mile long w\ld require ! pot5tial ( #c1ejj1jjj cells1 t is to say1 ( #bdc ( 8 p[]ful batt]ies4 ,9 exp]im5t+ ) vacuum tubes1 he has f\nd t ! dis*>ge is also inv>iably disruptive4 ,?is is an important po9t1 z _m physici/s speak & write ( ! ph5om5on z "o ( conduction4 ,air1 9 e degree ( t5uity1 refuses to act z a conductor ( electricity4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t ! resi/ance ( gase\s m$ia dim9i%es ) ! pressure only up to a c]ta9 po9t1 beyond :i* x rapidly increases4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( hydrog51 x dim9i%es up to #j4fdb mm41 #hde million?s2 x !n rises z ! exhau/ion proce$s1 & at #j4jjjfe mm41 #h4f million?s1 x requires z high a pot5tial z at #ba4g mm41 #bh4eec million?s4 ,at #j4jjacg mm41 #a4h million?1 ! curr5t f #aa1jjj cells w\ld n pass ?r\gh a tube = :i* #dcj cells suffic$ at ! pressure ( m9imum resi/ance4 ,at a pressure ( #j4jjee mm41 #j4jff million?1 ! highe/ exhau/ obta9$ 9 any ( ! exp]im5ts1 ev5 a "o-in* sp>k f an induction coil refus$ to pass4 ,x 0 also asc]ta9$ t !re is nei!r cond5sacian nor dilatation ( ! gas 9 contact ) ! t]m9als prior to ! passage ( ! dis*>ge4 ,^! rese>*es naturally l$ to "s speculation ab\t ! conditions "u :i* auroral ph5om5a may occur4 ,obs]v]s h v>i\sly /at$ ! height at :i* ! aurora borealis atta9s its greate/ brilliancy z rang+ betwe5 #abd & #bha miles4 ,dr4 de la ,rue's conclusions fix ! upp] limit at #abd miles1 & t ( maximum display at #cg miles1 admitt+ also t ! aurora may sometimes occur at an altitude ( a few ?\s& feet4 ,! aurora 0 beautifully illu/rat$ by a v l>ge tube1 9 :i* ! !oretical pressure 0 c>efully ma9ta9$1 ! *>act]i/ic roseate t+e be+ readily produc$ & ma9ta9$4 ,9 /udy+ ! /ratifications obs]v$ 9 vacuum tubes1 ,dr4 de la ,rue f9ds t !y orig9ate at ! positive pole1 & t _! /ead9ess may be regulat$ by ! resi/ance 9 circuit1 & t ev5 :5 ! lea/ tremor _c be detect$ by ! eye1 !y are /ill produc$ by rapid pulsations :i* may be z frequ5t z t5 millions p] second4 ,dr4 de la ,rue conclud$ 8 int]e/+ disc\rse by exhibit+ "s ( ! f9e/ tubes ( 8 num]\s & unsurpass$ collection4--,eng9e]+ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,measur+ ,,electromotive ,,=ce4 ,c\lomb's torsion balance has be5 adapt$ by ,m4 ,baille to ! measurem5t ( l[ electromotive =ces 9 a v successful mann]1 & has be5 f\nd pref]able by him to ! delicate electromet]s ( ,sir ,w4 ,?omson4 ,x is necess>y to gu>d x f di/urbances due to extrane\s electric influ5ces & ! trembl+ ( ! gr\nd4 ,^! c be elim9at$ completely by encircl+ ! in/rum5t 9 a metal case connect$ to e>?1 & m\nt+ x on solid pill>s 9 a /ill place4 ,heat also has a di/urb+ effect1 & makes itself felt 9 ! torsion ( ! fib] & ! cage surr\nd+ ! lev]4 ,^! effects are w>d$ (f by inclos+ ! in/rum5t 9 a non-conduct+ jacket ( wood %av+s4 ,! app>atus ( ,m4 ,baille consi/s ( an anneal$ silv] torsion wire ( #b4gj met]s long1 & a lev] #j4ej met] long1 c>ry+ at ea* extremity a ball ( copp]1 gild$1 & ?ree c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,simil> balls are fix$ at ! corn]s ( a squ>e #bj4e met]s 9 ! side1 & connect$ 9 diagonal pairs by f9e wire4 ,! lev] plac$ at equal di/ances f ! fix$ balls communicates1 by ! m$ium ( ! torsion wire1 ) ! positive pole ( a batt]y1 ,p1 ! o!r pole be+ to e>?4 ,ow+ to "s unacc\ntable v>iations 9 ! *ange ( ! lev] or ne$le1 ,m4 ,baille 0 oblig$ to measure ! *ange at ea* obs]vation4 ,?is 0 done by jo9+ ! pole ( ! batt]y to ! ne$le1 & "o pair ( ! fix$ balls1 & obs]v+ ! deflection2 !n ! deflection produc$ by ! o!r balls 0 obs]v$4 ,?is op]ation 0 repeat$ sev]al times4 ,! batt]y1 ,x1 to be measur$ consi/$ ( t5 simil> elem5ts1 & "o pole ( x 0 connect$ to ! fix$ balls1 :ile ! o!r pole 0 connect$ to ! e>?4 ,! ne$le1 ( c\rse1 rema9$ 9 contact ) ! pole ( ! *>g+ batt]y1 ,p4 ,! deflections 7 read f a cle> glass scale1 plac$ at a di/ance ( #c4cj met]s f ! ne$le1 & ! results work$ out f ,c\lomb's /atic =mula1 ,c a 7#d m m'7_/d1 ) _/ sum77p_/g7 r7 ,o _/ ------------- _/ ,c ,,tex3 ,o sqrtfracsum fracpg r#b;,c ,9 ,m4 ,baillie's exp]im5ts1 ,o #dcg1 & sum7pr7 #cbaga4f 7c5timet] grammes71 ! ne$le hav+ be5 con/ruct$ ( a geometrical =m4 ,! foll[+ numb]s repres5t ! pot5tial ( an elem5t ( ! batt]y--t is to say1 ! quantity ( electricity t ! pole ( t batt]y spreads ^u a sph]e ( "o c5timet] radius4 ,!y are express$ 9 units ( electricity1 ! unit be+ ! quantity ( electricity :i*1 act+ ^u a simil> unit at a di/ance ( "o c5timet]1 produces a repulsion equal to "o gramme3 ,volta pile #j4jcdae op5 circuit4 ,z9c1 sulphate ( copp]1 copp] #j4jbiig ,z9c1 acidulat$ wat]1 copp]1 sulphate ( copp] #j4jcgji ,z9c1 salt wat]1 c>bon p]oxide ( manganese #j4jebhb ,z9c1 salt wat]1 plat9um1 *loride ( plat9um #j4jejbg ,z9c1 acidulat$ wat]1 c>bon nitric acid #j4jfbhe ,^! results 7 obta9$ j ^u *>g+ ! batt]ies1 & are1 !re=e1 slightly high] ?an ! pot5tials giv5 aft] ! batt]ies became old]4 ,! sulphate ( copp] cells kept ab\t _! maximum value longe/1 b !y %[$ v>iations ( ab\t #aj p] c5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,telephony ,,by ,,!rmic ,,curr5ts4 ,:ile 9 telephonic arrangem5ts1 bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( magnetic induction1 a relatively consid]able exp5diture ( =ce is requir$ 9 ord] to set ! tightly /ret*$ membrane 9 vibration1 9 ! s-call$ c>bon telephones only a v feeble impulse is requir$ to produce ! diff]5ces 9 ! curr5t necess>y = ! transmission ( s\nds4 ,9 ord] to produce relatively /rong curr5ts1 ev5 9 case ( s\nd-action ( a m9imum /r5g?1 ,franz ,krttl+]1 ( ,vi5na1 has made an int]e/+ exp]im5t to use !rmo electric curr5ts = ! transmission ( s\nd to a di/ance4 ,! app>atus :i* he has con/ruct$ is exce$+ly simple4 ,a curr5t ( hot air fl[+ f bel[ upw>d is deflect$ m or less f its direction by ! human voice4 ,by its action an adjac5t !rmo-batt]y is excit$1 ^: curr5t passes ?r\gh ! spiral ( an ord9>y telephone1 :i* s]ves z ! receiv+ in/rum5t4 ,z a s\rce ( heat ! inv5tor uses a common /e>9e c&le1 ! flame ( :i* is kept at "o & ! same level by means ( a spr+ simil> to ^? us$ 9 c>riage lamps4 ,on "o side ( ! c&le is a %eet metal voice funnel fix$ ^u a support1 its m\? be+ cov]$ ) a movable slid+ disk1 fitt$ ) a suitable numb] ( small ap]tures4 ,on ! o!r side a simil> support holds a funnel-%ap$ !rmo-batt]y4 ,! s+le b>s ( metal =m+ ?is batt]y are v ?91 & ( su* a %ape t !y may cool z quickly z possible4 ,bo? ! speak+-funnel & ! batt]y c be made to approa*1 at w1 to ! /ream ( w>m air ris+ up f ! flame4 ,! entire app>atus is inclos$ 9 a t9 case 9 su* a mann] t only ! ap]ture ( ! voice-funnel & ! pol> clamps = secur+ ! conduct+ wires appe> on ! outside4 ,! inside ( ! case is suitably /ay$ to prev5t vibration4 ,on speak+ into ! m\?-piece ( ! funnel1 ! s\nd-waves occasion undulations 9 ! column ( hot air :i* are communicat$ to ! !rmo-batt]y1 & 9 ?is mann] correspond+ diff]5ces are produc$ 9 ! curr5ts 9 ! wires lead+ to ! receiv+ in/rum5t4--,oe/]rei*is*e-,ung>is*e ,po/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,telectroscope4 ,by ,,mons4 ,,s5lecq1 ( ,ardres4 ,?is app>atus1 :i* is int5d$ to transmit to a di/ance ?r\gh a telegraphic wire pictures tak5 on ! plate ( a cam]a1 0 inv5t$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahgg by ,m4 ,s5lecq1 ( ,ardres4 ,a description ( ! fir/ specification submitt$ by ,m4 ,s5lecq to ,m4 du ,moncel1 memb] ( ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 appe>$ 9 all ! cont95tal & ,am]ican sci5tific j\rnals4 ,s9ce !n ! app>atus has ev]y:]e occupi$ ! att5tion ( prom95t electricians1 :o h /riv5 to improve on x4 ,among ^! we may m5tion ,,mm4 ,ayrton1 ,p]ry1 ,sawy] 7( ,new ,york71 ,s>g5t 7( ,philadelphia71 ,br[n 7( ,london71 ,c>ey 7( ,bo/on71 ,tighe 7( ,pittsburg71 & ,graham ,bell himself4 ,"s exp]im5t]s h us$ _m wires1 b\nd toge!r cable-wise1 o!rs "o wire only4 ,! result has be51 on ! "o h&1 confusion ( conductors beyond a c]ta9 di/ance1 ) ! absolute impossibility ( obta9+ p]fect insulation2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 an utt] want ( syn*ronism4 ,! unequal & sl[ s5sitiv5ess ( ! sel5ium likewise ob/ruct$ ! prop] work+ ( ! app>atus4 ,n[1 )\t a relative simplicity 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! conduct+ wires int5d$ to convey to a di/ance ! electric curr5t ) its v>iations ( int5sity1 )\t a p]fect & rapid syn*ronism act+ concurr5tly ) ! lum9\s impressions1 s z to insure ! simultane\s action ( transmitt] & receiv]1 )\t1 9 f9e1 an increas$ s5sitiv5ess 9 ! sel5ium1 ! idea ( ! telectroscope c\ld n be realiz$4 ,m4 ,s5lecq has =tunately surm\nt$ mo/ ( ^! ma9 ob/acles1 & we give to-day a description ( ! late/ app>atus he has contriv$4 ,,transmitt]4 ,a brass plate1 ,a1 :]eon ! rays ( light imp+e inside a cam]a1 9 _! v>i\s =ms & colors1 f ! ext]nal objects plac$ be=e ! l5s1 ! said plate be+ coat$ ) sel5ium on ! side int5d$ to face ! d>k portion ( ! cam]a ,?is brass plate has its entire surface p]=at$ ) small holes z ne> to "o ano!r z practicable4 ,^! holes are fill$ ) sel5ium1 heat$1 & !n cool$ v sl[ly1 s z to obta9 ! maximum s5sitiv5ess4 ,a small brass wire passes ?r\gh ! sel5ium 9 ea* hole1 )\t1 h[ev]1 t\*+ ! plate1 on to ! rectangul> & v]tical ebonite plate1 ,b1 ,fig4 #a1 f "u ?is plate at po9t1 ,c4 ,?us1 e wire pass+ ?r\gh plate1 ,a1 has its po9t ( contact above ! plate1 ,b1 l5g?wise4 ,) ?is view ! wires are clu/]$ toge!r :5 leav+ ! cam]a1 & !nce /ret* to _! correspond+ po9ts ( contact on plate1 ,b1 along l9e1 ,c ,c4 ,! surface ( brass1 ,a1 is 9 p]man5t contact ) ! positive pole ( ! batt]y 7sel5ium74 ,on ea* side ( plate1 ,b1 are let 9 two brass rails1 ,d & ,e1 :]eon ! slide h]e9aft] describ$ works4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,rail1 ,e1 communicates ) ! l9e wire int5d$ to conduct ! v>i\s light & %ade vibrations4 ,rail1 ,d1 is connect$ ) ! batt]y wire4 ,along ,f are a numb] ( po9ts ( contact correspond+ ) ^? along ,c ,c4 ,^! contacts help to "w ! app>atus1 & to insure ! p]fect iso*ronism ( ! transmitt] & receiv]4 ,^! po9ts ( contact1 ?\gh insulat$ "o f ! o!r on ! surface ( ! plate1 are all connect$ und]nea? ) a wire com+ f ! positive pole ( a special batt]y4 ,?is app>atus requires two batt]ies1 z1 9 fact1 d all autographic telegraphs--"o = s5d+ ! curr5t ?r\gh ! sel5ium1 & "o = work+ ! receiv]1 etc4 ,! diff]5t features ( ?is important plate may1 !re=e1 be summ$ up ?us3 ,,figure #a4 ,d4 ,brass rail1 groov$ & connect$ ) ! l9e wire work+ ! receiv]4 ,f4 ,contacts connect$ und]nea? ) a wire p]man5tly connect$ ) batt]y4 ,c4 ,contacts connect$ to insulat$ wires f sel5ium4 ,e4 ,brass rail1 groov$1 etc41 l ,d4 ,,receiv]4 ,a small slide1 ,fig4 #b1 hav+ at "o ( its angles a v n>r[ piece ( brass1 sep>at$ 9 ! middle by an insulat+ surface1 us$ = sett+ ! app>atus 9 rapid motion4 ,?is small slide has at ! po9ts1 ,d ,d1 a small groove fitt+ into ! brass rails ( plate1 ,b1 ,fig4 #a1 :]eby x c keep p>allel on ! two brass rails1 ,d & ,e4 ,its insulator1 ,b1 ,fig4 #b1 corresponds to ! insulat+ int]val betwe5 ,f & ,c1 ,fig4 #a4 ,a1 ,fig4 #c1 circul> disk1 susp5d$ v]tically 7made ( ebonite or o!r insulat+ mat]ial74 ,?is disk is fix$4 ,all r\nd ! inside ( its circumf]5ce are contacts1 connect$ und]nea? ) ! correspond+ wires ( ! receiv+ app>atus4 ,! wires com+ f ! sel5iumiz$ plate correspond symmetrically1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ) ! contacts ( transmitt]4 ,!y are connect$ 9 ! l ord] ) ^? ( disk1 ,a1 & ) ^? ( receiv]1 s t ! wire be>+ ! ,no4 #e f ! sel5ium w correspond id5tically ) l contact ,no4 #e ( receiv]4 ,d1 ,fig4 #d1 gutta p]*a or vulcanite insulat+ plate1 ?r\gh :i* pass num]\s v f9e plat9um wires1 ea* correspond+ at its po9t ( contact ) ^? on ! circul> disk1 ,a4 ,! receptive plate mu/ be small] ?an ! plate :]eon ! light imp+es4 ,! design be+ ?us r$uc$ w be ! m p]fect f ! dots =m$ by ! pass+ curr5ts be+ clos] toge!r4 ,b1 z9c or iron or brass plate connect$ to e>?4 ,x comes 9 contact ) *emically prep>$ pap]1 ,c1 :]e ! impression is to take place4 ,x contributes to ! impression by its contact ) ! *emically prep>$ pap]4 ,9 ,e1 ,fig4 #c1 at ! c5t] ( ! above describ$ fix$ plate is a metallic axis ) small h&le4 ,on ?is axis revolves brass :eel1 ,f1 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,on h&le1 ,e1 presses cont9u\sly ! spr+1 ,h1 ,fig4 #c1 br++ ! curr5t com+ f ! sel5ium l9e4 ,! cogg$ :eel 9 ,fig4 #e has at a c]ta9 po9t ( its circumf]5ce ! slid+ spr+1 ,o1 ,fig4 #e1 int5d$ to slide z ! :eel revolves ov] ! diff]5t contacts ( disk1 ,a1 ,fig4 #c4 ,?is cogg$ :eel1 ,fig4 #e1 is turn$1 z 9 ! dial telegraphs1 by a rod work+ 9 & out "u ! successive movem5ts ( ! electro-magnet1 ,h1 & ( ! c\nt] spr+4 ,by means ( ?is rod 7:i* mu/ be ( a non-metallic mat]ial1 s z n to div]t ! motive curr5t71 & ( an elb[ lev]1 ?is alt]nat+ movem5t is transmitt$ to a cat*1 ,g1 :i* works up & d[n betwe5 ! cogs1 & answ]s ! same purpose z ! ord9>y clock an*or4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,?is cogg$ :eel is work$ by clockwork inclos$ betwe5 two disks1 & w\ld rotate cont9u\sly 7 x n = ! cat*1 ,g1 work+ 9 & out ( ! cogs4 ,?r\gh ?is cat*1 ,g1 ! :eel is dep5d5t on ! movem5t ( electro-magnet4 ,?is cogg$ :eel is a d\ble "o1 consi/+ ( two :eels c\pl$ toge!r1 exactly simil> "o ) ! o!r1 & s fix$ t ! cogs ( ! "o correspond ) ! void betwe5 ! cogs ( ! o!rs4 ,z ! cat*1 ,g1 moves d[n x frees a cog 9 fir/ :eel1 & bo? :eels beg9 to turn1 b ! second :eel is imm$iately *eck$ by cat*1 ,g1 & ! movem5t ceases4 ,a cat* aga9 works ! two :eels1 turn half a cog1 & s on4 ,ea* :eel conta9s z _m cogs z !re are contacts on transmitt] disk1 consequ5tly z _m z on circul> disk1 ,a1 ,fig4 #c1 & on brass disk )9 cam]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,hav+ n[ describ$ ! sev]al p>ts ( ! app>atus1 let u see h[ x works4 ,all ! contacts correspond "o ) ! o!r1 bo? on ! side ( sel5ium curr5t & t ( ! motive curr5t4 ,let u suppose t ! slide ( transmitt] is on contact ,no4 #aj = in/ance2 ! sel5ium curr5t />t+ f ,no4 #aj rea*es contact #aj ( rectangul> transmitt]1 half ! slide be>+ on ?is po9t1 z also on ! p>allel rail1 communicates ! curr5t to said rail1 !nce to l9e1 f ! l9e to axis ( cogg$ :eel1 f axis to contact #aj ( circul> fix$ disk1 & !nce to contact #aj ( receiv]4 ,at ea* sel5ium contact ( ! rectangul> disk !re is a correspond+ contact to ! batt]y & electro-magnet4 ,n[1 on rea*+ contact #aj ! int]mission ( ! curr5t has turn$ ! :eel #aj cogs1 & s br\ght ! small contact1 ,o1 ,fig4 #e1 on ,no4 #aj ( ! fix$ circul> disk4 ,z may be se51 ! syn*ronism ( ! app>atus c\ld n be obta9$ 9 a m simple & complete mode--! rectangul> transmitt] be+ plac$ v]tically1 & ! slide be+ ( a c]ta9 weight to its fall f ! fir/ po9t ( contact suffici5t to c>ry x rapidly ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ?is transmitt]4 ,! picture is1 !re=e1 reproduc$ almo/ in/antane\sly2 inde$1 by us+ plat9um wires on ! receiv] connect$ ) ! negative pole1 by ! inc&esc5ce ( ^! wires accord+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( electricity we c obta9 a picture1 ( a fugitive k9d1 x is true1 b yet s vivid t ! impression on ! ret9a does n fade dur+ ! relatively v brief space ( "t ! slide occupies 9 travel+ ov] all ! contacts4 ,a ,ruhmkorff coil may also be employ$ = obta9+ sp>ks 9 proportion to ! curr5t emitt$4 ,! app>atus is regulat$ 9 precisely ! same way z dial telegraphs1 />t+ always f fir/ contact4 ,! slide %\ld1 !re=e1 nev] be remov$ f ! rectangul> disk1 :]eon x is held by ! grooves 9 ! brass rails1 into :i* x fits ) b slight friction1 )\t communicat+ any curr5t to ! l9e wires :5 n plac$ on po9ts ( contact4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t ,no4 #bgd1 page #dcfh4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,modes ,,( ,,transmitt+ ,,p[] ,,to ,a ,,di/ance4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] lately read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,a*>d1 ( ,g5eva4 ,b all[+ t ! figure ( #bb ,h4 ,p41 assum$ = ?is p[] 7! result 9 calculat+ ! "w ) compress$ air be+ #ai ,h4 ,p47 may be some:at incorrect1 x is unlikely t ?is error c be s l>ge t its correction c\ld r$uce ! effici5cy bel[ #hj p] c5t4 ,messrs4 ,sautt] & ,lemonni]1 :o con/ruct a numb] ( compressors1 on be+ consult$ by ! au?or1 h writt5 to say t !y always conf9$ !mselves 9 e/imat+ ! p[] /or$ 9 ! compress$ air1 & _h nev] measur$ ! gross p[] exp5d$4 ,compress$ air 9 pass+ along ! pipe1 assum$ to be horizontal1 :i* conveys x f ! place ( production to ! place :]e x is to be us$1 exp]i5ces by friction a dim9ution ( pressure1 :i* repres5ts a r$uction 9 ! me*anical p[] /or$ up1 & consequ5tly a loss ( effici5cy4 ,! loss ( pressure 9 "q c only be calculat$ conv5i5tly on ! hypo!sis t x is v small1 & ! g5]al =mula1 p#a - p #d,l ------- ---- f7u71 ,delta ,d ,,tex3 fracp#a - p,delta frac#d,l,df7u7 is employ$ = ! purpose1 :]e ,d is ! diamet] ( ! pipe1 assum$ to be uni=m1 ,l ! l5g? ( ! pipe1 p#a ! pressure at ! entrance1 p ! pressure at ! f>!r end1 u ! velocity at :i* ! compress$ air travels1 ,delta its specific weight1 & f7u7 ! friction p] unit ( l5g?4 ,9 proportion z ! air loses pressure its spe$ increases1 :ile its specific weight dim9i%es2 b ! v>iations 9 pressure are assum$ to be s small t u & ,delta may be consid]$ con/ant4 ,z reg>ds ! quantity f7u71 or ! friction p] unit ( l5g?1 ! natural law :i* regulates x is n kn[n1 audit c only be express$ by "s empirical =mula1 :i*1 :ile accord+ suffici5tly ne>ly ) ! facts1 is suit$ = calculation4 ,= ?is purpose ! b9omial =mula1 au bu1 or ! simple =mula1 b#a u1 is g5]ally adopt$2 a b & b#a be+ coeffici5ts d$uc$ f exp]im5t4 ,! values1 h[ev]1 :i* are to be giv5 to ^! coeffici5ts are n con/ant1 = !y v>y ) ! diamet] ( ! pipe1 & 9 p>ticul>1 contr>y to =m]ly receiv$ ideas1 !y v>y accord+ to its int]nal surface4 ,! unc]ta9ty 9 ?is respect is s great t x is n wor? :ile1 ) a view to accuracy1 to rel9qui% ! great conv5i5ce :i* ! simple =mula1 b#a u1 (f]s4 ,x w\ld be bett] f ?is po9t ( view to endeavor1 z has be5 sugge/$1 to r5d] ?is =mula m exact by ! sub/itution ( a fractional p[] 9 ! place ( ! squ>e1 r ?an to g ?r\gh ! long calculations necessitat$ by ! use ( ! b9omial au bu4 ,accord+ly1 mak+ use ( ! =mula b#a u1 ! above equation becomes1 p#a - p #d,l ------- ---- b#a u2 ,delta ,d ,,tex3 fracp#a - p,delta frac#d,l,d b#a u#b or1 introduc+ ! dis*>ge p] second1 ,q1 :i* is ! usual figure suppli$1 & :i* is connect$ ) ! velocity by ! relation1 ,q 7pi ,d u7_/#d1 we h p#a - p #fd b#a ------- --------- ,l ,q4 ,delta pi ,d#e ,,tex3 fracp#a - p,delta frac#fd b#api#b ,d#e ,l ,q#b ,g5]ally ! pressure1 p#a1 at ! entrance is kn[n1 & ! pressure1 p1 has to be f\nd2 x is !n f p#a t ! values ( ,q & ,delta are calculat$4 ,9 exp]im5ts :]e p#a & p are measur$ directly1 9 ord] to arrive at ! value ( ! coeffici5t b#a1 ,q & ,delta w\ld be calculat$ = ! mean pressure 7p#a p74 ,! values giv5 to ! coeffici5t b#a v>y consid]ably1 because1 z /at$ above1 x v>ies ) ! diamet]1 & also ) ! nature ( ! mat]ial ( ! pipe4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t x is indep5d5t ( ! pressure1 & x is probable t )9 c]ta9 limits ( pressure ?is hypo!sis is 9 accordance ) ! tru?4 ,d',aubuisson gives = ?is case1 9 8 ,trait d',hydraulique1 a r complicat$ =mula1 conta9+ a con/ant d$uc$ f exp]im5t1 ^: value1 accord+ to a calculation made by ! au?or1 is approximately b#a #j4jjjc4 ,?is con/ant 0 det]m9$ by tak+ ! mean ( exp]im5ts made ) t9 tubes ( #j4jbce met] 7#ae_/af 9471 #j4je met] 7#b 9471 & #j4aj met] 7#d 947 diamet]2 & x 0 errone\sly assum$ t x 0 correct = all diamet]s & all sub/ances4 ,m4 ,arson1 eng9e] to ! ,p>is ,gas ,company1 publi%$ 9 #ahfg1 9 ! ,mmoires de la ,socit des ,+nieurs ,civils de ,france1 ! results ( "s exp]im5ts on ! loss ( pressure 9 gas :5 pass+ ?r\gh pipes4 ,he employ$ ca/-iron pipes ( ! ord9>y type4 ,he has repres5t$ ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts by ! b9omial =mula1 au bu1 & gives values = ! coeffici5ts a & b1 :i* dim9i% ) an increase 9 diamet]1 b w\ld indicate great] losses ( pressure ?an ,d',aubuisson's =mula4 ,m4 ,devill]1 9 8 ,rapport sur les travaux de p]cem5t du tunnel s\s les ,alpes1 /ates t ! losses ( pressure obs]v$ 9 ! air pipe at ! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel confirm ! correctness ( ,d',aubuisson's =mula2 b 8 reason+ applies to too complicat$ a =mula to be absolutely conv9c+4 ,q rec5tly ,m4 ,e4 ,/ockalp]1 eng9e]-9-*ief at ! nor!rn end ( ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel1 has made "s exp]im5ts on ! air conduit ( ?is tunnel1 ! results ( :i* he has k9dly furni%$ to ! au?or4 ,^! lead to values = ! coeffici5t b#a appreciably less ?an t :i* is conta9$ implicitly 9 ,d',aubuisson's =mula4 ,z he exp]im5t$ on a ris+ pipe1 x is necess>y to introduce into ! =mula ! diff]5ce ( level1 h1 betwe5 ! two ends2 x !n becomes p#a - p #fd b#a ------- --------- ,l ,q h4 ,delta pi ,d#e ,,tex3 fracp#a - p,delta frac#fd b#api#b ,d#e ,l ,q#b h ,! foll[+ are ! details ( ! exp]im5ts3 ,fir/ s]ies ( exp]im5ts3 ,conduit consi/+ ( ca/ or wr\ght iron pipes1 jo9$ by means ( flanges1 bolts1 & gutta p]*a r+s4 ,d #j4bj m4 7#h 9472 ,l #d1fjj m4 7#ae1ajj ft172 h #bf4gg m4 7#hg ft4 #aj 9474 #a/ exp]im5t3 ,q #j4ahfj cubic met] 7#f4eg cubic feet71 at a pressure ( 7p#a p71 & a temp]ature ( #bb ,c5t4 7#gb ,fahr472 p#a #e4fj atm41 p #e4bd atm4 ,h5ce p#a - p #j4cf atm4 #j4cf x #aj1ccd kilogrammes p] squ>e met] 7#b4aaf lb4 p] squ>e foot71 :5ce we obta9 b#aj4jjjafig4 ,d',aubuisson's =mula w\ld h giv5 p#a - p #j4fbf atm42 & ,m4 ,arson's w\ld h giv5 p#a - p #j4icaf atm4 #b;d exp]im5t3 ,q #j4aeff cubic met] 7#e4ec cubic feet71 at a pressure ( 7p#a p71 & a temp]ature ( #bb ,c5t4 7#gb ,fahr472 p#a #d4ce atm41 p #d4ac atm4 ,h5ce p#a - p #j4bb atm4 #j4bb ,x #aj1ccd kilogrammes p] squ>e met] 7#b1aaf lb4 p] squ>e foot72 :5ce we obta9 b#a #j4jjjahaf4 ,d',aubuisson's =mula w\ld h giv5 p#a - p #j4cdg atm2 & ,m4 ,arson's w\ld h giv5 p#a - p #j4echb atm4 #c;d exp]im5t3 ,q #j4adie cubic met] 7#e4bh cubic feet7 at a pressure ( 7p#a p7 & a temp]ature #bb ,c5t4 7#gb ,fahr472 p#a #c4hd atm41 p #c4fe atm4 ,h5ce p#a - p #j4ai atm4 #j4ai ,x #aj1ccd kilogrammes p] squ>e met] 7#b4aaf lb4 p] squ>e foot72 :5ce we obta9 ,b#a #j4jjjaiff4 ,d',aubuisson's =mula w\ld h giv5 p#a - p #j4bhd atm41 & ,m4 ,arson's w\ld h giv5 p#a - p #j4dcbi atm4 ,second s]ies ( exp]im5ts3 ,conduit compos$ ( wr\ght-iron pipes1 ) jo9ts z 9 ! fir/ exp]im5ts4 ,d #j4ae met] 7#f 9471 ,l - #j4ebb met]s 7#a1gab ft471 h #c4jd met]s 7#aj ft47 #a/ exp]im5ts3 ,q #j4bjje cubic met] 7#g4jh cubic feet71 at a pressure ( 7p#a p71 & a temp]ature ( #bf4e ,c5t4 7#hj ,fahr472 p#a #e4bd atm41 p #e4jj atm4 ,h5ce p#a - p #j4bd atm4 #j4bd x #aj1ccd kilogrammes p] squ>e met] 7#b1aaf lb4 p] squ>e foot72 :5ce we obta9 b#a #j4cjjbbge4 #bnd exp]im5t3 ,q #j4aehf cubic met] 7#e4f cubic feet71 at a pressure ( 7p#a p71 & a temp]ature ( #bf4e ,c5t4 7#hj ,fahr472 p#a #c4fej atm41 p #c4ede atm4 ,h5ce p#a - p #j4aje atm4 #j4aje x #aj1ccd kilogrammes p] squ>e met] 7#b1aaf lb4 p] squ>e foot72 :5ce we obta9 b#a #j4jjjbbee4 ,x is cle> t ^! exp]im5ts give v small values = ! coeffici5t4 ,! div]g5ce f ! results :i* ,d',aubuisson's =mula w\ld give is due to ! fact t 8 =mula 0 det]m9$ ) v small pipes4 ,x is probable t ! coeffici5ts correspond+ to diamet]s ( #j4ae met] 7#f 947 & #j4bj met] 7#h 947 = a sub/ance z smoo? z t91 w\ld be /ill small] respectively ?an ! figures obta9$ above4 ,! div]g5ce f ! results obta9$ by ,m4 ,arson's =mula does n arise f a diff]5ce 9 size1 z ?is is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! au?or consid]s t x may be attribut$ to ! fact t ! pipes = ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel 7 ca/ ) mu* great] c>e ?an ord9>y pipes1 :i* r5d]$ _! surface smoo!r1 & also to ! fact t flang$ jo9ts produce mu* less irregul>ity 9 ! int]nal surface ?an ! ord9>y spigot & faucet jo9ts4 ,la/ly1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! me?ods ( obs]vation & ! errors :i* belong to !m1 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,m4 ,/ockalp]1 :o exp]im5t$ on great pressures1 us$ metallic gauges1 :i* are in/rum5ts on ^: s5sibility & correctness complete reliance _c be plac$2 & moreov] ! /&>d manomet] ) :i* !y 7 comp>$ 0 "o ( ! same k9d4 ,! au?or is n ( op9ion t ! div]g5ce is ow+ to ! fact t ,m4 ,/ockalp] made 8 obs]vations on an air conduit1 :]e ! pressure 0 mu* high] ?an 9 gas pipes4 ,inde$1 x may be assum$ t gases & liquids act 9 ! same mann]2 &1 z w be #a expla9$ lat] on1 !re is reason to believe t ) ! latt] a rise ( pressure increases ! losses ( pressure in/ead ( dim9i%+ !m4 ,transcrib]s note #a3 correct$ f 'z w we expla9$' ,all ! pipes = supply+ compress$ air 9 tunnels & 9 head+s ( m9es are left uncov]$1 & h flang$ jo9ts2 :i* are advantages n m]ely z reg>ds prev5tion ( leakage1 b also = facility ( lay+ & ( inspection4 ,if a compress$ air pipe _h to be buri$ 9 ! gr\nd ! flang$ jo9t w\ld lose a "p ( its advantages2 b1 nev]!less1 ! au?or consid]s t x w\ld /ill be pref]able to ! ord9>y jo9t4 ,x only rema9s to ref] to ! motors f$ ) ! compress$ air4 ,?is subject is /ill 9 its infancy f a practical po9t ( view4 ,9 proportion z ! air becomes hot by compression1 s x cools by expansion1 if ! vessel conta9+ x is imp]meable to heat4 ,"u ^! conditions x gives out 9 exp&+ a p[] appreciably less ?an if x reta9$ its orig9al temp]ature2 besides :i* ! fall ( temp]ature may imp$e ! work+ ( ! ma*9e by freez+ ! vapor ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! air4 ,if x is desir$ to utilize to ! utmo/ ! =ce /or$ up 9 ! compress$ air x is necess>y to endeavor to supply heat to ! air dur+ expansion s z to keep its temp]ature con/ant4 ,x w\ld be possible to atta9 ?is object by ! same means :i* prev5t heat+ f compression1 namely1 by ! circulation & injection ( wat]4 ,x w\ld p]haps be necess>y to employ a little l>g] quantity ( wat] = injection1 z ! wat]1 in/ead ( act+ by virtue bo? ( its heat ( vaporization & ( its specific heat1 c 9 ?is case act only by virtue ( ! latt]4 ,^! me?ods might be employ$ )\t difficulty = air ma*9es ( "s size4 ,x w\ld be m difficult to apply !m to small h\sehold ma*9es1 9 :i* simplicity is an ess5tial elem5t2 & we mu/ re/ satisfi$ ) imp]fect me?ods1 su* z proximity to a /ove1 or ! imm]sion ( ! cyl9d] 9 a tank ( wat]4 ,consequ5tly loss ( p[] by cool+ & by incomplete expansion _c be avoid$4 ,! only way to dim9i% ! relative am\nt ( ?is loss is to employ compress$ air at a pressure n exce$+ ?ree or f\r atmosph]es4 ,! only real practical advance made 9 ?is matt] is ,m4 ,mk>ski's compress$ air eng9e = tramways4 ,9 ?is eng9e ! air is made to pass ?r\gh a small boil] conta9+ wat] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #abj ,c5t4 7#bdh ,fahr471 be=e ent]+ ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t 9 ord] to r$uce ! size ( ! res]voirs1 :i* are c>ri$ on ! locomotive1 ! air inside !m mu/ be v highly compress$2 & t 9 go+ f ! res]voir into ! cyl9d] x passes ?r\gh a r$uc+ valve or exp&]1 :i* keeps ! pressure ( admission at a def9ite figure1 s t ! locomotive c cont9ue work+ s long z ! supply ( air conta9$ 9 ! res]voir has n come d[n to ?is limit+ pressure4 ,! air does n pass ! exp&] until aft] x has gone ?r\gh ! boil] already m5tion$4 ,!re=e1 if ! temp]ature :i* x assumes 9 ! boil] is #ajj ,c5t4 7#bab ,fahr471 & if ! limit+ pressure is #e atm41 ! gas :i* ent]s ! eng9e w be a mixture ( air & wat] vapor at #ajj ,c5t42 & ( its total pressure ! vapor ( wat] w contribute ,i atm4 & ! air #d atm4 ,?us ?is contrivance1 by a small exp5diture ( fuel1 enables ! air to act expansively )\t injuri\s cool+1 & ev5 r$uces ! consumption ( compress$ air to an ext5t :i* comp5sates = "p ( ! loss ( p[] aris+ f ! prelim9>y expansion :i* ! air exp]i5ces be=e its admission into ! eng9e4 ,x is cle> t ?is same contrivance1 or :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 a direct injection ( /eam1 at a suffici5t pressure1 = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ ! exp&+ air at a con/ant temp]ature1 might be tri$ 9 a fix$ eng9e work$ by compress$ air ) "s *ance ( success4 ,:atev] me?od is adopt$ x w\ld be advantage\s t ! losses ( pressure 9 ! pipes connect+ ! compressors ) ! motors %\ld be r$uc$ z mu* z possible1 = 9 ?is case t loss w\ld repres5t a loss ( effici5cy4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ow+ to defective means ( reheat+1 x is necess>y to rema9 satisfi$ ) a small am\nt ( expansion1 ! loss ( pressure 9 ! pipe is unimportant1 & has only ! effect ( transf]r+ ! limit$ expansion to a po9t a little l[] on ! scale ( pressures4 ,if ,w is ! net disposable =ce on ! %aft ( ! eng9e :i* works ! compressor1 v#a ! volume ( air at ! compressor1 p#a4 giv5 by ! compressor1 & at ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air1 & p#j ! atmosph]ic pressure1 ! effici5cy ( ! compressor1 assum+ ! air to exp& accord+ to ,boyle's law1 is giv5 by ! well-kn[n =mula-- p#a v#a log 7p#a _/ p#j7 -------------------4 ,w ,,tex3 fracp#a v#a log fracp#ap#j,w ,let p#b be ! value to :i* ! pressure is r$uc$ by ! loss ( pressure at ! end ( ! conduit1 & v#b ! volume :i* ! air occupies at ?is pressure & at ! same temp]ature2 ! =ce /or$ up 9 ! air at ! end ( its c\rse ?r\gh ! conduit is p#b v#b log7p#b_/p#j72 consequ5tly1 ! effici5cy ( ! conduit is p#b v#b log7p#b_/p#j7 ---------------- p#a v#a log7p#a_/p#j7 ,,tex3 fracp#b v#b logfracp#bp#jp#b v#b logfracp#bp#j a fraction t may be r$uc$ to ! simple =m log7p#b_/p#j7 ----------1 log7p#a_/p#j7 ,,tex3 fraclogfracp#bp#jlogfracp#bp#j if !re is no leakage dur+ ! passage ( ! air1 because 9 t cause p#b v#b p#a v#a4 ,la/ly1 if ,w#a is ! net disposable =ce on ! %aft ( ! compress$ air motor1 ! effici5cy ( ?is eng9e w be1 ,w#a ---------------- p#b v#b log7p#b_/p#j7 ,,tex3 frac,w#ap#b v#b log fracp#bp#j & ! product ( ^! ?ree p>tial effici5cies is equal to ,w#a_/,w1 ! g5]al effici5cy ( ! transmission4 ,,iii4 ,transmission by ,pressure ,wat]4--,z transmission ( p[] by compress$ air has be5 specially appli$ to ! driv+ ( tunnels1 s transmission by pressure wat] has be5 specially resort$ to = lift+ heavy loads1 or = "w ( a simil> nature1 su* z ! op]ations connect$ ) ! manufacture ( ,bessem] /eel or ( ca/-iron pipes4 ,! au?or does n propose to treat ( transmissions e/abli%$ = ?is special purpose1 & dep5d+ on ! use ( accumulators at high pressure1 z he has no fre% matt] to imp>t on ?is subject1 & z he believes t ! rem>kable inv5tion ( ,sir ,william ,arm/rong 0 describ$ = ! fir/ "t1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,8 object is to ref] to transmissions applicable to g5]al purposes4 ,! transmission ( p[] by wat] may occur 9 ano!r =m4 ,! motive =ce to be transmitt$ may be employ$ = work+ pumps :i* raise ! wat]1 n to a fictiti\s height 9 an accumulator1 b to a real height 9 a res]voir1 ) a *annel f ?is res]voir to di/ribute ! wat] s rais$ among sev]al motors arrang$ = utiliz+ ! pressure4 ,! au?or is n aw>e t works h be5 c>ri$ out = ?is purpose4 ,h[ev]1 9 _m t[ns a "p ( ! wat] f ! public ma9s s]ves to supply small motors--consequ5tly1 if ! wat]1 in/ead ( be+ br\ght by a natural fall1 has be5 previ\sly lift$ artificially1 x might be said t a transmission ( p[] is "h graft$ on to ! ord9>y di/ribution ( wat]4 ,unless a positive or negative =ce ( gravity is introduc$ into ! problem1 indep5d5tly ( ! =ce to be transmitt$1 ! receiv]s ( ! wat] pressure mu/ be assum$ to be at ! same level z ! =c+ pumps1 or m correctly1 ! wat] dis*>g$ f ! receiv]s to be at ! same level z ! surface ( ! wat] f :i* ! pumps draw _! supply4 ,9 ?is case ! g5]al effici5cy ( transmission is ! product ( ?ree p>tial effici5cies1 :i* correspond exactly to ^? m5tion$ ) reg>d to compress$ air4 ,! height ( lift1 conta9$ 9 ! num]ator ( ! fraction :i* expresses ! effici5cy ( ! pumps1 is n to be tak5 z ! diff]5ce 9 level betwe5 ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! res]voir & ! surface ( ! wat] :5ce ! pumps draw _! supply2 b z ?is diff]5ce 9 level1 plus ! loss ( pressure 9 ! suction pipe1 :i* is usually v %ort1 & plus ! loss 9 ! *annel to ! res]voir1 :i* may be v long4 ,a simil> loss ( initial pressure affects ! effici5cy ( ! dis*>ge *annel4 ,! res]voir1 if ( suffici5t capacity1 may become an important /ore ( p[]1 :ile ! compress$ air res]voir c only d s to a v limit$ ext5t4 ,omitt+ ! subject ( ! pumps1 & pass+ on at once to ! dis*>ge ma91 ! au?or may fir/ po9t out t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! asc5d+ & desc5d+ ma9s ( ! sy/em is ( no importance1 = two reasons3 fir/1 t no?+ prev5ts ! motors be+ suppli$ direct f ! fir/ alone2 & second1 t ! "o is n always di/9ct f ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 ! res]voir may be connect$ by a s+le bran* pipe ) ! sy/em :i* goes f ! pumps to ! motors2 x may ev5 be plac$ at ! extreme end ( ?is sy/em beyond ! motors1 provid$ always t ! supply pipe is tak5 into x at ! bottom4 ,! same =mula may be adopt$ = ! loss ( initial pressure 9 wat] pipes z = compress$ air pipes1 viz41 p#a - p #fd b#a ------- --------- ,l ,q h2 ,delta pi ,d#e ,,tex3 fracp#a - p,delta frac#fd b#api#b ,d#e ,l ,q#b pm h h be+ ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! two ends ( ! portion ( conduit ( l5g?1 ,l1 & ! sign or - be+ us$ accord+ z ! conduit rises or falls4 ,! specific weight1 delta1 is con/ant1 & ! quoti5ts1 p#a_/;delta & p_/delta1 repres5t ! heights1 z & z#a1 to :i* ! wat] c\ld rise above ! pipes1 9 v]tical tubes bran*+ f x1 at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! transit4 ,! values assign$ to ! coeffici5t b#a 9 ,france1 are ^? det]m9$ by ,d',arcy4 ,= new ca/-iron pipes he gives b#a - #j4jjjbece #a_/;,d #j4jjjjjjfdg2 & recomm5ds t ?is value %\ld be d\bl$1 to all[ = ! ru/ & incru/ation :i* m or less =m inside ! pipes dur+ use4 ,! det]m9ation ( ?is coeffici5t has be5 made f exp]im5ts :]e ! pressure has n exce$$ f\r atmosph]es2 )9 ^! limits ! value ( ! coeffici5t1 z is g5]ally admitt$1 is indep5d5t ( ! pressure4 ,! exp]im5ts made by ,m4 ,b>ret1 on ! pressure pipes ( ! accumulator at ! ,m>seilles docks1 seem to indicate t ! loss ( pressure w\ld be great] = high pressures1 ev]y?+ else be+ equal4 ,?is pipe1 hav+ a diamet] ( #j4abg m4 7#e 9471 0 subject$ to an initial pressure ( #eb atmosph]es4 ,! au?or gives bel[ ! results obta9$ = a /raight l5g? #cbj m4 7#ajej ft7 long2 & has plac$ beside !m ! results :i* ,d',arcy's =mula w\ld give4 ,loss ( head1 9 met]s or ft4 respectively p] #ajj met]s or ft4 run ( pipes4 ------------------------------------ ,calculat$ loss4 ---------------------- ,velocity ( fl[ ,actual loss p] second4 obs]v$4 ,old pipes4 ,new pipes4 ,met]s4 ,feet4 ,met4 or ,ft4 ,met4 or ,ft4 ,met4 or ,ft4 #j4be #j4hb #a4e #j4ab #j4jf #j4ej #a4fd #b4e #j4dh #j4bd #j4ge #b4df #c4g #a4jh #j4ed #a4jj #c4bh #e4e #a4ib #j4if #a4be #d4aj #f4a #c4jj #a4ej #a4ej #d4ib #g4c #d4cb #b4af #a4ge #e4gd #h4j #e4hh #b4id #b4jj #f4ef #aj4b #g4fh #c4hd #b4be #g4ch #aa4g #i4gb #d4hf #b4ej #h4bj #ad4j #ab4jj #f4jj ,moreov]1 ^! results w\ld appe> to indicate a diff]5t law f t :i* is express$ by ! =mula b#a u1 z is easy to see by repres5t+ !m graphically4 ,x w\ld be v desirable t fre% exp]im5ts %\ld be made on wat] pipes at high pressure1 & ( v>i\s diamet]s4 ,( ma*9es work$ by wat] pressure ! au?or proposes to ref] only to two :i* appe> to him 9 e respect ! mo/ practical & advantage\s4 ,"o is ! pi/on ma*9e ( ,m4 ,alb]t ,s*mid1 eng9e] at ,zuri*4 ,! cyl9d] is oscillat+1 & ! di/ribution is effect$1 )\t an ecc5tric1 by ! relative motion ( two sph]ical surfaces fitt$ "o aga9/ ! o!r1 & hav+ ! axis ( oscillation = a common axis4 ,! convex surface1 :i* is movable & =ms "p ( ! cyl9d]1 s]ves z a port face1 & has two ports 9 x communicat+ ) ! two ends ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! concave surface1 :i* is fix$ & plays ! "p ( a slide valve1 conta9s ?ree op5+s1 ! two out] ones s]v+ to admit ! pressure wat]1 & ! middle "o to dis*>ge ! wat] aft] x has ex]t$ its pressure4 ,! pi/on has no pack+4 ,its surface ( contact has two circumf]5tial grooves1 :i* produce a sort ( wat] pack+ act+ by adhesion4 ,a small air *amb] is connect$ ) ! inlet pipe1 & s]ves to dead5 ! %ocks4 ,?is eng9e is (t5 made ) two cyl9d]s1 hav+ _! cranks at "r angles4 ,! o!r eng9e1 :i* is mu* less us$1 is a turb9e on ,gir>d's sy/em1 ) a horizontal axis & p>tial admission1 exactly resembl+ 9 m9iature ^? :i* "w 9 ! hydraulic factory ( ,/4 ,maur1 ne> ,p>is4 ,! wat] is introduc$ by means ( a di/ribut]1 :i* is fitt$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! turb9e *amb]1 & occupies a c]ta9 portion ( its circumf]5ce4 ,?is turb9e has a l[] effici5cy ?an ,s*mid's ma*9e1 & is less suitable = high pressures2 b x possesses ?is advantage ov] x1 t by regulat+ ! am\nt ( op5+ ( ! di/ribut]1 & consequ5tly ! quantity ( wat] admitt$1 ! =ce c be alt]$ )\t alt]+ ! velocity ( rotation4 ,z x admits ( great spe$s1 x c\ld be usefully employ$ direct1 )\t ! int]position ( spur :eels or belts = driv+ magneto-electric ma*9es employ$ = ! production ( light1 = electrotyp+1 etc4 ,9 compress$ air ma*9es ! losses ( pressure due to incomplete expansion1 cool+1 & wa/e spaces1 play an important "p4 ,9 wat] pressure ma*9es loss does n occur f ^! causes1 on acc\nt ( ! incompressibility ( ! liquid1 b ! frictions ( ! p>ts are ! pr9cipal causes ( loss ( p[]4 ,x w\ld be advisable to asc]ta9 :e!r1 z reg>ds ?is po9t1 high or l[ pressures are ! mo/ advantage\s4 ,!oretical consid]ations w\ld lead ! au?or to imag9e t = a pi/on ma*9e l[ pressures are pref]able4 ,9 conclusion1 ! foll[+ table gives ! effici5cies ( a ,gir>d turb9e1 con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,es*] ,wyss ,co41 ( ,zuri*1 & ( a ,s*mid ma*9e1 z measur$ by ,pr(essor ,fliegnor1 9 #ahga3 ,,es*] ,,wyss ,,co',s ,,turb9e4 ,effective ,head ( ,wat]4 ,revolutions ,effici5cy4 p] m9ute4 ,met]s4 ,feet4 ,revs4 ,p] c5t4 #bj4g #fg4i #fbh #fh4e #bj4g #fg4i #hdg #dg4d #bd4a #gi4j #fde #fh4e #bg4f #ij4e #fab #fe4g #bg4f #ij4e #gef #fh4j #ca4j #aja4g #ice #ef4i #ca4j #aja4g #a1acj #ce4a ,,s*mid ,,motor4 #h4c #bg4b #bbf #cg4d #aa4d #cg4d #ahb #fg4d #ad4e #dg4f #bed #ec4d #ag4i #eh4g #aeg #hf4b #bj4g #fg4i #aff #hi4f #bj4g #fg4i #bbe #gd4f #bd4a #gi4j #bch #gf4g #bd4a #gi4j #chi #fd4j #bg4f #ij4e #bjg #hc4i ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! exp]im5ts relate to l[ pressures2 x w\ld be desirable to ext5d !m to high] pressures4 ,,iv4 ,transmission by ,electricity4--,h[ev] high ! effici5cy ( an electric motor may be1 9 relation to ! *emical "w ( ! electric batt]y :i* fe$s x1 =ce g5]at$ by an electric batt]y is too exp5sive1 on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! mat]ials consum$1 = a ma*9e ( ?is k9d ev] to be employ$ = indu/rial purposes4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! electric curr5t1 in/ead ( be+ develop$ by *emical "w 9 a batt]y1 is produc$ by ord9>y me*anical p[] 9 a magneto-electric or dynamo-electric ma*9e1 ! case is diff]5t2 & ! d\ble trans=mation1 fir/ ( ! me*anical =ce into an electric curr5t1 & !n ( t curr5t into me*anical =ce1 furni%es a means = effect+ ! conveyance ( ! p[] to a di/ance4 ,x is ?is la/ me?od ( transmission :i* rema9s to be discuss$4 ,! au?or1 h[ev]1 feels himself oblig$ to re/rict himself 9 ?is matt] to a m]e summ>y2 &1 inde$1 x is ,engli% physici/s & eng9e]s :o h tak5 ! te*nology ( electricity out ( ! region ( empiricism & h plac$ x on a sci5tific & rational basis4 ,moreov]1 !y are also tak+ ! lead 9 ! progress :i* is be+ accompli%$ 9 ?is bran* ( k1 & are be/ qualifi$ to det]m9e its true be>+s4 ,:5 an electric curr5t1 ) an int5sity1 i1 is produc$1 ei!r by *emical or me*anical "w1 9 a circuit hav+ a total resi/ance1 ,r1 a quantity ( heat is develop$ 9 ! circuit1 & ?is heat is ! exact equival5t ( ! =ce exp5d$1 s long z ! curr5t is n made use ( = do+ any ext]nal "w4 ,! expression = ?is quantity ( heat1 p] unit ( "t1 is ,ai,r2 ,a be+ ! !rmal equival5t ( ! unit ( p[] correspond+ to ! units ( curr5t & resi/ance1 9 :i* i & ,r are respectively express$4 ,! product1 i,r1 is a c]ta9 quantity ( p[]1 :i* ! au?or proposes to call p[] trans=m$ into electricity4 ,:5 me*anical p[] is employ$ = produc+ a curr5t by means ( a magneto-electric or dynamo-electric ma*9e--or1 to use a bett] expression1 by means ( a me*anical g5]ator ( electricity--x is necess>y 9 reality to exp5d a great] quantity ( p[] ?an i,r 9 ord] to make up = losses :i* result ei!r f ord9>y friction or f c]ta9 electro magnetic reactions :i* occur4 ,! ratio ( ! quantity1 i,r1 to ! p[]1 ,w1 actually exp5d$ p] unit ( "t is call$ ! effici5cy ( ! g5]ator4 ,designat+ x by ,k1 we obta91 ,w i,r_/,k4 ,x is v important to asc]ta9 ! value ( ?is effici5cy1 consid]+ t x necess>ily ent]s z a factor into ! evaluation ( all ! effects to be produc$ by help ( ! g5]ator 9 "q4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! results ( c]ta9 exp]im5ts made e>ly 9 #ahgi1 ) a ,gramme ma*9e1 by an able physici/1 ,m ,hag5ba*1 ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity at ,basle1 & k9dly furni%$ by him to ! au?or3 ,revolutions p] m9ute #ice #iai4e #ijj4e #hic ,total resi/ance 9 ,siem5s' units #b4ee #c4hb #d4id #f4jf ,total resi/ance 9 absolute units #b4dce #c4fdh #d4gah #e4ghg x#aji x#aji x#aji x#aji ,int5sity 9 *emical units #ag4fg #aj4ii #h4ji #f4bh ,int5sity 9 absolute units #b4hbh #a4gei #a4bie #a4jje ,"w done i,r 9 absolute units #aidh4f #aabi4b #gia4c #ehd4i x#ajg x#ajg x#ajg x#ajg ,"w done i,r 9 kilogrammes #aih4f #aae4a #hj4ff #ei4fb ,p[] exp5d$ 9 kilogrammes #cja4e #ada4j #hf4be #hc4be ,effici5cy1 p] c5t4 #fe4i #ha4f #ic4e #ga4f ,m4 ,hag5ba*'s dynamometric measurem5ts 7 made by ! aid ( a brake4 ,aft] ea* exp]im5t on ! electric ma*9e1 he appli$ ! brake to ! eng9e :i* he employ$1 tak+ c>e to make x run at precisely ! same spe$1 ) ! same pressure ( /eam1 & ) ! same expansion z dur+ exp]im5t4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be bett] to measure ! =ce exp5d$ dur+ & n aft] ! exp]im5t1 by means ( a regi/]+ dynamomet]4 ,moreov]1 ,m4 ,hag5ba* writes t 8 measurem5ts by means ( ! brake 7 v mu* prejudic$ by ext]nal circum/ances2 d\btless ?is is ! reason ( ! div]g5ces betwe5 ! results obta9$4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,dr4 ,hopk9son communicat$ to ?is in/itution ! results ( "s v c>eful exp]im5ts made on a ,siem5s ma*9e4 ,he measur$ ! =ce exp5d$ by means ( a regi/]+ dynamomet]1 & obta9$ v high coeffici5ts ( effici5cy1 am\nt+ to ne>ly #ij p] c5t4 ,m4 ,hag5ba* also obta9$ f "o ma*9e a result only a little less ?an unity4 ,me*anical g5]ators ( electricity are c]ta9ly capable ( be+ improv$ 9 sev]al respects1 especially z reg>ds _! adaptation to c]ta9 def9ite classes ( "w4 ,b !re appe>s to rema9 h>dly any m>g9 = fur!r progress z reg>ds effici5cy4 ,=ce trans=m$ into electricity 9 a g5]ator may be express$ by i omega ,m ,c2 omega be+ ! angul> velocity ( rotation2 ,m ! magnetism ( "o ( ! poles1 induc+ or induc$1 :i* int]v5es2 & ,c a con/ant specially belong+ to ea* app>atus1 & :i* is indep5d5t ( ! units adopt$4 ,?is con/ant c\ld n be det]m9$ except by an integration practically impossible2 & ! product1 ,m ,c1 mu/ be consid]$ indivisible4 ,ev5 9 a magneto-electric ma*9e 7) p]man5t induc+ magnets71 & mu* m 9 a dynamo-electric ma*9e 7induc+ by means ( electro-magnets excit$ by ! v curr5t produc$7 ! product1 ,m ,c1 is a function ( ! int5sity4 ,f ! id5tity ( ! expressions1 i,r & i omega ,m ,c we obta9 ! relation ,m ,c ,,ir_/omega :i* indicates ! c\rse to be pursu$ to det]m9e exp]im5tally ! law :i* connects ! v>iations ( ,m ,c ) ^? ( i4 ,"s exp]im5ts made 9 #ahgf1 by ,m4 ,hag5ba*1 on a ,gramme dynamo-electric ma*9e1 appe> to indicate t ! magnetism1 ,m ,c1 does n increase indef9itely ) ! int5sity1 b t !re is "s maximum value = ?is quantity4 ,if1 in/ead ( work+ a g5]ator by an ext]nal motive =ce1 a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh its circuit 9 a c]ta9 giv5 direction1 ! movable "p ( ! ma*9e w beg9 to turn 9 an opposite direction to t 9 :i* x w\ld h be5 necess>y to turn x 9 ord] to obta9 a curr5t 9 ! a=esaid direction4 ,9 virtue ( ?is motion ! electro-magnetic =ces :i* are g5]at$ may be us$ to ov]come a resi/+ =ce4 ,! ma*9e w !n "w z a motor or receiv]4 ,let i be ! int5sity ( ! ext]nal curr5t :i* works ! motor1 :5 ! motor is kept at re/4 ,if x is n[ all[$ to move1 its motion produces1 9 virtue ( ! laws ( induction1 a curr5t 9 ! circuit ( int5sity1 i#a1 9 ! opposite direction to ! ext]nal curr5t2 ! effective int5sity ( ! curr5t trav]s+ ! circuit is ?us r$uc$ to i - i#a4 ,! int5sity ( ! c\nt] curr5t is giv51 l t ( ! g5]at+ curr5t1 by ! equation1 i#a,r i#a omega#a ,m#a ,c#a1 or i#a,r omega#a ,m#a ,c#a1 ! index1 #a1 d5ot+ ! quantities relat+ to ! motor4 ,"h ,m#a ,c#a is a function ( i - i#a1 n ( i4 ,z 9 a g5]ator ! =ce trans=m$ into electricity has a value1 i omega ,m ,c1 s 9 a motor ! =ce develop$ by electricity is 7i - i#a7 omega#a ,m#a ,c#a4 ,on acc\nt1 h[ev]1 ( ! losses :i* occur1 ! effective p[]1 t is ! disposable p[] on ! %aft ( ! motor1 w h a small] value1 & 9 ord] to arrive at x a coeffici5t ( effici5cy1 ,k#a1 mu/ be add$4 ,we %all !n h ,w#a ,k#a 7i-i#a7 omega#a ,m#a ,c#a4 ,! au?or has no k ( any exp]im5ts hav+ be5 made = obta9+ ?is effici5cy1 ,k#a4 ,next let u suppose t ! curr5t fe$+ ! motor is furni%$ by a g5]ator1 s t actual transmission by electricity is tak+ place4 ,! circuit1 ^: resi/ance is ,r1 comprises ! coils1 bo? fix$ & movable1 ( ! g5]ator & motor1 & ( ! conductors :i* connect !m4 ,! int5sity ( ! curr5t :i* trav]ses ! circuit _h ! value1 i1 :5 ! motor 0 at re/2 by ! work+ ( ! motor x is r$uc$ to i - i#a4 ,! p[] appli$ to ! g5]ator is itself r$uc$ to ,w-7i-i#a7omega ,m ,c_/,k4 ,! prime mov] is reliev$ by ! action ( ! c\nt] curr5t1 precisely z ! consumption ( z9c 9 ! batt]y w\ld be r$uc$ by ! same cause1 if ! batt]y 0 ! s\rce ( ! curr5t4 ,! effici5cy ( ! transmission is ,w#a_/,w4 ,calculation %[s t x is express$ by ! foll[+ equations3,w#a_/,w ,k ,k#a 7omega#aa ,m#a ,c#a7_/7omega#a ,m ,c71 or ,k ,k#a 7omega#aa ,m#a ,c7_/7omega#aa ,m#a ,c#a 7i-i#a7 ,r72 expressions 9 :i* x mu/ be rememb]$ ,m ,c & ,m#a ,c#a are really functions ( 7i-i#a74 ,?is effici5cy is1 !n1 ! product ( ?ree di/9ct factors1 ea* evid5tly less ?an unity1 namely1 ! effici5cy belong+ to ! g5]ator1 ! effici5cy belong+ to ! motor1 & a ?ird factor dep5d+ on ! rate ( rotation ( ! motor & ! resi/ance ( ! circuit4 ,! influ5ce :i* ^! elem5ts ex]t on ! value ( ! ?ird factor _c be e/imat$1 unless ! law is fir/ kn[n accord+ to :i* ! magnetisms1 ,m ,c1 ,m#a ,c ,c#a1 v>y ) ! int5sity ( ! curr5t4 ,,g5]al ,,results4 ,ca/+ a retrospective glance at ! f\r me?ods ( transmission ( p[] :i* h be5 exam9$1 x w\ld appe> t transmission by ropes =ms a class by itself1 :ile ! ?ree o!r me?ods comb9e into a natural gr\p1 because !y possess a "* 9 common ( ! greate/ importance4 ,x may be said t all ?ree involve a tempor>y trans=mation ( ! me*anical p[] to be utiliz$ into pot5tial en]gy4 ,also 9 ea* ( ^! me?ods ! effici5cy ( transmission is ! product ( ?ree factors or p>tial effici5cies1 :i* correspond exactly--namely1 fir/1 ! effici5cy ( ! in/rum5t :i* conv]ts ! actual en]gy ( ! prime mov] into pot5tial en]gy2 second1 ! effici5cy ( ! in/rum5t :i* reconv]ts ?is pot5tial en]gy into actual en]gy1 t is1 into motion1 & deliv]s x up 9 ?is %ape = ! actual op]ations :i* accompli% indu/rial "w2 ?ird1 ! effici5cy ( ! int]m$iate ag5cy :i* s]ves = ! conveyance ( pot5tial en]gy f ! fir/ in/rum5t to ! second4 ,?is la/ factor has j be5 giv5 = transmission by electricity4 ,x is ! exact correlative ( ! effici5cy ( ! pipe 9 ! case ( compress$ air or ( pressure wat]4 ,x is z useful 9 ! case ( electric transmission1 z ( any o!r me?od1 to be able1 9 /udy+ ! sy/em1 to e/imate be=eh& :at results x is able to furni%1 & = ?is purpose x is necess>y to calculate exactly ! factors :i* compose ! effici5cy4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ?is desirable k1 ! au?or consid]s t ! ?ree foll[+ po9ts %\ld =m ! aim ( exp]im5tali/s3 ,fir/1 ! det]m9ation ( ! effici5cy1 ,k1 ( ! pr9cipal k9ds ( magneto-electric1 or dynamo-electric ma*9es work+ z g5]ators2 second1 ! det]m9ation ( ! effici5cy1 ,k#a1 ( ! same ma*9es work+ z motors2 ?ird1 ! det]m9ation ( ! law accord+ to :i* ! magnetism ( ! cores ( ^! ma*9es v>ies ) ! int5sity ( ! curr5t4 ,! au?or is ( op9ion t exp]im5ts made ) ^! objects 9 view w\ld be m useful ?an ^? conduct$ = det]m9+ ! g5]al effici5cy ( transmission1 = ! latt] give results only available "u precisely simil> conditions4 ,h[ev]1 x is cle> t !y h _! value & mu/ n be neglect$4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 _m o!r que/ions requir+ to be elucidat$ by exp]im5t1 especially z reg>ds ! arrangem5t ( ! conduct+ wires3 b x is ne$less to dwell fur!r ^u ?is subject1 :i* has be5 ably treat$ by _m ,engli% m5 ( sci5ce--= in/ance1 ,dr4 ,siem5s & ,pr(essor ,ayrton4 ,nev]!less1 = fur!r in=mation ! au?or w\ld ref] to ! able articles publi%$ at ,p>is1 by ,m4 ,masc>t1 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 9 #ahgg & #ahgh4 ,! au?or w\ld gladly h conclud$ ?is pap] ) a comp>ison ( ! effici5cies ( ! f\r sy/ems :i* h be5 exam9$1 or :at am\nts to ! same ?+--) a comp>ison ( ! losses ( p[] :i* !y occasion4 ,un=tunately1 su* a comp>ison has nev] be5 made exp]im5tally1 because hi!rto ! opportunity ( do+ x 9 a demon/rative mann] has be5 want+1 = ! transmission ( p[] to a di/ance belongs r to ! future ?an to ! pres5t "t4 ,transmission by electricity is /ill 9 its infancy2 x has only be5 appli$ on a small scale & exp]im5tally4 ,( ! ?ree o!r sy/ems1 transmission by means ( ropes is ! only "o t has be5 employ$ = g5]al indu/rial purposes1 :ile compress$ air & wat] "u pressure h be5 appli$ only to special purposes1 & _! use has be5 due mu* m to _! special suitabl5ess = ^! purposes ?an f any consid]ations relative to loss ( p[]4 ,?us ! effective "w ( ! compress$ air us$ 9 driv+ ! tunnels ?r\gh ! ,alps1 assum+ its det]m9ation to be possible1 0 und\bt$ly v l[2 nev]!less1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our appliances x is ! only process by :i* su* op]ations c be accompli%$4 ,! au?or believes t transmission by ropes furni%es ! highe/ proportion ( useful "w1 b t z reg>ds a wide di/ribution ( ! transmitt$ p[] ! o!r two me?ods1 by air & wat]1 might m]it a pref]5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,hot*kiss ,,revolv+ ,,gun4 ,! ,hot*kiss revolv+ gun1 already adopt$ 9 ! ,fr5* navy & by o!r lead+ ,european nations1 has be5 ord]$ = use 9 ! ,g]man navy by ! foll[+ decree ( ! ,g]man ,emp]or1 dat$ ,janu>y #aa la/3 ,on ! report made to me1 ,i approve ! adoption ( ! ,hot*kiss revolv+ cannon z a "p ( ! artill]y ( my navy2 & ea* ( my %ips1 accord+ to _! classification1 %all 9 g5]al be arm$ ) ?is weapon 9 su* a mann] t e po9t surr\nd+ ! vessel may be protect$ by ! fire ( at lea/ two guns at a m9imum range ( #bjj met]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?allium ,,pap]s ,,z ,,ozonomet]s4 ,s*o5e has giv5 ! results ( an ext5d$ s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! use ( ?allium pap] = e/imat+ approximately ! oxidiz+ mat]ial 9 ! atmosph]e1 :e!r x be hydrog5 p]oxide alone1 or mix$ ) ozone1 or p]haps also ) o!r con/itu5ts hi!rto unkn[n4 ,! objection to ,s*nbe9's ozonomet] 7potassium iodide on />* pap]7 & to ,h\zeau's ozonomet] 7potassium iodide on r$ litmus pap]7 lies 9 ! fact t _! mat]ials are hygroscopic1 & _! indications v>y widely ) ! moi/ure ( ! air4 ,s9ce dry ozone does n act on ^! pap]s1 !y mu/ be moi/5$2 & !n ! am\nt ( moi/ure v>ies ! result q z mu* z ! am\nt ( ozone4 ,inde$1 att5tion has be5 call$ to ! l>g] am\nt ( ozone ne> salt works & wat]falls1 & ! errone\s op9ion advanc$ t ozone is =m$ :5 wat] is f9ely divid$4 ,& ,bttg] has /at$ t ozone is =m$ :5 e!r is atomiz$2 ! fact be+ t ! reaction he obs]v$ 0 due to ! ,h#b,o#b always pres5t 9 e!r4 ,direct exp]im5ts ) ! ,s*nbe9 ozonomet] & ! psy*romet] gave p>allel curves2 :5ce ! au?or reg>ds ! =m] z only a crude hygromet]4 ,^! objections d n lie aga9/ ! ?allium pap]1 ! oxidation to br[n oxide by ei!r ozone or hydrog5 p]oxide n requir+ ! pres5ce ( moi/ure1 & ! color1 !re=e1 be+ indep5d5t ( ! hygrometric /ate ( ! air4 ,moreov]1 :5 well c>$ =1 ! pap]s und]go no f>!r *ange ( color & may be pres]v$ indef9itely4 ,! au?or prep>es ! ?allium pap] a few days be=e use1 by dipp+ /rips ( ,sw$i% filt]+ pap] 9 a solution ( ?all\s hydrate1 & dry+4 ,! solution is prep>$ by p\r+ a solution ( ?all\s sulphate into a boil+ solution ( b>ium hydrate1 equival5t quantities be+ tak51 ! result+ solution ( ?all\s hydrate be+ conc5trat$ 9 vacuo until #ajj c4c4 conta9s #aj grammes ,tl7,,oh74 ,= use ! /rips are hung 9 ! free air 9 a close vessel1 pref]ably ov] cau/ic lime1 = twelve h\rs4 ,o!r pap]s are us$1 made ) a two p] c5t4 solution4 ,^! are expos$ = ?irty-six h\rs4 ,! coloration is det]m9$ by comp>ison ) a scale hav+ elev5 degrees ( int5sity ^u x4 ,comp>$ ) ,s*nbe9's ozonomet]1 ! results are 9 g5]al directly opposite4 ,! ?allium pap]s %[ t ! greate/ effect is 9 ! daytime1 ! iodide pap]s t x is at night4 ,ye>ly curves %[ t ! =m] g5]ally indicate a rise :5 ! latt] give a fall4 ,! iodide curve foll[s closely t ( relative humidity1 cl\ds1 & ra92 ! ?allium curve /&s 9 no relation to x4 ,a table ( results = ! ye> #ahgi is giv5 9 mon?ly means1 ( ! two ?allium pap]s1 ! ozonomet]1 ! relative humidity1 cl\d9ess1 ra91 & velocity ( w9d4--,g4 ,f4 ,b41 9 ,b]4 ,b]l4 ,*em4 ,ces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,audiphone ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,! audiphone has be5 rec5tly tri$ 9 ! ,bo>d ,s*ool = ,deaf & ,dumb at ,tur9 /reet1 ,be?nal ,gre51 ) v satisfactory results--s satisfactory t ! report w recomm5d its adoption 9 ! f\r s*ools :i* ! ,london ,bo>d h erect$ = ! education ( ! deaf & dumb4 ,"s #bj p] c5t4 ( ! pupils 9 deaf & dumb s*ools h suffici5t p[] ( he>+ :5 assi/$ by ! audiphone to enable !m to take _! places 9 ! classes ( ! ord9>y s*ools4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,conductivity ,,( ,,moi/ ,,air4 ,_m physical treatises /ill ass]t t moi/ air conducts electricity1 ?\gh ,silb]man & o!rs h prov$ ! contr>y4 ,an int]e/+ exp]im5t be>+ on ?is has be5 describ$ lately by ,pr(4 ,m>angoni4 ,ov] a flame is heat$ "s wat] 9 a glass j>1 ?r\gh ! /opp] ( :i* passes a b5t tube to bell-j> 7held obliquely71 :i* ?us gets fill$ ) aque\s vapor4 ,! upp] half ( a ?9 ,leyd5 j> *>g$ is br\ght into ! bell-j>1 & held !re f\r or five seconds2 x is !n f\nd entirely dis*>g$4 ,t ! real cause ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is cond5sation ( ! vapor on ! "p ( ! glass t is n coat$ ) t9 foil 7! liquid lay] act+ by conduction7 c be prov$2 = if t "p ( ! j> be pass$ sev]al times rapidly ?r\gh ! flame1 s z to heat x to ne> #ajj ,c41 be=e ins]t+ 9 ! bell-j>1 a diff]5t effect w be _h2 ! ,leyd5 j> w give out long sp>ks aft] )drawal4 ,?is is because ! glass be+ heat$ no long] cond5ses ! vapor on its surface1 & !re is no sup]ficial conduction1 z 9 ! previ\s case4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,float+ ,,pontoon ,,dock4 ,consid]able att5tion has be5 giv5 = "s ye>s pa/ to ! subject ( float+ pontoon docks by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,turnbull1 naval ar*itect1 ( ,s\? ,%ields1 ,eng41 :o has devis$ ! +5i\s arrangem5t :i* =ms ! subject ( ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,! end aim$ at & n[ a*iev$ by ,mr4 ,turnbull 0 s to con/ruct float+ docks or pontoons t !y may rise & fall 9 a b]?1 & be swung r\nd at "o end ^u a c5t] po/ or cyl9d]--nautically kn[n z a dolph9--project+ f ! gr\nd at a slight di/ance f ! b]?4 ,! cyl9d] is 9 deep wat]1 &1 :5 ! pontoon is swung & sunk to ! desir$ dep? by lett+ 9 ! necess>y am\nt ( wat]1 a vessel c be float$ 9 & !n secur$4 ,! pontoon1 ) ! vessel on x1 is !n rais$ by pump+ out ! conta9$ wat] until %e is a little above ! level ( ! b]?4 ,! :ole is !n swung r\nd ov] ! b]?1 ! vessel !n be+ high & dry to enable repairs or o!r op]ations to be conduct$4 ,= ?is purpose1 "o end ( ! pontoon is s =m$ z to enable x to fit ar\nd ! cyl9d]1 & to be held to x z to a c5t] or fulcrum1 ab\t :i* ! pontoon c be swung4 ,! pontoon is ( special con/ruction1 & has air-*amb]s at ! sides plac$ ne> ! c5t]1 s z to balance x4 ,x also has *amb]s at ! ends1 :i* are divid$ horizontally 9 ord] t ! op]ation ( subm]g+ )9 a b]? or 9 %all[ wat] may be conduct$ )\t risk1 ! upp] *amb]s be+ aft]w>ds suppli$ ) wat] to s9k ! pontoon to ! full dep? be=e a vessel is haul$ 94 ,:5 ! %ip is 9 place1 ! pontoon ) h] is !n lift$ above ! level ( ! b]? 9 :i* x has to be plac$1 & !n swung r\nd into ! b]?4 ,9 "s cases1 ! pontoon is provid$ ) a cradle1 s t1 :5 9 b]?1 ! vessel on ! cradle c be haul$ up a slip ) rails arrang$ z a cont9uation ( ! cradle-rails ( ! pontoon1 :i* c be !n furni%$ ) ano!r cradle1 & ano!r vessel lift$4 ,x is ?is latt] arrangem5t :i* =ms ! subject ( our illu/ration1 ! vessel repres5t$ be+ ( ! foll[+ dim5sions3 ,l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s1 #cej feet2 bread?1 m\ld$1 #dj feet2 dep?1 m\ld$1 #cb feet2 tons1 ,b4 ,m41 #b1fjj2 tons net1 #b1jjj4 ,at ,a1 9 fig4 #a1 is %[n 9 dott$ l9es a portion ( ! vessel & pontoon1 ! %ip hav+ j be5 haul$ 9 & c5t]$ ov] ! keel blocks4 ,at ,b1 is %[n ! pontoon ) ! %ip rais$ & swung r\nd on to a l[ level quay4 ,go+ a /ep fur!r 9 ! op]ation1 we see at ,c1 ! vessel haul$ on to ! slipways on ! high-level quay4 ,9 ?is case ! cyl9d] is arrang$ s t ! vessel may be deliv]$ on to ! rails or slips1 :i* are arrang$ radially1 tak+ ! cyl9d] z ! c5t]4 ,!re may be any numb] ( slips s arrang$1 & "o pontoon may be made available = sev]al cyl9d]s at ! deep wat] p>ts ( neighbor+ repair+ or build+ y>ds1 9 :i* case ! recess$ portion ( ! pontoon1 :5 arrang$ ar\nd ! cyl9d]1 has /ays or reta9+ b>s fitt$ to prev5t x leav+ ! cyl9d] :5 ! sw++ is tak+ place1 su* z might happ5 9 a tideway4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,improv$ ,,float+ ,,pontoon ,,dry ,,dock4 ,! arrangem5ts = deliv]+ vessels on radial slips is se5 9 plan at fig4 #b1 :]e ,a repres5ts ! riv] or deep wat]2 ,b is ! pontoon ) ! vessel2 ,c be+ ! cyl9d] or turn+ c5t]2 ,d is ! l[-level quay on to :i* ! pontoon c>ry+ ! %ip is fir/ swung2 ,e is ! high-level quay ) ! slip-ways2 ,f is an eng9e runn+ on rails ar\nd ! radial slips = draw+ ! vessels ) ! cradle (f ! pontoon1 & haul+ !m up on to ! high-level quay2 & ,g %[s ! repair+ %ops1 /ores1 & %$s4 ,a pontoon atta*$ to a cyl9d] may be fitt$ ) an ord9>y wet dock2 & !n ! pontoon1 be=e or aft] ! vessel is ^u x1 c be slew$ r\nd to suit ! slips up :i* ! vessel has to be mov$1 suppos+ ! slips are arrang$ radially4 ,9 ?is case1 ! pivot end ( ! pontoon w\ld be a fixture1 s to speak1 to ! cyl9d]4 ,! pontoon may also be made available = lift+ heavy weights1 by fitt+ a pair ( comp\nd lev]s or o!r app>atus at "o end1 ! lift+ p[] be+ 9 ! pontoon itself4 ,9 "s cases1 9 ord] to l5g!n ! pontoon1 tw5ty-five or fifty foot l5g?s are add$ at ! aft] end4 ,:5 n ?us engag$1 ^? l5g?s =m %ort pontoons suitable = small vessels4--,iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,weirleigh1 ,,br5*ley1 ,,k5t4 ,"s few ye>s s9ce1 ,mr4 ,h>rison ,weir 7^: draw+s ( natural hi/ory are kn[n probably to a wid] circle ( ! g5]al public ?an ! works ( mo/ arti/s71 wi%+ to pursue 8 favorite /udy ( animals & horticulture1 erect$ on ! /eep hillside ( ! road lead+ f ,paddock ,wood to ,br5*ley1 a small cottage orne ) deta*$ /udio4 ,aft]w>d desir+ m accommodation1 he c>ri$ out ! build+s %[n 9 our illu/rations4 ,advantage has be5 tak5 ( ! slope ( ! hill on "o side1 & ! ris+ gr\nd 9 ! re> on ! o!r1 to increase ! effect ( ! build+s & meet ! difficulty ( ! levels4 ,! two portions--old1 et*$1 & new1 %[n z black--are connect$ toge!r by a h&some /aircase1 :i* is c>ri$ up 9 ! t[]1 & af=ds access to ! v>i\s levels4 ,! mat]ials are r$ brick1 ) ,ba?/one dress+s1 & wea!r-til+ on ! upp] floors4 ,black walnut1 pit* p9e1 & sequoias h be5 us$ 9 ! /aircase1 & jo9]'s "w to ! pr9cipal rooms4 ,! pr9cipal /oves are ( ,god/one /one only1 no iron or metal "w be+ us$4 ,! ar*itects are ,messrs4 ,wadmore ,bak]1 ( #ce ,great ,/4 ,hel5s1 ,e4,c42 ! build]s1 ,messrs4 ,p5n ,bro!rs1 ( ,pembury1 ,k5t4--,build+ ,news4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arti/s ,,homes ,,no #aa ,,weirleigh ,,br5*ley1 ,,k5t4 ,,! ,,resid5ce ,,( ,,h>rison ,,weir ,,esq',,re ,,wadmore ,,bak] ,,ar*itects 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rapid ,,brea?+ ,,z ,a ,,pa9 ,,obtund] ,,9 ,,m9or ,,surg]y1 ,,ob/etrics1 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,practice ,,( ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,( ,,d5ti/ry4 ,footnote3 ,read be=e ! ,philadelphia ,c\nty ,m$ical ,society1 ,may #ab1 #ahhj1 by ,w4 ,g4 ,a4 ,bonwill1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,d4,s41 ,philadelphia4 ,?r\gh ! k9d invitation ( y\r directors1 ,i am pres5t to give y ! hi/ory ( rapid brea?+ z an analgesic ag5t1 z well z my exp]i5ce !re9 s9ce ,i fir/ discov]$ x4 ,x is ) no little feel+ ( mode/y t ,i appe> be=e su* a le>n$ & honorable body ( physicians & surgeons1 & ,i accept ! privilege z a high complim5t4 ,i tru/ ! same lib]al _s :i* prompt$ y to call ?is subject to ! light ( inve/igation w n =sake y :5 y h he>d all ,i h to say & y sit 9 judgm5t !reon4 ,suffici5t "t has n[ elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ promulgation ( ! subject = ! %afts ( ridicule to be well nigh sp5t 7:i* is ! common logic us$ to cru% out all new ideas71 & x is to be expect$ t g5tlem5 w look ^u x ) all ! *>ity ( a le>n$ body1 & n be too ha/y to condemn :at !y h _h b little *ance to inve/igate2 &1 ( c\rse1 h n practic$ ) t success :i* c only come f an intellig5t und]/&+ ( its application & modus op]&i4 ,kn[+ ! hi/ory ( pa/ discov]ies1 ,i 0 well prep>$ = ! crucible4 ,i c\ld n hope to be an exception4 ,b1 s f>1 ! m$ical pr(ession h ext5d$ me m favor ?an ,i h receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! d5tal pr(ession4 ,my fir/ conception ( ! analgesic prop]ty ( a pa9 obtund] 9 contradi/9ction to its anae/hetic effect1 :i* f9ally l$ to ! discov]y ( ! inhalation ( common air by rapid brea?+1 0 9 #ahee or #ahef1 :ile p]=m+ ^u my own tee? c]ta9 op]ations :i* gave me int5se pa9 7& ,i c\ld n af=d to hurt myself7 )\t a resort to e!r & *lor(orm4 ,^! ag5ts _h be5 kn[n s %ort a "t t no "o 0 specially famili> ) _! action4 ,)\t kn[+ :e!r ,i c\ld take *lor(orm adm9i/]$ by myself1 & at ! same "t p]=m ) skill ! excavation ( extremely s5sitive d5t9e or too?-bone1 z if no anae/hetic _h be5 tak51 & n be consci\s ( pa91 0 m ?an ! exp]i5ce ( m$ical m5 at t "t c\ld assure me4 ,b1 hav+ a love = inve/igation ( ! unkn[n1 ,i prep>$ myself = ! ordeal4 ,by degrees ,i took ! *lor(orm until ,i began to feel v pla9ly its prim>y effects1 & kn[+ t ,i mu/ soon be unconsci\s1 ,i appli$ ! excavator to ! c>i\s too?1 &1 to my surprise1 f\nd no pa9 :atev]1 b ! s5se ( t\* & he>+ 7 m>vel\sly int5sifi$4 ,! small cavity seem$ z l>ge z a half bu%el2 ! excavator m ! size ( an ax2 & ! s\nd 0 equally magnifi$4 ,t ,i might n be mi/ak51 ,i repeat$ ! op]ation until ,i 0 confid5t t anae/hetics possess$ a p[] n hi!rto kn[n--t ( analgesia4 ,to be d\bly c]ta91 ,i gave x 9 my practice1 9 _m cases ) ! same happy results1 :i* sav$ me f ! risks incid5t to ! second>y effects ( anae/hetics1 & :i* answ]$ = all ! purposes ( extract+ f "o to f\r tee?4 ,n satisfi$ ) any advance long] ?an ,i c\ld f9d a bett] plan1 ,i exp]im5t$ ) ! galvanic curr5t 7to & fro7 by s apply+ ! poles t ,i sub/itut$ a /rong] impression by electricity f ! n]ve c5t]s or ganglia to ! p]iph]ies ?an 0 made f ! p]iph]y to ! bra94 ,?is 0 s mu* ( a success t ,i ?rew aside *lor(orm & e!r 9 remov+ ! liv+ n]ve ( a too? ) in/rum5ts in/ead ( us+ ars5ic2 & = excavat+ s5sitive c>ies 9 tee?1 prep>atory to fill+1 z well z _m tee? extract$ by x4 ,b ?is 0 %ort-liv$1 = x l$ to ano!r /ep4 ,sometimes ,i w\ld inflict sev]e pa9 9 cases ( conge/$ pulps or f its ha/y application1 or pu%+ x to d too mu*1 :5 my pati5t inv>iably w\ld draw or inhale ! brea? v =cibly & rapidly4 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! repeat$ co9cid5ce1 & 0 l$ to exclaim3 ,nature's anae/hetic4 ,?is !n rem9d$ me ( boyhood's bruises4 ,! involunt>y action ( e "o :o has a f+] hurt is to place x to ! m\? & draw viol5tly 9 ! air & hold x = an in/ant1 & aga9 repeat x until ! pa9 is subdu$4 ,! same action ( ! lungs occurs1 except m p[]fully1 9 "y *ildr5 :o take to cry+ :5 hurt4 ,x w be notic$ !y brea! v rapidly :ile furi\sly cry+1 :i* soon allays ! irritation1 & sleep comes z ! sequel4 ,witness also :5 "o is sudd5ly />tl$1 h[ viol5tly ! brea? is tak51 :i* gives relief4 ,! same ?+ occurs 9 ! l[] animals :5 pa9 is be+ inflict$ at ! h& ( man4 ,?is 0 advance ,no4 #c1 & s sure 0 ,i ( ?is new discov]y1 t ,i at once made an application :ile remov+ decay f an extremely s5sitive too?4 ,to be successful1 ,i f\nd ,i mu/ make ! pati5t take ! />t1 & ,i w\ld foll[ ) a ?ru/ f ! excavator1 :i* move w\ld be accompli%$ be=e ! lungs c\ld be inflat$4 ,?is 0 repeat$ = at lea/ a m9ute1 until ! op]ation 0 complet$1 ,i always foll[+ imm$iately or syn*ron\sly ) ! inhalation4 ,?is l$ to /ep ,no4 #d1 :i* result$ 9 its application to ! extract+ ( tee? & o!r op]ations 9 m9or surg]y4 ,up to ?is "t ,i _h believ$ ! sole effect ( ! rapid inhalation 0 due to m]e div]sion ( ! w1 & ?is 0 ! only way nature c\ld s viol5tly ex]t h]self--t ( controll+ ! involunt>y action ( ! lungs to h] uses by ! safety valve1 or ! volunt>y movem5t4 ,! con/ant brea?+ ( ! pati5t = ?irty seconds to a m9ute left him 9 a condition ( body & m9d resembl+ ! effects ( e!r & *lor(orm 9 _! prim>y /ages4 ,i c\ld b argue t ! prolong$ brea?+ ea* "t _h done x2 &1 if s1 !n !re mu/ be "s specific effect ov] & above ! m]e div]sion by ! w4 ,to :at c\ld x be due8 ,to ! air alone1 :i* w5t 9 excess into ! lungs 9 ! c\rse ( a m9ute6 ,:y did ,i n !n imm$iately grasp ! idea ( its broad] application z n[ claim$ = x8 ,x 0 too mu*1 g5tlem51 = t h\r4 ,en\gh _h be5 done 9 ?is f\r? /ep ( conception to re/ 9 ! womb ( "t1 until by evolution a high] /ep c\ld be made at ! maturity ( ! *ild4 ,be+ self-satisfi$ ) my own baby1 ,i wat*$ & c>ess$ x until x c\ld take c>e ( itself1 & my m9d 0 aga9 free = ano!r conception4 ,! bir?s at fir/ seem$ to come at v %ort int]vals2 b see h[ long x 0 betwe5 ! f\r? & ! fif? bir?4 ,x 0 soon aft] t my m9d became involv$ 9 inv5tions--a h]$it>y outgr[?--& ! electric mallet & !n ! d5tal eng9e1 ! p>5t ( y\r surgical eng9e1 to be f\nd 9 ! pr9cipal hospitals ( ?is city1 took su* possession ( my :ole s\l1 t my air analgesic 0 left slumb]+4 ,x 0 n until ,augu/1 #ahge--n9ete5 ye>s aft]--t x aga9 came up 9 full =ce1 )\t any previ\s w>n+4 ,?is "t x 0 no law ( association t reviv$ x2 b x seem$ ! :isp]+ ( "s "o 9 ! air--"s e!real _s1 if y please--:i* in/itut$ x1 & advanc$ ! foll[+ problem3 ,nitr\s oxide gas is compos$ ( ! same elem5ts z ord9>y air1 ) a l>g] equival5t ( oxyg51 except x is a *emical comp\nd1 n a me*anical mixture1 & its anae/hetic effects are said to be due to ! excess ( oxyg54 ,if ?is be a fact1 !n :y c y n produce a simil> effect by rapid brea?+ = a m9ute1 m or less1 by :i* a l>g] quantity ( oxyg5 is pres5t$ 9 ! lungs = absorption by ! blood8 ,?is qu]y 0 soon answ]$ by ask+ myself ano!r3 ,if ! rapid inhalation ( air into ! lungs does n increase ! he>t's action & cause x to drive ! blood 9 exact ratio to ! inhalations1 !n ,i c produce p>tial anae/hesia f ?is excess ( oxyg5 br\ght ab\t by ! volunt>y movem5ts ov] _! ord9>y involunt>y action ( ! lungs4 ,! next "q 03 ,w my he>t be affect$ by ?is excess ( air 9 ! lungs to su* an ext5t t !re w be a full reciprocity betwe5 !m8 ,)\t mak+ any trial ( x1 ,i argu$ t1 :ile !re is no o!r muscul> movem5t ?an t ( ! *e/ z "u ! control ( ! w1 & z nature has giv5 to ! w ! p]fect control ov] ! lungs to supply m or less air1 z is dem&$ by ! pneumoga/ric n]ve = ! imm$iate wants ( ! economy1 :5 ! involunt>y action is n suffici5t2 & ! he>t n be+ "u ! control ( ! w1 & its action nev] accel]at$ or dim9i%$ except by a specific poison1 or f ! g5]al activity ( ! p]son 9 viol5t runn+ or work+1 ! blood is =c$ into ! he>t fa/] & mu/ get rid ( x1 :5 a l>g] supply ( oxyg5 is dem&$ & rapid brea?+ mu/ occur1 or asphyxia result4 ,i 0 n long 9 decid+ t ! he>t w\ld n be accel]at$ b a trifle--say a t5?--&1 "u ! circum/ances1 ,i said3 ,! air is an anae/hetic4 ,f ?is rapid c\rse ( argum5t1 ,i 0 s pr(\ndly conv9c$ ( its tru?1 t )\t hav+ fir/ tri$ x ^u my own p]son1 ,i w\ld h sat :]e ,i 01 ^u ! curb/one1 & _h a too? remov$ ) ! p]fect expectation ( abs5ce ( pa9 & ( /ill be+ consci\s ( t\*4 ,:ile yet walk+ ) my *ildr51 ,i comm5c$ to brea! z rapidly z possible1 &1 z anticipat$1 f\nd my /eps gr[+ %ort] & %ort]1 until ,i came to a /&1 %[+ to my m9d cle>ly t my argum5t 9 advance 0 "r1 s f> z locomotion 0 conc]n$2 &1 ^u ref]r+ to my pulse1 ,i f\nd b little accel]ation4 ,to :at o!r conclusion c\ld ,i arrive f ?is argum5t1 ) ! f\ndation laid n9ete5 ye>s be=e1 :5 ,i e/abli%$ on my own p]son by exp]im5t ! fact ( analgesia z induc$ f *lor(orm1 ) ! _m exp]im5ts 9 rapid respiration on too? bone8 ,f ?is mom5t until its fir/ application to ! extraction ( a too? y c well imag9e my susp5se4 ,t ,i might n fail 9 ! v fir/ attempt1 ,i compell$ myself & o!rs 9 my h\sehold to brea! rapidly to inve/igate ! ph5om5on4 ,?is gave me "s idea z to ! prop] me?od ( proce$+ 9 its adm9i/]+4 ,! fir/ case soon appe>$1 & 0 a p]fect success1 go+ f> beyond my anticipations1 = ! effect 0 su* z to produce a p>tial p>alysis ( ! h&s & arms to ! elb[4 ,aga9 & aga9 ,i tri$ x 9 e case ( extraction & _m o!r exp]im5ts1 d\bt+ my own s5ses = a long "t at a result s anomal\s & p>adoxical4 ,i 0 rem9d$ j "h ( a ph5om5on :i* gave me additional pro(--t ( bl[+ a dull fire to revive x4 ,= a m9ute or s "o bl[s & bl[s 9 rapid succession until1 ris+ f ! ef=t1 a s5se ( gidd9ess = a few mom5ts s ov]comes t ! upright position is ) difficulty ma9ta9$4 ,9 ?is condition y are fitt$ = hav+ a too? extract$ or an abscess lanc$4 ,believ+ t ,i _h some?+ new to (f] :i* might be ( use to suff]+ humanity1 ,i read ! fir/ article ^u x ,nov4 #ag1 #ahge1 be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute4 ,%ortly aft] ,i 0 invit$ be=e ! ,nor!rn ,m$ical ,society ( ?is city to address !m !reon4 ,a numb] ( m$ical g5tlem5 h be5 us+ x 9 _! practice1 :ile ! bulk ( !m h spurn$ x z negative & prepo/]\s1 )\t an ef=t at try+ x1 :i* ,i c n[ v well und]/&4 ,unless "o is aw>e ( ! fact t 9 ! use ( any ag5t :i* has ! p[] to susp5d ! volition1 x c be tak5 to t po9t :]e he is /ill consci\s ( t\* & he>+1 & at ! same "t n cognizant ( pa9 inflict$1 ! action ( rapid brea?+ c\ld n be und]/ood4 ,& ,i regret to say t ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ! m$ical m5 ,i h talk$ ) on ! subject !y _h n be5 aw>e ( su* a possibility f e!r & *lor(orm4 ,until ?is analgesic /ate c\ld be e/abli%$ 9 _! m9ds x 0 impossible to conv9ce !m t ! excess ( oxyg51 z obta9$ by rapid brea?+1 c\ld be made to produce a simil> effect4 ,i %\ld h be5 z reluctant z any "o to believe x1 _h ,i n p]sonally exp]i5c$ ! effect :ile p]=m+ an op]ation :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 v pa9ful4 ,su* a result c\ld n well be rea*$ by any c\rse ( reason+4 ,has x prov5 9 my practice :at has be5 claim$ = x--a sub/itute = ! p[]ful anae/hetics 9 m9or op]ations 9 surg]y8 ,mo/ emphatically1 yes6 ,s completely has x fulfill$ its humble mission 9 my (fice1 t ,i c safely ass]t !re has n be5 m ?an five p] c5t4 ( failures4 ,i h giv5 x "u all circum/ances ( diseas$ organs1 & h se5 no o!r ?an ! happie/ results 9 its aft] effects4 ,x may well be ask$ j "h3 ,:y has x n be5 m g5]ally & widely us$ by ! d5tal pr(ession z well z ! m$ical1 if x is really :at is claim$ = x8 ,! mo/ satisfactory & *>itable answ] to be giv5 is1 ! failure ^u _! "p to compreh5d ! fact z exi/+ 9 *lor(orm & e!r t !re is su* a /ate z analgesia2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! animal economy is s organiz$1 :ile ! s5se ( t\* is n de/roy$1 b r increas$1 ! m9d ( ! subject fails to p]ceive a s5se ( pa9 :5 anae/hetics are giv51 & ! effects are manife/$ 9 ! prim>y /age4 ,z ,i be=e intimat$1 su* is ! k possess$ by mo/ ( ^? :o adm9i/] e!r & *lor(orm4 ,?is 0 en\gh to cause ne>ly e "o to look ^u x z a bubble or air ca/le4 ,_m g5tlem5 told me !y tri$ x ^u !mselves1 &1 :ile x affect$ !m v s]i\sly by gidd9ess1 !y /ill reta9$ consci\sness2 &1 su* be+ ! case1 no effect c\ld be produc$ = obtund+ pa94 ,o!rs told me !y 7 afraid to cont9ue ! brea?+ al>m$ at ! v]tigo induc$4 ,& ! practition] :o has adopt$ x m effectively ?an any o!r laugh$ at me :5 ,i fir/ told him ( ! discov]y2 b 8 intimate association ) me *ang$ 8 views aft] mu* explanation & argum5t betwe5 u4 ,x 0 h>dly to be expect$ t )\t ?is k ( analgesia1 & )\t any explanation f me z to ! modus op]&i ( rapid brea?+1 o!r ?an a few sugge/ions or directions z to h[ ! effect 0 induc$1 ev5 ! mo/ lib]al ( m$ical m5 %\ld be able to make x effective1 or h ! lea/ disposition to give x a prelim9>y trial ^u !mselves1 &1 ( c\rse1 w\ld n attempt x ^u a pati5t4 ,not)/&+1 x f\nd a few adh]5ts1 b only among my p]sonal m$ical fri5ds1 ) :om ,i _h an opportunity to expla9 :at ,i believ$ its physiological action1 & ! cases ( success 9 my own practice4 ,to ?is ,i h submitt$ z among ! inevitable 9 ! cal5d> ( discov]ies ( all grades4 ,my own pr(ession h attempt$ to ridicule x out ( its bir?right & possible exi/5ce1 :i* /yle ( argum5t is n resort$ to by true logicians4 ,to all ?is ,i c truly say ,i h n = "o mom5t falt]$4 ,i c\ld af=d to wait4 ,! lib]ality ( ?is society alone fully comp5sates = ! seem+ indisposition ( ! pa/1 believ+ t x is prop] t e advance %\ld be confront$1 &1 if 9 "t f\nd wor?y1 give x ,god spe$4 ,f its fir/ conception ,i h dilig5tly labor$ to solve its modus op]&i1 & ! d\bt 9 my own m9d z to :e!r ,i c\ld be mi/ak5 9 my obs]vations4 ,i ask$ ! op9ion ( our be/ *emical tea*]s if air c\ld h su* effect4 ,"o attribut$ x to oxyg5 /imulation1 & ! o!r to nitrog54 ,ano!r g5tleman told me ! m$ical pr(ession _h come to ! conclusion t x 0 possible = me to ?us extract tee?1 b x 0 due solely to my /rong p]sonal magnetism 7:i* p[] ,i 0 n be=e aw>e ,i possess$74 ,n[1 f :at ,i h relat$ ( ! successive & natural /eps :i* f9ally culm9at$ 9 ?is process or plan ( analgesia induc$ by an excess ( ord9>y air tak5 =cibly into ! lungs above :at is necess>y = life1 & f :at ,i %all /ate z to ! app>5tly anomal\s or p>adoxical effects1 ) its physiological action1 & ! simple te/s made ^u ea* ( my pati5ts1 ,i %all tru/ to s conv9ce y ( its plausibility & possibility t x w be made use ( 9 hundr$s ( m9or op]ations :]e e!r & *lor(orm are n[ us$4 ,aside f my ass]tion & t ( its fri5ds1 t ! effects c be produc$ by air alone1 y mu/ h "s light %$ ^u ! causes ( its physiological action1 :i* w appeal to y\r m$ical reason4 ,to assign an action to any drug is difficult1 & 9 ! cases ( e!r & ! o!r anae/hetics a qu>t] ( a c5tury /ill f9ds _m conflict+ op9ions4 ,?is be+ true1 y w deal l5i5tly ) me = ! op9ion ,i hold z to _! analgesic action4 ,( c\rse x w be object$ to1 = ! unse5 is1 to a great ext5t1 unkn[able4 ,en\gh = my argum5t1 h[ev]2 x seems to suit ! case v well )\t look+ = ano!r2 & :ile x 0 bas$ on ! ph5om5on result+ f _m trials1 & n ! trials ^u x z a previ\s !ory1 ,i %all be cont5t ) x until a bett] "o c be f\nd4 ,:at is x ,i claim z a new discov]y1 & ! facts & its philosophy8 ,i h ass]t$ t ,i c produce1 f rapidly brea?+ common air at ! rate ( a hundr$ respirations a m9ute1 a simil> effect to t f e!r1 *lor(orm1 & nitr\s oxide gas1 9 _! prim>y /ages2 & ,i c 9 ?is way r5d] pati5ts suffici5tly ins5sible to acute pa9 f any op]ation :]e ! "t consum$ is n ov] tw5ty to ?irty seconds4 ,:ile ! special s5ses are 9 p>tial action1 ! s5se ( pa9 is obtund$1 & 9 _m cases completely annull$1 consci\sness & g5]al s5sibility be+ pres]v$4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ea* pati5t mu/ be in/ruct$ h[ to act & :at to expect4 ,z simple z x may seem1 !re is a prop] & consi/5t plan to enable y to rea* full success4 ,be=e ! pati5t comm5ces to inhale he is in=m$ ( ! fact t1 :ile he w be unconsci\s ( pa91 he w "k full1 or p>tially well1 e t\* ^u ! p]son2 t ! inhalation mu/ be vigor\sly kept up dur+ ! :ole op]ation )\t = an in/ant /opp+2 t ! m en]getically & /eadily he brea!s1 ! m p]fect ! effect1 & t if he cease brea?+ dur+ ! op]ation1 pa9 w be felt4 ,fully impress !m ) ?is idea1 = ! v good reason t !y may /op :5 9 ! mid/ ( an op]ation1 & ! fulle/ effects be lo/4 ,x is obligatory to d s on acc\nt ( its evanesc5t effects1 :i* dem& t ! pati5t be pu%$ by ! op]ator's own en]getic appeals to g on4 ,x is v difficult = any p]son to respire m ?an "o hundr$ times to ! m9ute1 z he w become by t "t s exhau/$ z n to be able to brea! at all1 z is evid5c$ by all :o h ?us foll[$ my directions4 ,= ! next m9ute foll[+ ! completion ( ! op]ation ! subject w n brea! m ?an once or twice4 ,v few h =ce en\gh left to raise h& or foot4 ,! volunt>y muscles h ne>ly all be5 subjugat$ & ov]come by ! undue ef=t at =c$ inhalation ( "o hundr$ ov] sev5te51 ! normal /&>d4 ,x w be m fully und]/ood fur!r on 9 my argum5t :y ,i =ce pati5ts1 & am con/antly speak+ to !m to g on4 ,i fur!r claim t = ! pa/ f\r ye>s1 s satisfactory has be5 ! result ( ?is sy/em 9 ! extract+ ( tee? & dead5+ extremely s5sitive d5t9e1 !re 0 no long] any necessity = *lor(orm1 e!r1 or nitr\s oxide 9 ! d5tal (fice4 ,t su* tee? z _c be extract$ by its aid c well be pres]v$ & made useful1 except 9 a v few cases1 :o w n be =c$ to brea!4 ,! anae/hetics1 :5 us$ 9 major op]ations1 :]e "t is ne$$ = ! op]ation1 c be made m effective by a less] quantity :5 giv5 9 conjunction ) rapid brea?+4 ,drs4 ,g>rettson & ,hews1 :o h ?us tri$ x1 tell me x takes "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s less1 & ! aft] effects are f> less nauseat+ & unpleasant4 ,z an ag5t 9 labor :]e an anae/hetic is indicat$1 x is claim$ by "o :o has employ$ x 7,dr4 ,hews7 9 ne>ly e case = ?ree ye>s1 he has us$ rapid brea?+ solely1 & to ! exclusion ( *lor(orm & e!r4 ,= ?is ,i h 8 ass]tion1 & h no d\bt ( x :atev]1 = if any ag5t c\ld break d[n ! action ( ! volunt>y muscles ( ! p>ts involv$1 :i* prev5t ! involunt>y muscles ( ! ut]us f hav+ _! fulle/ effect1 x is ?is4 ,! v act ( rapid brea?+ s affects ! muscles ( ! abdom5 z to =ce ! cont5ts ( ! ut]us d[nw>d or outw>d1 :ile ! specific effect ( ! air at ! end ( a m9ute's brea?+ leaves ! subject 9 a semi-pro/rate condition1 giv+ ! ut]us full *ance to act 9 ! int]im1 because free ( ! w to make any attempt at )hold+ ! involunt>y muscles ( ! ut]us f do+ _! natural "w4 ,x is self evid5t2 & 9 ?is ag5t we claim "h a boon ( ine/imable value4 ,& n lea/ 9 su* cases is1 !re is no dang] ( hemorrhage1 s9ce ! cause ( ! effect is soon remov$4 ,9 atte/ation ( _m cases :]e x has be5 tri$1 ,i h ask$ ! "m1 &1 9 "s cases1 ! att5dants1 :e!r any?+ else _h be5 giv51 & :e!r ! "t 0 v mat]ially less5$1 !re has be5 b "o response1 & t 9 its favor4 ,g5tlem51 if we are n mi/ak5 9 ?is1 y w agree ) me 9 say+ t x is no mean ?+1 & %\ld be inve/igat$ by intellig5t m5 & report$ ^u4 ,f my own k ( its effects 9 my practice1 ,i am b\nd to believe ?is g5tleman's record4 ,i fur!r claim = x a special application 9 dislocations4 ,x has c]ta9ly peculi> m]its "h1 z ! w is s ne>ly subjugat$ by x z to r5d] ! pati5t q p[]less to resi/ y\r ef=t at replac+1 & at ! same "t ! pa9 is subdu$4 ,x is n necess>y ,i %\ld fur!r cont9ue special applications2 :5 its modus op]&i is und]/ood1 its adaptation to _m cont+5cies w ( a sequ5ce foll[4 ,x is well j "h1 be=e pass+ to ! next po9t ( consid]ation1 to answ] a qu]y :i* may arise at ?is juncture3 ,:at are ! successive /ages ( effects ^u ! economy f its comm5cem5t until ! full effect is obs]v$1 & :at pro( h ,i t x 0 due to ! am\nt ( air inhal$8 ,! he>t's action is n increas$ m ?an f sev5ty 7! av]age7 to eighty & sometimes n9ety1 b is mu* enfeebl$1 or ?r[+ a less] quantity ( blood4 ,! face becomes suffus$1 z 9 bl[+ a fire or 9 /oop+1 :i* cont9ues until ! brea?+ is susp5d$1 :5 ! face becomes pal]4 7,h n notic$ any purple z f asphyxia by a deprivation ( oxyg547 ,! vision becomes d>k5$1 & a gidd9ess soon appe>s4 ,! volunt>y muscles fur!/ f ! he>t seem fir/ to be affect$1 & ! feet & h&s1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]1 h a numbness at _! ends1 :i* increases1 until 9 _m cases !re is p>tial p>alysis z f> z ! elb[1 :ile ! limbs become fix$4 ,! h&s are s ?or\ghly affect$ t1 :5 op51 ! pati5t is p[]less to close !m & vice v]sa4 ,!re is a vacant gaze f ! eyes & look+ into space )\t bl9k+ ( ! eyelids = a half m9ute or m4 ,! head seems incapable ( be+ held erect1 & !re is no movem5t ( ! arms or legs z is usual :5 9 great pa94 ,!re is no disposition on ! "p ( ! pati5t to take hold ( ! op]ator's h& or int]f]e ) ! op]ation4 ,_m g on brea?+ me*anically aft] ! too? is remov$1 z if no?+ _h occurr$4 ,"s are aw>e t ! too? has be5 extract$1 & say !y felt x2 o!rs c\ld n tell :at _h be5 accompli%$4 ,! majority ( cases h an idea ( :at is be+ done1 b are p[]less to resi/4 ,) ! v intellig5t1 or ^? :o /op to reason1 ,i h to tea* !m ! peculi>ities ( be+ s5sible ( t\* & n ( pa94 ,"o v int]e/+ case ,i w /ate4 ,9 extract+ sev5 tee? = a lady :o 0 v unwill+ to believe my /atem5t z to t\* & no pa91 ,i fir/ remov$ ?ree tee? aft] hav+ inhal$ = "o m9ute1 & :5 fully h]self1 %e /at$ t %e c\ld n und]/& :y !re 0 no pa9 :ile %e 0 consci\s ( ea* "o extract$2 x 0 prepo/]\s to believe su* an effect c\ld be possible1 z h] reason told h] t !re is connect$ ) too? extract+ pa9 9 ! "p1 & ( sev]e "*1 admitt+1 ?\gh1 %e felt no pa94 ,%e all[$ "o to be remov$ )\t any?+1 & %e c\ld easily di/+ui% ! *ange1 & exclaim$1 ,x is all ! diff]5ce imag9able6 ,:5 ! o!r ?ree 7 extract$1 !re 0 p]fect success aga9 z ) ! fir/ ?ree4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ pro(s ( ! effects ( rapid brea?+ 0 t ( a boy ( elev5 ye>s ( age = :om ,i _h to extract ! upp] & l[] fir/ p]man5t mol>s on ea* side4 ,he brea!d = ne>ly a m9ute1 :5 ,i remov$ 9 ab\t tw5ty seconds all f\r ( ! tee?1 )\t a mom5t's int]mission or ! /opp+ ! vigor\s brea?+2 & n a murmur1 sigh1 or te> aft]w>d4 ,he decl>$ !re 0 no pa91 & we ne$$ no su* ass]tion1 = !re 0 n ! fir/ manife/ation f him t he 0 und]go+ su* a sev]e op]ation4 ,ano!r case1 ! same day1 :5 ,i _h to extract ! sup]ior wisdom tee? on bo? sides = an intellig5t "y lady ( eighte5 ye>s1 :]e ,i _h to use two pairs ( =ceps on ea* too? 7equival5t to extraction ( f\r tee?71 & %e 0 s pr(\ndly affect$ aft]w>d t %e c\ld2 n tell me :at _h be5 done o!r ?an t ,i _h t\*$ h] f\r times4 ,%e 0 ov]come f its effects = at lea/ a m9ute aft]w>d4 ,%e 0 delight$4 ,) su* sev]e te/s ,i fe> v little ! result 9 any case ,i c h !m d z ,i bid4 ,!re c be no mi/ake t !re is a specific action f some?+4 ,x _c be p]sonal magnetism or mesm]ic influ5ce ex]t$ by me1 = su* cases are r>e1 av]ag+ ab\t #aj p] c5t1 only ( all classes4 ,besides1 9 mesm]ic influ5ce ! "t has no?+ to d ) x2 :]eas1 9 my cases1 x _c la/ ov] a half m9ute or m9ute at mo/4 ,x _c be fe>1 z su* cases are g5]ally m apt to get hurt ! worse4 ,x is n div]sion ( m9d alone1 z we h an effect above x4 ,!re is no bett] way ( te/+ :e!r pa9 has be5 felt ?an by tak+ ! lac]at$ or contus$ gums ( ! pati5t betwe5 ! index f+] & ?umb & mak+ a g5tle pressure to collapse ! alveol> bord]s2 inv>iably1 !y w cry out lu/ily1 t is pa96 ,?is gives und\bt$ pro( ( a specific ag5t4 ,!re is no attempt ^u my own "p to ex]t any influ5ce ov] my pati5ts 9 any way o!r ?an t !y %all believe :at ,i say 9 reg>d to giv+ !m no pa9 & 9 ! foll[+ ( my ord]s4 ,any "o :o kn[s h[ p]sons become mesm]iz$ c atte/ t x 0 n ! op]ator :o =ces !m "u x aga9/ _! w1 b x is a peculi> /ate into :i* any "o :o has )9 !mselves ?is temp]am5t c place !mselves :]e any "o :o kn[s h[ c h control4 ,x is n ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,i !re=e dismiss ?is z unwor?y ( consid]ation 9 connection ) rapid brea?+4 ,!n y may n[ ask1 ,to :at d ,i attribute ?is v s+ul> ph5om5on8 ,any "o :o foll[$1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is pap]1 ! c\rse ( ! argum5t 9 my soliloquy1 aft] tw5ty ye>s _h elaps$ f my obs]vation ^u myself ( ! analgesic effects ( *lor(orm1 c almo/ give some?+ ( an answ]4 ,t y may ! m easily grasp :at ,i %all say1 ,i w ask y1 ,if x be possible = any human be+ to make "o hundr$ inhalations 9 a m9ute & ! he>t's action is n increas$ m ?an t5 or tw5ty pulsations ov] ! normal1 :at %\ld be ! effect ^u ! bra9 & n]ve c5t]s8 ,if ! function ( oxyg5 9 common air is to set free 9 ! blood1 ei!r 9 ! capill>ies alone1 or ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! art]ial circulation1 c>bonic acid gas2 & t x _c escape f ! sy/em unless x d s 9 ! lungs z x passes 9 ! g5]al curr5t--except a trace t is remov$ by ! sk9 & kidneys--& t ! quantity ( c>bonic acid gas set free is 9 exact relation to ! am\nt ( oxyg5 tak5 into ! blood1 :at effect mu/ be manife/$ :]e "o hundr$ respirations 9 "o m9ute are made--five or six times ! normal numb]--:ile ! he>t is only propell+ ! blood a v little fa/] ?r\gh ! lungs1 & m feebly--say #ij pulsations at mo/1 :5 to be 9 proportion x %\ld be #djj to #ajj respirations to su/a9 life any l5g? ( "t8 ,y _c d5y ! fact t a def9ite am\nt ( oxyg5 c be absorb$ & is absorb$ z fa/ z x is c>ri$ into ! lungs1 ev5 if !re be "o hundr$ respirations to ! m9ute1 :ile ! pulsations ( ! he>t are only n9ety6 ,nature has made x possible to brea! s rapidly to meet any em]g5cy2 & we c well see its beautiful application 9 ! normal action ( bo? ! he>t & lungs :ile "o is viol5tly runn+4 ,:at w\ld result1 & t v spe$ily1 7 ! act ( respiration to rema9 at ! /&>d--say #ah or #bj--:5 ! he>t is 9 viol5t action f ?is runn+8 ,asphyxia w\ld surely end ! matt]6 ,& :y8 ,! excessive ex]cise ( ! :ole body is sett+ free f ! tissues su* an am\nt ( excretive matt]1 & c>bon m l>gely ?an all ! o!rs1 t1 )\t a relative action ( ! lungs to admit ! air t oxyg5 may be absorb$1 c>bonic acid gas _c be lib]at$ ?r\gh ! lungs z fa/ z ! wa/e c>bon ( ! ov]work$ tissues is be+ made by disassimilation f ?is excess ( respiration4 ,y are already aw>e h[ small a quantity ( c>bonic acid 9 excess 9 ! air w s]i\sly affect life4 ,ev5 #b to #c p] c5t1 9 a %ort "t w prove fatal4 ,9 ord9>y respiration ( #bj to ! m9ute ! av]age ( c>bonic acid exhal$ is #d4ce4 ,f exp]im5ts long ago made by ,vi]ordt--see ,c>p5t]1 p4 #ebd--y w see ! relative p] c5t1 ( c>bonic acid exhal$ f a giv5 numb] ( respirations4 ,:5 he 0 brea?+ six times p] m9ute1 #e4e p] c5t ( ! exhal$ air 0 c>bonic acid2 twelve times1 #d4b2 tw5ty-f\r times1 #c4c2 =ty-eight times1 #c2 n9ety-six times1 #b4f4 ,rememb] ?is is bas$ ^u ! :ole numb] ( respirations 9 ! m9ute & n ea* exhalation--:i* latt] c\ld n be measur$ by ! mo/ m9ute me?od4 ,let u d$uct ! m9imum am\nt1 #b4f p] c5t1 ( c>bonic acid :5 brea?+ n9ety-six times p] m9ute1 f ! av]age1 at tw5ty p] m9ute1 or ! normal /&>d1 :i* is record$ 9 ,c>p5t]1 p4 #ebd1 z #d4ce p] m9ute1 & we h reta9$ 9 ! circulation ne>ly #b p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid2 t1 at ! av]age1 w\ld h pass$ (f ?r\gh ! lungs )\t any ob/ruction1 & life equaliz$2 b x n hav+ be5 ?r[n (f z fa/ z x %\ld h be51 mu/1 ( necessity1 be left to prey ^u ! bra9 & n]ve c5t]s2 & z #b to #c p] c5t41 we are told1 w s poison ! blood1 life is imp]il$ & t spe$ily4 ,x is n necess>y we %\ld argue ! po9t z to :e!r oxyg5 displaces c>bonic acid 9 ! tissues prop] or ! capill>ies4 ,! !ory ( ,lavoisi] on ?is po9t has be5 accept$4 ,we "k fur!rmore1 z m positive1 t tissues plac$ 9 an atmosph]e ( oxyg5 w set free c>bonic acid1 & t c>bonic acid has a p>alyz+ effect ^u ! human h& held 9 x = a %ort "t4 ,! direct & spe$y effects ( ?is acid ^u ! delicate n]v\s elem5t ( ! bra9 is s well kn[n t x mu/ be accept$ z law4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ effects is ! susp5sion ( locomotion ( ! legs & arms1 & ! direct loss ( w p[] :i* mu/ sup]v5e be=e volunt>y muscul> inactivity1 :i* am\nts to p>tial p>alysis 9 ! h&s or feet1 or p]iph]al extremities ( ! same4 ,n[ t we h suffici5t evid5ce f ! au?orities t c>bonic acid c be reta9$ 9 ! blood by excessive brea?+1 & en\gh to s]i\sly affect ! bra91 & :at its effects are :5 tak5 directly into ! lungs 9 excess1 we c ent] ^u :at ,i h held z ! mo/ reasonable !ory ( ! ph5om5on produc$ by rapid brea?+ = analgesic purposes2 :i* !ory 0 n fir/ conceiv$ & ! process made to yield to x1 b ! ph5om5on 0 long obs]v$1 & f ! repetition ( ! effects & _! close relation%ip to t ( c>bonic acid on ! economy1 ) ! _m exp]im5ts p]=m$ ^u myself1 ,i am conv9c$ t :at ,i %all n[ /ate w be f\nd to sub/antiate my discov]y4 ,%\ld x n be f\nd to co9cide ) :at "s may say is physiological tru?1 x w n invalidate ! discov]y itself2 = ( t ,i am f> m positive ?an ,h>vey 0 ( ! discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood2 or ( ,galileo ( ! sph]ical %ape ( ! e>?4 ,& ,i ask t x %all n be judg$ by my !ory1 b f ! practice4 ,x %\ld h z mu* *ance = inve/igation z ! !ory ( ,julius ,rob]t ,may]1 ^u :i* he f\nd$1 or :i* gave rise to ! e/abli%m5t ( "o ( ! mo/ important sci5tific tru?s--! cons]vation ( en]gy1 & f9ally ! correlation ( =ces1 :i* !ory ,i am n q sure 0 correct1 al?\gh x 0 accept$1 & z yet1 ,i h n se5 x que/ion$4 ,9 all due respect to him ,i quote x f ! sket* ( t rem>kable man1 z giv5 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 z specially be>+ on my discov]y3 ,may] obs]v$ :ile liv+ 9 ,java1 t ! v5\s blood ( "s ( 8 pati5ts _h a s+ul>ly bright r$ color4 ,! obs]vation rivet$ 8 att5tion2 he reason$ ^u x1 & came to ! conclusion t ! brightness ( ! color 0 due to ! fact t a less am\nt ( oxidation 0 suffici5t to keep up ! temp]ature ( ! body 9 a hot climate ?an a cold "o4 ,! d>kness ( ! v5\s blood he reg>d$ z ! visible sign ( ! en]gy ( ! oxidation4 ,my obs]vation leads me to ! contr>y1 t ! high] ! temp]ature ! m rapid ! brea?+ to get cle> ( ! excess ( c>bon1 & h5ce m oxyg5ation ( ! blood :i* w art]ialize ! v5\s blood1 unless !re is a l>ge am\nt ( c>boniz$ matt] f ! tissues to be tak5 up4 ,nor mu/ x be d5i$ because ( ! reason+ z pres5t$ to my m9d by "s outside influ5ce 9 my soliloquy :5 ,i fir/ exclaim$1 ,nature's anae/hetic1 :]e ! argum5t z to ! effects ( nitr\s oxide gas be+ due to an excess ( oxyg5 0 urg$1 & t common air brea!d 9 excess w\ld d ! same ?+4 ,i am n sure t x 0 correct1 = ! effects ( nitr\s oxide is1 p]haps1 due to a deprivation ( me*anically mix$ air4 ,kn[+ :at ,i d ( !ory & practice1 ,i c say ) assurance t !re is n a m$ical practition] :o w\ld long pond] 9 any urg5t case z to ! ?\s& & "o !ories ( ! action ( rem$ies2 b w\ld resort to ! practical exp]i5ce ( o!rs & 8 own f9ally4 7,:at surgeon ev] /ops to ask h[ n>cotics effect _! influ5ce87 ,aft] ne>ly ?irty ye>s ( association ) e!r & *lor(orm1 :o c positively answ] z to _! modus op]&i8 ,x is ?us ) ne>ly ! :ole doma9 ( m$ic9e4 ,x is n yet1 by f>1 among ! sci5ces1 ) immutable laws1 su* z we h 9 *emi/ry4 ,exp]im5tation is giv+ u m specific k1 & practice alone has t5d$ to make p]fect4 7,!n1 g5tlem5 w n set at naught my ass]tion & practical results4 ,:5 ,i h /at$ my case 9 full x is = y to disprove bo? ! !ory & practice annunciat$4 ,s f> z ,i am conc]n$ ,i am responsible = bo?47 ,y w please be> ) me = a few m9utes 9 my attempt at !ory4 ,! annull+ ( pa91 &1 9 "s cases1 its complete annihilation1 c be accompli%$ 9 _m ways4 ,n>cotics1 anae/hetics--local & int]nal--direct action ( cold1 & mesm]ic or physiological influ5ce1 h all _! advocates1 & ea* w surely d its "w4 ,!re is "o ?+ ab\t :i*1 ,i ?9k1 we c all agree1 z to ^! ag5cies2 unless ! w is p>tially & 9 "s cases completely subjugat$ !re c be no prim>y or second>y effect4 ,! volunt>y muscles mu/ become :olly or p>tially p>alyz$ = ! "t4 ,telegraphic communication mu/ be cut (f f ! bra91 t !re be no reflex action4 ,x is n necess>y !re %\ld be sep>ate n]ves to convey pleasure & pa9 any m ?an !re %\ld be two telegraphic wires to convey two messages4 ,if1 !n1 we are c]ta9 ( ?is1 x matt]s little z to :e!r x 0 done by corpuscul> poison+ & anaemia z f *lor(orm or hyp]aemia f e!r4 ,i ?9k we are n[ prep>$ to %[ cle>ly ! causes :i* effect ! ph5om5a 9 rapid brea?+4 ,! fir/ ?+ enli/$ is ! div]sion ( ! w =ce 9 ! act ( =c$ respiration at a mom5t :5 ! he>t & lungs h be5 9 normal reciprocal action 7#bj respirations to #hj pulsations71 :i* act c\ld n be made & c>ri$ up to #ajj respirations p] m9ute )\t su* conc5trat$ ef=t t ord9>y pa9 c\ld make no impression ^u ! bra9 :ile ?is ab/raction is kept up4 ,second4 ,!re is a specific effect result+ f en=c$ respiration ( #ajj to ! m9ute1 due to ! excess ( c>bonic acid gas set free f ! tissues1 g5]at$ by ?is en=c$ normal act ( ?r[+ into ! lungs five times ! normal am\nt ( oxyg5 9 "o m9ute dem&$1 :5 ! he>t has n be5 ar\s$ to exalt$ action1 :i* comes f viol5t ex]cise 9 runn+ or :]e "o is sudd5ly />tl$1 :i* excess ( c>bonic acid _c escape 9 ! same ratio f ! lungs1 s9ce ! he>t does n respond to ! proportionate ov]action ( ! lungs4 ,?ird4--,hyp]aemia is ! la/ 9 ?is *a9 ( effects1 :i* is due to ! excessive am\nt ( air pass+ into ! lungs prev5t+ b little m ?an ! normal quantity ( blood f pass+ f ! he>t into ! art]ial circulation1 b draws x up 9 ! bra9 ) its excess ( c>bonic acid gas to act also directly ^u ! bra9 z well z ?r\gh\t ! capill>y & v5\s sy/em1 & z well ^u ! he>t1 ! same z if x 7 susp5d$ 9 t gas outside ! body4 ,^! are evid5t to ! s5ses ( any lib]al obs]v] :o c witness a subject rapidly brea?+4 ,"s ask :y is n ?is same ?+ produc$ :5 "o has be5 runn+ rapidly = a few m9utes8 ,= a v good reason3 9 ?is case ! rapid inhalations are prec$$ by ! viol5t ?roes ( ! he>t to propel ! c>boniz$ blood f ! ov]work$ tissues & h !m set free at ! lungs :]e ! air is ru%+ 9 at ! normal ratio ( f\r to "o4 ,?is is n an abnormal action1 b is ( necessity1 or asphyxia w\ld in/antly result & ! runn] w\ld drop4 ,su* sometimes occurs :]e ! runn] ex]ts himself too viol5tly at ! v outset2 & to d s he is compell$ to hold 8 brea? = ?is undue ef=t1 & ! he>t _c c>ry ! blood fa/ en\gh4 ,9 ?is in/ance !re is an approa* to analgesia z f rapid brea?+4 ,let me take up ! fir/ factor--div]sion ( w--& %[ t nature inv>iably resorts to a sudd5 inhalation to prev5t sev]e infliction ( pa9 be+ felt4 ,x is ! panacea to *ildhood's frequ5t bruises & cuts1 & e "o w rememb] h[ :5 a f+] has be5 hurt x is ?ru/ into ! m\? & a viol5t numb] ( ef=ts at rapid inhalation is effect$ until ease comes4 ,by o!rs x is subdu$ by a fit ( cry+1 :i* if y w b imitate ! sobs1 w f9d h[ frequ5tly ! respirations are made4 ,"o is />tl$1 & ! he>t w\ld seem to jump out ( ! *e/2 9 quick ob$i5ce to nature ! p]son is f\nd mak+ a numb] ( quick inhalations1 :i* subdue ! he>t & pacify ! w by div]sion f ! cause4 ,! same ?+ is obs]v$ 9 ! l[] animals4 ,i w relate a case3 ,an elephant _h be5 op]at$ ^u = a diseas$ eye :i* gave him great pa91 = :i* he 0 unprep>$1 & he 0 wra?y at ! keep] & surgeon4 ,x soon pass$ (f1 & ! result ( ! application 0 s b5eficial to ! animal t :5 br\ght out 9 a few days aft]1 to h ano!r t\* ( cau/ic to ! "p1 he 0 prep>$ = !m2 &1 j be=e ! t\*1 he inflat$ ! lungs to _! fulle/ ext5t1 :i* occupi$ m "t ?an ! effect ( ! cau/ic1 :5 he made no ef=t at resi/ance & %[$ no manife/ation ( hav+ be5 pa9$4 ,9 _m cases ( extraction ( ! tempor>y tee? ( *ildr51 ,i make !m at ! in/ant ,i grasp ! too? take "o v viol5t inhalation1 :i* is suffici5t4 ,mesm]ic anae/hesia c well be classifi$ "u div]sion or subjugation ( ! w1 b c be effect$ 9 b a small p]c5tage ( ! cases4 ,to rely ^u ?is fir/ or prim>y effect1 except 9 in/antane\s cases1 w\ld be failure4 ,! second factor is ! "o ^u :i* ,i c rely 9 su* ( ! cases z come into my c>e1 save :5 ,i _c induce !m to make su* a numb] ( respirations z is absolutely necess>y4 ,! :ole secret ( success lies 9 ! greate/ numb] ( respirations t c be effect$ 9 f #fj to #ij seconds1 & t )\t any int]mission4 ,if ! he>t1 by ! al[ me?od ( respiration1 is pulsat+ 9 ratio ( f\r to "o respiration1 no effect c be induc$4 ,:5 ! respirations are1 say1 #ajj to ! m9ute1 & made ) all ! en]gy ! pati5t c mu/]1 & are kept up :ile ! op]ation is go+ on1 !re c h>dly be a failure 9 ! m9or op]ations4 ,x is ^u ?is po9t _m ( y may "q ! facts4 ,be=e ,i tri$ x = ! fir/ "t ^u my own p]son1 ,i arriv$ at ! same conclusion f a c\rse ( argum5t1 t rapid brea?+ w\ld control ! he>t's action & pacify x1 & ev5 r$uce x bel[ ! normal /&>d "u my urg5t respirations4 ,9 view ( ! _m applications made ,i feel q sure 9 my belief t1 inasmu* z ! he>t's action is b slightly accel]at$1 ?\gh ) less =ce f rapid brea?+ at ! rate ( #ajj to ! m9ute1 !re is su* an excess ( c>bonic acid gas set free & cr[d+ ^u ! he>t & capill>ies ( ! bra91 )\t a *ance to escape by ! lungs1 t x is ! same to all int5ts z 7 c>bonic acid brea!d ?r\gh ! lungs 9 common air4 ,look at ! result aft] ?is has be5 kept up = a m9ute or m8 ,dur+ ! next m9ute ! respirations are n m ?an "o or two1 & ! he>t has fall5 really bel[1 9 "s cases1 ! /&>d beat1 %[+ mo/ conclusively t once oxyg5ation has tak5 place & t ! free c>bonic acid gas has be5 s completely consum$1 t !re is no involunt>y call ?r\gh ! pneumoga/ric n]ve = a supply ( oxyg54 ,if any physiological facts c be prov5 at all1 !n ,i feel q sure ( y\r v]dict ^u my side4 ,!re is no "o ?+ t goes s f> to prove ! !ory ( ,lavoisi] reg>d+ ! action ( oxyg5 9 ! tissues & capill>ies = conv]t+ c>bon into c>bonic acid gas in/ead ( ! lungs1 z held prior to t "t1 & /ill held by _m :o are n po/$ 9 late exp]im5ts4 ,at ! "t ,i comm5c$ ?is practice ,i mu/ confess ,i knew no?+ ( x4 ,! /udy ( my cases soon l$ me to ! same !ory ( ,lavoisi]1 z ,i c\ld n make ! ph5om5a agree ) ! old !ory ( c>bonic acid g5]at$ only 9 ! lungs4 ,:5 ,vi]ordt 0 p]=m+ 8 exp]im5ts ^u himself 9 rapid brea?+ f six times p] m9ute to n9ety-six1 ,i _c und]/& :y he fail$ to obs]ve & record :at did c]ta9ly result--an extreme gidd9ess ) muscul> pro/ration & numbness 9 ! p]iph]ies ( ! h&s & feet1 ) suffusion ( ! face1 & su* a loss ( locomotion z to prev5t /&+ erect )\t desir+ support4 ,besides1 ! v great diff]5ce he f\nd 9 ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid reta9$ 9 ! circulation1 ! v cause ( ! ph5om5a j spok5 (4 ,"o ?+ comes 9 j "h to acc\nt = ! lack ( respiration ! m9ute aft] ! viol5t ef=t4 ,! residual air1 :i* 9 a normal /ate is l>gely *>g$ ) c>bonic acid1 has be5 s completely exhau/$ t "s mom5ts are consum$ be=e !re is suffici5t aga9 to call ^u ! w = its dis*>ge4 ,z to hyp]aemia y w also ass5t1 n[ t my second factor is expla9$2 b x is s ne>ly alli$ to ! direct effect ( excessive respiration t we c well p]mit x to pass )\t argum5t4 ,if hyp]aemia is pres5t1 we h a m c]ta9 & r m la/+ effect4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w attempt to progno/icate ! application ( ?is pr9ciple to ! cure ( _m diseases ( *ronic nature1 & especially tub]culosis2 :]e f a dim9i%$ am\nt ( air go+ into ! lungs = want ( capacity1 & p>ticul>ly = want ( en]gy & incl9ation to brea! 9 full or excess1 ! tissues _c get cle> ( _! excrem5titi\s mat]ial1 & p>ticul>ly ! c>bon1 :i* mu/ g to ! lungs1 ?is volunt>y ef=t c be made frequ5tly dur+ ! day to free ! tissues & enable !m to take nutriti\s mat]ial = _! re/oration to _! /&>d ( heal?4 ,air w be f\nd ( f> m value ?an ev] be=e z "o ( ! greate/ ( factors 9 nutrition1 & :i* is z necess>y z prop] food1 & )\t :i* e organization mu/ become diseas$1 & no true assimilation c take place )\t a due am\nt ( oxyg5 is h\rly & daily suppli$ by ?is extra aid ( volition :i* has be5 s long ov]look$4 ,! pure oxyg5 treatm5t has c]ta9ly p]=m$ _m cures2 yet1 :5 comp>$ to ! me*anical mixture & "u ! direct control ( ! w1 at all times & seasons1 !re is no dang] f excessive oxyg5ation z :ile oxyg5 is giv54 ,:5 e pati5t c be taught to rely ^u ?is great safety valve ( nature1 !re w be less ne$ = m$ication1 & ! longevity ( our race be increas$ ) b little dread by mank9d = t t]rible mon/] consumption1 :i* seems to h n[ unb\nd$ control4 ,:5 ?is !ory ,i h "h giv5 y to-night is fully compreh5d$ by ! m$ical _w & taught ! public1 toge!r ) ! k9d ( foods necess>y = e "o 9 _! respective occupation1 location1 & climate1 we may expect a va/ *ange 9 _! physical condition & a hope = ! future :i* w bright5 z "t advances4 ,i h]e) atta* ! sphygmographic trac+s made ^u myself by ano!r1 %[+ ! /ate ( ! pulse z comp>$ ) ! progress ( ! respiration4 ,,add5da4 ,sphygmographic trac+s ( ! pulse ( ! essayi/4 ,normal pulse #fj to ! m9ute4 ,t5 seconds necess>y = ! slip to pass "u ! in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration ,a1 ,a1 normal pulse4 ,b1 pulse tak5 aft] brea?+ rapidly = #ae seconds :5 #bj respirations _h be5 tak54 ,c1 rapid brea?+ = #cj seconds1 #dc respirations4 ,d1 #de #gf ,e1 #fj #if ,f1 pulse tak5 aft] rapid brea?+ = "o m9ute1 z 9 ,e1 :]e no respiration _h z yet be5 tak5 aft] ! essayi/ _h kept x up = t "o m9ute4 ,?is 0 aft] #aj seconds _h int]v5$4 ,g1 ! same tak5 #ej seconds aft]1 & /ill no respiration _h be5 tak51 ! subject hav+ no disposition to inhale1 ! blood hav+ be5 ov] oxyg5at$4 ,! pulse 9 ,e %[s aft] #if respirations b #ad1 or #hd p] m9ute1 & ! =ce ne>ly z 9 ! normal at ,a1 ,a#a4 ,! record 9 ,b %[s ! =ce m m>k$ly1 b /ill normal 9 numb]4 ,f & ,g %[ v m>k$ dim9ution 9 ! =ce1 b ! numb] ( pulsations n ov] #gb p] m9ute2 ,g p>ticul>ly s1 ! he>t ne$+ ! /imulus ( ! oxyg5 = full p[]4 ,! foll[+ incid5t :i* has b v rec5tly be5 made kn[n1 gives mo/ conclusive evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ! !ory & practice ( rapid brea?+4 ,a ,mexican w5t into ! (fice ( a d5ti/ 9 "o ( ! ,mexican cities to h a too? extract$ by nitr\s oxide gas4 ,! d5ti/ 0 n 91 & ! assi/ant 0 ab\t to p]mit ! pati5t to leave )\t remov+ ! too?1 :5 ! wife ( ! proprietor exclaim$ t %e _h (t5 assi/$ h] husb& 9 giv+ ! gas1 & t %e w\ld d s 9 ?is in/ance if ! assi/ant w\ld agree to extract ! too?4 ,x 0 agre$4 ,all be+ 9 read9ess1 ! lady turn$ on z %e suppos$ ! gas1 & ! ,mexican pati5t 0 ord]$ to brea! z fa/ z possible to make sure ( ! full effect & no d\bt ( ! f9al success4 ,! assi/ant 0 ab\t to extract1 b ! wife insi/$ on 8 brea?+ m rapidly1 :]eupon ! pati5t 0 obs]v$ to become v d>k or purple 9 ! face1 :i* satisfi$ ! lady t ! full effect 0 manife/$1 & ! too? 0 extract$1 to ! great satisfaction ( all conc]n$4 ,:ile ! gas 0 be+ tak5 by ! ,mexican ! gasomet] 0 notic$ to rise high] & high] z ! pati5t brea!d fa/]1 & n to s9k z 0 usual :5 ! gas _h be5 previ\sly adm9i/]$4 ,?is l$ to an inve/igation ( ! reason ( su* an anomal\s result1 :5 to _! utt] surprise !y f\nd ! valve 0 s turn$ by ! wife t ! ,mexican _h be5 brea?+ no?+ b common air1 & in/ead ( exhal+ into ! surr\nd+ air he viol5tly =c$ x into ! gasomet] ) ! nitr\s oxide gas1 caus+ x to rise & n s9k1 :i* x %\ld h done _h ! valve be5 prop]ly turn$ by ! passage ( gas into ! lungs ( ! pati5t4 ,no m beautiful & positive trial c\ld happ51 & might n aga9 by accid5t or inadv]t5ce happ5 aga9 9 a lifetime4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tap ,,= ,,eff]vesc+ ,,liquids4 ,:5 a bottle ( any liquor *>g$ ) c>bonic acid "u /rong pressure1 su* z *ampagne1 sp>kl+ cid]1 seltz] wat]1 etc41 is uncork$1 ! cont5ts (t5 escape ) consid]able =ce1 fl[ out1 & are ne>ly all lo/4 ,besides ?is1 ! noise made by ! popp+ ( ! cork is n agreeable to mo/ p]sons4 ,to rem$y ^! inconv5i5ces !re has be5 devis$ ! simple app>atus :i* we repres5t 9 ! accompany+ cut1 tak5 f ,la ,nature4 ,! device consi/s ( a holl[1 %>p-po9t$ tube1 hav+ "o or two ap]tures 9 its upp] extremity :i* are kept clos$ by a holl[ pi/on fitt+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! tube4 ,?is tube1 or tap1 z x may be call$1 is support$ on a firm base to :i* is atta*$ a draught tube1 & a small lev] = actuat+ ! pi/on4 ,aft] ! tap has be5 ?ru/ ?r\gh ! cork ( ! bottle ( liquor ! cont5ts may be drawn 9 any quantity & z (t5 z want$ by simply press+ d[n ! lev] ) ! f+]2 ?is op]ation raises ! pi/on s t its ap]tures correspond ) ^? 9 ! sides ( ! top1 & ! liquid ?us f9ds access to ! draught tube ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ! pi/on4 ,by remov+ ! pressure ! pi/on desc5ds & ?us closes ! v5ts4 ,by means ( ?is app>atus1 !n1 ! cont5ts ( any bottle ( eff]vesc+ liquids may be z easily drawn (f z are ^? conta9$ 9 ! ord9>y siphon bottles 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tap ,,= ,,eff]vesc+ ,,liquids4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*emical ,,society1 ,,london1 ,,jan4 #bj1 #ahha4 ,,pr(4 ,h4,e4 ,,roscoe1 ,presid5t1 9 ! ,*air4 ,mr4 ,vivian ,lewes read a pap] on ,p5ta?ionic ,acid4 ,9 ,m>* la/ ! au?or1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,debus1 und]took an inve/igation ( p5ta?ionic acid1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* has be5 d5i$4 ,! analyses ( ! liquid obta9$ by ,wack5rod] & o!rs1 by pass+ sulphuret$ hydrog5 & sulphur dioxide ?r\gh wat]1 are bas$ on ! assumption t only "o acid is pres5t 9 ! solution1 & consequ5tly d n e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( p5ta?ionic acid2 z1 = example1 a mixture ( "o molecule ( ,h#b,s#d,o#f & "o molecule ( ,h#b,s#f,o#f w\ld give ! same analytical results z ,h#b,s#e,o#f4 ,moreov]1 no salt ( p5ta?ionic acid has be5 prep>$ 9 a pure /ate4 ,! au?or has succe$$ 9 prep>+ b>ium p5ta?ionate ?us3 ,a ,wack5rod] solution 0 ab\t half neutraliz$ ) b>ium hydrate1 filt]$1 & ! cle> solution evaporat$ 9 vacuo ov] sulphuric acid4 ,aft] eighte5 days cry/als1 :i* prov$ to be b>ium p5ta?ionate #c molecules ( wat]1 =m$4 ,^! cry/als 7 sep>at$1 & ! liquid fur!r evaporat$1 :5 a second crop 0 obta9$ int]m$iate 9 composition betwe5 ! tetra & p5ta?ionate4 ,^! 7 sep>at$1 & ! "m-liquor on /&+ deposit$ "s oblong rectangul> cry/als4 ,^! on analysis prov$ to consi/ ( b>ic p5ta?ionate ) ?ree molecules ( wat]4 ,?is salt dissolves readily 9 cold wat]2 ! solution is decompos$ by /rong potassic hydrate1 b>ic sulphite1 hyposulphites1 & sulphur be+ =m$4 ,by a simil> me?od ( proc$ure ! au?or obta9$ potassium p5ta?ionate1 anhydr\s1 & ) "o or two molecules ( wat]4 ,! au?or promises "s fur!r results ) "s o!r salts ( ! high] ?ionates4 ,! presid5t said t ! society _h to ?ank ! au?or = a v complete rese>* on ! subject ( p5ta?ionic acid4 ,he1 h[ev]1 begg$ to diff] f him z to 8 /atem5ts conc]n+ ! rese>*es ( ,messrs4 ,takamatsu & ,smi?2 9 8 op9ion ^! au?ors _h prov$ ! exi/5ce ( p5ta?ionic acid4 ,he hop$ t ! cry/als 7:i* 7 v f9e7 w\ld be measur$4 ,dr4 ,debus said t no "o _h previ\sly be5 able to make ! salts ( p5ta?ionic acid1 & express$ 8 s5se ( ! great m]it due to ! au?or = 8 p]sev]ance & success4 ,! pap] op5$ up "s highly int]e/+ !oretical speculations z to ! exi/5ce ( hexa?ionic acid4 ,if potassium tetra?ionate 0 dissolv$ 9 wat] x c\ld be re-cry/alliz$1 b potassium p5ta?ionate "u simil> circum/ances splits into sulphur & tetra?ionate2 b a mixture ( tetra?ionate & p5ta?ionate c be re-cry/alliz$4 ,x seem$ z if ! sulphur :5 elim9at$ f ! p5ta?ionate comb9$ ) ! tetra?ionate4 ,dr4 ,dupr ask$ ,dr4 ,debus h[ x 0 t a molecule ( p5ta?ionate c\ld be re-cry/alliz$1 :]eas two molecules ( p5ta?ionate1 :i* %\ld1 :5 half decompos$1 furni% a molecule ( tetra & a molecule ( p5ta?ionate1 c\ld n4 ,dr4 ,arm/rong !n read a ,prelim9>y ,note on "s ,hydroc>bons f ,ros9 ,_s4 ,aft] giv+ an acc\nt ( our k ( ros9 _s1 ! au?or describ$ ! result ( ! exam9ation ( ! mixture ( hydroc>bons rema9+ aft] heat+ x ) sulphuric acid & dilut+ ) half its volume ( wat] & /eam di/ill+4 ,?us treat$ ros9 _s furni%es ab\t "o-f\r? ( its volume ( a colorless mobile liquid1 :i* aft] long-cont9u$ fractional di/illation is resolv$ into a v>iety ( fractions boil+ at temp]atures f #ie to ov] #ahj4 ,ea* ( ! fractions 0 treat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & ! undissolv$ portions 7 !n re-fractionat$4 ,! hydroc>bons dissolv$ by ! acid 7 recov]$ by heat+ "u pressure ) hydro*loric acid4 ,besides a cym5e & a tolu5e1 :i* h already be5 %[n to exi/ 9 ros9 _s1 metaxyl5e 0 f\nd to be pres5t4 ,! hydroc>bons insoluble 9 sulphuric acid are1 app>5tly1 all memb]s ( ! ,cn,h#bn s]ies2 !y are n1 h[ev]1 true homologues ( e?yl5e1 b hexhydrides ( hydroc>bons ( ! b5z5e s]ies4 ,hexhydro-tolu5e & probably hex-hydrometaxyl5e are pres5t besides ! hydroc>bon1 ,c#aj;,h#bj1 b x is d\btful if an int]m$iate t]m is also pres5t4 ,x is by no means improbable1 h[ev]1 t ^! hydroc>bons are1 at lea/ 9 "p1 products ( ! action ( ! sulphuric acid4 ,cah\rs & ,kraem]'s & ,godzki's obs]vations on ! high] fractions ( crude wood _s1 9 fact1 furni% a prec$5t = ?is view4 ,ref]r+ to ! results obta9$ by ,&]son1 ,tild51 & ,r5>d1 ! au?or sugge/s t ros9 _s p]haps conta9s hydrides int]m$iate 9 composition betwe5 ^? ( ! ,cn,h#bn-#f & ,cn,h#bn s]ies1 also d]iv$ l ! latt] f hydroc>bons ( ! b5z5e s]ies4 ,f9ally1 ,dr ,arm/rong m5tion$ t ! volatile portion ( ! di/illate f ! non-volatile product ( ! oxidation ( oil ( turp5t9e 9 moi/ air furni%es ord9>y cym5e :5 treat$ 9 ! mann] above describ$4 ,! fact t ros9 _s yields a diff]5t cym5e is1 he consid]s1 an argum5t aga9/ ! view :i* has m ?an once be5 put =w>d1 t ros9 is directly d]iv$ f t]p5e4 ,probably res9 & turp5t9e1 ?\gh g5etically relat$1 are products ( di/9ct processes4 ,! next pap] 0 ,on ! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,relative ,weight ( ,s+le ,molecules1 by ,e4 ,vogel1 ( ,san ,francisco4 ,?is pap]1 :i* 0 tak5 z read1 consi/s ( a l5g?y !oretical disquisition1 9 :i* ! au?or ma9ta9s ! foll[+ propositions3 ,t ! comb9+ weights ( all elem5ts are "o ?ird ( _! pres5t values2 ! assumption t equal volumes ( gases conta9 equal numb]s ( molecules does n hold good2 t ! pres5t !ory ( val5cy is n support$ by *emical facts1 & t its elim9ation w\ld be no small ga9 = *emi/ry 9 free+ x ( an elem5t full ( my/]y1 unc]ta9ty1 & complication2 t ! di/9ction betwe5 atoms & molecules w no long] be necess>y2 t ! facts ( specific heat d n l5d any support to ! !ory ( val5cy4 ,! pap] concludes z foll[s3 ,! cause ( *emical action is und\bt$ly atmosph]ic pressure1 :i* "u ord9>y conditions is equal to ! weight ( #gf cubic c5timet]s ( m]cury1 "o ( :i* equals #f4ade m]cury molecules1 s t ! :ole pressure equals #dfg m]cury molecules4 ,?is =ce--:i* ) reg>d to its *emical effect on molecules c be multipli$ by means ( heat--is amply suffici5t to br+ ab\t ! highe/ degree ( molecul> specific gravity by ! r$uction ( ! molecul> volumes4 ,to x all molecules are expos$ & subject$ unalt]ably1 & if n accept$ z ! cause ( *emical action1 its influ5ce has to be elim9at$ to all[ ! introduction & display ( o!r =ces4 ,! next communication 0 ,on ! ,syn!tical ,production ( ,ammonia1 by ! ,comb9ation ( ,hydrog5 & ,nitrog5 9 ,pres5ce ( ,heat$ ,spongy ,plat9um 7,prelim9>y ,notice71 by ,g4 ,s4 ,johnson4 ,"s exp]im5ts1 9 :i* pure nitrog5 0 pass$ ov] heat$ copp] conta9+ occlud$ hydrog51 sugge/$ to ! au?or ! possibility ( ! =mation ( ammonia2 only m9ute traces 7 =m$4 ,on pass+1 h[ev]1 a mixture ( pure nitrog5 7f ammonium nitrite7 & hydrog5 ov] spongy plat9um at a l[ r$ heat1 abundant evid5ce 0 obta9$ ( ! syn!sis ( ammonia4 ,! gases 7 pass$1 be=e ent]+ ! tube conta9+ ! plat9um1 ?r\gh a pota% bulb conta9+ ,nessl] reag5t1 :i* rema9$ colorless4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! gas issu+ f ! plat9um rapidly turn$ ,nessl] reag5t br[n1 & 9 a few m9utes turn$ fa9tly acid litmus solution blue2 ! odor ( ,,nh#c 0 also p]ceptible4 ,9 "o exp]im5t #j4jadd gramme ( ammonia 0 =m$ 9 two h\rs & a half4 ,! au?or promises fur!r exp]im5t z to ! effect ( temp]ature1 rate ( ! gase\s curr5t1 & sub/itution ( palladium = plat9um4 ,! au?or syn!siz$ "s ammonia be=e ! ,society ) complete success4 ,! ,presid5t ref]r$ to ! syn!sis ( ammonia f its elem5ts rec5tly effect$ by ,donk91 & rem>k$ t app>5tly ! ammonia 0 =m$ 9 mu* l>g] quantities by ! process propos$ by ! au?or ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,mr4 ,w>+ton sugge/$ t "s ,h,cl gas %\ld be simultane\sly pass$ ) ! nitrog5 & hydrog51 & t ! temp]ature ( ! spongy plat9um %\ld be kept j bel[ ! temp]ature at :i* ,,nh#c dissociates1 9 ord] to improve ! yield ( ,,nh#c4 ,on ! ,oxidation ( ,organic ,matt] 9 ,wat] by ,a4 ,d[nes4 ,! au?or consid]s t ! m]e pres5ce ( oxyg5 9 contact ) ! organic matt] has b little oxidiz+ action unless l[ly organisms1 z bact]ia1 etc4 be simultane\sly pres5t4 ,sunlight has app>5tly consid]able effect 9 promot+ ! oxidation ( organic matt]4 ,! au?or quotes ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,a sample ( riv] wat] 0 filt]$ ?r\gh pap]4 ,x requir$ p] #aj1jjj p>ts #j4bcf oxyg5 z p]manganate4 ,a second portion 0 plac$ 9 a flask plugg$ ) cotton wool1 & expos$ to sunlight = a week2 x !n requir$ #j4bjj4 ,a ?ird portion aft] a week1 b exclud$ f light1 requir$ #j4bca4 ,a f\r? 0 boil$ = five m9utes1 plugg$1 & !n expos$ to sunlight = a week2 requir$ #j4aih4 ,9 a second exp]im5t ) well wat] a simil> result 0 obta9$2 m organic matt] 0 oxidiz$ :5 ! organisms _h be5 kill$ by ! addition ( sulphuric acid ?an :5 ! orig9al wat] 0 all[$ to /& = an equal l5g? ( "t4 ,! au?or also discusses ! /atem5t made by ,dr4 ,frankl& t !re is less gr\nd = assum+ t ! organiz$ & liv+ matt] ( sewage is oxidiz$ 9 a fl[ ( twelve miles ( a riv] ?an = assum+ t dead organic matt] is oxidiz$ 9 a simil> fl[4--,*em4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rose ,,oil1 ,,or ,,otto ,,( ,,roses4 ,by ,,*>les ,g4 ,,w>n=d ,,lock4 ,?is celebrat$ p]fume is ! volatile ess5tial oil di/ill$ f ! fl[]s ( "s v>ieties ( rose4 ,! botany ( roses appe>s to be 9 a transition & some:at unsatisfactory /ate4 ,?us ! otto-yield+ rose is v>i\sly /yl$ ,rosa damasc5a1 ,r4 semp]vir5s1 ,r4 mos*ata1 ,r4 gallica1 ,r4 c5tifolia1 ,r4 prov9cialis4 ,x is pretty g5]ally agre$ t ! k9d gr[n = its otto 9 ,bulg>ia 9 ! damask rose 7,r4 damasc5a71 a v>iety induc$ by long cultivation1 z x is n to be f\nd wild4 ,x =ms a bu%1 usually ?ree to f\r feet1 b sometimes six feet high2 its fl[]s are ( mod]ate size1 semi-d\ble1 & arrang$ sev]al on a bran*1 ?\gh n 9 clu/]s or bun*es4 ,9 color1 !y are mo/ly light-r$2 "s few are :ite1 & said to be less productive ( otto4 ,! utilization ( ! delici\s p]fume ( ! rose 0 attempt$1 ) m or less success1 long prior to ! comp>atively mod]n process ( di/ill+ its ess5tial oil4 ,! e>ly me?ods *iefly 9 vogue 7 ! di/illation ( rose-wat]1 & ! infusion ( roses 9 olive oil1 ! latt] fl\ri%+ 9 ,europe g5]ally d[n to ! la/ c5tury1 & surviv+ at ! pres5t day 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,! butyrace\s oil produc$ by ! di/illation ( roses = mak+ rose-wat] 9 ?is c\ntry is valueless z a p]fume2 & ! real otto 0 sc>cely kn[n 9 ,briti% comm]ce be=e ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! pr(itable cultivation ( roses = ! prep>ation ( otto is limit$ *iefly by climatic conditions4 ,! odorif]\s con/itut5t ( ! otto is a liquid conta9+ oxyg51 ! solid hydroc>bon or /e>opt5e1 ) :i* x is comb9$1 be+ absolutely devoid ( p]fume4 ,! proportion :i* ?is inodor\s solid con/itu5ts be>s to ! liquid p]fume increases ) ! unsuitability ( ! climate1 v>y+ f ab\t #ah p] c5t4 9 ,bulg>ian oil1 to #ce & ev5 #fh p] c5t4 9 rose oils di/ill$ 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,?is increase 9 ! proportion ( /e>opt5e is also %[n by ! progressively height5$ fus+-po9t ( rose oils f diff]5t s\rces3 ?us1 :ile ,bulg>ian oil fuses at ab\t #fa to #fd ,fahr41 an ,indian sample requir$ #fh ,fahr42 "o f ! ,s\? ( ,france1 #gj to #gc ,fahr42 "o f ,p>is1 #hd ,fahr42 & "o obta9$ 9 mak+ rose-wat] 9 ,london1 #hf to #hi ,fahr4 ,ev5 9 ! ,bulg>ian oil1 a notable diff]5ce is obs]v$ betwe5 t produc$ on ! hills & t f ! l[l&s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ t ! culture ( roses1 & extraction ( _! p]fume1 %\ld h orig9at$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,p]sia produc$ rose-wat] at an e>ly date1 & ! t[n ( ,nisib91 nor?-we/ ( ,mosul1 0 fam\s = x 9 ! #ad? c5tury4 ,%iraz1 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 prep>$ bo? rose wat] & otto1 = export to o!r p>ts ( ,p]sia1 z well z all ov] ,india4 ,! ,p]so-,indian trade 9 rose oil1 :i* cont9u$ to possess consid]able importance 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! #ah? c5tury1 is decl9+1 & has ne>ly disappe>$2 b ! %ipm5ts ( rose-wat] /ill ma9ta9 a respectable figure4 ,! value1 9 rupees1 ( ! exports ( rose-wat] f ,bu%ire 9 #ahgi1 7--#d1jjj to ,india1 #a1ejj to ,java1 #bjj to ,ad5 & ! ,r$ ,sea1 #a1jjj to ,muscat & dep5d5cies1 #bjj to ,arab coa/ ( ,p]sian ,gulf & ,bahre91 #bjj to ,p]sian coa/ & ,mekran1 & #a1jjj to ,zanzib>4 ,simil> /ati/ics relat+ to ,l+ah1 9 ! same ye>1 %[--,otto3 #djj to ,arab coa/ ( ,p]sian ,gulf1 & ,bahre92 & #bej to ,p]sian coa/ & ,mekran4 ,& ,bahre9--,p]sian ,otto3 #b1bjj to ,k[eit1 ,busrah1 & ,bagdad4 ,rose-wat]3 #bjj to ,arab coa/ ( ,p]sian ,gulf1 & #a1jjj to ,k[eit1 ,busrah1 & ,bagdad4 ,india itself has a consid]able area devot$ to rose-g>d5s1 z at ,ghazipur1 ,lahore1 ,amritzur1 & o!r places1 ! k9d ( rose be+ ,r4 damasc5a1 accord+ to ,br&is4 ,bo? rose-wat] & otto are produc$4 ,! fl[]s are di/ill$ ) d\ble _! weight ( wat] 9 clay /ills2 ! rose-wat] 7goolabi pani7 ?us obta9$ is plac$ 9 %all[ vessels1 cov]$ ) moi/ musl9 to keep out du/ & flies1 & expos$ all night to ! cool air1 or fann$4 ,9 ! morn+1 ! film ( oil1 :i* has collect$ on ! top1 is skimm$ (f by a fea!r1 & transf]r$ to a small phial4 ,?is is repeat$ = sev]al nights1 till almo/ ! :ole ( ! oil has sep>at$4 ,! quantity ( ! product v>ies mu*1 & ?ree diff]5t au?orities give ! foll[+ figures3 7a7 #bj1jjj roses to make #a rupee's weight 7#agf gr47 ( otto2 7b7 #bjj1jjj to make ! same weight2 7c7 #a1jjj roses af=d less ?an #b gr4 ( otto4 ,! color ranges f gre5 to bright-amb]1 & r$di%4 ,! oil 7otto7 is ! mo/ c>efully bottl$2 ! receptacles are h]metically seal$ ) wax1 & expos$ to ! full gl>e ( ! sun = sev]al days4 ,rose wat] depriv$ ( otto is e/eem$ mu* inf]ior to t :i* has n be5 s treat$4 ,:5 bottl$1 x is also expos$ to ! sun = a =tnight at lea/4 ,! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries ( ,africa ent] b feebly into ?is indu/ry1 & x is a little rem>kable t ! ,fr5* h n cultivat$ x 9 ,alg]ia4 ,egypt's dem& = rose-wat] & rose-v9eg> is suppli$ f ,m$9et ,fayum1 s\?-we/ ( ,cairo4 ,tunis has also "s local reputation = simil> products4 ,von ,maltzan says t ! rose !re gr[n = otto is ! dog-rose 7,r4 can9a71 & t x is extremely fragrant1 #bj lb4 ( ! fl[] yield+ ab\t #a dr4 ( otto4 ,g5oa occasionally imports a little ( ?is product1 :i* is ( excell5t quality4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,france rose g>d5s occupy a l>ge %>e ( att5tion1 ab\t ,grasse1 ,cannes1 & ,nice2 !y *iefly produce rose-wat]1 mu* ( :i* is export$ to ,engl&4 ,! ess5ce 7otto7 obta9$ by ! di/illation ( ! ,prov5ce rose 7,r4 prov9cialis7 has a *>act]i/ic p]fume1 aris+1 x is believ$1 f ! bees transport+ ! poll5 ( ! orange fl[]s into ! petals ( ! roses4 ,! ,fr5* otto is ri*] 9 /e>opt5e ?an ! ,turki%1 n9e grammes cry/alliz+ 9 a lit] 7#a p9t7 ( alcohol at ! same temp]ature z #ah grammes ( ! ,turki%4 ,! be/ prep>ations are made at ,cannes & ,grasse4 ,! fl[]s are n !re treat$ = ! otto1 b are submitt$ to a process ( mac]ation 9 fat or oil1 t5 kilos4 ( roses be+ requir$ to impregnate "o kilo4 ( fat4 ,! price ( ! roses v>ies f #ej;c4 to #a fr4 #be;c4 p] kilo4 ,b ! "o comm]cially important s\rce ( otto ( roses is a circumscrib$ pat* ( anci5t ,?race or mod]n ,bulg>ia1 /ret*+ along ! s\!rn slopes ( ! c5tral ,balkans1 & approximately includ$ betwe5 ! #be? & #bf? degrees ( ea/ longitude1 & ! #db;d & #dc;d ( nor? latitude4 ,! *ief rose-gr[+ di/ricts are ,philippopoli1 ,*irpan1 ,giopcu1 ,k>ad%ah-,dagh1 ,kojun-,tepe1 ,eski-,s>a1 ,j5i-,s>a1 ,baz>d%ik1 & ! c5t] & headqu>t]s ( ! indu/ry1 ,kazanlik 7,kisanlik71 situat$ 9 a beautiful undulat+ pla91 9 ! valley ( ! ,tunja4 ,! productiv5ess ( ! la/-m5tion$ di/rict may be judg$ f ! fact t1 ( ! #abc ,?racian localities c>ry+ on ! prep>ation ( otto 9 #ahgg--!y numb]$ #adj 9 #ahei--db belong to x4 ,! only place af=d+ otto on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,balkans is ,trav9a4 ,! geological =mation ?r\gh\t is sy5ite1 ! decomposition ( :i* has provid$ a soil s f]tile z to ne$ b little manur+4 ,! vegetation1 accord+ to ,baur1 indicates a climate diff]+ b slightly f t ( ! ,black ,=e/1 ! av]age summ] temp]atures be+ /at$ at #hb ,fahr4 at noon1 & #fh ,fahr4 9 ! ev5+4 ,! rose-bu%es n\ri% be/ & live longe/ on s&y1 sun-expos$ 7s\? & s\?-ea/ aspect7 slopes4 ,! fl[]s produc$ by ^? gr[+ on incl9$ gr\nd are de>] & m e/eem$ ?an any rais$ on level l&1 be+ #ej p] c5t4 ri*] 9 oil1 & t ( a /rong] quality4 ,?is proves ! advantage ( ?or\gh dra9age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 plantations at high altitudes yield less oil1 :i* is ( a "* t readily congeals1 f an insuffici5cy ( summ] heat4 ,! di/ricts ly+ adjac5t to & 9 ! m\nta9s are sometimes visit$ by h>d fro/s1 :i* de/roy or greatly r$uce ! crop4 ,floods also occasionally d consid]able damage4 ,! bu%es are attack$ at int]vals & 9 pat*es by a blight simil> to t :i* injures ! v9es ( ! c\ntry4 ,! bu%es are plant$ 9 h$ge-l r[s 9 g>d5s & fields1 at conv5i5t di/ances ap>t1 = ! ga!r+ ( ! crop4 ,!y are seldom manur$4 ,! plant+ takes place 9 spr+ & autumn2 ! fl[]s atta9 p]fection 9 ,april & ,may1 & ! h>ve/ la/s f ,may till ! beg9n+ ( ,june4 ,! exp&$ fl[]s are ga!r$ be=e sunrise1 (t5 ) ! calyx atta*$2 su* z are n requir$ = imm$iate di/illation are spread out 9 cell>s1 b all are treat$ )9 ! day on :i* !y are pluck$4 ,baur /ates t1 if ! buds develop sl[ly1 by reason ( cool damp wea!r1 & are n mu* expos$ to sun-heat1 :5 ab\t to be collect$1 a ri* yield ( otto1 hav+ a l[ solidify+ po9t1 is ! result1 :]eas1 %\ld ! sky be cle> & ! temp]ature high at or %ortly be=e ! "t ( ga!r+1 ! product is dim9i%$ & is m easily congealable4 ,hanbury1 on ! contr>y1 :5 di/ill+ roses 9 ,london1 notic$ t :5 !y _h be5 collect$ on f9e dry days ! rose-wat] _h mo/ volatile oil float+ ^u x1 & t1 :5 ga!r$ 9 cool ra9y wea!r1 little or no volatile oil sep>at$4 ,! fl[]s are n salt$1 nor subject$ to any o!r treatm5t1 be=e be+ convey$ 9 baskets1 on ! heads ( m5 & wom5 & backs ( animals1 to ! di/ill+ app>atus4 ,?is consi/s ( a t9n$-copp] /ill1 erect$ on a semicircle ( bricks1 & heat$ by a wood fire2 f ! top passes a /raight t9 pipe1 :i* obliquely trav]ses a tub kept con/antly fill$ ) cold wat]1 by a sp\t1 f "s conv5i5t rivulet1 & con/itutes ! cond5s]4 ,sev]al su* /ills are usually plac$ toge!r1 (t5 b5ea? ! %ade ( a l>ge tree4 ,! /ill is *>g$ ) #be to #ej lb4 ( roses1 n previ\sly depriv$ ( _! calyces1 & d\ble ! volume ( spr+ wat]4 ,! di/illation is c>ri$ on = ab\t l h\rs1 ! result be+ simply a v oily rose-wat] 7ghyul suyu74 ,! exhau/$ fl[]s are remov$ f ! /ill1 & ! decoction is us$ = ! next di/illation1 in/ead ( fre% wat]4 ,! fir/ di/illates f ea* app>atus are mix$ & di/ill$ by !mselves1 "o-six? be+ drawn (f2 ! residue replaces spr+ wat] = subsequ5t op]ations4 ,! di/illate is receiv$ 9 long-neck$ bottles1 hold+ ab\t #a gallon4 ,x is kept 9 !m = a day or two1 at a temp]ature exce$+ #ei ,fahr41 by :i* "t mo/ ( ! oil1 fluid & bright1 w h rea*$ ! surface4 ,x is skimm$ (f by a small1 long-h&l$1 f9e-orific$ t9 funnel1 & is !n ready = sale4 ,! la/-run rose-wat] is extremely fragrant1 & is mu* priz$ locally = cul9>y & m$ic9al purposes4 ,! quantity & quality ( ! otto are mu* influ5c$ by ! "* ( ! wat] us$ 9 di/ill+4 ,:5 h>d spr+ wat] is employ$1 ! otto is ri* 9 /e>opt5e1 b less transp>5t & fragrant4 ,! av]age quantity ( ! product is e/imat$ by ,baur at #j4jcg to #j4jdj p] c5t42 ano!r au?ority says t #c1bjj kilos4 ( roses give #a kilo4 ( oil4 ,pure otto1 c>efully di/ill$1 is at fir/ colorless1 b spe$ily becomes yell[i%2 its specific gravity is #j4hg at #gb4e ,fahr42 its boil+-po9t is #ddd ,fahr42 x solidifies at #ea4h to #fj4h ,fahr41 or /ill high]2 x is soluble 9 absolute alcohol1 & 9 acetic acid4 ,! mo/ usual & reliable te/s ( ! quality ( an otto are 7#a7 its odor1 7#b7 its congeal+ po9t1 7#c7 its cry/allization4 ,! odor c be judg$ only aft] long exp]i5ce4 ,a good oil %\ld congeal well 9 five m9utes at a temp]ature ( #ed4e ,fahr42 fraudul5t additions l[] ! congeal+ po9t4 ,! cry/als ( rose-/e>opt5e are light1 fea!ry1 %9+ plates1 fill+ ! :ole liquid4 ,almo/ ! only mat]ial us$ = artificially height5+ ! app>5t proportion ( /e>opt5e is said to be sp]maceti1 :i* is easily recognizable f its liability to settle d[n 9 a solid cake1 & f its melt+ at #abb ,fahr41 :]eas /e>opt5e fuses at #ia4d ,fahr4 ,possibly p>aff9 wax w\ld m easily escape detection4 ,! adult]ations by means ( o!r ess5tial oils are mu* m difficult ( discov]y1 & mu* m g5]al2 9 fact1 x is said t none ( ! ,bulg>ian otto is completely free f ?is k9d ( sophi/ication4 ,! oils employ$ = ! purpose are c]ta9 ( ! grass oils 7,&ropogon & ,cymbopogon spp47 notably t af=d$ by ,&ropogon1 ,s*o5an?us call$ idris-yaghi by ! ,turks1 & commonly kn[n to ,europeans z g]anium oil1 ?\gh q di/9ct f true g]anium oil4 ,! addition is g5]ally made by spr9kl+ x ^u ! rose-leaves be=e di/ill+4 ,x is l>gely produc$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,delhi1 & export$ to ,turkey by way ( ,arabia4 ,x is sold by ,arabs 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 l>ge bladd]-%ap$ t9n$-copp] vessels1 hold+ ab\t #abj lb4 ,z x is usually itself adult]at$ ) "s fatty oil1 x ne$s to und]go purification be=e use4 ,?is is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! crude oil is repeat$ly %ak5 up ) wat] acidulat$ ) lemon-juice1 f :i* x is p\r$ (f aft] /&+ = a day4 ,! wa%$ oil is plac$ 9 %all[ sauc]s1 well expos$ to sun & air1 by :i* x gradually loses its objectionable odor4 ,spr+ & e>ly summ] are ! be/ seasons = ! op]ation1 :i* occupies two to f\r weeks1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r & ! quality ( ! oil4 ,! g5]al *>act]s ( ?is oil are s simil> to ^? ( otto ( roses--ev5 ! odor be>+ a di/ant resemblance--t _! discrim9ation :5 mix$ is a matt] ( practical impossibility4 ,! ratio ( ! adult]ation v>ies f a small figure up to #hj or #ij p] c5t4 ,! only safegu>d aga9/ deception is to pay a fair price1 & to deal ) firms ( good repute1 su* z ,messrs4 ,papasoglu1 ,manoglu ,son1 ,ihms5 ,co41 & ,hol/e9 ,co4 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,! otto is put up 9 squat-%ap$ flasks ( t9n$ copp]1 call$ kunkumas1 hold+ f #a to #aj lb41 & sewn up 9 :ite wool5 clo?s4 ,usually _! cont5ts are transf]r$ at ,con/ant9ople into small gild$ bottles ( ,g]man manufacture = export4 ,! ,bulg>ian otto h>ve/1 dur+ ! five ye>s #ahfg-ga1 0 reckon$ to av]age some:at bel[ #djj1jjj meticals1 miskals1 or midkals 7( ab\t #c dwt4 troy71 or #d1bbf lb4 av42 t ( #ahgc1 :i* 0 good1 0 e/imat$ at #ejj1jjj1 value ab\t #gjj1jjj4 ,! h>ve/ ( #ahhj realiz$ m ?an #a1jjj1jjj1 ?\gh ! roses !mselves 7 n s valuable z 9 #ahgf4 ,ab\t #cjj1jjj meticals ( otto1 valu$ at #icb1jgg1 7 export$ 9 #ahgf f ,philippopolis1 *iefly to ,france1 ,au/ralia1 ,am]ica1 & ,g]many4 --,j\r4 ,soc4 ( ,arts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,prep>+ ,,metatoluid9e4 ,by ,,osk> ,,widman4 ,! au?or adds 9 small portions five p>ts metanitro-b5zaldehyd to n9e p>ts ( phosphorus p5ta*loride1 avoid+ a great rise ( temp]ature4 ,:5 ! reaction is ov]1 ! :ole is p\r$ into excess ( cold wat]1 quickly wa%$ a few times ) cold wat]1 & dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 ,aft] ! fir/ cry/allization ! comp\nd melts at #fe1 & is p]fectly pure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cg ,,p>k ,,r[1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ce ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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