Library / Engineering & Technology / Origin of modern calculating machines / Braille
Origin of modern calculating machines ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition
Grade 2 — contracted English braille (EBAE-compatible subset). Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 1 instead.
Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt
195,804 braille cells · 202 embossed pages at 40×25 · 629 unrepresentable characters omitted
⠊⠝⠞⠻⠏⠕⠎⠫⠀⠃⠑⠞⠺⠑⠢⠀⠮⠀⠎⠁⠊⠙⠀⠱⠑⠑⠇⠎⠀⠯⠀⠮⠀⠁⠉⠞⠥⠁⠞⠬ ⠀⠙⠗⠥⠍⠀⠠⠑⠂⠀⠎⠀⠞⠀⠀⠱⠢⠀⠮⠀⠙⠗⠥⠍⠀⠊⠎⠀⠗⠑⠧⠕⠇⠧⠫⠀⠃⠽⠀⠮ ⠀⠉⠗⠁⠝⠅⠀⠏⠗⠕⠧⠊⠙⠫⠀⠿⠀⠞⠀⠏⠥⠗⠏⠕⠎⠑⠂⠀⠮⠀⠀⠛⠑⠜⠀⠞⠑⠑⠹⠀ ⠏⠗⠕⠞⠗⠥⠙⠬⠀⠋⠀⠮⠀⠙⠗⠥⠍⠀⠺⠀⠑⠝⠛⠁⠛⠑⠀⠮⠀⠊⠝⠞⠻⠍⠫⠊⠁⠞⠑⠀ ⠛⠑⠜⠎⠀⠀⠠⠛⠂⠀⠯⠀⠞⠥⠗⠝⠀⠮⠍⠀⠯⠀⠸⠮⠀⠞⠽⠏⠑⠀⠕⠗⠀⠗⠑⠛⠊⠌⠻⠀ ⠱⠑⠑⠇⠎⠀⠵⠀⠸⠍⠀⠷⠀⠸⠮⠀⠞⠢⠀⠀⠏⠕⠔⠞⠎⠀⠷⠀⠗⠕⠞⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠵⠀⠓ ⠀⠃⠑⠢⠀⠎⠑⠞⠀⠥⠏⠀⠔⠀⠸⠮⠀⠗⠑⠎⠏⠑⠉⠞⠊⠧⠑⠀⠕⠗⠙⠻⠎⠀⠷⠀⠀⠮⠀ ⠎⠑⠞⠞⠬⠀⠙⠑⠧⠊⠉⠑⠎⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠙⠗⠥⠍⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠗⠑⠧⠕⠇⠧⠬⠀⠮⠀ ⠙⠗⠥⠍⠀⠔⠀⠐⠕⠀⠙⠊⠗⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠁⠙⠙⠎⠂⠀⠱⠊⠇⠑⠀⠗⠑⠧⠕⠇⠧⠬⠀⠭ ⠀⠔⠀⠮⠀⠀⠕⠏⠏⠕⠎⠊⠞⠑⠀⠙⠊⠗⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠎⠥⠃⠞⠗⠁⠉⠞⠎⠂⠀⠯⠀ ⠗⠑⠏⠑⠁⠞⠫⠀⠗⠑⠧⠕⠇⠥⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠔⠀⠑⠊⠮⠗⠀⠀⠙⠊⠗⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀ ⠛⠊⠧⠑⠀⠗⠑⠎⠏⠑⠉⠞⠊⠧⠑⠇⠽⠀⠮⠀⠍⠥⠇⠞⠊⠏⠇⠑⠀⠿⠍⠎⠀⠷⠀ ⠁⠙⠙⠊⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠗⠀⠀⠎⠥⠃⠞⠗⠁⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠗⠑⠎⠥⠇⠞⠀⠔⠀ ⠑⠊⠮⠗⠀⠍⠥⠇⠞⠊⠏⠇⠊⠉⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠗⠀⠙⠊⠧⠊⠎⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠵⠀⠮⠀⠀ ⠉⠁⠎⠑⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠃⠑⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠮⠀⠁⠉⠞⠥⠁⠞⠬⠀⠙⠗⠥⠍⠀⠠⠑⠂⠀⠊⠎⠀ ⠏⠗⠕⠧⠊⠙⠫⠀⠾⠀⠍⠑⠁⠝⠎⠀⠃⠽⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠭⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠃⠑⠀⠩⠊⠋⠞⠫⠀⠀ ⠞⠕⠀⠮⠀⠇⠑⠋⠞⠀⠞⠕⠀⠋⠥⠗⠝⠊⠩⠀⠍⠑⠁⠝⠎⠀⠿⠀⠍⠥⠇⠞⠊⠏⠇⠽⠬⠀⠃⠽ ⠀⠍⠀⠹⠁⠝⠀⠐⠕⠀⠋⠁⠉⠞⠕⠗⠀⠀⠯⠀⠞⠕⠀⠎⠊⠍⠏⠇⠊⠋⠽⠀⠮⠀ ⠏⠗⠕⠉⠑⠎⠎⠀⠷⠀⠙⠊⠧⠊⠎⠊⠕⠝⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠮⠀⠍⠑⠁⠝⠎⠀⠿⠀⠮⠀⠉⠜⠗⠽ ⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠞⠢⠎⠀⠉⠕⠝⠎⠊⠌⠀⠷⠀⠁⠀⠎⠻⠊⠑⠎⠀⠷⠀⠞⠑⠑⠹⠀⠊⠂⠀⠀⠿⠍⠫ ⠀⠃⠽⠀⠮⠀⠃⠢⠞⠀⠑⠝⠙⠀⠷⠀⠁⠀⠏⠊⠧⠕⠞⠫⠀⠎⠏⠗⠬⠤⠏⠗⠑⠎⠎⠫⠀ ⠇⠑⠧⠻⠀⠁⠗⠍⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠊⠎⠀⠀⠏⠊⠧⠕⠞⠫⠀⠞⠕⠀⠮⠀⠊⠝⠎⠊⠙⠑⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀ ⠁⠉⠞⠥⠁⠞⠬⠀⠙⠗⠥⠍⠀⠾⠀⠮⠀⠞⠕⠕⠹⠀⠏⠗⠕⠞⠗⠥⠙⠬⠀⠀⠹⠗⠳⠛⠓⠀⠁⠀ ⠎⠇⠕⠞⠀⠔⠀⠮⠀⠙⠗⠥⠍⠂⠀⠎⠀⠁⠗⠗⠁⠝⠛⠫⠀⠵⠀⠞⠕⠀⠁⠇⠇⠪⠀ ⠍⠕⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠞⠕⠕⠹⠀⠀⠔⠀⠁⠀⠙⠊⠗⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠏⠜⠁⠇⠇⠑⠇⠀
These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.