,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs4 ,typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected4 ,origin of ,modern ,calculating ,machines ,a chronicle of the evolution of the principles that form the generic make-up of the ,modern ,calculating ,machine ,,by ,j4 ,a4 ,v4 ,,turck ,member of ,the ,western ,society of ,engineers ,,chicago1 #aiba ,published under the auspices of ,the ,western ,society of ,engineers ,copyright1 #aiba1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,v4 ,turck ,illustration3 ,stone ,age ,calculating ,foreword ,there is nothing romantic in figures1 and the average man takes little interest in any subject pertaining to them4 ,as a result of this antipathy1 there is plenty of historic evidence of man's endeavor to minimize the hated drudgery of calculation4 ,while history shows that1 from prehistoric man down to the present age1 human ingenuity has turned to mechanical means to overcome the brain fatigue of arithmetical figuring1 it is within quite recent years that he has really succeeded in devising means more rapid than the human brain4 ,of this modern product little has been written1 except in disconnected articles that have in no case offered a complete understanding as to who were the great benefactors of mankind that gave to the world the first concrete production of these modern principles of mechanical calculation4 ,the writer1 believing that there are many who would be interested to know the true facts relative to this subject1 has given to the public1 in that which follows1 a chronicle of the evolution of the principles disclosed in these modern machines1 along with the proofs that form the foundation for the story in a way that all may understand4 ,although the subject has been handled in a way that makes it unnecessary for the reader to be carried through a jangle of tiresome mechanical construction1 the writer believes that there are many interested in the detail workings of these machines1 and has for that reason provided an interesting and simple description of the working of each illustrated machine1 which may be read by those who wish1 or skipped over1 if the reader desires1 without the danger of losing knowledge of the relation of each of these machines to the ,art4 ,illustration ,chapters ,,page ,foreword #a ,types of ,ancient and ,modern ,machines #e ,the ,early ,key-,driven ,art #ag ,the ,key-,driven ,calculator #ej ,early ,efforts in the ,recording ,machine ,art #gi ,first ,practical ,recorders #aaa ,introduction of the ,modern ,accounting ,machine #add ,the ,high-,speed ,calculator #adi ,the ,improved ,recorder #afc ,the ,bookkeeping and ,billing ,machine #agd ,a ,closing ,word #aij ,illustrations ,,page ,frontispiece1 8,stone ,age ,calculating0 ,one of the ,pascal ,machines #aj ,photo of ,blaise ,pascal #aa ,parmelee ,patent ,drawings #af ,hill ,patent ,drawings #bc ,chapin ,patent ,drawings #bh ,from the ,stark ,patent ,drawings #cb ,from the ,robjohn ,patent ,drawings #cf ,from ,drawings of ,bouchet ,patent #cad1efa #dj ,drawings of ,spalding ,patent ,no4 #bic1hji #df 8,macaroni ,box0 ,model #ec ,photo of ,dorr ,e4 ,felt #ee ,the ,first 8,comptometer0 #eg ,from ,drawings of ,felt ,patent ,no4 #cga1dif #eh ,bill for ,first ,manufacturing ,tools of the ,comptometer #fh ,early ,comptometer #fi ,letter from ,geo4 ,w4 ,martin #ga ,testimonial #gb ,testimonial #gc ,letters from ,elliott and ,rosecrans #gd ,from ,drawings of ,barbour ,patent ,no4 #acc1ahh #gh ,from ,drawings of ,baldwin ,patent ,no4 #aei1bdd #hc ,baldwin ,machine #hc ,from ,drawings of ,pottin ,patent ,no4 #cab1jad #hh ,from ,drawings of ,burroughs ,patent ,no4 #chh1aah #id ,photo of ,wm4 ,s4 ,burroughs #ie ,drawings of ,ludlum ,patent ,no4 #chd1cgc #ajd ,from ,drawings of ,felt ,patent ,no4 #dje1jbd #aab ,testimonial #aag ,felt ,recording and ,listing ,machine #aah ,from ,drawings of ,felt ,patent ,no4 #dfe1bee #aba ,felt ,tabulator #abf ,one of the ,early 8,comptographs0 #acj ,photo of ,gottfried ,wilhelm ,leibnitz #acb ,leibnitz ,calculator #acc ,from ,drawings of ,burroughs' ,patents ,nos4 #ejd1ifc and #eje1jgh #acf ,burroughs' ,recorder #acg ,from the ,february #aijh ,issue of ,office ,appliances ,magazine #adb ,the ,high-,speed ,calculator #adh ,two ,pages from ,wales ,adding ,machine ,co4 ,booklet #afe ,moon-,hopkins ,billing and ,bookkeeping ,machine #agf ,napier's ,bones #agi ,from ,drawings of ,barbour ,patent ,no4 #acj1djd #ahj ,photo of ,john ,napier #aha ,from ,drawings of ,bollee ,patent ,no4 #eef1gbj #ahf ,the ,modern ,accounting ,machine ,the term 8adding machine0 or 8calculating machine0 to most of us represents the machine we have seen in the bank4 ,the average person is not familiar with the different types of accounting machines1 to say nothing of the many uses to which they are put2 but he has a vague idea that to hold any value they should produce a printed record1 he doesn't know why and he hasn't stopped to reason why2 but those he has seen in the bank do print1 and any machine the bank uses1 to his mind1 must be all right4 ,there are1 of course1 people who do know the different types of accounting machines1 and are familiar with their special uses1 but there are very few who are familiar with the true history of the modern accounting machine4 ,sidenote3 ,general knowledge lacking ,articles written by those not familiar with the true facts relative to the art of accounting machines have wrought confusion4 ,their errors have been copied and new errors added1 thus increasing the confusion4 ,again1 claims made in trade advertisements and booklets are misleading1 with the result that the truth is but little known4 ,these facts1 and the psychological effect of seeing a certain type of machine in the bank would lead the average man to believe that the recording-adding machine was the only practical machine2 and also 7as someone stated in the ,december1 #aiae1 issue of the ,geographic ,magazine7 that ,burroughs was the inventor of the recording-adding machine4 ,although the history of accounting machines dates way back into the tenth century1 the modern accounting machines are of quite recent origin1 and are especially distinguished by the presence of depressable keys4 ,the keys in these machines act as a means of gauging the actuation which determines the value in calculation1 whether the machine is key-driven or key-set with a crank or motor drive4 ,these modern machines1 which come within the classification of key-driven and key-set1 have their respective special uses4 ,sidenote3 ,key-driven machine first of the modern machines ,the key-driven machine1 which was the first produced of these two types of modern machines1 does not print1 and is used for all forms of calculation1 but is generally behind the scenes in the accounting rooms of all lines of business1 and for that reason is not so well known as the key-set crank-operated or motor-driven machine1 which is designed to print and is always in full view in the bank where it is used to print your statement of account from the vouchers you have issued4 ,when we stop to analyze the qualities of these two types of machines1 we find that each has its place and that neither may truly serve to displace the other4 ,the organization of each is designed with reference to the special work it was intended to do4 ,the calculating machine1 having only to perform the work of revolving the numeral wheels in calculating addition1 subtraction1 multiplication and division in its many forms and combinations1 may be key-driven 7on account of the slight mechanical resistance met with in action71 and thus1 as a one-motion machine1 requiring only the depression of the keys1 may also be much more rapid of manipulation than the two-motion recording-adding machine which1 after depressing the keys for each item1 requires the secondary operation of pulling a crank forward or operating a push bar that connects the motor4 ,the recording-adding machine being designed to print the items and answers of addition1 requires power for the printing which cannot be supplied by key depression4 ,thus an extra means for supplying that power must be provided in the form of a crank lever1 or in the latest machines by a motor4 ,the keys in such machines serve only as digital control to gauge the setting of mechanism which prints the items and adds them together4 ,the secondary motion operates the mechanism to print and add and finally to clear the machine for the setting up of the next item4 ,the recording of added columns of figures requires that the answer must always be printed4 ,this demands special operation of devices provided for that purpose1 which also adds to the time spent in the operation of such machines as compared with the key-driven calculator4 ,sidenote3 ,recording1 the primary feature of adding machines that print ,to state which of these two types of machines is the more useful would cause a shower of comment1 and has nothing to do with the object of this article4 ,suffice it to say that where a printed record of items added together with their answer is required for filing purposes1 or to bring together loose items like those in your bank statement1 the recording-adding machine serves2 but when rapid calculation in addition1 multiplication1 subtraction or division1 or when combinations of these forms of calculation are required1 the key-driven calculator is the practical machine for such work4 ,although the key-driven calculator is generally not so well known1 it is1 as stated1 the oldest of the modern accounting machines1 and its usefulness places it in the accounting room1 where it is oft-times found employed by the hundreds in figuring up the day's work of accounting4 ,sidenote3 ,validity and priority of invention ,the purpose of this book is based wholly upon showing the validity and priority of invention which constitute true contributions to the ,art of these two types of modern accounting machines2 to place the facts for once and all time before the public in such a way that they may judge for themselves to whom the honor is due and thus settle the controversy that exists4 ,the quibbling of court contests over the terminology of claims of patents owned by the various inventors have been set aside and only the true contributions to the ,art which pertain to the fundamental principles that have made the modern machines possible1 are here dealt with4 ,the dates of patents on inoperative or impractical machines have from time to time been held up to the public as instances of priority of invention2 but when the validity of these patents1 as furnishing any real contributions to the ,art1 is questioned1 they are not found to hold the theme or principle that made the modern machines possible1 and as inventions1 fade into obscurity4 ,illustration3 ,figure #a ,illustration3 ,figure #b ,one of the ,pascal ,machines ,the ,art of either the calculating machine or the adding-recording machine is not new2 it is1 as a matter of fact1 very old4 ,as before stated1 the ,art of 8accounting machine0 dates back to the tenth century1 but the first authentic evidence of a working machine is extant in models made by ,pascal in #afdb 7see illustration74 ,,the ,,pascal ,,machine ,referring to the illustration1 ,fig4 #a1 of ,pascal's machine on the opposite page1 it will be noted that there are a series of square openings in the top of the casing2 under these openings are drums1 each numbered on its cylindrical surface4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,pascal's invention ,as the machine illustrated was made to figure ,english currency1 the two right-hand wheels are numbered for pence and shillings1 while the six wheels to the left are numbered from #a to #i and #j for pounds4 ,illustration3 ,blaise ,pascal ,the pounds register-drums1 or numeral wheels1 are each operated by a train of gearing connecting them with a ten-armed turnstile wheel which form the hub and spokes of what appears to be a series of wheels on the top of the casing4 ,while the spokes and hub are movable1 the rims of these wheels are stationary and are numbered from #a to #i and #j4 ,the geared relation between the turnstile wheels and the numeral wheels is such that rotating a turnstile will give like rotation to its numeral wheel4 ,assuming that the numeral wheel of any one of the different orders registered #j through its sight opening and the turnstile of the same order was moved one spoke of a rotation1 it would move the wheel so that the #j would disappear and the figure #a would appear2 now if we should move the same turnstile three more spokes the numeral wheel would move likewise three spaces and the #d would appear4 ,a stop in the form of a finger reaching over the spokes is provided to stop the turnstile at the right point so that the figures on the numeral wheels may register properly with the sight openings in the casing4 ,sidenote3 ,constructional features of the ,pascal machine ,the figures on the wheel rims fast to the casing are arranged anti-clockwise to register with the space between the spokes1 the #j registering with the first space1 the #a with the second space and so on around the wheel4 ,thus by use of the finger or a stylo inserted in a space opposite the number to be added1 the operator may move the spoked wheel or turnstile clockwise until stopped by the stop finger4 ,by repeated selection and operation for each figure to be added1 the wheels will be revolved through their cycles of rotation caused by the accumulation4 ,as the numeral wheels complete each rotation the #j will appear1 so that a registration of the tens must be made4 ,pascal provided for the accumulation of the tens by automatically turning the wheel of next higher order one point through the action of the lower wheel4 ,the novel means employed for this transfer of the tens consisted of a one-step ratchet device operated by a pin in the train of gearing connected with the lower numeral wheel1 which1 as the lower wheel passed from #i to #j1 forced the lever to which the ratchet pawl was attached in a direction to cause the gearing of the higher numeral wheel to be ratcheted forward far enough to add one to the higher numeral wheel4 ,the direct actuation of a numbered wheel through its various degrees of rotation and the secondary feature of effecting a one-step movement to the numbered wheel of higher order 7which seems to have been originated by ,pascal7 is the foundation on which nearly all the calculating machines have since been constructed to calculate the combinations of the ,arabian numerals represented in ,addition1 ,multiplication1 ,subtraction and ,division4 ,in ,fig4 #b of the illustration of ,pascal's machine1 the machine has been reversed1 and the bottom of the casing1 which is hinged1 thrown back1 showing the numeral wheels and gearing of the different orders and the transfer levers for the carry of the tens4 ,sidenote3 ,increased capacity of modern calculator ,the ,art of the modern machines is far removed from the older ,art by its greatly increased capacity for rapid calculation which is found emanating from the provision of keys as the means of manipulation4 ,to the unsophisticated1 such a simple thing as applying keys to the ancient type of calculating machines that have been made and used for centuries1 would seem but a simple mechanical application that the ordinary mechanic could accomplish4 ,but it was too great a problem for the many renowned inventors of the older ,art to solve4 ,even though the use of depressable keys was common to many machines1 especially the piano1 they knew that the organized make-up of their machines could scarcely stand1 without error1 the slow action received from the crank motion or other means employed as manipulating devices4 ,to place it within the power of an operator to operate their machines at such a speed as would obtain in the sudden striking of a key would result in chaos4 ,sidenote3 ,patent office a repository of ineffectual efforts ,there is no room for doubt that some of these early inventors had the wish or desire to produce such a key-driven machine and may have attempted to produce one4 ,but as they lacked the advantage of an institution like the ,patent ,office in which they could leave a record of their inoperative inventions1 and in view of the fact that they were dependent on producing an operating machine for credit1 there is no authentic proof that they made attempts in this line4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,parmelee ,patent ,drawings ,the ,early ,key-,driven ,art ,m4 ,le ,colonel ,d',ocagne1 ,ingnieur des ,ponts et ,chausses1 ,professeur l'cole des ,ponts et ,chausses1 ,rptiteur l'cole ,polytechnique1 in his 8,le ,calcul simplifie10 a historical review of calculating devices and machines1 refers to the key-driven machine as having first made its appearance in the ,schilt machine of #ahea1 but that the ,art reached its truly practical form in ,america4 ,in the latter part of his statement the professor is correct1 but as to the first appearance of the key-driven machine the ,u4 ,s4 ,patent ,office records show that a patent was issued to ,d4 ,d4 ,parmelee in #ahej for a key-driven adding machine 7see illustration74 ,,the ,,parmelee ,,machine ,sidenote3 ,first attempt to use depressable keys for adding was made in ,america ,by referring to the illustration of the ,parmelee machine reproduced from the drawings of the patent1 the reader will notice that the patentee deviated from the established principle of using numeral wheels4 ,in place of numeral wheels a long ratchet-toothed bar has been supplied1 the flat faces of which are numbered progressively from the top to the bottom4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,parmelee machine ,as shown in ,fig4 #b of these drawings1 a spring-pressed ratchet pawl marked k1 engages the teeth of the ratchet or numeral bar4 ,the pawl k1 is pivoted to a lever-constructed device marked ,e1 the plan of which is shown in ,fig4 #c4 ,this lever device is pivoted and operated by the keys which are provided with arms d1 so arranged that when any one of the keys is depressed the arm contacts with and operates the lever device and its pawl k to ratchet the numeral bar upwards4 ,another spring-pressed ratchet pawl marked m 7see ,fig4 #b7 is mounted on the bottom of the casing and serves to hold the numeral bar from returning after a key-depression4 ,it will be noted from ,fig4 #a that the keys extend through the top of the casing in progressively varying heights4 ,this variation is such as to allow the ,no4 #a key to ratchet up one tooth of the numeral bar1 the ,no4 #b key two teeth1 etc41 progressively4 ,by this method a limited column of digits could be added up by depressing the keys corresponding to the digits and the answer could be read from the lowest tooth of the numeral bar that protruded through the top of the casing4 ,it is evident that if the ,parmelee machine was ever used to add with1 the operator would have to use a pussyfoot key-stroke or the numeral bar would over-shoot and give an erroneous answer1 as no provision was made to overcome the momentum that could be given the numeral bar in an adding action4 ,sidenote3 ,foreign digit adders ,sidenote3 ,single digit adders lack capacity ,the foreign machines of the key-driven type were made by ,v4 ,schilt1 #ahea2 ,f4 ,arzberger1 #ahff2 ,stetner1 #ahhb2 ,bagge1 #ahhb2 d',azevedo1 #ahhd2 ,petetin1 #ahhe2 ,maq ,meyer1 #ahhf4 ,these foreign machines1 like that of ,parmelee1 according to ,m4 le ,colonel d',ocagne1 were limited to the capacity of adding a single column of digits at a time4 ,that is1 either a column of units or tens or hundreds1 etc41 at a time4 ,such machines1 of course1 required the adding first of all the units1 and a note made of the total2 then the machine must be cleared and the tens figure of the total1 and hundreds1 if there be one1 must then be added or carried over to the tens column the same as adding single columns mentally4 ,on account of these machines having only a capacity for adding one order or column of digits1 the unit value #i was the greatest item that could be added at a time4 ,thus1 if the overflow in adding the units column or any other column amounted to more than one place1 it required a multiple of key-depressions to put it on the register4 ,for example1 suppose the sum of adding the units columns should be #ihb1 it would require the depression of the #i-key ten times and then the #h-key to be struck1 to put the #ih on the machine4 ,this order of manipulation had to be repeated for each denominational column of figures4 ,another method that could be used in the manipulation of these single-order or digit-adding machines was to set down the sum of each order as added with its units figure arranged relative to the order it represents the sum of1 and then mentally add such sums 7see example below7 the same as you would set down the sums in multiplication and add them together4 ,example of method that may be used with single column adder4 #ihb #efc #chd #abe ------- #agjjab ,such machines1 of course1 never became popular because of their limited capacity1 which required many extra movements and caused mental strain without offering an increase in speed of calculation as compared with expert mental calculation4 ,there were a number of patents issued in the ,united ,states on machines of this class which may well be named single digit adders4 ,sidenote3 ,some early ,u4,s4 patents on single-digit adding machines ,the machines of this type which were patented in the ,united ,states1 preceding the first practical multiple order modern machine1 were patented by ,d4 ,d4 ,parmelee1 #ahej2 ,w4 ,robjohn1 #ahgb2 ,d4 ,carroll1 #ahgf2 ,borland ,hoffman1 #ahgh2 ,m4 ,bouchet1 #ahhc2 ,a4 ,stetner1 #ahhc2 ,spalding1 #ahhd2 ,l4 ,m4 ,swem1 #ahhe and #ahhf2 ,p4 ,t4 ,lindholm1 #ahhf2 and ,b4 ,f4 ,smith1 #ahhg4 ,all of these machines varied in construction but not in principle4 ,some were really operative and others inoperative1 but all lacked what may be termed useful capacity4 ,to those not familiar with the technical features of the key-driven calculating machine ,art1 it would seem that if a machine could be made to add one column of digits1 it would require no great invention or ingenuity to arrange such mechanisms in a plurality of orders4 ,but the impossibility of effecting such a combination without exercising a high degree of invention will become evident as the reader becomes familiar with the requirements1 which are best illustrated through the errors made by those who tried to produce such a machine4 ,as stated1 the first authentic knowledge we have of an actual machine for adding is extant in models made by ,pascal in #afdb1 which were all multiple-order machines1 and the same in general as that shown in the illustration1 page #aj4 ,sidenote3 ,calculating machines in use abroad for centuries ,history shows that ,europe and other foreign countries have been using calculating machines for centuries4 ,like that of ,pascal's1 they were all multiple-order machines1 and1 although not key-driven1 they were capable of adding a number of columns or items of six to eight places at once without the extra manipulation described as necessary with single-order digit adding machines4 ,a number of such machines were made in the ,united ,states prior to the first practical multiple-order key-driven calculator4 ,sidenote3 ,first key-driven machines no improvement to the ,art ,this fact and the fact that the only operative key-driven machines made prior to #ahhg were single-digit adders are significant proof that the backward step from such multiple-order machines to a single-order key-driven machine was from the lack of some unknown mechanical functions that would make a multiple-order key-driven calculator possible4 ,there was a reason1 and a good one1 that kept the inventors of these single-order key-driven machines from turning their invention into a multiple-order key-driven machine4 ,it is folly to think that all these inventors never had the thought or wish to produce such a machine4 ,it is more reasonable to believe there was not one of them who did not have the wish and who did not give deep thought to the subject4 ,there is every reason to believe that some of them tried it1 but there is no doubt that if they did it was a failure1 or there would be evidence of it in some form4 ,,the ,,hill ,,machine ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,patent ,office records show that one ambitious inventor1 ,thomas ,hill1 in #aheg secured a patent on a multiple-order key-driven calculating machine 7see illustration71 which he claimed as a new and useful invention4 ,the ,hill patent1 however1 was the only one of that class issued1 until the first really operative modern machine was made thirty years later1 and affords a fine example by which the features that were lacking in the make-up of a really operative machine of this type may be brought out4 ,sidenote3 ,description of the ,hill machine ,the illustrations of the ,hill machine on the opposite page1 reproduced from the drawings of the patent1 show two numeral wheels1 each having seven sets each of large and small figures running from #a to #i and the cipher marked on their periphery4 ,the large sets of figures are arranged for addition or positive calculation1 and the small figures are arranged the reverse for subtraction or negative calculation4 ,the wheels are provided with means for the carry of the tens1 very similar to that found in the ,pascal machine4 ,each of the two wheels shown are provided with ratchet teeth which correspond in number with the number of figures on the wheel4 ,spring-pressed1 hook-shaped ratchet pawls marked b1 are arranged to be in constant engagement with the numeral wheels4 ,these pawls are each pivotally mounted in the end of the levers marked ,e1 which are pivoted at the front end of the casing4 ,illustration3 ,hill ,patent ,drawings ,the levers ,e1 are held in normal or upward position by springs f1 at the front of the machine4 ,above each of these levers ,e1 are a series of keys which protrude through the casing with their lower ends resting on the levers4 ,there are but six keys shown in the drawing1 but the specification claims that a complete set of nine keys may be supplied for each lever4 ,the arrangement and spacing of the keys are such that the greater the value of the key the nearer it is to the fulcrum or pivot of the lever ,e4 ,the length of the key stem under the head or button of each key is gauged to allow depression of the key1 the lever ,e and pawl b1 far enough to cause the numeral wheel to rotate as many numeral places as the value marking on the key4 ,a back-stop pawl for the numeral wheels1 marked p1 is mounted on a cross-rod at the top of the machine4 ,but one of these pawls are shown1 the shaft and the pawl for the higher wheel being broken away to show the device for transferring the tens to the higher wheel4 ,the transfer device for the carry of the tens is a lever arrangement constructed from a tube ,f1 mounted on the cross-rod m1 with arms ,g and ,h4 ,pivoted to the arm ,g1 is a ratchet pawl i1 and attached to the pawl is a spring that serves to hold the pawl in engagement with the ratchet of the higher-order numeral wheel1 and at the same time1 through its attachment with the pawl1 holds the lever arms ,g and ,h retracted as shown in the drawing4 ,as the lower-order numeral wheel passes any one of its points from #i to ,o1 one of the teeth or cam lugs n1 on the wheel will move the arm ,h1 of the transfer lever forward1 causing the pawl i1 to move the higher-order wheel one step to register the accumulation of the tens4 ,the functions of the ,hill mechanism would1 perhaps1 be practical if it were not for the physical law that 8bodies set in motion tend to remain in motion40 ,sidenote3 ,hill machine at ,national ,museum ,considerable unearned publicity has been given the ,hill invention on account of the patent office model having been placed on exhibit in the ,national ,museum at ,washington4 ,judging from the outward appearance of this model1 the arrangement of the keys in columns would seem to impart the impression that here was the foundation of the modern key-driven machine4 ,the columnar principle used in the arrangement of the keys1 however1 is the only similarity4 ,sidenote3 ,inoperativeness of ,hill machine ,the ,hill invention1 moreover1 was lacking in the essential feature necessary to the make-up of such a machine1 a lack that for thirty years held the ancient ,art against the inroads of the modern ,art that finally displaced it4 ,the feature lacking was a means for controlling the action of the mechanism under the tremendously increased speed produced by the use of depressable keys as an actuating means4 ,hill made no provision for overcoming the lightning-speed momentum that could be given the numeral wheels in his machine through manipulation of the keys1 either from direct key-action or indirectly through the carry of the tens4 ,imagine the sudden whirl his numeral wheel would receive on a quick depression of a key and then consider that he provided no means for stopping these wheels2 it is obvious that a correct result could not be obtained by the use of such mechanism4 ,some idea of what would take place in the ,hill machine under manipulation by an operator may be conceived from the speed attained in the operation of the keys of the up-to-date modern key-driven machine4 ,sidenote3 ,high speed of key drive ,operators on key-driven machines oftentimes attain a speed of #eej key strokes a minute in multiplication4 ,let us presume that any one of these strokes may be a depression of a nine key4 ,the depression and return1 of course1 represents a full stroke1 but only half of the stroke would represent the time in which the wheel acts4 ,thus the numeral wheel would be turned nine of its ten points of rotation in an eleven hundredth 7_/7 of a minute4 ,that means only one-ninth of the time given to half of the key-stroke1 or a ninety-nine hundredth 7_/7 of a minute2 a one hundred and sixty-fifth 7_/7 part of a second for a carry to be effected4 ,sidenote3 ,camera slow compared with carry of the tens ,if you have ever watched a camera-shutter work on a twenty-fifth of a second exposure1 which is the average time for a snap-shot with an ordinary camera1 it will be interesting to know that these controlling devices of a key-driven machine must act in one-fifth the time in which the shutter allows the daylight to pass through the lens of the camera4 ,think of it2 a machine built with the idea of offering the possibility of such key manipulation and supplying nothing to overcome the tremendous momentum set up in the numeral wheels and their driving mechanism1 unless perchance ,hill thought the operator of his machine could1 mentally1 control the wheels against over-rotation4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,chapin ,patent ,drawings ,lack of a proper descriptive term used to refer to an object1 machine1 etc41 oftentimes leads to the use of an erroneous term4 ,to call the ,hill invention an adding machine is erroneous since it would not add correctly4 ,it is as great an error as it would be to refer to the ,langley aeroplane as a flying machine4 ,sidenote3 ,hill machine merely adding mechanism1 incomplete as operative machine ,when the ,wright brothers added the element that was lacking in the ,langley plane1 a real flying machine was produced4 ,but without that element the ,langley plane was not a flying machine4 ,likewise1 without means for controlling the numeral wheels1 the ,hill invention was not an adding machine4 ,the only term that may be correctly applied to the ,hill invention is 8adding mechanism10 which is broad enough to cover its incompleteness4 ,and yet many thousands of people who have seen the ,hill invention at the ,national ,museum have probably carried away the idea that the ,hill invention was a perfectly good key-driven adding machine4 ,sidenote3 ,chapin and ,stark patents ,lest we leave unmentioned two machines that might be misconstrued to hold some of the features of the ,art1 attention is called to patents issued to ,g4 ,w4 ,chapin in #ahgj 7see illustration on opposite page71 and ,a4 ,stark in #ahhd 7see illustration on page #cb74 ,,chapin ,,machine ,sidenote3 ,description of ,chapin machine ,referring to the illustration reproducing the drawings of the ,chapin patent1 the reader will note that in ,fig4 #a there are four wheels marked ,v4 ,these wheels1 although showing no numerals1 are1 according to the specification1 the numeral wheels of the machine4 ,the wheels are provided with a one-step ratchet device for transferring the tens1 consisting of the spring frame and pawl shown in ,fig4 #c1 which is operated by a pin in the lower wheel4 ,in ,fig4 #a the units and tens wheel are shown meshed with their driving gears4 ,these gears are not numbered but are said to be fast to the shafts ,n and ,m1 respectively 7see ,fig4 #b74 ,fast on the shaft ,m1 is a series of nine ratchet-toothed gears marked ,o1 and a like series of gears ,p1 are fast to the shaft ,n4 ,co-acting with each of these ratchet-toothed gears is a ratchet-toothed rack ,f1 pivoted at its lower end to a key-lever ,h1 and pressed forward into engagement with its ratchet gear by a spring ,g4 ,the key-levers ,h1 of which there are two sets1 one set with the finger-pieces ,k and the other with the finger-pieces ,j1 are all pivoted on the block ,i1 and held depressed at the rear by an elastic band ,l4 ,the two sets of racks ,f1 are each provided with a number of teeth arranged progressively from one to nine1 the rack connected with the ,no4 #a key having one ratchet tooth1 the ,no4 #b having two teeth1 etc4 ,sidenote3 ,inoperativeness of ,chapin machine ,by this arrangement ,chapin expected to add the units and tens of a column of numerical items1 and then by shifting the numeral wheels and their transfer devices1 which are mounted on a frame1 designed for that purpose1 he expected to add up the hundred and thousands of the same column of items4 ,it is hardly conceivable that the inventor should have overlooked the necessity of gauging the throw of the racks ,f1 but such is the fact1 as no provision is made in the drawings1 neither was mention made of such means in the specification4 ,even a single tooth on his rack ,f1 could1 under a quick key-stroke1 overthrow the numeral wheels1 and the same is true of the carry transfer mechanism4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,from the ,stark ,patent ,drawings ,the ,chapin machine1 like that of ,hill1 was made without thought as to what would happen when a key was depressed with a quick stroke1 as there was no provision for control of the numeral wheels against overthrow4 ,as stated1 the machine was designed to add two columns of digits at a time1 and with an attempt to provide means to shift the accumulator mechanism1 or the numeral wheels and carry-transfer devices1 so that columns of items having four places could be added by such a shift4 ,such a machine1 of course1 offered less than could be found in the ,hill machine1 and that was nothing at all so far as a possible operative machine is concerned4 ,,the ,,stark ,,machine ,the reproduction of the patent drawings of the ,stark machine illustrated on the opposite page show a series of numeral wheels1 each provided with three sets of figures running from #a to #i and #j4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,stark machine ,pivotally mounted upon the axis of the numeral wheels at each end are sector gears ,e and arms ,e1 in which are pivoted a square shaft ,e1 extended from one arm to the other across the face of the numeral wheels4 ,the shaft ,e1 is claimed to be held in its normal position by a spring so that a pawl1 ,e1 shiftably mounted on the shaft1 designed to ratchet or actuate the numeral wheels forward1 may engage with any one of the numeral wheel ratchets4 ,a bail marked ,d1 is pivoted to standards ,a1 of the frame of the machine1 and is provided with the two radial racks ,d which mesh with the sector gears ,e4 ,it may be conceived that the act of depressing the bail ,d1 will cause the actuating pawl ,e1 to operate whichever numeral wheel it engages the ratchet of4 ,the bail ,d1 is held in its normal position by a spring ,d1 and is provided with nine keys or finger-pieces d1 eight of which co-act with the stepped plate ,g1 to regulate the additive degree of rotation given to the numeral wheels1 while the ninth has a fixed relation with the bail and the bail itself is stopped4 ,the keys d1 marked from #a to #h1 are pivoted to the bail in such a manner that their normal relation to the bail will allow them to pass by the steps on the stepped plate ,g1 when the bail is depressed by the fixed ,no4 #i key4 ,when1 however1 any one of the keys numbered from #a to #h is depressed1 the lower end of the shank of the key will tilt rearward1 and1 as the bail is depressed1 offers a stop against the respective step of the plate ,g1 arranged in its path1 thus stopping further action of the actuating pawl ,e1 but offering nothing to prevent the continuation of the force of momentum set up in the numeral wheels by the key action4 ,there was small use in stopping the action of the pawl ,e1 if the ratchet and numeral wheel1 impelled by the pawl1 could continue onward under its momentum4 ,the carry of the tens transfer device is of the same order as that described in the ,pascal and ,hill machines2 that is1 a one-step ratchet-motion actuated by a cam lug or pin from the lower wheel4 ,the carry transfer device consists of the lever ,f1 and pawl f1 acting on the ratchet of the upper wheel which is operated by the cam lugs b of the lower wheel acting on the arms f and f of the lever ,f4 ,illustration3 ,from the ,robjohn ,patent ,drawings ,sidenote3 ,inoperativeness of ,stark machine ,the machine shown in the ,stark patent was provided with but one set of keys1 but the arrangement for shifting the driving ratchet pawl ,e1 from one order to another1 so that the action of the keys may rotate any one of the numeral wheels1 gave the machine greater capacity than the single digit adders2 but as with the ,chapin machine1 of what use was the increase in capacity if the machine would not add correctly4 ,that is about all that may be said of the ,stark machine1 for since there was no means provided by which the rotation of numeral wheels could be controlled1 it was merely a device for rotating numeral wheels and was therefore lacking in the features that would give it a right to the title of an adding machine4 ,sidenote3 ,nine keys common to a plurality of orders ,the nine-key scheme of the ,stark invention1 connectable to the different orders1 was old1 and was first disclosed in the ,u4 ,s4 ,patent to ,o4 ,l4 ,castle in #aheg 7a machine operated by a clock-spring wound by hand71 but its use in either of these machines should not be construed as holding anything in common with that found in some of the modern recording adders4 ,the ,castle machine has not been illustrated because it does not enter into the evolution of the modern machine4 ,the ancient ,art1 or the ,art prior to the invention of ,parmelee1 consisted of mechanism which could be controlled by friction devices1 or ,geneva gear-lock devices1 that were suitable to the slow-acting type of manipulative means4 ,the first attempt at a positive control for a key-driven adding device is found in a patent issued to ,w4 ,robjohn in #ahgb 7see illustration74 ,as will be noted1 this machine was referred to in the foregoing discussion as merely a single-digit adding machine1 having the capacity for adding but one column of digits at a time4 ,,robjohn ,,machine ,referring to the illustration of the patent drawings of the ,robjohn machine1 it will be noted that there are three sight openings in the casing through which the registration of the numeral wheels may be read4 ,the numeral wheels1 like those of all machines of this character1 are connected by devices of a similar nature to those in the ,hill machine for carrying the tens1 one operating between the units and tens wheel and another between the tens and hundredths wheel4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,robjohn machine ,the units wheel shown in ,fig4 #c is connected by gearing to a long pin-wheel rotor1 marked ,e1 so that any rotation of the rotor ,e1 will give a like rotation to the units numeral wheel to which it is entrained by gearing4 ,to each of the nine digital keys1 marked ,b1 is attached an engaging and disengaging sector gear device1 which1 as shown in ,fig4 #c1 although normally not in engagement with the rotor ,e1 will upon depression of its attached key1 engage the rotor and turn it4 ,a stop device is supplied for the key action1 which in turn was supposed to stop the gear action2 that seems rather doubtful4 ,however1 an alternative device is shown in ,figs4 #d and #e1 which provides what may without question be called a stop device to prevent over-rotation of the units wheel under direct key action4 ,illustration3 ,from ,drawings of ,bouchet ,patent #cad1efa ,it will be noted that the engaging and disengaging gear device is here shown in the form of a gear-toothed rack and that the key stem is provided with a projecting arm ending in a downwardly projecting tooth or detent which may engage the rotor ,e1 and stop it at the end of the downward key action4 ,while the stopping of the rotor shows a control in the ,robjohn machine which takes place under direct action from the keys to prevent overthrow of the units numeral wheel1 it did not prevent the overflow of the higher or tens wheels1 if a carry should take place4 ,there was no provision for a control of the numeral wheels under the action received from the carry of the tens by the transfer mechanism4 ,sidenote3 ,first control for a carried numeral wheel ,the first attempt to control the carried wheel in a key-driven machine is found in a patent issued to ,bouchet in #ahhb 7see illustration on opposite page72 but it was a ,geneva motion gearing which1 as is generally known1 may act to transmit power and then act to lock the wheel to which the power has been transmitted until it is again to be turned through the same source4 ,such a geared up and locked relation between the numeral wheels1 of course1 made the turning of the higher wheel 7which had been so locked7 by another set of key-mechanism an impossibility4 ,,bouchet ,,machine ,the illustration of the ,bouchet machine on the opposite page was reproduced from the drawings of the patent which is the nearest to the machine that was placed on the market4 ,the numeral wheels1 like most of the single-digit adders1 are three in number1 and consist of the prime actuated1 or units wheel1 and two overflow wheels to receive the carry of the tens4 ,the units wheel has fixed to it a long #aj-tooth pinion or rotor ,i1 with which nine internal segmental gear racks ,l1 are arranged to engage and turn the units wheel through their nine varying additive degrees of rotation4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,bouchet machine ,the segmental gear racks ,l1 are normally out of mesh with the pinion ,i1 and are fast to the key levers ,e1 in such a manner that the first depression of a key causes its rack to rock forward and engage with the pinion ,i1 and further depression moves the rack upward and rotates the pinion and units numeral wheel4 ,it will be noted that this engaging and disengaging gear action is in principle like that of ,robjohn4 ,the transfer devices for the carry of the tens1 as already stated1 belong to that class of mechanism commonly known as the 8,geneva motion40 ,it consists of a mutilated or one-tooth gear fast to the units wheel operating with a nine-tooth gear1 marked ,d1 loosely mounted on an axis parallel to the numeral wheel axis4 ,each revolution of the units wheel moves the nine-tooth gear three spaces1 and in turn moves the next higher numeral wheel to which it is geared far enough to register one point or the carry4 ,a circular notched disc1 marked ,s1 is fast to the units wheel1 and the nine-tooth gear ,d1 has part of two out of every three of its teeth mutilated or cut away to make a convex surface for the notched disc to rotate in4 ,with such construction the nine-tooth gear may not rotate or become displaced as long as the periphery of the disc continues to occupy any one of the three convex spaces of the nine-tooth gear4 ,when1 however1 the notch of the disc is presented to the mutilated portion of the nine-tooth gear1 the said gear is unlocked4 ,this unlocking is coincident to the engagement of the single tooth of the numeral wheel-gear with the nine-tooth gear and the passing of the numeral wheel from #i to #j1 during which the nine-tooth gear will be moved three spaces1 and will be again locked as the notch in the disc passes and the periphery fills the next convex space of the mutilated nine-tooth gear4 ,sidenote3 ,bouchet machine marketed ,the ,bouchet machine was manufactured and sold to some extent1 but never became popular1 as it lacked capacity4 ,machines of such limited capacity could not compete with ordinary accountants1 much less with those who could mentally add from two to four columns at a clip4 ,aside from the capacity feature1 there was another reason why these single-order machines were useless1 except to those who could not add mentally4 ,multiple forms of calculation1 that is1 multiplication and division1 call for a machine having a multiplicity of orders4 ,the capacity of a single order would be but #i #i1 which requires no machine at all--a seven-year-old child knows that4 ,to multiply #ehifd #fhbd1 however1 is a different thing1 and requires a multiple-order calculator4 ,sidenote3 ,misuse of the term 8,calculating ,machine0 ,it is perhaps well at this time to point out the misuse of the term calculating where it is applied to machines having only a capacity for certain forms of calculating as compared with machines which perform in a practical way all forms of calculation1 that is1 addition1 multiplication1 subtraction and division4 ,to apply the term 8calculating machine0 to a machine having anything less than a capacity for all these forms is erroneous4 ,an adding machine may perform one of the forms of calculation1 but to call it a calculating machine when it has no capacity for division1 subtraction or multiplication1 is an error2 and yet we find the ,u4 ,s4 ,patent ,office records stuffed full of patents granted on machines thus erroneously named4 ,the term calculating is the broad term covering all forms of calculation1 and machines performing less should be designated according to their specific capacities4 ,it is true that adding is calculating1 and under these circumstances1 why then may not an adding machine be called a calculator8 ,the answer is that it may be calculating to add2 it may be calculating to either subtract1 multiply or divide2 but if a machine adds and is lacking in the means of performing the other forms of calculation1 it is only part of a calculating machine and lacks the features that will give it title to being a full-fledged calculator4#a #a ,,note3 ,the title of this book does not coincide with the above argument1 but in view of the common use of the term 8calculating0 its application is better understood4 ,considerable contention was raised by parties in a late patent suit as to what constituted the make-up of a calculating machine4 ,one of the attorneys contended that construction was the only thing that would distinguish a calculating machine4 ,but as machines are named by their functioning1 the contention does not hold water4 ,that is to say3 ,a machine may be a calculating machine and yet its construction be such that it performs its functions of negative and positive calculation without reversal of its action4 ,again1 a machine may be a calculating machine and operate in one direction for positive calculation and the reverse for negative calculation4 ,as long as the machine has been so arranged that all forms of calculation may be performed by it without mental computation1 and the machine has a reasonable capacity of at least eight orders1 it should be entitled to be called a calculating machine4 ,illustration3 ,drawings of ,spalding ,patent ,no4 #bic1hji ,,the ,,spalding ,,machine ,the next machine that has any bearing on the key-driven ,art of which there is a record1 is illustrated in a patent granted to ,c4 ,g4 ,spalding in #ahhd 7see illustration on opposite page74 ,the ,spalding invention1 like that of ,bouchet1 was provided with control for its primary actuation and control for its secondary or carrying actuation4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,spalding machine ,referring to the ,spalding machine reproduced from the drawings of his patent1 the reader will note that in place of the units and tens numeral wheels1 a clock hand has been supplied1 co-operating with a dial graduated from #j to #ii1 showing the figures #e1 #aj1 #ae1 etc41 to #ie1 for every five graduations4 ,another similar hand or arrow and dial to register the hundreds is also provided1 having a capacity to register nineteen hundred4 ,attached to the arrows1 through a shaft connection at the back of the casing are ratchet wheels1 having respectively the same number of teeth as the graduation of the dial to which each hand belongs4 ,co-operating with the hundred-tooth ratchet of the units and tens register hand is a ratchet and lever motion device 7see ,fig4 #b7 to turn the arrow from one to nine points of the graduation of the dial4 ,the ratchet and lever motion device consists of the spring-pressed pawl ,e1 mounted on the lever arm ,d1 engaging the hundred-tooth ratchet1 the link or push-rod ,f1 the lever ,g1 and its spring ,o4 ,it will be noted that a downward action of the lever ,g1 will1 through the rod ,f1 cause a like downward action of the lever ,d1 causing the ratchet pawl ,e to be drawn over the ratchet teeth4 ,upon the release of the lever ,g1 the spring ,o1 will return it to its normal position and through the named connecting parts1 ratchet forward the arrow4 ,the normal position of the pawl ,e is jammed into the tooth of the ratchet and against the bracket ,c1 that forms the pivot support for the pivot shaft of the arrow4 ,this jammed or locked combination serves to stop the momentum of the ratchet wheel at the end of the ratcheting action1 and holds the wheel and its arrow normally locked until the lever ,g is again depressed4 ,the means for gauging the depression and additive degrees of action of the lever ,g is produced through the slides or keys marked a1 having finger-pieces c1 springs f1 and pins e1 bearing against the top of the lever ,g1 combined with what may be called a compensating lever marked ,k4 ,the specification of the patent states that the depression of a key will depress the lever ,g and the free end will engage the bent end t1 of the compensating lever ,k1 and rock its envolute curved arm ,m1 upward until it engages the pin e of the key1 which will block further motion of the parts4 ,the effectiveness of the construction shown for the lever ,k is open to question4 ,sidenote3 ,prime actuation of a carried wheel impossible in the ,spalding machine ,the carry of the hundreds is accomplished by means of a one-step ratchet device represented by the parts lever ,r1 pawl ,t1 spring ,p1 and operating pin g4 ,when the hundred-tooth ratchet nears the end of its revolution1 the pin g1 made fast therein1 engages the free end of the ratchet lever ,r1 and depresses it2 and as the hand attached to the hundred-tooth ratchet wheel passes from #ii to #j the pin g passes off the end of the ratchet lever ,r1 and the spring ,p retracts the lever ratcheting the twenty-tooth wheel and its arrow forward one point so that the arrow registers one point greater on the hundreds dial4 ,although the ,spalding means of control under carrying differed from that of ,bouchet in construction1 its function was virtually the same in that it locked the carried or higher wheel in such a manner as to prevent the wheel from being operated by an ordinal set of key mechanism4 ,and the control under key action would prevent a carry being delivered to that order through the locked relation of the ratchet and pawl ,e4 ,illustration ,the ,key-,driven ,calculator ,while these single-digit adding machines have been used to illustrate how the control1 which was lacking in the ,hill invention1 had been recognized by other inventors as a necessary requisite to the key-drive1 it should not be construed that such carrying control as had been applied to their inventions was of a type that could be used in the ,hill machine or in any multiple-order key-driven machine4 ,it was thirty years after the first attempt to control a key-driven machine was made before an operative multiple-order key-driven machine1 with a control that would prevent over-rotation1 was finally invented4 ,sidenote3 ,theory versus the concrete ,theoretically1 it would seem that the only feature or element lacking in the ,art prior to #ahhf1 to produce a real key-driven calculator was means that would control the carrying and also leave the carried wheel free for key actuation4 ,it was1 however1 quite a different problem4 ,theoretical functions may be patched together to make a theoretical machine2 but that is only theory and not the concrete4 ,sidenote3 ,all but one of the generic elements solved ,to take fragmental parts of such machines as were disclosed in the ,art and patch them together into anything practical was impossible1 even if one had been familiar with the ,art and could devise mechanism to supply the new element4 ,that is1 leaving aside the broad or generic theoretical elements1 which today1 from knowledge gained by later inventions1 serve the make-up of a key-driven calculator1 there was still lacking any concrete example or specific design of a whole machine1 as there was no such machine disclosed in the drawings of patents1 or any known mechanism which1 if arranged in multiples1 would be operative as a practical machine even if mechanism to supply the new element were to be added4 ,in other words1 while it is conceded from our present knowledge that all but one of the generic theoretical elements had been solved as disclosed in the various before-named machines1 it required the application of these elements in a different way from anything before disclosed2 which in itself required a different concrete form of the generic principles for the whole machine as well as a generic form of invention covering the new theoretical element4 ,it may be easy to analyze that which exists1 but quite a different story to conceive that which did not exist4 ,with reference to the ,art1 however1 the production of the new element is a feature that may be credited without question4 ,the concrete does not enter into it other than as proof that a new feature has been created4 ,sidenote3 ,originality of inventions ,while the discussion of the ,art from a scientific standpoint brings together in after years what has been accomplished by different inventors1 it is doubtful whether any of these early inventors had other knowledge than what may possibly have been obtained from seeing one of the foreign-made crank-driven machines4 ,all inventors work with an idea obtained from some source1 but on the whole few copy inventions of others4 ,when an ,art is fully established1 however1 and machines representing the ,art are to be found on the market and the principal features of such machines are portrayed in a later patent1 it may rightly be called a copy4 ,to assume1 however1 that a novice has taken the trouble to delve into the archives of the patent office and study the scattered theoretical elements of the ,art and supply a new element to make a combination that is needed to produce a practical key-driven calculator1 is not a probable assumption4 ,but allowing such assumption were possible1 it is evident that from anything that the ,art disclosed prior to #ahhg it was not possible to solve the concrete production of a key-driven calculator4 ,sidenote3 ,a conception which led to the final solution ,in #ahhd1 a young machinist1 while running a planer1 conceived an idea from watching its ratchet feed motion1 which was indirectly responsible for the final solution of the multiple-order key-driven calculating machine4 ,the motion1 which was like that to be found on all planing machines1 could be adjusted to ratchet one1 two1 three1 four or more teeth for a fine or coarse feed4 ,while there is nothing in such a motion that would in any way solve the problem of the modern calculator1 it was enough to excite the ambitions of the man who did finally solve it4 ,it is stated that the young man1 after months of thought1 made a wooden model1 which he finished early in #ahhe4 ,this model is extant1 and is illustrated on the opposite page4 ,the inventor was ,dorr ,e4 ,felt1 who is well known in the calculating machine ,art as the manufacturer of the 8,comptometer10 and in public life as a keen student of economic and scientific subjects4 ,the wooden model1 as will be noted1 was crude1 but it held the nucleus of the machine to come4 ,illustration3 8,macaroni ,box0 ,model ,illustration3 ,dorr ,e4 ,felt ,mr4 ,felt has given some interesting facts regarding his experience in making the wooden model4 ,sidenote3 ,evolution of an invention ,he says3 8,watching the planer-feed set me to scheming on ideas for a machine to simplify the hard grind of the bookkeeper in his day's calculation of accounts4 8,i realized that for a machine to hold any value to an accountant1 it must have greater capacity than the average expert accountant4 ,now ,i knew that many accountants could mentally add four columns of figures at a time1 so ,i decided that ,i must beat that in designing my machine4 ,therefore1 ,i worked on the principle of duplicate denominational orders that could be stretched to any capacity within reason4 ,the plan ,i finally settled on is displayed in what is generally known as the 8,macaroni ,box0 model4 ,this crude model was made under rather adverse circumstances4 8,the construction of such a complicated machine from metal1 as ,i had schemed up1 was not within my reach from a monetary standpoint1 so ,i decided to put my ideas into wood4 ,sidenote3 ,trials of an inventor 8,it was near ,thanksgiving ,day of #ahhd1 and ,i decided to use the holiday in the construction of the wooden model4 ,i went to the grocer's and selected a box which seemed to me to be about the right size for the casing4 ,it was a macaroni box1 so ,i have always called it the macaroni box model4 ,for keys ,i procured some meat skewers from the butcher around the corner and some staples from a hardware store for the key guides and an assortment of elastic bands to be used for springs4 ,when ,thanksgiving day came ,i got up early and went to work with a few tools1 principally a jack knife4 8,i soon discovered that there were some parts which would require better tools than ,i had at hand for the purpose1 and when night came ,i found that the model ,i had expected to construct in a day was a long way from being complete or in working order4 ,i finally had some of the parts made out of metal1 and finished the model soon after ,new ,year's day1 #ahhe40 ,sidenote3 ,the first 8,comptometer0 ,by further experimenting the scheme of the wooden model was improved upon1 and ,felt produced1 in the fall of #ahhf1 a finished practical machine made of metal4 ,this machine is illustrated on the opposite page4 ,,the ,,felt ,,calculating ,,machine ,referring to the illustration of ,felt's first metal machine1 it will be noted that the machine has been partly dismantled4 ,the model was robbed of some of its parts to be used as samples for the manufacture of a lot of machines that were made later4 ,in view of the fact that this machine is the first operative multiple-order key-driven calculating machine made1 it seems a shame that it had to be so dismantled2 but the remaining orders are operative and serve well to demonstrate the claims held for it4 ,sidenote3 ,felt patent #cga1dif ,the mechanism of the machine is illustrated in the reproduction of the drawings of ,felt's patent1 #cga1dif1 on page #eh4 ,the specification of this patent shows that it was applied for in ,march1 #ahhg1 and issued ,october #aa1 #ahhg4 ,from the outward appearance of the machine it has the same general scheme of formation as is disclosed in the wooden model4 ,illustration3 ,the ,first 8,comptometer0 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,from ,drawings of ,felt ,patent ,no4 #cga1dif ,sidenote3 ,description of ,felt calculator ,the constructional scheme of the mechanism consists of a series of numeral wheels1 marked ,a in the patent drawings4 ,each wheel is provided with a ratchet wheel1 and co-acting with the ratchet is a pawl mounted on a disc ,e1 carried by the pinion ,e1 which is rotatably mounted on the same axis as the numeral wheel4 ,the arrangement of these parts is such that a rotating motion given any of the pinions ,e1 in a clockwise direction1 as shown in the drawings1 would give a like action to their respective numeral wheels2 but any motion of the pinions in an anti-clockwise direction would have no effect on the numeral wheels1 owing to back-stop pawls ,k1 and stop-pins ,t1 provided to allow movement of the numeral wheels in but one direction4 ,co-acting with each pinion ,e1 is shown a long lever ,d1 pivoted at the rear of the machine and provided with a segmental gear rack which meshes with the teeth of the pinion ,e4 ,this lever comes under what is now generally termed a segment lever4 ,each lever is provided with a spring ,s1 which normally holds the front or rack end upward in the position shown in ,fig4 #a1 and has co-acting with it a series of nine depressable keys which protrude through the casing and contact with the upper edge of the lever4 ,the arrangement of the keys with their segment levers provides that the depression of any key will depress the segment lever of that order1 which in turn will rotate the pinion ,e and its numeral wheel4 ,while this arrangement is such that each key of a series gives a different degree of leverage action to the segment lever1 and in turn a degree of rotation to the numeral wheel of the same order in accordance with the numerical value of the key depressed1 it may be conceived that the momentum set up by the quick stroke of a key would set the numeral wheel spinning perhaps two or three revolutions1 or at any rate way beyond the point it should stop at to register correctly4 ,to preserve correct actuation of the mechanism and overcome its momentum1 ,felt provided a detent toothed lever for each numeral wheel1 which will be found marked ,j in the drawings4 ,to this lever he linked another lever ,g1 which extended below the keys1 and arranged the length of the key-stems so that when each key had revolved the numeral wheel the proper distance1 the key will have engaged the lever ,g1 and through the link connection will have caused the detent tooth of the lever ,j to engage one of the pins ,t1 of the numeral wheel1 thus bringing the numeral wheel and the whole train of mechanism to a dead stop4 ,this combination was timed so that the 7#a7 key would add one1 the 7#b7 key would add two1 etc41 up to nine for the 7#i7 key4 ,thus the prime actuation of each wheel was made safe and positive4 ,sidenote3 ,recapitulation of ,art prior to ,felt calculator ,before explaining the means by which the carry of the tens was effected in the ,felt machine without interfering with multiple-order prime actuation1 it will perhaps help the reader to recapitulate on what the ,art already offered4 ,going back to the ,art1 prior to ,felt's invention1 there are a few facts worth reconsidering that point to the broadly new contributions presented in the ,felt invention1 and combining these facts with a little theory may perhaps give a clearer understanding of what was put into practice4 ,in most lines of mechanical engineering in the past1 the term 8theory0 connected with mechanical construction was a bugaboo4 ,but the solution of the modern calculating machine was wholly dependent upon it4 ,let us summarize on the ,art1 prior to ,felt's invention4 ,a calculating machine that would calculate1 if we eliminate the key-driven feature1 was old4 ,the key-driven feature applied to adding mechanism was old as adapted to a single-order machine with a capacity for adding only a single column of digits4 ,sidenote3 ,why ,hill failed to produce an operative machine ,hill attempted to make a multiple order key-driven machine1 but failed because he did not theorize on the necessities involved in the physical laws of mechanics4 ,hill saw only the columnar arrangement of the ordinal division of the keyboard1 and his thought did not pass beyond such relation of the keys for conveyance4 ,there is no desire to belittle this feature1 but it did not solve the problem that was set forth in the specification and claims of his patent2 neither did it solve it for anyone else who wished to undertake the making of such a machine4 ,sidenote3 ,idiosyncrasies of force and motion increased by use of keys ,the introduction of keys as a driving feature in the calculating machine ,art demanded design and construction suitable to control the new idiosyncrasies of force and motion injected into the ,art by their use1 of which the elements of inertia and momentum were the most troublesome4 ,sidenote3 ,light construction a feature ,hill1 in the design and construction of his machine1 ignored these two elementary features of mechanics and paid the penalty by defeat4 ,the tremendous speed transmitted to the parts of a key-driven machine1 which has already been illustrated1 required that lightness in construction which is absolutely necessary to reduce inertia to a minimum1 should be observed4 ,the ,hill machine design is absolutely lacking in such thought4 ,the diameter of the numeral wheel and its heavy construction alone show this4 ,lightness of construction also enters into the control of momentum when the mechanism must suddenly be brought to a dead stop in its lightning-speed action4 ,a heavily-constructed numeral wheel like that shown in the ,hill patent would be as hard to check as it would to start1 even if ,hill had provided means for checking it4 ,strength of design and construction1 without the usual increase in weight to attain such end1 but above all1 the absolute control of momentum1 were features that had to be worked out4 ,robjohn partly recognized these features1 but he limited the application of such reasoning to the prime actuation of a single order1 and made nothing operable in a multiple key-driven machine4 ,spalding and ,bouchet recognized that the application of control was necessary for both prime actuation and carrying1 but1 like ,robjohn1 they devised nothing that would operate with a series of keys beyond a single order4 ,sidenote3 ,operative features necessary ,an operative principle for control under prime actuation was perhaps present in some of the single-order key-driven machines1 but whatever existed was applied to machines with keys arranged in the bank form of construction1 and1 to be used with the keys in columnar formation1 required at least a new constructive type of invention4 ,but none of the means of control for carrying1 prior to ,felt's invention1 held any feature that would solve the problem in a multiple-order machine4 ,sidenote3 ,classification of the features contained in the early ,art of key-driven machines ,while all the machines referred to have not been illustrated and described here1 fair samples of the type that have any pertinence to the ,art have been discussed1 and those not illustrated would add nothing more than has been shown4 ,a classification of the inventions referred to may be made as follows3 ,parmelee and ,stetner had no carrying mechanism2 ,hill1 ,robjohn1 ,borland and ,hoffman1 ,swem1 ,lindholm and ,smith had no control for the carry4 ,carroll1 ,bouchet and ,spalding show a control for the carrying action1 which in itself would defeat the use of a higher wheel for prime actuation1 and which obviously would also defeat its use in a multiple-order key-driven machine4 ,one of the principal reasons why theory was necessary to solve the problem of the key-driven calculator existed in the impossibility of seeing what took place in the action of the mechanism under the lightning speed which it receives in operation4 ,almost any old device could be made to operate if moved slow enough to see and study its action2 but the same mechanism that would operate under slow action would not operate correctly under the lightning-speed action they could receive from key depression4 ,only theoretical reasoning could be used to analyze the cause when key-driven mechanism failed to operate correctly4 ,sidenote3 ,carrying mechanism of ,felt's calculator ,referring again to the drawings of the ,felt patent1 which illustrate the first embodiment of a multiple-order key-driven calculating machine1 we find1 what ,felt calls in the claims and specifications1 a carrying mechanism for a multiple-order key-driven calculating machine4 ,this mechanism was1 as set forth in the specification1 a mechanism for transferring the tens1 which have been accumulated by one order1 to a higher order1 by adding one to the wheel of higher order for each accumulation of ten by the lower order wheel4 ,this1 in the ,felt machine1 as in most machines1 was effected by the rotation of a numbered drum1 called the numeral wheel1 marked with the nine digits and cipher4 ,sidenote3 ,transfer devices ,the term 8transfer device0 for such mechanism was in common use1 and as a term it fits certain parts of all classes of devices used for that purpose1 whether for a crank-driven1 key-driven1 or any other type of multiple-order or single-order machine4 ,but in the ,felt invention we find it was not the simple device generally used for transferring the tens4 ,it was1 in fact1 a combination of devices co-acting with each other which1 in the specification of the patent1 was termed the carrying mechanism4 ,sidenote3 ,carrying mechanism versus mere transfer devices ,now1 carrying mechanism may in a sense be termed a transfer device1 as one of its functions is that of transferring power to carry the tens1 but a mere transfer device may not be truthfully termed a carrying mechanism for a multiple-order key-driven machine unless it performs the functions that go to make up a correct carrying of the tens in that class of machine1 and which we find laid down under the head of carrying mechanism in the ,felt patents1 where we find the first operative carrying mechanism ever invented for a multiple-order key-driven machine4 ,the functions demanded of such a piece of mechanism are as follows3 ,first1 the storing of power to perform the carry2 second1 the unlocking of the numeral wheel to be carried2 third1 the delivery of the power stored to perform such carry2 fourth1 the stopping and locking of the carried wheel when it has been moved to register such carry2 and fifth1 clearing the carrying-lock during prime actuation4 ,a seemingly simple operation1 but let those who have tried to construct such mechanism judge2 they at least have some idea of it and they will no doubt bow their heads in acknowledgment of the difficulties involved in this accomplishment4 ,mechanism for carrying the tens in single digit adders was one thing1 and such as was used could well be called a transfer device2 but mechanism for carrying the tens in a real key-driven calculating machine was another thing1 and a feature not solved until ,felt solved it1 and justly called such combination of devices a 8carrying mechanism40 ,sidenote3 ,details of ,felt carrying mechanism ,in the ,felt machine1 the carrying mechanism consisted of a lever and ratchet pawl action1 constructed of the parts ,m1 m1 operated by a spring m1 the pawl acting upon the numeral wheel pins ,t1 to ratchet the wheel forward under the spring power4 ,the power in the spring was developed from the rotation of the lower wheel1 which through the means of an envolute cam#b attached to left side of each wheel1 operated the carrying lever in the opposite direction to that in which it was operated by the spring4 ,as the carrying lever passed the highest point of the cam spiral and dropped off1 the stored power in the spring retracted the lever ,m1 and the pawl m1 acting on the higher order wheel pins ,t1 and moved it one-tenth of a revolution4 #b ,,note3 ,as all the drawings of the ,felt patent are not reproduced here1 the cam is not shown4 ,this part of the mechanism was in principle an old and commonly-used device for a one-step ratchet motion used in the carry of the tens4 ,it served as a means of storing and transferring power from the lower wheel to actuate the higher wheel in a carrying operation1 but a wholly unqualified action without control4 ,in the ,felt machine a spring-actuated lever ,n1 mounted on the same axis with the carrying lever1 and provided with a detent stop-hook at its upper end1 served to engage the numeral wheel at the end of its carried action1 and normally hold it locked4 ,an arm or pin ,p1 fixed in and extending from the left side of the carrying lever and through a hole in the detent lever1 acted to withdraw the detent lever from its locking engagement with the numeral wheel as the carrying lever reached the extreme point of retraction2 thus the wheel to be carried was unlocked4 ,pivoted to the side of the detent lever is a catch ,o4 ,this catch or latch is so arranged as to hook on to a cross-rod q1 especially constructed to co-act with the catch and hold the detent lever against immediate relocking of the numeral wheel as the carrying lever and pawl act in a carrying motion4 ,the latch has a tail or arm p1 which co-acts with the pin ,p on the carrying lever in such a way as to release the latch as the carrying lever finishes its carrying function4 ,thus the detent lever ,n is again free to engage one of the control or stop-pins ,t to stop and lock the carried numeral wheel when the carrying lever and pawl1 through the action of the spring stored in the carrying1 has moved the wheel the proper distance4 ,illustration3 ,bill for ,first ,manufacturing ,tools of the 8,comptometer0 ,a lot of functions to take place in _/ of a second1 but it worked4 ,the timing of the stop and locking detents1 of course1 was one of the finest features4 ,illustration3 ,early ,comptometer ,the normal engagement of the carrying detent1 it may be understood1 would prevent the movement of the wheel by key action or prime actuation1 but the patent shows how ,felt overcame this4 ,the carrying stop and locking detent lever ,n is provided with a cam-arm or pin ,n1 which was arranged to co-act with the cam disc ,e 7see ,fig4 #a71 fast to the prime actuating pinion ,e4 ,the cam surface was short and performed its function during a short lost motion arranged to take place before the ratchet pawl would pick up and move the numeral wheel under key actuation4 ,the camming action was outward and away from the center1 and thus released the carrying stop from its locking position with the numeral wheel1 and continued rotation of the pinion and cam disc would hold the lock out of action until the parts had returned to normal4 ,with the return action of the keys1 segment lever1 pinion and cam disc1 through the action of a spring attached to the segment lever1 the carrying stop detent will again engage and lock the numeral wheel4 ,sidenote3 ,manufacture of the ,felt calculator ,felt really started to manufacture his calculating machine in the fall of #ahhf1 after perfecting his invention4 ,having only a very limited amount of money with which to produce machines1 young ,felt1 then but #bd years of age1 was obliged to make the machines himself1 but with the aid of some dies which he had made for some of the principal parts 7see reproduction of bill for dies on opposite page71 he was able to produce eight finished machines before ,september1 #ahhg4 ,two of these machines were immediately put into service1 for the training of operators1 as soon as they were finished4 ,sidenote3 ,trade name of ,felt calculator ,of the first trained operators to operate these machines1 which were given the trademark name 8,comptometer10 one was ,geo4 ,d4 ,mackay1 and another was ,geo4 ,w4 ,martin4 ,after three or four months' practice ,mr4 ,martin demonstrated one of these machines to such firms as ,sprague1 ,warner ,co41 ,pitkin ,brooks1 ,the ,chicago ,daily ,news1 and the ,chicago1 ,burlington ,quincy ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 and finally took employment with the ,equitable ,gas ,light ,fuel ,co4 of ,chicago 7see letter on opposite page7 as operator of the 8,comptometer40 ,the ,gas ,co4 has since been merged with several other companies into the ,peoples ,gas ,light ,coke ,co4 of ,chicago4 ,a very high testimonial of the qualities of the ,felt invention was given by ,mr4 ,martin in #ahhh1 a year after he entered the employment of the ,gas ,co41 and is reproduced on page #gb4 ,another fine testimonial was given by ,geo4 ,a4 ,yulle1 ,secy4 ,treas4 of the ,chicago ,gas ,light ,coke ,co41 in ,september1 #ahhh 7see page #gd74 ,mr4 ,mackay1 the other operator1 secured employment with ,albert ,dickinson ,co41 ,seed ,merchants1 as operator of the 8,comptometer40 ,mr4 ,mackay was interviewed a few months ago1 and was at that time1 after thirty years1 still with the same firm1 and a strong advocate of the 8,comptometer40 ,illustration3 ,letter from ,geo4 ,w4 ,martin ,illustration3 ,testimonial ,illustration3 ,testimonial ,illustration ,illustration3 ,letters from ,elliott and ,rosecrans ,sidenote3 ,felt calculator ,exhibit at ,national ,museum ,in ,september1 #ahhg1 ,felt took one of the first eight machines to ,washington and exhibited it to ,gen4 ,w4 ,s4 ,rosecrans1 then ,registrar of the ,treasury1 and left the machine in the office of ,dr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,elliott1 ,actuary of the ,treasury1 where it was put into constant use4 ,proof of the date of this use of ,felt's invention in the ,treasury is set forth in the reproduction of two letters 7see opposite page71 one was written by ,mr4 ,elliott and another by ,gen4 ,w4 ,s4 ,rosecrans1 in answer to an inquiry of the ,hall ,typewriter ,co4 of ,salem1 ,mass4 ,another of the first eight machines was placed with ,dr4 ,daniel ,draper1 of the ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,weather ,bureau1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,felt finally closed a deal with ,mr4 ,robert ,tarrant of ,chicago1 whereby a partnership contract was signed ,november #bh1 #ahhg4 ,the partnership was incorporated ,january #be1 #ahhi1 under the name of the ,felt ,tarrant ,mfg4 ,co41 who are still manufacturing and selling 8,comptometers0 under that name4 ,sidenote3 ,significant proof of ,felt's claim of priority ,laying aside all the evidence set forth in the foregoing history of key-driven machines and their idiosyncrasies1 significant proof of ,felt's claim as the first inventor of the modern calculating machine is justified by the fact that no other multiple-order key-driven calculating machine was placed on the market prior to #aijb4 ,lest we lose sight of a most important feature in dealing with the ,art of the ,modern ,calculator1 we should call to mind the fact that as ,felt was the originator of this type of machine1 he was also the originator of the scheme of operation in its performance of the many and varied short cuts in arithmetical calculation4 ,the performance of calculation on machines of the older ,art differed so entirely from the new that any scheme of operation that may have been devised for their use would lend nothing to the derivation of the new process for operating the key-driven machine of the new ,art4 ,sidenote3 ,rules for operation an important factor of modern calculator ,a superficial examination of one of the instruction books of the 8,comptometer0 will convince most any one that it is not only the mechanism of the machine that made the modern calculator so valuable to the business world1 but also the schemes laid down for its use4 ,the instructions for figuring ,multiplication1 ,subtraction1 ,division1 ,square ,root1 ,cube ,root1 ,interest1 ,exchange1 ,discount1 ,english ,currency1 etc41 involved hard study to devise such simple methods and rules4 ,the instruction books written by ,felt for the 8,comptometer1 the ,modern ,calculator10 reflect the genius disclosed in the invention of the machine itself4 ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration3 ,from ,drawings of ,barbour ,patent ,no4 #acc1ahh ,early ,efforts in the ,recording ,machine ,art ,the ,art of recording the addition of columns of figures is old in principle1 but not in practice4 ,many attempts to make a machine that would record legibly under all conditions failed4 ,these attempts have been pointed out from time to time as the first invention of the recording-adding machine1 especially by those desirous of claiming the laurels4 ,sidenote3 ,first attempt to record arithmetical computation ,the first attempt at arithmetical recording for which a patent was issued1 was made by ,e4 ,d4 ,barbour in #ahgb 7see illustration on opposite page74 ,e4 ,d4 ,barbour has also the honor of being the first inventor to apply ,napier's principle to mechanism intended to automatically register the result of multiplying a number having several ordinal places by a single digit without mentally adding together the overlapping figures resulting from direct multiplication4 ,he patented this machine in #ahgb just prior to the issue of his arithmetical recorder patent4 7,see page #aha47 ,,the ,,barbour ,,machine ,the printing device disclosed in connection with the ,barbour machine for recording calculations was of the most simple nature1 allowing only for the printing of totals and sub-totals4 ,its manipulation consisted of placing a piece of paper under a hinged platen and depressing the platen by hand in the same manner that a time stamp is used4 ,the ink had to be daubed on the type by a hand operation to make legible the impressions of the type4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,barbour machine ,the patent drawings of the ,barbour machine are so fragmentary that it is almost impossible to draw any conclusion as to its functions without reading the specifications4 ,fig4 #a represents the base of the machine1 while ,fig4 #d shows a carriage which1 when in place1 is superimposed above the base as illustrated in ,figs4 #c and #e4 ,the operation of the machine is performed by first pulling out the slides ,b 7shown in ,fig4 #a71 which set the digital degrees of actuation of each order2 and1 second1 by operating the hand-lever ,k1 from its normal position at #j to #a1 if it is desired to add1 or to any of the other numbers in accordance to the value of the multiplier if multiplication is desired4 ,the movement of the handle ,k1 from one figure to the other1 gives a reciprocation to the carriage1 so that for each figure a reciprocation will take place4 ,each of the slides ,b1 has a series of nine gear racks2 each rack has a number of teeth ranging progressively from #a tooth for the first gear rack to #i teeth for the last rack1 thus the pulling out of the slides ,b will present one of the gear racks in line to act upon the accumulator mechanism of the carriage as the carriage is moved back and forth over it4 ,the accumulator mechanism consists of the register wheels ,m and ,m and the type wheels ,m and ,m mounted on a common arbor and a carry transfer device between the wheels of each order4 ,operating between the accumulator wheels and the racks of plate ,b are a pair of gears1 one in the form of a lantern wheel loosely mounted on the accumulator wheel shaft but connected thereto by a ratchet wheel and pawl connection2 the other1 a small pinion meshing with the lantern wheel on a separate axis1 protrudes below the carriage into the path of the racks4 ,thus as the carriage is moved by the reciprocating device connected with the hand-lever ,k1 the pinions of the accumulator will engage whatever racks have been set and the numeral wheels and type wheels will be operated to give the result4 ,the numeral and type wheels have two sets of figures1 one of which is used for addition and multiplication1 while the other set runs in the opposite direction for negative computation or subtraction and division4 ,a plate arranged with sight apertures covers the numeral or register wheels1 while the type wheels are left uncovered to allow a hinged platen ,f1 mounted on the top of the carriage 7see ,fig4 #c71 to be swung over on top of them and depressed4 ,attached to the platen ,f1 are a series of spring clips d1 under which strips of paper may be slipped 7as shown by ,d1 in ,fig4 #d71 and which serves to hold the paper while an impression is taken4 ,sidenote3 ,barbour machine not practical ,thus the ,barbour invention stands in the ,art as something to show that as early as #ahgb an effort was made to provide means to preserve a record of calculations by printing the totals of such calculations4 ,,the ,,baldwin ,,machine ,the next effort in this class of machines is illustrated in a patent issued to ,frank ,s4 ,baldwin in #ahge 7see illustration on opposite page74 ,the ,baldwin machine is also of moment as having the scheme found in the machines known as the ,brunsviga1 made under the ,odhner patents--a foreign invention1 later than that of ,baldwin1 used extensively abroad and to a limited extent in this country4 ,the contribution of ,baldwin to the ,art of recording-calculating devices seems to be only the roll-paper in ribbon form and the application of the ink ribbon4 ,the method used by ,barbour for type impression was adapted and used by ,baldwin2 that is1 the hinged platen and its operation by hand4 ,of the illustrations shown of the ,baldwin machine1 one is reproduced from the drawings of the patent while the other is a photo reproduction of the actual machine which was placed on the market1 but1 as may be noted1 minus the printing or recording device shown in the patent drawings4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,baldwin machine ,referring to the photo reproduction1 the upper row of figures showing through the sight apertures in the casing are those of the numeral wheels which accumulate the totals1 and which in the patent drawings would represent the type of the accumulator wheels for printing the totals of addition and multiplication or the remainders of subtraction and division4 ,illustration3 ,from ,drawings of ,baldwin ,patent ,no4 #aei1bdd ,illustration3 ,baldwin ,machine ,the figures showing below serve to register multiples of addition and subtraction which would read as the multiplier in multiplications or the quotient in division4 ,these wheels are the type wheels ,n1 in the patent drawings1 which serve the purpose of recording the named functions of calculation4 ,the means by which the type wheels of the upper row are turned through the varying degrees of rotation they receive to register the results of calculation1 consists of a crank-driven1 revolvable drum1 marked ,e1 which is provided with several denominational series of projectable gear teeth h1 which may be made to protrude through the drum by operation of the digital setting-knobs g1 situated on the outside of the drum4 ,these knobs1 as shown in the patent drawings1 are fast to radial arms1 each of which serves as one of three spokes of a half-wheel device1 operating inside the drum and pivoted on the inner hub of the drum4 ,these half wheels marked ,f1 in the drawings1 by means of their cam faces h1 serve to force the gear teeth out through the face of the drum1 or let them recede under the action of their springs as the knobs g1 are operated forward and back in the slots x1 of the drum provided for the purpose4 ,as will be noted from the photographic reproduction of the machine1 these slots are notched to allow the arms extending through them to be locked in nine different radial positions1 and that each of these positions are marked progressively from #j to #i4 ,this arrangement allows the operator to set up numbers in the different orders by springing the setting-knobs g to the left and pulling them forward to the number desired1 where it will become locked in the notch when released4 ,this action will have forced out as many gear teeth in each order as have been set up by the knobs g in their respective orders4 ,the lateral positions of the projectable gear teeth correspond to the spacing of the type-wheels1 and an intermediate gear ,g1 meshing with each type1 or register wheel1 is loosely mounted on the shaft ,h1 interposed between the said wheels and the actuating drum ,e1 so that when the drum is revolved by the crank provided for that purpose1 the gear teeth protruding from the drum will engage the intermediate gears ,g1 and turn them and their type or register wheels as many of their ten points of rotation as have been set up in their respective orders of the setting devices of the drum4 ,revolving the drum in one direction adds1 while revolving it in the opposite direction subtracts1 and repeated revolutions in either direction give respectively the multiple forms of addition or subtraction which result in either multiplication or division1 as the case may be4 ,the actuating drum ,e1 is provided with means by which it may be shifted to the left to furnish means for multiplying by more than one factor and to simplify the process of division4 ,the means for the carry of the tens consist of a series of teeth i1 formed by the bent end of a pivoted spring-pressed lever arm which is pivoted to the inside of the actuating drum with the tooth protruding through a slot in the drum1 so arranged as to allow motion of the tooth in a direction parallel to the drum axis4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,from ,drawings of ,pottin ,patent ,no4 #cab1jad ,normally these teeth are held in a position to escape engagement with the intermediate gears ,g1 but provision is made for camming the teeth i1 to the left into the path of an intermediate gear of one order as the type or register wheel of the lower order passes from #i to #j4 ,the parts which perform this function are the cam m1 located on the left side of each wheel1 the plunger ,m1 which operates in the fixed shaft ,h1 and which has a ,t-shaped head that1 when projected into the path of the carrying teeth i1 serve to cam them sidewise and bring about the engagement referred to1 which results in the higher type or numeral wheel being stepped forward one space4 ,the cam-lugs j on the drum serve to engage and push back the ,t heads of the cam plungers ,m1 after they have brought about the one-step movement of the higher wheel4 ,sidenote3 ,baldwin's printing mechanism ,the printing device consists of a hand-manipulated frame pivoted to the main frame of the machine by the shaft t4 ,the paper is supplied from a roll about the shaft t1 and an ink-ribbon is fed back and forth from the rolls u and u over bars of the printing-frame which protrude through slots in the casing and act as platens for the impression of the paper and ink-ribbon against the type4 ,it is presumed that the paper was torn off after a record was printed in the same manner as in the more modern machines4 ,,the ,,pottin ,,machine ,eight years after the ,baldwin patent was issued1 a ,frenchman named ,henry ,pottin1 residing in ,paris1 ,france1 invented a machine for recording cash transactions1 which he patented in ,england in #ahhc and in the ,united ,states in #ahhe 7see illustration on opposite page74 ,the form and design of the machine1 as will be noted1 correspond quite favorably with the scheme of the present-day cash register1 although it lacks the later refinement that has made the cash register acceptable from a visible point of view4 ,sidenote3 ,first key-set crank-operated machine and first attempt to record the items in addition ,the ,pottin invention is named here as the first in which two of the prime principles of the recording-adders of today are disclosed2 one is the depressable key-set feature and the other is the recording of the numerical items4 ,the ,pottin machine was the first known depressable key-set crank-operated machine made to add columns of figures and the first machine in which an attempt was made to print the numerical items as they were added4 ,turning to the illustration of the ,u4 ,s4 patent drawings of the ,pottin machine1 the reader will note that there are four large wheels shown1 marked ,b4 ,these wheels are what may be called the type-wheels1 although they also serve as indicator wheels for registering cash sales4 ,the type figures are formed by a series of needles fixed in the face of the wheels4 ,the means employed for presenting the proper type figure for printing and likewise the indicator figures to indicate the amount set up in each denominational order was as follows3 ,referring to ,fig4 #a1 it will be noted that to each type-wheel is geared a spring-actuated segmental rack marked ,d1 which1 as shown in the drawing1 is in contact with a pin marked i1 which protrudes from the side of the depressed number 7#i7 key4 ,the normal position of the rack ,d1 is indicated in dotted lines showing the next higher sector which has not been displaced by key depression4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,pottin machine ,each key1 as will be noted from ,fig4 #g1 is provided with one of the pins i1 which is normally out of the path of the lug j1 as the racks ,d1 drop forward2 but when any key is depressed the pin is presented in the path of the lug j1 and stops further forward action of the rack4 ,it will be noted that the arrangement of the keys is such as will allow progressively varying degrees of action to the segmental racks ,d4 ,this variation1 combined with the geared relation of the type-wheels and racks is equivalent to a tenth of a rotation of the type-wheel for each successive key in the order of their arrangement from #a to #i4 ,the means provided for holding the segmental racks ,d1 at normal1 also serves to hold a key of the same order depressed1 and consists of a pivoted spring-pressed latch-frame marked ,e 7see ,figs4 #g and #h74 ,with such a combination1 the depression of keys in the several orders will unlatch the segmental racks1 and the racks1 through the tension of their actuating springs1 will turn the wheels and present a type corresponding to the numerical value of each key depressed4 ,a hand lever1 marked ,r1 located on left side of the machine provides power for printing the items4 ,another hand lever1 marked ,j1 serves to restore the segmental racks1 type-wheels and the keys to normal1 and through the co-operation of the lever ,r1 adds the items to the totalizer numeral wheels1 which are shown in ,fig4 #a as the numbered wheels marked v4 ,the paper is supplied from a roll mounted on a hinged platen frame ,p1 supported in its normal position by a spring ,p4 ,the paper passes under the roller ,p1 which acts as a platen for the impression of the type4 ,a shaft ,q1 passing under the frame ,p1 is fast and rigidly connected on the left-hand side of the machine with the hand lever ,r1 and acts as a pivot for the said lever and by means of lateral projections q1 serves when the lever ,r is operated to engage the frame ,p1 and depresses it until the needle types have pricked the numerical items through the paper4 ,a slit in the casing provided means for printing the item on a separate piece of paper or bill4 ,although there is no means shown by which the paper is fed after an item is printed1 it is claimed in the specification that the well-known means for such feeding may be employed4 ,the actuating lever ,j referred to1 is connected by a ratchet and geared action with the shaft ,f#c1 so that a revolution is given the said shaft each time the lever is operated4 #c ,,note3 ,all the drawings of the ,pottin patent are not shown here4 ,to the shaft ,f1 7see ,fig4 #a7 is attached a series of arms ,h1 one for each order1 which1 as the shaft revolves in the direction of the arrow1 engages a lug marked ,i1 on the segmental racks ,d1 thus rocking the segments back to normal1 turning the type-wheels with them4 ,the return of the segment racks ,d1 cause the back of the latch-tooth f1 7see ,fig4 #h7 to engage the latch-tooth f1 of the latch bar ,e1 camming it out of engagement with the keys so that any key that has been set will return by means of its own spring4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,from ,drawings of ,burroughs ,patent ,no4 #chh1aah ,illustration3 ,wm4 ,s4 ,burroughs ,the total or accumulator numeral wheels are connectable with the type or indicating wheels ,b1 by an engaging and disengaging gear motion set up by the combined action of the hand levers ,r and ,j1 which first cause such gear engagement1 and then1 through the return of the type wheels to zero1 turn the accumulator wheels1 thus transferring the amount of the item set upon the type wheels to the accumulator wheels4 ,the specification claims the machine is intended for use by cashiers1 bank-tellers1 and others1 to record receipts or disbursements4 ,it is also claimed in the specification that instead of the needle type ordinary type may be used in combination with an inking ribbon if so desired4 ,sidenote3 ,early efforts of ,wm4 ,s4 ,burroughs ,one of the next attempts to produce a recording-adder was made by ,wm4 ,s4 ,burroughs1 whose name sixteen years later was used to rename the ,american ,arithmometer ,co41 now known as the ,burroughs ,adding ,machine ,co4 ,the first patent issued to ,burroughs1 ,no4 #chhaaf1 under date of ,august #ba1 #ahhh1 like the machine of ,barbour and ,baldwin1 was designed to record only the final result of calculation4 ,on the same date1 but of later application1 another patent1 ,no4 #chhaah1 was issued to ,burroughs which claimed to combine the recording of the numerical items and the recording of the totals in one machine4 ,some of the drawings of this patent have been reproduced4 7,see opposite page47 ,,machine ,,of ,,early ,,burroughs ,,patent ,referring to the drawings of the ,burroughs patent1 it will be noted1 that in outward form1 the machine is similar to the ,burroughs machine of today4 ,to give a detailed description of the construction of the machine of this ,burroughs patent would make tedious reading and take unnecessary space4 ,sidenote3 ,general scheme of ,burroughs' first inventions ,the principle involved in the mechanism for recording the items is very similar to that of the ,pottin invention2 the setting of the type wheels being effected as in the ,pottin machine by means of segment gears which the depression of the keys serves to unlatch1 and acts to gauge the additive degree of their movement4 ,burroughs used the inking form of type proposed as an alternative by ,pottin in his patent specification instead of the needles shown in the ,pottin drawings4 ,in the ,burroughs patent1 as in the ,pottin1 it will be noted that there are two sets of wheels bearing figures1 one set of which1 marked ,j1 situated at the rear1 are the type-wheels1 and the other set1 marked ,a1 at the front of the machine1 are for the accumulation of the totals4 ,for each denominational order of the type and total wheels1 there is provided an actuating segmental gear1 consisting of a two-armed segmental lever pivoted to the shaft ,c1 and having the gear teeth of its rear arm constantly in mesh with the pinion gear of the type-wheel ,j1 and the gear teeth of the forward arm normally presented to1 but out of mesh with the pinion gear of its total wheel ,a4 ,each of these denominational actuators or segment gears is provided with a stop projection ,x1 at the top end of its forward gear rack1 which serves as a means for interrupting the downward movement of that end of the segment lever1 and thus controls its movement as a denominational actuator4 ,it will be noted that instead of the key-stems acting directly as a stop for the denominational actuators1 as in the ,pottin invention1 ,burroughs used a bell crank type of key lever and the stop-wire ,c as an intermediate means1 and in this manner produced a flat keyboard more practical for key manipulation4 ,sidenote3 ,brief description of machine of early ,burroughs patents ,the stop-wires ,c1 as will be noted1 are arranged to slide in slots of the framework1 and while normally not presented in the path of the stop-projection ,x1 of the denominational actuators1 it may be observed that by the depression of the proper key any one of them may be drawn rearward and into the path of the stop projection ,x1 of its related actuator1 and thus serve as a means to intercept the downward action of the actuator4 ,the denominational actuators in the ,burroughs machine were not provided with spring tension that would cause them to act as soon as unlatched by depression of the keys as has been described in relation to the ,pottin invention4 ,while the keys in the ,burroughs machine1 as in the ,pottin invention1 served also to unlatch the denominational actuators in their respective orders1 no movement of the said actuators or type-wheels took place until a secondary action was performed4 ,the secondary action1 or the operation of the hand lever1 marked ,c1 attached to the shaft ,c1 on its initial or forward stroke dragged the denominational actuators down by means of friction and thus set the type-wheels1 and by means claimed in the specification1 brought about the type impression to print the result of the key-setting or the item so set4 ,the backward or rear stroke of the hand lever caused the accumulator or total numeral wheels to be engaged and the item to be added to them4 ,from this single lever action it will be noted that there is an improvement shown over and above the ,pottin invention in the fact that but one lever motion is required2 ,pottin having provided two levers so that in the event of error the operation of one lever would reset the machine without performing any addition or printing4 ,in the ,burroughs invention1 the motion of denominational actuators and their type-wheels not being effected through depression of keys1 as in the ,pottin machine1 allowed any error in the setting up of an item to be corrected by the resetting of the keys and relatching of the gears1 which it is claimed was provided for by operation of the lever marked ,b 7,fig4 #a of the drawings74 ,as a means of supplying power to his denominational actuators1 ,burroughs provided what may be called a universal actuator common to all orders1 composed of a rock-frame 7arms ,d1 loose on each end of actuating shaft ,c1 and having their outward ends rigidly connected by the bar a7 and the arms ,e1 fixed to each end of the shaft ,c4 ,projecting from the inside of each of the arms ,e1 are two lugs1 b and b1 which contact with the arms ,d of the rock-frame as the shaft ,c is rocked back and forth by its hand crank ,c1 and thus lower and raise the rock-frame4 ,the means employed to transmit the reciprocating action of the universal actuator to such denominational actuators as may be unlatched by key depression1 consists of a series of spring-pressed arc-shaped levers ,d1 pivoted to the rock-frame bar a1 which bear against a pin b fixed in the front arm of the denominational actuators4 ,each of the levers ,d1 is provided with a notch y1 which serves on the downward action of the rock-frame to engage the pins b1 of the denominational actuators and draw down with them such actuators as have been unlatched by key depression and to pass over the pins of such actuators as have not been unlatched4 ,when in the course of such downward movement the denominational actuators are intercepted by the stop-wires ,c1 the yielding spring pressure of the levers ,d1 allow the notches y1 to slip over the pins b1 and leave the denominational actuators and their type-wheels set for recording the item thus set up4 ,the means provided for impression of the type is shown in other drawings of a patent not reproduced here4 ,the means provided consisted of a universal platen1 which1 the specification states1 serves to press the ink-ribbon and paper against the type after all the figures of each item were set4 ,while ,barbour1 ,baldwin and ,pottin all used the universal platen to print the collective setting of type represented in the items or totals1 as the case may be1 each varied somewhat in detail4 ,baldwin used a toggle to press the platen toward the type1 while ,burroughs used a spring to press the platen against the type and a toggle to press it away from the type4 ,burroughs claimed to have combined in his invention the printing of the totals1 with the printing of the items1 each of which it has been shown was claimed by the patentees of previous inventions but had not been combined in one machine prior to the ,burroughs attempt4 ,the process for recording these totals in the ,burroughs patent consisted of utilizing the action of the total wheels during their resetting or zeroizing movement to gauge the setting of the type-wheels4 ,the specification shows that1 during the downward motion or setting of the denominational actuators1 as they set the type wheels1 the numeral wheels are out of gear and receive no motion therefrom2 and that after the recording of each item and during the return motion of denominational actuators1 the numeral or total wheels are revolved forward in their accumulative action of adding the items and thus registering the total4 ,provision is made1 however1 when it is desired to print the totals1 to cause the totalizing wheels to enmesh with the denominational actuators on their downward or setting movement1 and for the unlatching of all the racks so that by operating the hand lever ,c1 the downward action of the racks will reverse the action of the totalizing wheels1 which will revolve backward until the zeros show at the visible reading point1 where they will be arrested by stops provided for that purpose4 ,by this method the forward rotation accumulated on each wheel will1 through the reverse action of zeroizing1 give a like degree of action to the type-wheels through the denominational actuators4 ,thus the registration of the total wheels1 it is claimed1 will be transferred to the type-wheels and the record printed thereof as a footing to the column of numerical items that have been added4 ,sidenote3 ,all early arithmetical printing devices impractical ,to pass judgment on the recording machines of the patents that have been described1 from the invention of ,barbour to that of ,burroughs1 demands consideration1 first1 as to whether in any of the machines of these patents the primary features of legible recording were present4 ,the question as to operativeness respecting other features is of no consideration until it is proven that the means disclosed for recording was practical4 ,as non-recording adding or calculating machines they were not of a type that could compete with the more speedy key-driven machines dealt with in the preceding chapters2 therefore without the capacity for legible recording1 these patents must stand as representing a nonentity or as statutory evidence of the ineffective efforts of those who conceived the scheme of their make-up and attempted to produce a recording-adding machine4 ,without the capacity for legible recording1 of what avail is it that the machine of one of these patents should disclose advantages over another8 ,it may be conceded that there are features set forth in the ,pottin and ,burroughs patents that if operatively combined with legible recording would disclose quite an advanced state of the ,art at the time they were patented4 ,but credit for such an operative combination cannot be given until it exists4 ,there is no desire to question the ingenuity displayed by any of these inventors1 but in seeking the first practical recording-adding or calculating machine we must first find an operative machine of that type2 one which will record in a practical and legible manner regardless of its other qualifications4 ,sidenote3 ,practical method for recording disclosed later ,the fact that the fundamental principle used for the impression of the type in the practical recorder of today is not displayed in any of these inventions1 raises the question as to the effective operativeness of the printing scheme disclosed in the patents of these early machines4 ,in each of the four alleged recording-adding machine patents described1 it will be noted that the means employed for printing was that of pressing the paper against the group of type by means of a universal platen or plate4 ,while with such a combination it may be possible to provide a set pressure great enough to legibly print a numerical item or total having eight to ten figures through an ink ribbon1 it would not be practical to use the same pressure to print a single-digit figure1 as it would cause the type to break through the paper4 ,and yet in the numerical items and totals that have to be recorded in machines of the class under consideration1 such wide variation is constantly encountered4 ,we are all familiar with the typewriter and the legible printing it produces4 ,but suppose instead of printing each letter separately the whole word should be printed at once by a single-key depression1 then1 of course1 single-letter words1 such as the article 8a0 or the pronoun 8,i0 would also have to be printed by a single-key depression4 ,in this supposition we find a parallel of the requirements of a recording-adding machine4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,drawings of ,ludlum ,patent ,no4 #chd1cgc ,sidenote3 ,inoperative features of early recording mechanism ,if it were possible to so increase the leverage of the typewriter keys enough to cause a word of ten letters to be printed as legibly as a single letter is now printed1 ten times the power would have to be delivered at the type-head4 ,then think what would happen with that same amount of power applied to print the letter 8a10 or letter 8,i40 ,you would not question that under such conditions the type would break a hole in the paper4 ,and yet the patentees of the said described inventions wanted the public to believe that their inventions were operative4 ,but to be operative as recording-adding machines1 they must meet such variable conditions as described4 ,it is useless to believe that a variation of from one to ten or more type could be printed by a set amount of pressure through an ink-ribbon and be legible under all circumstances4 ,while the needle-type of ,pottin may have printed the items legibly enough for a cash register1 it would not serve the purpose of a record for universal use4 ,the use of regular type and the inking ribbon proposed in his specification would bring it within the inoperative features named4 ,,the ,,ludlum ,,machine ,in #ahhh1 about two months prior to the issue of the ,burroughs recording machine patent just referred to1 a patent was issued to ,a4 ,c4 ,ludlum for an adding and writing-machine4 7,see illustration on opposite page47 ,sidenote3 ,adding mechanism attached to typewriter ,it will be noted by reference to the drawings that the scheme is that of a typewriter with an adding mechanism attached4 ,the details of the typewriter may be omitted1 as most of us are familiar with typewriters4 ,a feature that differed from the regular typewriter1 however1 was that the machine printed figures only and the carriage operated in the opposite direction1 thus printing from right to left instead of left to right4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,ludlum machine ,a series of numeral wheels and their devices for the transfer of the tens1 designed to register the totals1 are shown mounted in a shiftable frame connected with the bar marked ,f1 with the typewriter carriage1 and is claimed to move therewith4 ,each numeral wheel is provided with a gear marked ,g1 which1 as the carriage moves after writing or printing each figure of the item1 is supposed to slide into mesh one at a time with an adding gear marked ,h1 the engagement taking place from right to left4 ,or beginning with the right or units numeral wheel a higher order numeral wheel gear is supposed to shift through movement of the carriage into engagement with the adding gear ,h1 each time a key is depressed4 ,the adding gear ,h1 is supposed to receive varying degrees of rotation from the keys according to their numerical marking and to rotate the numeral wheel with which it happens to be engaged1 a corresponding number of its ten marked points of registration4 ,between the adding gear ,h1 and the keys which act to drive it1 is a ratchet and gear device consisting of the ratchet pawl pivoted to the adding gear ,h1 the ratchet ,i1 and its pinion gear1 the segment gear ,i fast to the rock shaft ,i1 the nine arms ,i fast to the rock shaft and the pins ,i1 which are arranged in the key levers to contact with and depress the arms ,i of the rock shaft varying distances1 according to the value of the key depressed4 ,that is1 supposing that the full throw of the key-lever was required to actuate the rock shaft with its gear and ratchet connection to give nine-tenths of a revolution to the numeral wheel in adding the digit nine1 the pin ,i in the 7#i7 key-lever would in that case be in contact with its arm ,i1 of the rock shaft1 but the pins ,i1 of each of the other key levers would be arranged to allow lost motion before the pin should engage its arm ,i of the rock shaft1 in accordance with the difference of their adding value4 ,according to the specification1 ,ludlum evidently had the idea that he could stop the adding gear ,h1 while under the high rate of speed it would receive from a quick depression of a key1 by jabbing the detent ,j between the fine spacing of the gear teeth shown in his drawing4 ,but to those familiar with the possibility of such stop devices1 its inoperativeness will be obvious2 not that the principle properly applied would not work1 for its application by ,felt prior to that of ,ludlum proved the possibilities of this method of gauging additive actuation4 ,the detent lever ,j1 as shown in the drawings1 is operated by the hinged plate ,d1 through action of the key levers1 as any one of them are depressed4 ,under depression of a key1 the hinged plate ,d1 being carried down with it1 engages the arm ,j of the detent and throws the tooth at its upper end into the teeth of the gear ,h4 ,the timing of the entry of the tooth of the detent is supposed to be gauged to enter the right tooth1 but as the action of these parts is fast1 slow or medium at the will of the operator1 considerable time must be allowed for variation in the entry of the detent tooth1 which requires space1 as certain parts will fly ahead under the sudden impact they may receive from a quick stroke1 where they would not under a slow stroke1 but no allowance was provided for such contingency4 ,the means provided for the carry of the tens consist of the gears ,g1 meshing with the numeral wheel gears and the single gear tooth g1 attached to it1 which1 at each revolution of the lower wheel1 as it passes from #i to #j1 engages the gear of the numeral wheel of higher denomination and was supposed to turn the higher gear one-tenth of a revolution1 thus registering one greater4 ,on account of the ,gears ,g1 of one order and the gear tooth g1 of another order operating on the same numeral wheel gear1 the transfer gears are arranged alternately on separate shafts1 one at the side and one below the numeral wheels4 ,sidenote3 ,ludlum machine inoperative ,the mechanical scheme disclosed in the ,ludlum patent1 to the unsophisticated may seem to be operative4 ,but to those familiar with the ,art of key-driven adding mechanism it will at once be obvious that even if the typewriter feature was constructed properly the possibility of correctly adding the items as they were printed was absolutely impossible4 ,laying aside several other features of inoperativeness1 obvious to those who know such mechanism1 the reader1 although not versed in the ,art of key-driven adding mechanism1 will observe from the preceding chapter1 that the means provided for transferring the tens without any control for the numeral wheels against over-rotation1 would make correct addition impossible4 ,the drawings and specification of the ,ludlum patent disclose a mere dream and show that they were not copied from the make-up of an operative machine4 ,it was a daring scheme and one that none but a dreamer would undertake to construct in the method shown4 ,there have in later years been some successful ten-key recording machines made and sold1 but they were of a very different design and principle4 ,there have also been several adding attachments made and sold that could be adjusted to a regular commercial typewriter that are claimed to be dependable1 but none of these machines were early enough to be claimed as the first operative recording-adding machine1 or the first adding machine in which the principle used for the legible recording of the numerical items used in the machines of today may be found4 ,illustration ,,first ,,practical ,,recorders ,the fact that ,barbour1 ,baldwin1 ,pottin1 ,ludlum and ,burroughs attempted to produce a recording-adding machine shows that as far back as #ahgb1 and at periods down to #ahhh1 there was at least in the minds of these men a conception of the usefulness of such a machine1 and the fact that there were five with the same thought is fairly good evidence of the need for a machine of this class4 ,sidenote3 ,burroughs a bank clerk ,in some of the human-interest articles issued through the advertising department of the ,burroughs ,adding ,machine ,co4 it is stated that ,wm4 ,seward ,burroughs was a bank clerk prior to his efforts at adding machine construction4 ,it is conceivable1 therefore1 that his first efforts at adding machine invention should be directed toward the production of a machine that would be of service in the bank for the bringing together of the loose items of account that are to be found in the form of checks1 drafts1 and the like1 by printing a record of the items and their totals during the process of adding them together4 ,sidenote3 ,felt interested in recorder ,art ,it is not surprising1 therefore1 that a manufacturer of a successful calculating machine should1 through his contact with the trade1 come to the conclusion that there was use for a machine of this class in the banks4 ,as proof of this1 we find that an application for a recording-adding machine patent was filed ,january #ai1 #ahhh1 by ,d4 ,e4 ,felt1 which was allowed and issued ,june #aa1 #ahhi4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,from ,drawings of ,felt ,patent ,no4 #dje1jbd ,sidenote3 ,felt's first recording machine ,some of the drawings of this patent will be found reproduced on the opposite page1 from which the reader will note that ,felt combined his scheme for recording with the mechanism of the machine he was then manufacturing and selling under the trade name of 8,comptometer40 ,in this patent is shown the first application of the type sector combined with the individual type impression for printing the figures of the items as they were added1 thus giving equal impression1 whether there were one or a dozen figures in the item or total to be printed4 ,while the average mechanical engineer would not at a glance recognize any great advantage in placing the type figures directly on the sector instead of using the type-wheel and segment gear to drive it1 as shown in two of the previously described patents1 there is plenty of evidence of its advantage in the fact that all the later successful inventors have followed the ,felt scheme4 ,it provided more simple construction for the narrow space these parts must occupy for practical linear spacing4 ,sidenote3 ,fell recording mechanism combined with his calculating machine ,as the adding mechanism of this machine corresponds to that of the ,felt patent #cga1dif1 previously described in the preceding chapter1 it is not necessary to duplicate the description here4 ,suffice it to say1 that by the depression of a key in any order1 the value of that key is added to the numeral wheel of that order1 and if the figure added is great enough when added to that previously registered on the wheel1 a ten will be transferred to the higher wheel by a carrying mechanism specially provided to allow the said higher wheel being in turn operated by an ordinal series of keys1 thus providing the means whereby a series of denominational orders of key-driven adding mechanism may be interoperative4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,felt's first recorder ,in ,fig4 #b of the drawings is shown the result of striking the 7#h7 key1 which may be considered illustrative of such action in any order1 whether units1 tens1 hundreds1 thousands1 etc4 ,the depression of the 7#h7 key is shown to have carried the lever ,d down eight of its nine additive points of movement1 causing the plunger #ae1 bearing against its upper edge1 to drop with it under the action of the plunger spring #ag4 ,to the upper end of this plunger1 is pivotally attached an arm of the type sector ,u1 which is in turn pivoted to the rod y1 and by the lowering of the plunger #ae1 is rocked on its pivot1 raising the type-head until the number 7#h7 type is presented opposite the printing bar or platen ,t1 which is hung on the pivot arms ,t1 so that it may be swung forward and backward4 ,an ink-ribbon w1 and its shifting mechanism is provided1 as shown in ,fig4 #a2 the paper v1 is supplied in ribbon form from a roll and passes between the ink-ribbon and the platen ,t4 ,normally1 the platen1 the paper and the ink-ribbon are in a retracted position1 allowing space for the type sector to raise and lower freely4 ,but1 as shown in ,fig4 #b1 a type impression is taking place through the escapement of the cam wheel ,r which is located back of the platen1 and which1 as shown1 has forced the cam lever #a forward1 pressing the spring p1 against the platen ,t1 thus forcing the paper and ribbon forward against the type1 and printing the figure #h4 ,after the cam-tooth passes1 the platen1 paper1 ink-ribbon and spring return to normal1 allowing the type sector freedom to drop when the key is released4 ,the cam wheel ,r is propelled by a spring ,s 7,fig4 #a71 wound by the hand-knob ,s1 and is released for action through the escapement of the pallet wheel ,r attached to the cam wheel ,r and the pallet c4 ,the pallet c is tripped each time a key is depressed and is shown in the tripped position operated by the link ,p and the plural-armed lever ,o1 ,n1 which through its manifold arms ,n1 may receive action through pins a1 of any of the rock bars ,l1 as they are depressed by the keys4 ,the cycle of action described takes place with every key depressed1 except that the movement of the type sector varies according to the key depressed4 ,sidenote3 ,first individualized type impression combined with printing sector ,as the printing in this ,felt invention was by individualized type impression1 legibility of recording as well as accurate addition was obtained4 ,although this patent shows that ,felt had produced such an operative combination1 there are two features in this patent which would prevent its becoming a marketable machine4 ,one of these features was that of having to wind the motor spring that furnished power for the type impression4 ,the other feature was that there was no provision for printing the ciphers4 ,although the ciphers were always omitted from the keyboard of non-recording adders1 as they could perform no function in addition or other forms of calculation1 they could not without inconvenience1 be eliminated from items in recording4 ,,the ,,second ,,felt ,,recorder ,sidenote3 ,first practical arithmetical recorder ,while the last-described ,felt patent was still pending1 ,felt improved his mechanism for recording1 installing new features and eliminating the objectionable features referred to4 ,these improvements were of such a satisfactory nature that the ,felt ,tarrant ,mfg4 ,co4 made twenty-five recording-adders1 with the new features1 which were sold to various banks4 ,the first of these machines was placed on trial with the ,merchants ,manufacturers ,national ,bank of ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 in ,december of #ahhi4 ,good evidence of the practical features of this machine was set forth in a testimonial given at the time by ,w4 ,a4 ,shaw1 the cashier of the bank1 after it had been given a six months' test4 ,this testimonial is extant and has been reproduced on opposite page4 ,sidenote3 ,the first sale of a recording-adding machine on record ,records show that the bank purchased that 8,comptograph10 which was the trade name given the ,felt recording-adder1 and used it until #ahii1 at which time this machine1 along with others of the same make purchased at a later date1 were replaced by the bank with 8,comptographs0 of more modern type4 ,this ,felt recording machine was without question the first practical recording-adding machine ever sold that would produce legible printed records of items and totals under the variable conditions that have to be met in such a class of recording4 ,illustration3 ,testimonial ,illustration3 ,felt ,recording and ,listing ,machine4 ,purchased and ,used for ,ten ,years by the ,merchants ,manufacturers ,bank of ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,machine is now in the ,national ,museum at ,washington ,after ten years of service this first practical recording-adding machine was still in excellent condition1 and in #aijg was secured by the ,comptograph ,co4 from the ,bank of ,pittsburgh1 into which the ,merchants ,manufacturers ,national ,bank1 along with other banks1 had been merged4 ,it was finally procured by ,mr4 ,felt and presented to the ,national ,museum of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 where it may now be found on exhibit along with other inventions produced by ,felt4 ,a photo reproduction of this machine as it appeared before it was presented to the ,museum1 is shown on the opposite page4 ,sidenote3 ,features of first practical recorder ,like the machine of the first ,felt recorder patent1 it was a visible printer1 each figure being printed as the key was depressed1 the paper being shifted by the hand lever shown at the right4 ,unlike the former machine1 however1 the operator was not called upon to perform the extra operation of winding up a spring to furnish power for the printing4 ,power for the printing was stored by the action of the paper shift-lever and an entirely different printing device was used4 ,provision for printing the ciphers automatically was also a feature of this machine4 ,it was not necessary to operate cipher keys1 and there were no such keys to be operated4 ,to print an item having ciphers in it required only the omission of the ciphers as the ciphers would automatically fill in4 ,the arrangement of the paper shows a good improvement over the first machine1 as it was more accessible1 being fed from a roll at the top down and around rolls below and looped back so that it is moved upward on the printed surface1 where it may be torn off as desired4 ,the mechanism of this machine is not illustrated in any one patent4 ,the ,felt patents ,nos4 #dda1bcc and #dfe1bee cover the new feature1 but the later patent1 ,no4 #dfe1bee1 shows it best4 ,some of the drawings of the last-named patent are reproduced on the opposite page to help in explanation of the details of the new features4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,felt's second recorder ,by referring to the drawings1 it will be noted that the form of the front of the casing differs from the machine4 ,other drawings of the patent1 not shown here1 disclose features of still later invention than were in the machine of the photo reproduction4 ,but it is with the printing device that we are now interested1 and it was in this patent that it was first shown in the form used in the first marketed machine referred to4 ,the type sector marked #ha is like that of the first patent1 except that it is provided with the ciphers as well as the nine digits4 ,the cipher type are always presented for printing when the sectors are resting at normal4 ,thus1 if an impression can be made without depressing the keys in that order1 a cipher will be printed1 as will be shown later4 ,back of the paper and pivoted to the rod #ig1 are a series of printing hammers #hg1 one for each type sector4 ,the hammers are operated by the spring #hh1 and are shown retained against the tension of their springs by the trigger latches #hi4 ,these trigger latches are pivoted on the fixed shaft #aga1 and actuated by the springs #ib to cause their engagement with the notch #ij of the printing hammers4 ,illustration3 ,from ,drawings of ,felt ,patent ,no4 #dfe1bee ,each of the trigger latches are provided with a laterally extending lug #ic1 formed on their lower arm1 and each lug overlaps the back of the lower arm of the adjacent trigger latch to the right of it1 so that if any trigger latch should be operated so as to extricate it from the notch #ej of its printing hammer1 its overlapping lug #ic1 would cause a like action of the trigger latch to the right of that1 and so on2 thus releasing all the trigger latches to the right of the latch originally released4 ,such releasing1 of course1 allowed the printing-hammers #hg1 to spring forward in all the orders so affected4 ,the long-stop actuating lever marked #af1 corresponds with the lever ,g of the ,felt key-driven calculator shown in a preceding chapter1 and performs the same function as the rock bars ,l of the first ,felt recorder patent4 ,these stop levers #af are pivoted at #ag1 and are provided with rear arms #hf1 extending upward with their ends opposite the lateral extending lug #ic1 of the trigger latch1 which corresponds to the order of keys which the lever #af serves4 ,in the rear upwardly-extending end of each of these levers #af1 an adjusting screw #ia1 is provided as a tappet for tripping the trigger latch corresponding to its order4 ,from the above-described combination of mechanism1 it may be seen that if a key in any order is depressed1 it will1 as it comes in contact with the stop lever #af1 not only cause the adding mechanism to be stopped through the stop #ai1 but it will also1 through its rear arm #hf1 cause the trigger latch of its order to trip1 and likewise all the trigger latches and printing-hammers to the right1 thus printing the figure presented on the printing sector in the order in which the key was operated and the ciphers in the orders to the right in case the keys in the order to the right have not previously been operated4 ,the individual presentation of the type figures upon key depression1 except for the ciphers which were normally presented for printing1 required that in striking the keys1 to give correct recording of the items1 the operation must be from right to left4 ,that is1 for example1 if the item to be added was #gdj4he1 the operator would depress the 7#e7 key in the units cents column1 the 7#h7 key in the tens of cents column2 the cipher in the units dollars column would be omitted1 the 7#d7 key in the tens of dollars1 and the 7#g7 key in the hundreds of dollars column would be struck4 ,the printing hammers were provided with means for resetting after being tripped in the recording action4 ,this means is connected with the paper shift-lever1 so that as the paper was shifted or fed upward1 ready for recording the next item1 the printing-hammers were all reset and latched on their respective trigger latches1 ready for a new item4 ,fixed to the shaft #ig1 on which the printing-hammers are pivoted1 is a bail1 marked #ih1 part of which is shown in the drawing1 the horizontal bar of which normally lies under and out of the way of the hammers as they plunge forward in printing4 ,and attached to the right-hand end of the shaft #ig1 is a crank arm connected by a link to the paper-shift hand-lever1 which may be seen on the right in the photo reproduction of the machine4 ,this connection is arranged so that depressing the lever causes the shaft #ig to rock the bail #ih rearward1 thus picking up any tripped printing-hammers and relatching them4 ,the totals had to be printed1 as in the first-described ,felt recorder1 by depressing a key corresponding in value to the figure showing on the wheel in each order4 ,sidenote3 ,felt principle of printing adopted by all manufacturers of recorders ,the principle involved in the individual hammer-blow1 combined with the ordinal type sector for recording in a recording-adder was new1 and was the feature that has made the adding-recording machine of today possible1 as is well in evidence by the presence of this combination in all the recorders that have been made by the successful manufacturers of listing or recording-adding and calculating machines4 ,some manufacturers have substituted a vertical moving type bar for the pivoted sector1 but the scheme is the same1 as the purpose is to get the arrangement of the type in columnar order1 and does not change the fundamental features of the combination which furnished the practical means for the individual type impression4 ,,the ,,felt ,,tabulator ,sidenote3 ,wide paper carriage for tabulating ,the next feature in the ,art1 that has served in the make-up of the up-to-date recorders1 was the wide paper-carriage4 ,this feature will probably be recognized by many as a means supplied for the recording of columns of items in series on sheet-paper4 ,as will be noted1 roll-paper in ribbon form had been used in all the previously illustrated and described recorders4 ,while the ,ludlum patent shows a carriage1 it had no capacity for handling more than a single column of numerical items4 ,the carriage in the ,ludlum machine was a feature necessary to the typewriter construction and offered no solution to the feature of tabulating4 ,illustration3 ,felt ,tabulator ,sidenote3 ,the wide paper carriage machine ,the first disclosure of the wide carriage feature for tabulating was in a machine made by ,d4 ,e4 ,felt in #ahhi1 which he exhibited to the ,u4 ,s4 ,census ,bureau at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 in #ahij4 ,the machine was also exhibited at the ,world's ,fair in ,chicago1 in #ahic1 along with other products in this line of the ,felt ,tarrant ,mfg4 ,co4 ,a photo reproduction of this machine is shown on opposite page4 ,the machine was left at the ,census ,bureau1 where it was used for several weeks1 and was very much liked4 ,felt made a contract to furnish ten machines of this type1 and the machine was recommended for purchase by ,g4 ,k4 ,holmes1 ,special ,agent of the ,census ,bureau1 but like many other government department requisitions1 the purchase order was never issued4 ,although this feature is now found in all first-class recording-adders1 the recording machine ,art was too new in #ahij for the new feature to be appreciated1 and was not pushed1 as there seemed to be no demand for the wide carriage then4 ,on this account ,felt delayed applying for a patent on his invention until #ahii4 ,sidenote3 ,litigation on tabulator patents ,in #aijd a license under the patent was granted the ,burroughs ,adding ,machine ,co41 but soon after the granting of the license another manufacturer of recording-adders brought out a machine with a wide carriage1 which was the start of a series of long-drawn-out infringement suits4 ,the fact that ,felt had delayed taking out his patent formed the grounds on which the ,court finally decided that ,felt1 from lack of diligence in applying for a patent1 had abandoned his invention1 which made it public property4 ,the tags which may be seen tied to the carriage of the machine are the official tags used to identify it as a court exhibit during the long term of years the suits were pending in litigation4 ,outside of the tabulating scheme1 the machine was in other respects the same as the recorder just described as the roll-paper 8,comptograph40 ,sidenote3 8,cross ,tabulating0 ,the paper1 as may be noted1 is held in a shiftable carriage and is operated by two levers1 one to feed the paper vertically and reset the printing-hammers1 while the other moved the carriage laterally for the spacing of the columns of items or the cross-printing when desired4 ,besides the lever action for shifting and paper-feeding1 means were provided on the right-hand end of the carriage for performing these functions2 one of these is the thumb knob which served to feed the sheet of paper into the rolls2 the other is a small lever which allows the operator to shift the carriage by hand independent of the carriage shift-lever4 ,,the ,,third ,,felt ,,recorder ,while the first lot of recording-adders manufactured by ,felt were wholly practical1 as was well proved by the statements of those who purchased them1 it is easy to pick out features in their make-up that today1 when compared with the new highly-developed ,art1 would seem to make them impractical4 ,the necessity of operating from right to left and the necessity of printing the totals by key depression were features that1 in view of there being nothing better in those days1 did not seem objectionable to those who used them4 ,they were features1 however1 that ,felt overcame and eliminated in the next lot of machines manufactured and placed on the market in #ahij4 ,illustration3 ,,felt',s ,,comptograph ,one of the ,early 8,comptographs0 ,this lot of machines1 one hundred in number 7a goodly number in those days71 were equipped with a special hand-knob in front on the left side for automatically printing the totals1 and with means by which the ciphers were printed only on operation of the paper shift-lever1 which allowed the operator to depress the keys from left to right or any way he pleased4 ,sidenote3 ,felt recorder in 8,engineering0 of ,london1 ,eng4 ,the best evidence as to what these machines looked like is to be found in the reproduction on the opposite page of an illustration which appeared in 8,engineering0 of ,london1 in #ahia4 ,it will be noted that the patent drawings of the ,felt calculator are also displayed4 ,they were used to describe the adding mechanism of the recorder4 ,the total printing device is shown and described in patent ,no4 #dfe1bee1 while the patent for the printing of the ciphers by the hand shift-lever was not applied for until #aijd4 ,it may be argued1 and argued true1 that these two later features in their generic application to the recording-adding machine ,art were anticipated by ,burroughs in his invention herein previously described4 ,but1 assuming that these features were operative features in the ,burroughs machine1 they could not be claimed in combination with a printing mechanism that was operative to give practical results and in themselves did not make the recording-adder possible4 ,nor was the means shown for recording the totals of use except with means for legible recording4 ,sidenote3 ,total recording a ,felt combination ,sidenote3 ,legible listing of items and automatic recording of totals first achieved by ,felt ,there is no desire to discredit what ,burroughs did1 but let the credit for what ,burroughs accomplished come into its own1 in accordance with the chronological order in which it may be proved that ,burroughs really produced a machine that had a practical and legible recording mechanism4 ,then we will find that to produce such proof we must accept the fact that in all the successful recording machines manufactured and sold by the ,burroughs ,adding ,machine ,co41 the printing type-sector1 the printing type-hammers and the overlapping hammer-triggers with their broad functioning features forming a part of ,felt's invention1 have been used to produce legible recording1 and that the combination of practical total printing was dependent on ,felt's achievement4 ,illustration3 ,gottfried ,wilhelm ,leibnitz ,we might say that broadly ,burroughs invented means that could be worked in combination with the ,felt printing scheme to automatically print the totals1 which is in evidence in all the practical machines put out by the ,burroughs ,co4 ,but such a combination was first produced by ,felt in #ahij1 and was not produced by ,burroughs until #ahib4 ,as has been shown1 ,felt built his recording scheme into his key-driven calculating machine1 and added the paper shifting-lever to furnish the power which was utilized finally for setting the printing-hammers and tripping them for the ciphers4 ,such a combination divided the work1 but made a two-motion machine1 whereas the adding mechanism was designed on the one-motion principle4 ,now the principle of the two-motion machine was old1 very old4 ,the great ,gottfried ,leibnitz invented the first two-motion calculator in #afid4 7,see illustration on opposite page47 ,the ,leibnitz machine was a wonderful invention and there seems to be a question as to its operativeness4 ,as a feature of historic interest1 however1 it created considerable commotion in scientific circles when exhibited to the ,royal ,society of ,london4 ,illustration3 ,leibnitz ,calculator1 made in #afid ,the ,first ,two-,motion ,machine ,designed to ,compute ,multiplication by ,repeated ,addition ,the first really practical machine of this type1 however1 was invented by a ,frenchman named ,charles ,xavier ,thomas1 in #ahbj1 and has since become known as the 8,thomas ,arithmometre40 ,the ,thomas machine is made and sold by a number of different foreign manufacturers1 and is used to a considerable extent in ,europe and to a limited extent in the ,united ,states4 ,sidenote3 ,the key-set principle more practical for recorders ,but two-motion calculators1 from ,leibnitz down to date1 have always been constructed so that the primary or first action involved merely the setting of the controlling devices and performed no function in the supplying of power to operate the mechanism which does the adding4 ,with such machines the load was thrown on to the secondary action4 ,this1 of course1 made the primary action of setting1 a very light action1 especially when keys came into use1 and as there are several key depressions to each secondary or crank action1 it may be understood that while the action of ,felt's printing or paper shift-lever was light1 the action of the keys which were called upon to perform most of the work was much harder than it would have been if his adding mechanism had been designed on the key-set crank-operated plan of the regular two-motion machine such as illustrated in the ,pottin or ,burroughs patents described4 ,thus1 when ,burroughs applied the ,felt recording principle to his key-set crank-operated adding mechanism1 he produced a type of recording machine which proved to be more acceptable from an operative standpoint than the recorder made by ,felt2 and yet the writer has read testimonials given by those who had both the ,felt key-driven recorder and the ,burroughs key-set crank-operated recorders1 who claimed they could see no advantage4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,from ,drawings of ,burroughs' ,patents ,nos4 #ejd1ifc and #eje1jgh ,probably the best proof lies in the fact that ,felt finally abandoned the key-driven feature in his recorders1 as may be noted from the later-day 8,comptograph40 ,,the ,,first ,,practical ,,burroughs ,,recorder ,the first ,burroughs patent to show the successful combination referred to was ,no4 #ejd1ifc1 applied for ,may #e1 #ahib1 and issued ,september #ab1 #ahic4 ,the printing scheme1 however1 while indicated in the said patent1 was applied for in a divisional patent1 ,no4 #eje1jgh1 issued on the same date4 ,drawings from both these patents are shown on opposite page4 ,sidenote3 ,description of first practical ,burroughs recorder ,illustration3 ,burroughs ,recorder ,the new printing device1 as will be noted1 instead of operating at the bottom of the machine1 operates at the rear and prints the paper against a roll mounted outside of the casing4 ,outside of adopting the ,felt method of printing1 the general scheme of construction used in the machine of the former-described ,burroughs patent was maintained1 except that the levers ,d1 used to drag the denominational actuators down1 were omitted1 and a series of springs1 one for each actuator1 was supplied to pull such levers down as are released by key-depression when the common actuator drops under crank action4 ,thus the description previously given will suffice for a general understanding of the mechanical functions of the adding mechanism and the general scheme for the setting up of the type in these later patents4 ,the construction of the type sectors1 the printing-hammers and the trigger-latches used to retain the hammers against the action of their operating springs is best shown in the drawings of patent ,no4 #eje1jgh on page #acf4 ,fig4 #a shows the normal relation1 while ,fig4 #b illustrates the same mechanism in the act of printing4 ,the type sector as shown in drawings of patent ,no4 #eje1jgh is marked ,k1 while in the drawings of ,no4 #ejd1ifc it will be found marked #faa4 ,they are formed from a continuation of the denominational actuators for the total register in the same manner that the type-wheel gear racks h1 of the previously described ,burroughs patent were formed4 ,the type u1 are arranged on movable blocks marked #fah1 which are shown held in their retracted or normal position by springs #fhb1 but when pressure is brought to bear against these type blocks in a direction outward from the sector1 the spring #fhb will give and the type blocks will slide outward in the slots provided to guide their action4 ,the paper1 as will be noted1 is fed from a roll1 up between the type and the printing-roll #eii1 in the same manner as the paper of a typewriter1 and through the interposition of an ink-ribbon between the type and the paper1 the pressing of the type against the ink-ribbon1 paper and roll gives imprint4 ,the pressure brought to bear on the type is through the hammer-blow of the printing-hammers #gae1 of which there is one for each ordinal printing sector4 ,these hammers are pivoted to the rod #gja1 and are spring-actuated through the medium of the pin #gda1 the lever #gaf1 and spring #ghj1 which1 combined with the cam-slot w1 in the printing-hammers1 serve to force the printing-hammers into the position shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,the printing-hammers are normally retracted and latched by a series of trigger latches #aag1 through the latch-tooth b1 which engages the lever #gaf at v4 ,each trigger-latch #aag1 is pivoted on the rod #gjj1 and provided with an overlapping lug as shown in ,fig4 #d4 ,these overlapping lugs1 like those described on the trigger-latches in the ,felt patent1 serve as an automatic means of filling in the ciphers in the same manner as described in the ,felt machine4 ,the means for tripping the overlapping trigger latches naturally differed from the means shown in the ,felt machine1 as the ,burroughs machine was not key-driven4 ,a very ingenious means for the tripping of the trigger-latches is shown1 consisting of the dogs #gah1 and rock-frame #gaa1 and tie-rods #gjc-gjd1 which co-operate with a cam-shoulder y on the arm of the printing-sectors1 to remain neutral or to disengage the trigger-latches through a reciprocating action1 shown in dotted lines in ,fig4 #a1 patent ,no4 #eje1jgh4 ,the tripping action takes place at the end of the forward motion of the actuating hand-crank through connections not shown in the drawings4 ,it may be understood that on account of the overlapping of the trigger-latches of the printing-hammers that if1 as described in relation to the ,felt recording-machine1 one of the trigger-latches in any order to the left of the units order should be tripped1 it would cause all the trigger-latches to the right to be also tripped1 and the printing-hammers thus released to spring forward1 giving an individual hammer-blow for each type impression4 ,thus1 if the five-hundred-dollar key should be depressed1 only the trigger latch in that order need be tripped4 ,this is brought about through the fact that normally the tripping-dogs #gah are held out of tripping engagement by the cam surface y of the type-sector1 as the rock-frame in which the dogs are mounted is moved forward in its tripping action4 ,but as the hundred-dollar order type-sector has been lifted through the setting of the 7#e7 key in that order1 it allows the tripping-dog to engage the trigger-latch of that order1 and through the overlapping feature of the trigger-latches to trip and print the ciphers to the right4 ,it will be noted that the application of the printing-hammers varied in detail from that of ,felt much the same as placing the latch on the gate post instead of on the gate4 ,in the generic principle1 however1 the individual hammer-blow for each individual impression was maintained4 ,sidenote3 ,date of use of first practical ,burroughs recorder ,there have been many conflicting statements made regarding the date of the first ,burroughs listing or recording machine1 which is probably due to the fact that the statements were not qualified by such terms as 8practically operative0 or 8legible recording40 ,dates given as that of the first ,burroughs recording machine range from #ahhd to #ahib4 ,in a book published by the ,burroughs ,co4 in #aiab1 under the title of the 8,book of the ,burroughs10 there was a statement that the first practical machines were made in #ahia4 ,illustration3 ,from the ,february #aijh ,issue of ,office ,appliances ,magazine ,h4 ,b4 ,wyeth1 at one time sales agent for the ,burroughs ,co41 and whose father was president of the company in #ahia and several years thereafter1 testified in court that the first sale of a ,burroughs recording machine was made about ,december1 #ahib4 ,corroboration of his testimony is set forth in a ,burroughs advertisement which appeared in the ,february number of ,office ,appliances ,magazine in #aijh1 a reproduction of which is shown on the opposite page4 ,that ,burroughs was experimenting as early as #ahhe is no doubt correct2 and that in this respect he antidated ,felt's first attempt to produce a recording-adder1 is not questioned4 ,but when it comes to the question of who produced the first practical recording-adder1 there is no room for doubt in face of the evidence at hand4 ,illustration ,introduction of the ,modern ,accounting ,machine ,as the reader has been carried along through the tangle of mechanical efforts of the men who have racked their brains to produce means that would relieve the burden of those who have to juggle with arithmetical problems and masses of figures in the day's accounting1 there was one phase of subject that has not been touched upon4 ,while these inventors were doing their best to benefit mankind and1 without doubt1 with the thought of reaping a harvest for themselves1 the public1 who could have been the prime beneficiary1 did not hasten to avail themselves of the opportunity4 ,sidenote3 ,opposition to the use of machines for accounting ,in the early days1 when the key-driven calculator was marketed1 and later when the recording-adder was also placed on the market1 the efforts of the salesmen for each of these types of machines1 in their endeavor to interest possible purchasers1 were met with anything but enthusiasm4 ,of course1 now and then a wide-awake businessman was willing to be shown and would purchase1 but ninety-nine out of the hundred who really had use for a machine of either type could not at that early date be awakened to the fact4 ,although the calculator and the recording-adder are indispensable factors in business today1 and have served to improve the lot of the bookkeeper and those employed in expert accounting in general1 they met with very strong opposition for the first few years from employers of this class4 ,it was strongly evident that the efforts of book-keepers and counting-house clerks to prevent these machines entering their department were inspired by the fear that it would displace their services and interfere with their chance of a livelihood4 ,again1 men of this class1 and even those in charge of large departments1 took the mere suggestion that they had use for a calculator or recording-adder as an insult to their efficiency1 and would almost throw the salesman out4 ,others would very politely look the machine over and tell the salesman what a wonderful machine it was1 but when asked to give the machine a trial1 they would immediately back up and say that they had absolutely no use for such a machine2 whereas possibly now the same department is using twenty-five to a hundred such machines4 ,sidenote3 ,banks more liberal in recognition ,of the two classes of machines1 the recording1 or listing machines1 as they are commonly called1 although a later product1 were the first to sell in quantities that may be called large sales4 ,this was probably due to the fact that they were largely sold to the banks1 who have always been more liberal in recognizing the advantages of labor-saving devices than any other class of business4 ,the presence of these machines in the bank also had a tendency to influence business-men to install recorders where the key-driven calculator would have given far greater results in quantity of work and expense of operating4 ,in these days1 however1 the average businessman is alive to his requirements1 and selects what is best suited to his needs instead of being influenced by seeing a machine used by others for an entirely different purpose4 ,the theory of using the printed list of items as a means of checking back has blown into a bubble and burst1 and the non-lister has come into its own1 not but what there has always been a good sale for these machines except for the first four years4 ,sidenote3 ,improvements slow for first few years ,on account of the years it took to educate business into the use of these two types of accounting machines1 and the fact that the sales of both were small at first1 there were few improvements for several years1 as improvements depend upon prosperity4 ,such changes as have been made since were largely aimed at refinements1 but there are some very noteworthy features added to the performance of both types of machines1 which are explained and described in following chapters1 where the subject will be treated under the class of machines they affect4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,the ,high-,speed ,calculator ,the ,high-,speed ,calculator ,as previously stated1 the calculating machine was old when ,felt improved the ,art by combining the key-drive with a plurality of co-operative orders of adding mechanism4 ,the advantage in the machine he produced existed in the great increase in rapid manipulation which it offered over the older ,art1 especially in addition4 ,to improve upon ,felt's contribution to the ,art of calculating machines from a commercial standpoint demanded a combination that would give still greater possibilities in rapid manipulation4 ,sidenote3 ,felt improvements on ,comptometer ,the patent records show that ,felt again came to the front and gave to the public a new machine containing many new combinations of highly-organized mechanism that produced the above-named result4 ,the patents showing these features are ,nos4 #gfb1ebj and #gfb1eba1 the two patents being divisional patents of the same machine4 ,although there were several patents on key-driven calculators issued to others and a key-driven calculator placed on the market1 which was sold to some extent1 none of these calculators offered anything that would increase the possibility of more rapid manipulation than was to be had from ,felt's old ,comptometer4 ,sidenote3 ,scientific distribution of functions ,there is one feature about the machine of these two divisional patents which stands out very prominently to those acquainted with the fine points of the physical laws of mechanics4 ,it is a feature that was not printed into the specifications4 ,it may be found only in the time allowed for the mechanical movements to take place1 which shows that theoretical reasoning was the foundation for the distribution of the functions in the machine of these patents into increments of time1 and that the arrangement of mechanism was especially designed to carry out this primary theoretical reasoning4 ,while it is obvious that such procedure must accompany successful invention of mechanism1 it is seldom that we find such fineness displayed as may be found in the timing of the mechanical functions of the later ,comptometer4 ,the force of the above statement may be realized by study of the mechanical motions of the old ,comptometer and then trying to improve on them to attain greater speed of operation4 ,such a possibility would depend on more rapid key-strokes4 ,according to the physical laws of force and motion1 to attain greater speed of action demanded a decrease in resistance4 ,thus1 less key resistance must be attained to increase speed of operation4 ,felt probably knew from experience that lighter key action could not be had by juggling with springs or by polished surfaces4 ,he was also aware of the infinitesimal space of time allotted to each function1 as the parts of the mechanism flew about in the merry dance they performed in whirling the numeral wheels around while under the manipulation of an expert operator4 ,he couldn't see the parts work--he could only theorize when there was trouble2 thus he alone knew the difficulties to be met in attempting to make a more rapid calculator4 ,to describe the mechanism of the new machine from drawings of these patents would leave the reader still in the dark4 ,what was really accomplished can best be understood by reference to the mechanical action in the old ,comptometer4 ,in order that the reader may understand the significance of what was accomplished1 let him consider this fact2 that the key action of the old 8,comptometer0 measured as high as eighty-six ounces to a key depression1 while in the new machine made under the two named later patents the key depression was reduced to but twenty-two ounces maximum1 or a little over a fourth of the power required to operate the keys of the old 8,comptometer40 ,sidenote3 ,power consumed by old carrying method ,facts show that a very large part of the resistance met with in the key depression of the old machine was caused by the high tension of the springs which performed the carrying4 ,this high tension was necessary on account of the extremely small fraction of a second allowed for the performance of their function of supplying the power that turned the higher wheel in carrying4 ,by referring to the description of the inoperative features of the ,hill machine 7page #be7 a parallel example of the time for the carry of the tens in the old ,comptometer may be found1 showing that but a _/ of a second was the allowance4 ,the carrying means employed in the old ,comptometer consisted of levers with dogs or pawls hinged on their free ends1 which co-acted with the ten pins of the higher numeral wheels to ratchet them forward a step at a time4 ,the power for supplying such ratcheting action1 in the delivery of a carry1 was produced in a spring attached to the carrying-lever to actuate it4 ,sidenote3 ,cam and lever carrying mechanism ,the means used to produce the power in the carrying-lever actuating springs1 or best termed carrying springs1 was through the turning of an envolute cam attached to the lower order numeral wheels1 which1 acting upon an arm of the carrying levers1 forced them away from the wheels1 and thus tensioned the carrying springs4 ,the cam and lever is best shown in ,fig4 #g1 page #acj4 ,the timing of the delivery of the carry1 as the numeral wheel passed from nine to zero1 was brought about by the high point of the cam passing from under the arm of the carrying lever1 which1 when released1 allowed the carrying springs to act and ratchet the higher wheel forward a tenth of a revolution4 ,this form of carrying action had a peculiarity of reaching a certain set tension when three wheels were employed1 so that for all the wheels employed in greater numbers no higher tension was required and no lower tension could be attained4 ,another feature about this type of transfer device was the fact that to get the set tension as low as possible required that at least eight-tenths of the rotation of the lower wheel should be utilized in camming back the carrying lever or storing the power for the carry4 ,a decrease in this timing meant an increase in the resistance offered in turning the lower wheel by the steeper incline of the cam1 and when the wheel in turn received a carry1 the increase of resistance increased the work of carrying1 and so on by a geometric ratio4 ,sidenote3 ,one-point carrying cam impossible ,in a recent patent suit1 a physical test was made as high as three orders with a one-point cam2 that is1 a cam operating to store power during a one-tenth rotation of the lower wheel 7not an uncommon combination as shown in patents that have been issued71 and it was found that by the time the third carrying was reached the springs were so large and powerful that to turn the next wheel would require a railway-coach spring1 and that under the same ratio a fifty-four ton hydraulic press would be required to depress the keys in the eighth order4 ,the foregoing illustration of the idiosyncrasies of mechanical construction offer a good example of why perpetual motion is not possible1 viz41 that no mechanism was ever made that would not consume a certain per cent of the power delivered to it1 through friction and inertia4 ,of course1 expert knowledge of the physical laws of mechanics allow of the application of force along the lines of least resistance1 and it is with this feature that the new improvements in the ,comptometer have to do4 ,sidenote3 ,felt's improved method of carrying ,it would seem that the old carrying means could not be improved upon under the circumstances1 but ,felt conceived a means which gave more time for the storage of power for the carry and all kinds of time for its delivery1 which decreased the power required for carrying by a very large per cent4 ,the means he devised was a motor-type of carrying mechanism that could receive and deliver power at the same time without interference4 ,thus the full revolution of the lower wheel could be utilized in storage and the same amount of time could be consumed in delivery if necessary1 but it was never required4 ,this tremendous reduction in power required to turn the higher wheel in a carrying operation so decreased the resistance of turning the numeral wheels that the former means used to control the wheels during actuation was unsafe2 that is1 the old method of jabbing the stop detent between the pins of the numeral wheel to stop it was not dependable with the increased speed that the numeral wheels revolved1 under the reduced resistance4 ,again1 the feature of time was at issue4 ,the wheels could be whirled at tremendous speed or at a very slow speed4 ,a sudden jab at a key with the finger sent the numeral wheels kiting ahead of the rest of the mechanism so that the detent could not be depended upon to enter between the right pins1 which would result in erroneous calculation4 ,in the new machine1 we find that to overcome this unevenness of action1 ,felt reversed the ratchet action of the denomination actuators1 so that no wheel action occurred on their down-stroke under the action of the keys1 but on the upstroke of the actuators the numeral wheels were turned by the power of the actuator springs stored by the key depression1 thus giving an even set rotating action that could not be forced and that could be controlled by a stop detent4 ,as the timing of this stop-action was coincident with the stopping of the actuators on their upstroke1 the actuator was used to perform this function in combination with a detent device that could be released from the wheel independent of the actuators to allow a carry to be delivered4 ,sidenote3 ,gauging and controlling prime actuation ,a feature worthy of note connected with this change is displayed in the method in which ,felt overcame the timing of the stop action of the actuators in the downward action they received from the keys1 which would have been as hard to control as it was to control the wheels under direct key action4 ,sidenote3 ,alternating stop scheme ,the scheme he devised gave more than double the time to perform the function of intercepting the lightning action with which the actuators moved under a quick key-stroke4 ,the scheme shows a dual alternating stop-action constructed by the use of two stops acting at different levels and co-acting alternately with five equi-spaced stop-shoulders on the front end of the actuators1 which were also arranged in different levels4 ,the two stops were actuated by the keys in a similar manner to the single stop which co-operated with the pins of the wheel in the old 8,comptometer10 except that the odd keys operated one stop while the even keys operated the other4 ,thus in the new 8,comptometer0 the 7#a7 key acted to throw the higher level stop into the path of the lowest stop-shoulder on the actuator1 and the 7#b7 key acted to throw the lower level stop into the path of the same stop-shoulder on the actuator4 ,in the same manner the 7#c7 and 7#d7 keys caused the odd and even stops to engage the next higher stop-shoulder on the actuator and so on with the rest of the keys4 ,as the spacing was doubled by the use of but five stop-shoulders1 the stops were allowed double the time for entry between the stop-shoulders plus the space that the pin occupied as compared with former method1 which was considerably more than double the time allowed for the same function in the old machine4 ,besides the redistribution of mechanical functions1 another very noteworthy feature is found in these patents which1 in the specific means disclosed1 constituted another distribution of time for mechanical action4 ,this in the capacity of the machine was what has become commercially known as the 8,duplex0 feature4 ,in the old 8,comptometer0 it was necessary to operate the keys alternately1 as a carry from one order to a higher order might be taking place and thus be lost in the action of the higher order wheel while rotating under key-action4 ,sidenote3 ,multiplex key action ,in the machine of the later patents the carry was delayed while the higher-order wheel was under key-action4 ,the construction shown consisted of a latch operated by the actuators1 which1 when the actuator was depressed1 latched up the delivery end of the motor carrying-device so that a carry due to take place at that time would be intercepted until the actuator returned to normal again1 at which time the carrying motor device was again free to deliver the carry4 ,this feature allowed the striking of keys in several or all the orders simultaneously1 alternately1 or any way the operator pleased1 which was a great improvement in speedy operativeness4 ,sidenote3 ,control of the carry by the next higher actuator ,while the genus of this elastic keyboard invention consisted of control of the carry by the next higher actuator1 the specie of the generic feature shown was the delayed control4 ,the first production of this generic feature of control of the carry by the next higher actuator that gave the elastic keyboard-action is shown in the two ,felt patents4 ,it may be argued that this new keyboard feature was simultaneity of key-action and that simultaneity of keyboard-action was old4 ,true it was old1 but the flexible simultaneity was new and depended upon individuality of ordinal control for its creation1 and ,felt created the ordinal control that gave the flexible keyboard4 ,simultaneity of key-action was old in key-driven cash registers2 such invention as had been disclosed in this line1 however1 would defeat the usefulness of simultaneity in a key-driven calculator4 ,the useful feature of depressing keys in several orders at once in a key-driven calculating machine lay only in the increased speed of manipulation that it could offer4 ,sidenote3 ,forced simultaneous key-action old ,now such simultaneous key-action as had been invented and used on cash registers was not designed with the thought of increasing the speed of manipulation in such machines4 ,the simultaneity of the cash register was designed to compel the operator to depress the keys1 which represented the amount of the purchase1 exactly simultaneous2 otherwise1 by manipulation the proper registration could be made to show on the sight-register and a short amount on the total-register4 ,it was a device to keep the clerk or salesman straight and prevent dishonesty4 ,sidenote3 ,forced simultaneity applied to a calculator impossible ,if you have ever watched an expert operator using a 8,comptometer10 try to imagine that operator hesitating to select a group of keys and depressing them exactly simultaneously as one is compelled to do on one of the key-driven cash registers4 ,and then1 on the other hand1 if you have ever seen a key-driven cash register operated1 try to imagine its being operated at the lightning speed at which the 8,comptometer0 is operated4#d #d ,in making this comparison1 the reader should be careful not to confuse the later key-set crank-driven type like that of ,pottin described in the preceding chapter4 ,it was the old key-driven type of cash register which contained the forced simultaneity of key-action4 ,it must be understood that the exact or forced simultaneity of the cash register scheme1 if applied to a calculating machine1 would lock the whole keyboard if one of any of a group of keys the operator wished to strike was depressed ahead of the others1 and would thus prevent the rest of the group from being depressed until the return of the first key4 ,sidenote3 ,flexible simultaneity of key-action a ,felt invention ,it is within reason that a locking action of that character would even defeat the speed of key-action that was possible on the old 8,comptometer10 since an operator could overlap the key strokes in that machine to a certain extent2 whereas the forced simultaneity of the cash register1 if applied to the 8,comptometer10 would prevent any overlapping or the depression of a second key until the first depressed key returned4 ,the only simultaneity of key-action that could provide a means of speeding up the old 8,comptometer10 or any machine of its type1 was a means that would leave key-depression free as to matter of time2 one that would be perfectly flexible in group manipulation1 offering a complete fluidity of motion such as not to hinder the fingering of the operator4 ,the purpose of the mechanical means employed to give simultaneity in the cash register was to lock all the keys depressed together and lock all others against depression until the former returned4 ,the purpose of mechanical means employed in the ,felt patent was to give perfect freedom of key-action1 whereas formerly the key manipulation of the old 8,comptometer0 was restricted in the freedom of key-action1 to the extent of being limited to seriatum action4 ,the above discussion has been somewhat elaborately detailed to offset statements that simultaneity was old in the key-driven ,art4 ,there is no question as to the cash register type of inflexible simultaneity of action being old before ,felt patented his flexible type of simultaneity of key-action for a key-driven calculating machine2 but any statement intended to convey the idea that ,felt's contribution of the flexible simultaneity of key-action to the ,art was not new1 must come from ignorance of the facts or malice aforethought4 ,sidenote3 ,duplex ,comptometer ,this flexible keyboard 8,comptometer0 was given the trade name of 8,duplex ,comptometer20 the term 8,duplex0 meaning that two keys could be depressed1 as distinguished from the seriatum one at a time key-action formerly required4 ,the term1 however1 fell short of setting forth the capacity of such action1 as it was1 in fact1 not restricted to mere duplex-action--it was really a multiplex key-action having no limit except the lack of fingers on the part of the operator to depress the keys4 ,the validity of these patents has been sustained in litigation4 ,the technical scope of the mere claims has been disputed1 as patent claims sometimes are2 but the broad newness and importance of the practical calculative capacity achieved is beyond dispute4 ,the recent machine called the 8,burroughs ,calculator0 has multiplex key-action1 but it did nothing to advance the practical capacity of key-driven calculating machines4 ,sidenote3 ,introduction of full-stroke mechanism ,the operation of key-driven machines has always been attended more or less with a feeling that a key-stroke may not have been completed1 especially by a novice in operating4 ,recognition of the possibility of errors occurring through incomplete key-strokes in key-driven adding mechanism was first disclosed as early as #ahgb in the ,robjohn patent 7see page #cf71 in which a full-stroke device is shown co-acting with the keys4 ,in the drawings it will be noted that for each key there is provided a ratchet device co-operating with the key to compel a full-stroke4 ,this scheme1 like other similar later attempts1 was aimed at the prevention of an error in the operation of adding mechanism1 but as a means of prevention of an error it was lacking1 because unless the operator noticed that the key had not returned the next key depressed would1 through the action of the rotor1 pull the partly depressed key way down until it was released1 when it would rise again1 possibly without the knowledge of the operator4 ,there still remained the fact that the occurrence of the error was not made known to the operator until it was too late to correct it4 ,sidenote3 ,error signal keyboard ,that ,felt was interested in the solution of the problem for detection and correction of the errors in key-strokes is shown in the several patents issued to him on features pertaining to this subject4 ,after numerous experiments ,felt came to the conclusion that it was futile to lock a key in event of a partial stroke and that the solution lay in the locking of the keys in the other orders from that in which the error had been made1 thus signaling the operator and compelling correction before further manipulation could be accomplished4 ,again we find1 as with the simultaneity of key-action1 that a question may be raised as to the novelty of invention by those who wish to say that there are full-stroke mechanisms in the key-driven cash register ,art that lock the rest of the keyboard4 ,but the key-locks disclosed in the cash register were directed to a continuity of stroke engroup1 as distinguished from the individualism necessary to the key-driven calculator4 ,the mechanical means employed1 of course1 varied greatly from that which would be of any value in the calculating machine ,art1 and the theoretical scheme was aimed at a widely different result4 ,flexibility was necessary4 ,sidenote3 ,locking of the other orders by a short key-stroke ,the feature sought by ,felt for his calculator was a signal to the operator that an error had been made--if an error should occur--and to block the operation of any of the other orders until the error was corrected4 ,this he accomplished by causing all the other orders to be locked against manipulation1 through the occurrence of an error in a key-stroke2 thus preventing manipulation of another order until the error was corrected4 ,sidenote3 ,inactive keys locked during proper key-action in cash register ,now it may be said that the locking of other orders was old in the cash register2 but let us analyze the scheme and action of both4 ,the depression of a key of the key-driven cash register immediately locked all other keys not depressed1 and retained such locking-action during depression and until the complete return of such key-depression2 thus the keyboard was locked1 error or no error4 ,sidenote3 ,inactive keys not locked during proper key-action in 8,comptometer0 ,a correct depression of a key in ,felt's new invention1 as applied to key-driven calculators1 does not lock the rest of the keys4 ,in fact1 no key of ,felt's invention is locked until an error occurs4 ,the lock of the key-driven cash register is a lock that takes effect without an error having occurred--one that is always present with respect to the keys not depressed simultaneously1 and a feature designed to force simultaneity of group key-action to prevent1 as before explained1 dishonesty4 ,the lock of the key-driven calculator inventions referred to are in no way connected with simultaneous key-action--as in the cash register--and never act to lock the other orders except when there is an error in a key-stroke4 ,as the writer has explained respecting the simultaneous feature of the cash register1 the locking of the other orders in the cash register interfered with the flexibility of the key-action and for that reason would be impossible in a key-driven calculator1 where rapid manipulation is dependent on flexibility4 ,the scheme of the new key-driven calculator inventions referred to1 were designed to allow perfect freedom of individual key-action and to block such action only when an error in any individual key-stroke should be made4 ,there is nothing in common in the two schemes4 ,the time1 purpose and mechanical means employed differ entirely4 ,sidenote3 8,controlled-key ,comptometer0 ,this new idea of ,felt's is embodied in what is commercially known as the 8,controlled-key ,duplex ,comptometer40 ,the term 8,controlled-key0 was coined to fit this broadly new combination1 but a word coined to fit the functions of a new mechanism is seldom enough to convey a complete understanding of its true qualities4 ,aside from the broad newness of the ,felt 8,controlled-key0 feature referred to1 even the mechanical means for safeguarding the individual key-action was new in its application as a full-stroke device4 ,the means employed operated directly on the accumulator mechanism1 locking it against registration until the error was corrected1 which differed greatly from the devices applied to the keys or actuators designed by others to bring about a similar result4 ,but the locking of all the other orders of mechanism1 through any key-action short of a full stroke1 as a signal or error1 has no mechanical equivalent or simile in the ,art4 ,the ,improved ,recorder ,sidenote3 ,the mass of recorder inventions patented ,since the general installation of the recording-adder by the banks1 the minds of 8get-rich-quick0 inventors have been turned toward this type of machine4 ,the result has been that a vast number of patents on such machines were issued1 a large proportion of which represent worthless and impossible mechanism purported by their inventors to contain improvements on the ,art4 ,some of these patents on alleged improvements describe and purport to contain features1 that1 if really made operative in an operative machine1 would be useful to the public4 ,but as inventions1 they merely illustrate the conceptions of a new and useful feature that can never be of use to anyone until put into concrete operative form4 ,to describe these features would be useless1 as they have not advanced the ,art2 they merely act to retard its advancement through the patent rights that are granted on the hatched-up inoperative devices or mechanism purported to hold such features4 ,sidenote3 ,but few of the recorder patents of value ,of the vast number of patents issued1 but few of the machines represented therein have ever reached the market1 and of these machines1 except those previously mentioned1 there is little that may be said respecting new elementary features that may be called an advancement of the ,art4 ,it is to be expected1 of course1 that the manufacturer of such machines will not hold the same opinion as the writer on this subject4 ,but the fact that the generic principles of recording the items and totals were worked out before they even thought of constructing such a machine leaves little chance for anything but specific features of construction for them to make that may be considered new4 ,sidenote3 ,reserve invention as good insurance ,another feature to be considered in this line is that while these new manufacturers were working out the 8kinks0 or fine adjustments1 which can only be determined after a considerable number of machines have been put into service1 the older manufacturers were working or had worked out and held in reserve new improvements that were not obvious to those new at the game4 ,it is quite common for manufacturers to have a reserved stock of improved features to draw from4 ,in fact1 such a stock is sometimes the best insurance they have against being run out of business by a competitor who places a machine on the market to undersell them4 ,of course1 all manufacturers believe they purvey the best and advise the public relative to this point in their advertisements4 ,sidenote3 ,erroneous advertising ,one manufacturer of a recording-adder1 a much later invention than either the ,felt or ,burroughs recorder1 circulated some advertising pamphlets once which contained a statement that their machine was the first visible recorder4 ,a reproduction of this pamphlet is shown on the opposite page4 ,the reader will at once recognize the error in such a statement1 as the first ,felt recorder was a visible printer4 ,the statement seems extremely peculiar after paying tribute to ,felt as the pioneer in the ,art of adding machines4 ,one would suppose that having knowledge enough of the ,art to offer such tribute would have left them better advised on the subject of visible recording4 ,illustration3 ,two ,pages from ,booklet ,issued by ,wales ,adding ,machine ,co4 ,sidenote3 ,error key ,the first of the later improvements in the key-set crank-operated recorder were made by ,burroughs and consisted of the features which formed a part of ,burroughs patent ,no4 #ejd1ifc of #ahic4 ,one of these features consisted of means provided in the shape of a special key that when depressed would clear the key-setting1 thus allowing of an erroneous key-setting to be corrected by clearing and resetting the correct item4 ,sidenote3 ,sub-total ,another feature was provision for printing a total at any time without clearing the machine1 thus allowing printing of what may be called a sub-total1 while the grand total is carried on to be printed later4 ,sidenote3 ,repeat key ,the third feature consisted of means for repeated addition and recording of the same item4 ,the means provided consisted of a key1 which1 if depressed after setting an item on the keys1 would prevent the keys from being cleared2 thus by repeated operation of the hand-crank the item set up would be printed and added repeatedly4 ,sidenote3 ,locked keyboard ,the next feature was one of construction1 as it was designed to overcome the possibility of the setting of two keys in the same order1 by locking all the other keys in that order4 ,the invention was shown applied to the ,burroughs machine1 but was applied for by ,wm4 ,h4 ,pike ,jr41 and was issued ,january #ac1 #ahih4 ,sidenote3 ,quick paper return ,in #aijj ,felt perfected a quick paper return for his wide paper-carriage and applied for a patent1 which was issued ,march #aa1 #aijb1 the number of which is #fid1iee4 ,the feature was1 that by operating a lever1 it served to return the paper after recording a column of items and automatically shifted the carriage ready for the recording of another column of items1 thus facilitating speedy operation4 ,sidenote3 ,paper stop ,in ,march1 #aijb1 a patent was allowed ,felt on means to lock the mechanism in a recorder when the paper was about to run out of the rolls2 a feature which1 in tabulating1 served as a check against the paper running out of the rolls and prevented further operation until the paper was shifted to commence a new column of items1 thus insuring the printing of each record on the paper which formerly depended upon the vigilance of the operator4 ,sidenote3 ,cross tabulating ,the next feature in the recording machine ,art which shows a new operative feature1 that may be considered an improvement1 is cross tabulating4 ,it consisted of means for horizontal tabulating or recording across a sheet of paper as well as in vertical columns4 ,while this feature was for special use1 it served to broaden the usefulness of the recorder in bringing together classified balances by dates with cross-added totals1 and many other similar uses4 ,this feature was the invention of ,d4 ,e4 ,felt1 who applied for a patent ,april #bi1 #aija1 which was issued ,october #ba1 #aijb2 the patent number is #gaa1djg4 ,sidenote3 ,item stop ,another special feature serving to broaden the usefulness of the recording-adder was invented by ,felt1 and may be found in patent ,no4 #ghj1bgb1 applied for ,march #cj1 #aija1 and issued ,january #ag1 #aije4 ,this feature was a device which controlled the printing of a predetermined number of items which could be set by the operator1 and which1 when the predetermined number had been printed1 would lock the mechanism against further action until the paper was shifted to print a new column4 ,sidenote3 ,motor drive ,prior to ,may #i1 #aija1 there is no record of any recording-adder having been operated by electric motor drive4 ,but on that date ,frank ,c4 ,rinche applied for a patent showing such a combination with the recorder1 which became commercially known as the ,universal ,accountant4 ,the patent1 ,no4 #gbf1hjc1 was issued ,april #bh1 #aijc1 and is the first of a series issued to ,rinche on various combinations of mechanical driving connections4 ,sidenote3 ,distinguishing marks for clear1 totals and sub-totals ,a feature common to recording of added columns of numerical items is the distinguishing characters for clear1 sub-totals and totals by the use of letters1 stars and other marks4 ,the first patent on anything of this nature that has come into general use was applied for ,june #i1 #aijc1 by ,a4 ,macauley1 and was issued ,june #ab1 #aijf4 ,this patent is ,no4 #hbc1dgd1 and shown connected with the ,burroughs recorder to register with a star when the first item is printed if the machine is clear and when a total is printing4 ,provision was also made for printing an ,s when a sub-total was printed4 ,sidenote3 ,adding cut-out ,the use of recording-adders is often applied when it is desired to record dates along with tabulating added columns of recorded items4 ,of course there is no use of adding the dates together1 and again if they were allowed to be added to the totals an erroneous total of the columns added may result under certain conditions4 ,means for automatically cutting out additions at certain positions of the paper carriage in cross-line tabulating was devised by ,h4 ,c4 ,peters1 and a patent showing such combination operative on the ,burroughs recorder was applied for by him ,may #ab1 #aijd4 ,the patent1 ,no4 #a1jbh1acc1 was issued ,june #d1 #aiab4 ,sidenote3 ,self-correcting keyboard ,with the introduction of the key-set crank-operated feature on the ,felt ,comptometer1 the key action1 like in the ,burroughs recorder1 became a feature to be considered2 but unlike the organism of the ,burroughs1 the ,felt construction allowed of the use of a self-correcting keyboard without the possibility of error occurring from its use4 ,this feature is shown in a patent issued to ,felt ,wetmore applied for ,december #bg1 #aijd1 and issued ,may #ad1 #aijg4 ,the patent number is #hec1edc1 and provides a means of correcting errors made in setting the keys by merely depressing the proper key or keys1 which will release any previously set in the respective orders4 ,sidenote3 ,split keyboard ,in some classes of recording it is desirable to print more than one column of items without shifting the paper carriage laterally4 ,a means providing for such an emergency is shown in patent ,no4 #hbe1bje1 issued to ,c4 ,w4 ,gooch ,july #c1 #aijf4 ,the patent was applied for ,december #b1 #aije1 and shows a means applicable to any order that may intercept the printing of the ciphers in that order1 and thereby the ciphers in all other orders to the right from any key depression to the left of such order4 ,this made what has been generally known as the split keyboard1 but differs from that now in general use in that it was set to certain orders and not selective at the will of the operator4 ,sidenote3 ,dual action keyboard ,with the coming of the motor-operated recording-adders1 the extra time allowed the operator1 through being relieved of having to work the crank back and forth1 left a lapse of time until the motor finished its cranking of the machine4 ,in other words1 there could be no gain in the speed of operation because it took as much time for the motor to operate the machine as it did by human power4 ,in a patent granted to ,mc,farland1 ,no4 #hie1ffd1 applied for ,october #ai1 #aije1 is shown a means for utilizing the lapse of time which the operator was formerly obliged to lose while waiting for the motor to finish its operation of cranking the machine4 ,it is shown in combination with the keyboard of the ,pike recorder and consists of a change that allows the keys for the next item to be set while the motor is cranking the machine to print and add the item previously set1 thus utilizing the time formerly lost4 ,sidenote3 ,non-add signal ,in adding and recording columns of figures1 it quite often happens that it is desirable to print a number without adding it into the total1 which may be accomplished in general by depressing the non-add key or knob1 or what may be supplied for that purpose4 ,these numbers1 however1 were not provided with any means by which they could be distinguished from those added into the total until ,jesse ,g4 ,vincent conceived the idea of printing a distinguishing mark beside them to designate that they were mere numbers not added to the total4 ,the means for accomplishing this feature is shown in patent ,no4 #a1jdc1hhc1 applied for ,september #bd1 #aijf1 and issued ,november #ab1 #aiab4 ,sidenote3 ,selective split keyboard ,a new improvement in the split keyboard formerly devised by ,c4 ,w4 ,gooch is shown in a patent issued to ,wetmore ,niemann applied to the ,felt 8,comptograph40 ,this improvement consists of a selective device for splitting the keyboard into four different combinations selective to any combination4 ,the patent was applied for ,april #bd1 #aijg1 and issued ,february #b1 #aiae2 the number is #a1abg1ccb4 ,sidenote3 ,selective printing cut-out ,in some classes of recording it is desirable at times to cut out the printing of some of the orders and in others the whole of the printing mechanism4 ,mr4 ,fred ,a4 ,niemann patented a means for such a contingency4 ,the patent was applied for ,april #bd1 #aijg1 but was not issued until ,march #i1 #aibj4 ,the feature was shown applied to the ,felt ,comptograph for tabulating or printing vertically a series of added and footed columns of figures4 ,sidenote3 ,grand totalizer ,it is sometimes desirable to print the sum of all the totals of the footed columns or what may be called a grand total4 ,william ,e4 ,swalm1 in patent ,no4 #hhe1bjb1 applied for ,october #bd1 #aijg1 and issued ,april #ba1 #aijh1 shows how this feature may be accomplished on the ,burroughs recorder4 ,it consisted of an extra series of accumulator wheels that could be meshed with the regular accumulator wheels1 and thus receive actuation resulting in accumulation1 the same as the regular wheels4 ,when1 however1 the regular wheels are zeroized in printing the individual totals1 the extra accumulator wheels are left out of mesh4 ,thus the grand totals are accumulated4 ,the printing of the grand total is accomplished by the meshing of the grand total wheels with the regular and the usual operation of taking a regular total4 ,the regular wheels1 however1 must be cleared first4 ,sidenote3 ,alternate cross printing ,the shuttle carriage1 a means devised to print two columns of figures by printing a number in one column and a sum in the other by alternate action1 was the conception of ,clyde ,e4 ,gardner1 and is shown applied to the carriage of the ,pike recorder in patent ,no4 #a1jeb1haa of ,february #aa1 #aiac4 ,the patent was applied for ,september #bd1 #aijh1 and consists of means for automatically shifting the carriage back and forth4 ,sidenote3 ,determinate item signal ,another means than that invented by ,felt to signal the operator when a predetermined number of items have been recorded1 consists of a bell1 which rings to notify the operator to that effect4 ,this signal was the invention of ,j4 ,g4 ,vincent1 and is shown in patent ,no4 #ifh1jje of ,august #bc1 #aiaj1 and was applied for ,december #c1 #aiji1 as an attachment to the carriage of the ,burroughs machine4 ,sidenote3 ,subtraction by reverse action ,although subtraction has always been accomplished on this type of machine as a means of correcting an error1 it was always accomplished on the ,burroughs recorder by the use of what is generally known as the complimental method1 which1 without special provision1 is rather objectionable4 ,on the #bb;d of ,april1 #aiaj1 ,wm4 ,e4 ,swalm applied for a patent which was issued ,june #d1 which shows means connected with the ,burroughs machine that allowed subtraction to be made by the direct method by setting the keys the same as for addition4 ,the patent number is #a1jbh1adi4 ,sidenote3 ,selective split for keyboard ,a further improvement on the split keyboard feature is shown in a patent issued to ,fred ,a4 ,niemann in which is shown an individually selective cipher cut-out that splits the keyboard into any combination at the will of the operator4 ,the said patent is ,no4 #a1cji1fib1 applied for ,october #g1 #aiab1 and issued ,july #ae1 #aiai1 and shows the improvement in combination with the ,felt 8,comptograph40 ,sidenote3 ,rapid paper insert and ejector ,in some classes of listing or tabulating it is an advantage to enter the paper and eject it with a rapidity that will facilitate the handling of a large number of sheets1 such for instance as the usual bank statements4 ,in patent ,no4 #a1bjh1cge ,f4 ,c4 ,rinche shows how he accomplished this feature on the ,burroughs recorder4 ,the patent was applied for ,july #ba1 #aiac1 and issued ,december #ab1 #aiaf4 ,of the named improvements1 of course1 all are designed to fit the requirements of the machines they are shown as a part of in the drawings of the patent4 ,they are also claimed as adaptable to other machines of the type1 but some are so specific to the machine they form an improvement on that they are not adaptable to other makes4 ,again some give results on the machine they form a part of that was accomplished in a different way in another make4 ,most of the improvements named1 however1 are of such a nature that the broad feature disclosed is adaptable to all makes if mechanism should be specially designed to suit such machines that will function to give the result4 ,illustration ,the ,bookkeeping and ,billing ,machine ,an outgrowth of the recording-machine ,art is represented in a new type of recording machine especially adapted to bookkeeping and the making out of invoices or reports where typewriting combined with arithmetical recording is necessary4 ,this class of work demands a combination of the typewriter with adding and multiplying mechanism1 having a capacity for printing the totals of either addition or multiplication4 ,sidenote3 ,early ,combinations ,several attempts have been made to combine the typewriter and adding-recorder2 and there have been combinations of multiplying and recording4 ,another combination that has been used to some extent for bookkeeping and billing is an adding attachment for typewriters1 but all these combinations were lacking in one feature or another of what may be called a real bookkeeping machine and billing machine4 ,the combination of the typewriter and multiple-order keyboard recording-adders was too cumbersome1 and the means employed for multiplication on such machines required too many manipulative motions from the operator4 ,in simple cases of multiplication as high as fifty manipulative motions would be required to perform an example on such a machine4 ,illustration3 8,moon-,hopkins0 ,billing and ,bookkeeping ,machine ,the combination of multiplying mechanism1 either direct or by repeated stroke1 with the multiple keyboard has been made1 but without the typewriting feature they do not serve as a real bookkeeping and billing machine4 ,the combination of the typewriter and the adding attachment lacks automatic means to print totals4 ,the operator must read the totals and print them with the typewriter4 ,multiplication on such a combination is1 of course1 out of the question4 ,sidenote3 ,first ,practical ,combination ,the culmination of the quest for a practical bookkeeping machine is a peculiar one1 as it was dependent upon the ten-key recorder1 which has never become as popular as the multiple-order keyboard on account of its limited capacity4 ,the simplicity of its keyboard1 however1 lent to its combination with the typewriter1 and the application of direct multiplication removed a large per cent of the limitation which formerly stood as an objection to this class of machine when multiplication becomes necessary4 ,for the combination1 which finally produced the desired result1 we must thank ,mr4 ,hubert ,hopkins1 who is not only the patentee of such a combination1 but also the inventor of the first practical ten-key recording-adder which has become commercially known as the 8,dalton0 machine4 ,sidenote3 ,moon-,hopkins ,billing ,machine ,his bookkeeping machine is commercially known as the 8,moon-,hopkins ,billing ,machine40 ,see illustration on opposite page4 ,the term 8,bookkeeping ,machine0 has been misused by applying it to machines which only perform some of the functions of bookkeeping4 ,the principle of 8,napier's ,bones0 may be easily explained by imagining ten rectangular slips of cardboard1 each divided into nine squares4 ,in the top squares of the slips the ten digits are written1 and each slip contains in its nine squares the first nine multiples of the digit which appears in the top square4 ,with the exception of the top square1 every square is divided into parts by a diagonal1 the units being written on one side and the tens on the other1 so that when a multiple consists of two figures they are separated by the diagonal4 ,fig4 #a shows the slips corresponding to the numbers #b1 #j1 #h1 #e1 placed side by side in contact with one another1 and next to them is placed another slip containing1 in squares without diagonals1 the first nine digits4 ,the slips thus placed in contact give the multiples of the number #bjhe1 the digits in each parallelogram being added together2 for example1 corresponding to the number #f on the right-hand slip we have #j1 #h #c1 #j #d1 #b1 #a1 whence we find #j1 #a1 #e1 #b1 #a as the digits1 written backwards1 of #f x #bjhe4 ,the use of the slips for the purpose of multiplication is now evident1 thus1 to multiply #bjhe by #gcf we take out in this manner the multiples corresponding to #f1 #c1 #g and set down the digits as they are obtained1 from right to left1 shifting them back one place and adding up the columns as in ordinary multiplication1 viz41 the figures as written down are #abeaj #fbee #adeie -------- #aecdefj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,napier's ,bones ,from ,napier ,tercentenary ,celebration ,handbook ,napier's rods or bones consist of ten oblong pieces of wood or other material with square ends4 ,each of the four faces of each rod contains multiples of one of the nine digits1 and is similar to one of the slips just described1 the first rod containing the multiples of #j1 #a1 #i1 #h1 the second of #j1 #b1 #i1 #g1 the third of #j1 #c1 #i1 #f1 the fourth of #j1 #d1 #i1 #e1 the fifth of #a1 #b1 #h1 #g1 the sixth of #a1 #c1 #h1 #f1 the seventh of #a1 #d1 #h1 #e1 the eighth of #b1 #c1 #g1 #f1 the ninth of #b1 #d1 #g1 #e1 and the tenth of #c1 #d1 #f1 #e4 ,each rod1 therefore1 contains on two of its faces multiples of digits which are complementary to those on the other two faces2 and the multiples of a digit and its complement are reversed in position4 ,the arrangements of the numbers on the rods will be evident from fig4 #b1 which represents the four faces of the fifth bar4 ,the set of ten rods is thus equivalent to four sets of slips as described above4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,from ,drawings of ,barbour ,patent ,no4 #acj1djd ,it is unnecessary to go into the history of the ,hopkins ,bookkeeping ,machine to show the evolution of the ,art relative to this class of machines1 as the features that have made such a machine practical were developed by ,hopkins himself1 and at the present date there is none to dispute the title since his is the only machine having the required combination referred to4 ,the scheme used by ,hopkins for multiplication in his billing machine is1 as stated1 direct multiplication or that of adding the multiples of digits directly to the accumulator numeral wheels instead of pumping it into the accumulator wheels by repeated addition of the digits as is more commonly used4 ,illustration3 ,john ,napier ,the direct method of multiplying is old1 as a matter of fact1 the first mechanical means employed for multiplying worked by the direct method4 ,but its combination with recording and typewriter mechanism invented by ,hopkins was new4 ,sidenote3 ,napier's bones first direct multiplier ,napier1 in #afbj1 laid the foundation of the mechanical method of direct multiplication when he invented his multiplying bones4 ,the scheme of overlapping the ordinal places is shown in the diagonal lines used to separate units from the tens in each multiple of the nine digits 7see illustration1 page #agi71 thus providing a convenient means by which the ordinal values may be added together4 ,sidenote3 ,first direct multiplying machine ,the first attempt to set ,napier's scheme to mechanism that would add and register the overlapping ordinal values was patented by ,e4 ,d4 ,barbour in #ahgb4 ,see reproduction of patent drawings on opposite page4 ,,the ,,barbour ,,multiplier ,the accumulator mechanism of the ,barbour machine1 including the numeral wheels and their devices for transferring the tens1 is mounted in a sliding carriage at the top of the machine 7see ,fig4 #a71 which may be operated by the hand-knob4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,barbour ,multiplier ,extending through the bottom of the carriage are a series of pinions1 one for each ordinal numeral wheel1 and connected thereto by a ratchet and pawl action4 ,the pinions are each so arranged as to be operative with a gear rack beneath the carriage when the carriage is slid back and forth4 ,thus the wheels received action from one direction of the motion of the carriage and remain idle during the movement in the other direction4 ,the degree of motion so received would1 of course1 depend upon the number of teeth in the racks below encountered by the pinions4 ,the gear racks employed by ,barbour were numerous1 one being provided for each multiple of the nine digits1 arranged in groups constituting nine sets mounted on the drums marked ,b 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,each of these sets contain nine mutilated gear racks1 the arrangement of the teeth of which serve as the multiples of the digit they represent4 ,the teeth of the racks representing the multiples of the digits were arranged in groups of units and tens4 ,for instance3 #d #f #bd1 the rack representing the multiple of #d #f would have two gear teeth in the tens place and four gear teeth in the units place1 and likewise for the eighty other combinations4 ,adding the multiples of the digits by overlapping the orders was accomplished by a very simple means1 the arrangement of the racks being such that as the carriage was moved from left to right the numeral wheel pinions would move over the units rack teeth of a multiplying rack of one order and the tens rack teeth of a multiplying rack in the next lower order4 ,by close examination the reader will note from the drawings that the lower one of the sets of multiplying gear racks shown on the drum ,b1 to the left in ,fig4 #d1 is the series of one times the nine digits1 the next set or series of racks above are the multiplying racks for the multiples of two1 the lowest rack in that series having but two teeth1 the next higher rack four teeth1 the next rack six and the next eight4 ,so far no multiple of two has amounted to more than a units ordinal place1 therefore these racks operate on a lower-order numeral wheel1 and are all placed to the right of the center on the drum ,b1 but the next rack above for adding the multiple of two times five requires that one shall be added to a higher order1 and is therefore placed on the left side of the center of the drum4 ,thus it will be noted that by reading the number of teeth on the right of each rack as units and those on the left as tens1 that running anti-clockwise around the drum1 each series of multiplying racks show multiples of the digits from one to four1 it being obvious that the racks for adding the multiples of the higher digits are on the opposite side of the drums4 ,from the layout of the racks it is also obvious that the starting or normal position of the carriage would be with the numeral wheel pinions of each order in the center of each drum1 so that as the carriage is moved to the right the units wheel will receive movement from the units teeth of the rack on the units drum1 while the tens wheel will receive movement from the units teeth of the tens drum and the tens teeth of the units drum1 and so on with the higher wheels1 as each numeral wheel pinion except the units passes from the center of one drum to the center of the next lower and engages such teeth as may be presented4 ,each of the drums ,b are independently mounted on the pivot shaft ,c1 and are provided with the hand-operating setting-racks ,i and ,e1 co-acting with the gears ,r and ,d1 to help in bringing the proper racks into engageable positions with the pinions of the accumulator numeral or total wheels4 ,the hand-knob ,g1 ,fig4 #d1 and the gears f1 fast to a common shaft1 furnish a means for operating the whole series of drums when the right multiple series of racks of each drum have been brought into position4 ,as an example of the operation of the ,barbour calculator1 let us assume that #ghid is to be multiplied by #cdh4 ,the first drum to the right would be moved by its setting-racks until the series of multiplying racks for adding the multiples of four are presented1 the next higher drum to the left would be set until the series of multiplying racks for adding the multiples of nine were presented1 the next higher drum would be set for the multiples of eight1 and the next higher drum1 or the fourth to the left1 would be set for the multiples of seven4 ,then the hand-knob ,g1 first turned to register zero1 may be shoved to the right1 engaging the pinions f with the gears ,d1 and by turning the knob to register 7#h71 the first figure in the multiplier1 the racks are then set ready to move the numeral wheels to register as follows3 ,the drum to the right or the units drum has presented the multiplying rack for adding the multiple of #h #d1 thus it will present three teeth for the tens wheel and two teeth for the units wheel4 ,the tens drum presenting the rack for adding the multiple of #h #i will present seven teeth for the hundreds wheel and two for the tens wheel4 ,the hundreds drum presenting the rack for adding the multiple of #h #h will present six teeth for the thousands wheel and four for the hundreds wheel4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,from ,drawings of ,bollee ,patent ,no4 #eef1gbj ,the rack of the thousands drum representing the multiple of #h #g will present five teeth for the tens of thousands wheel and six for the thousands wheel4 ,thus by sliding the carriage to the right one space1 the numeral wheel pinions will engage first the units teeth on one drum1 then the tens teeth on the next lower drum and cause the wheels to register #fcaeb4 ,the operator1 by turning the knob ,g to register 7#d71 the next figure of the multiplier1 turns the drum so that a series of multiplying racks representing multiples of #d times each figure in the multiplicand are presented1 so that by sliding the carriage another space to the right1 the multiple of #d #ghid will be added to the numeral wheels4 ,the operator then turns the knob to register three and moves the carriage one more space to the right1 adding the multiple of #c #ghid to the wheels in the next higher ordinal series1 resulting in the answer of #bgdgaab4 ,there are1 of course1 many questionable features about the construction shown in the machine of the ,barbour patent1 but as a feature of historic interest it is worthy of consideration1 like many other attempts in the early ,art4 ,,the ,,bollee ,,multiplier ,probably the first successful direct multiplying machine was made by ,leon ,bollee1 a ,frenchman1 who patented his invention in ,france in #ahhi4 ,a patent on the ,bollee machine was applied for in this country and was issued ,march #ag1 #ahif1 some of the drawings of which are reproduced on the opposite page4 ,sidenote3 ,description of ,bollee ,machine ,instead of using eighty-one multiplying gear racks for each order as in the ,barbour patent1 ,bollee used but two gear racks for each order2 one for adding the units and the other for adding the tens2 these racks operate vertically and are marked respectively ,bb and ,bc4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,the racks are frictionally held against gravity in the permanent framework of the machine1 and are moved up and down by contact at each end1 received from above by bar ,ie1 and from below by pins of varying length set in the movable plates ,ab4 ,the bar ,ie forms part of a reciprocating frame which moves vertically and in which are slidably mounted the pin plates ,ab4 ,these plates are what ,bollee called his 8mechanical multiplication tables40 ,the arrangement of the pins and their lengths are such as to give degrees of additive movement to the units and tens gear racks equal to the multiplying racks in the ,barbour multiplier4 ,the pin plates are moved by the hand-knobs ,ab1 and the plate shown in ,fig4 #c is positioned for multiples of nine4 ,the means for setting the multiples correspond to the index hand-knob of the ,barbour machine1 and consists of the crank ,am1 which1 when operated1 shifts the whole series of plates laterally4 ,a graduated dial serves the operator to set the multiple that the multiplicand1 set by the positioning of the plates1 is to be multiplied by4 ,the accumulator mechanism is mounted in a reciprocating frame which moves horizontally1 causing the gears of the numeral wheels to engage first the units racks on their upstroke under action of the pins1 and then the tens racks on their down-stroke under the action of the top bar of the vertically moving frame1 the downward motion1 of course1 being regulated by the upward movement it receives from the pin that forces it up4 ,as may be noted in ,fig4 #a1 the multiplying plates are held in a laterally movable carriage that is shifted through the turning of the multiplier factor setting hand crank ,am1 by means of the rack and pinion action4 ,this gearing is such that each revolution moves the multiplying plates under a higher or lower series of orders1 thus allowing the multiples of a higher or lower order series to be added in the process of multiplication or subtracted in division1 as the case may be4 ,although the ,bollee machine is reputed to be a practical machine1 as is attested from the models on exhibit in the ,museum of ,des ,arts and ,metiers of ,paris in ,france1 it was never manufactured and placed on the market4 ,sidenote3 ,bollee's principle commercialized ,bollee's principle has1 however1 been commercialized by a ,swiss manufacturer in a machine made and sold under the trade name of 8,the ,millionaire10 the ,u4 ,s4 patents of which were applied for and issued to ,steiger4 ,hopkins constructed his multiplying mechanism on the ,bollee scheme of using stepped controlling plates for his reciprocating racks to give the multiples of the digits1 but the ingenious method of application shown in the ,hopkins patent drawings illustrates well the ,american foresight of simplicity of manufacture4 ,during the past ten years there have been a large number of patents applied for on mechanism containing the same general scheme as that of ,bollee and ,steiger1 but up to the present writing no machines with direct multiplying mechanism have been commercialized except 8,the ,millionaire10 which is non-recording1 and 8,moon-,hopkins ,bookkeeping ,machine40 ,a ,closing ,word ,as previously stated1 it is impossible to describe or illustrate the thousands of inventions that have been patented in the ,art of accounting machines1 and some of the inventors may feel that the writer has shown partiality4 ,the subject of this book1 however1 has to do only with the ,art as it stands commercialized and those who are responsible for its existence4 ,in the arguments to prove validity of contributions of vital importance to the ,art1 many other patented machines have been used which really have no bearing on the ,art4 ,but the writer was obliged to show their defects1 otherwise the misconception derived from articles written by authors incompetent to judge would leave the public in error as to the real truth relative to the ,art of the modern accounting machines4 ,that all inventors deserve credit1 even in the face of failure1 is without question4 ,the hours1 days1 months1 and sometimes years1 given up to the working out of any machine1 intended to benefit mankind1 whether the result brings a return or not1--whether the invention holds value1 or no1--leaves a record that the world may benefit by1 in pointing out the errors or productive results4 ,if it were not for the ambitions and untiring efforts of men of this type1 who give heart and soul to the working out of intricate problems1 the world would not be as far advanced as it is today4 ,the writer has kept in close touch with the ,art of calculating machines since #ahic1 and made exhaustive research of it prior to that period4 ,there have been thousands of patents issued on machines of the class herein set forth1 but outside of the features reviewed there have been no broadly new ones of practical importance that have as yet proved to be of great value to the public4 ,what is in the making1 and what may be developed later1 is open to conjecture4 ,it is a safe conjecture1 however1 that in the present high state of the ,art it will tax the wits of high-class engineers to offer any substantial and broadly new feature which will be heralded as a noticeable step in the ,art4 ,and that1 as in the past1 thousands of mistakes1 and impractical as well as inoperative machines will be made and patented1 to one that will hold real value4 ,illustration ,index to ,subjects ,,types ,,of ,,ancient ,,and ,,modern ,,machines ,page ,general knowledge lacking #e ,key-driven machine1 first of the modern machines #f ,recording1 the primary feature of adding machines that print #g ,validity and priority of invention #h ,description of ,pascal's invention #aa ,constructional features of the ,pascal machine #ab ,increased capacity of modern calculator #ac ,patent office a repository of ineffectual efforts #ad ,,the ,,early ,,key-,,driven ,,art ,first attempt to use depressable keys for adding was made in ,america #ag ,description of ,parmelee machine #ah ,foreign digit adders #ah ,single-digit adders lack capacity #ai ,some early ,u4 ,s4 patents on single-digit adding machines #bj ,calculating machines in use abroad for centuries #ba ,first key-driven machines no improvement to the ,art #ba ,description of the ,hill machine #bb ,hill machine at ,national ,museum #be ,inoperativeness of ,hill machine #be ,high speed of key drive #bf ,camera slow compared with carry of the tens #bf ,hill machine merely adding mechanism1 incomplete as operative machine #bi ,chapin and ,stark patents #bi ,description of ,chapin machine #bi ,inoperativeness of ,chapin machine #cj ,description of ,stark machine #cc ,inoperativeness of ,stark machine #cg ,nine keys common to a plurality of orders #cg ,description of ,robjohn machine #ch ,first control for a carried numeral wheel #da ,description of ,bouchet machine #db ,bouchet machine marketed #dc ,misuse of the term 8,calculating ,machine0 #dc ,description of ,spalding machine #dg ,prime actuation of a carried wheel impossible in the ,spalding machine #di ,,the ,,key-,,driven ,,calculator ,theory versus the concrete #ej ,all but one of the generic elements solved #ea ,originality of inventions #ea ,a conception which led to the final solution #eb ,evolution of an invention #ee ,trials of an inventor #ee ,the first 8,comptometer0 #ef ,felt patent #cga1dif #ef ,description of ,felt calculator #ei ,recapitulation of ,art prior to ,felt calculator #fj ,why ,hill failed to produce an operative machine #fa ,idiosyncrasies of force and motion increased by use of keys #fa ,light construction a feature #fb ,operative features necessary #fb ,classification of the features contained in the early ,art of key-driven machines #fc ,carrying mechanism of ,felt's calculator #fc ,transfer devices #fd ,carrying mechanism versus mere transfer devices #fd ,details of ,felt carrying mechanism #fe ,manufacture of the ,felt calculator #fi ,trade name of ,felt calculator #gj ,felt calculator exhibit at ,national ,museum #gj ,significant proof of ,felt's claim of priority #ge ,rules for operation an important factor of modern calculator #gf ,,early ,,efforts ,,in ,,the ,,recording ,,machine ,,art ,first attempt to record arithmetical computation #gi ,description of ,barbour machine #hj ,barbour machine not practical #ha ,description of ,baldwin machine #hb ,baldwin's printing mechanism #hi ,first key-set crank-operated machine and first attempt to record the items in addition #ij ,description of ,pottin machine #ia ,early efforts of ,wm4 ,s4 ,burroughs #ie ,general scheme of ,burroughs' first inventions #if ,brief description of machine of early ,burroughs' patents #ig ,all early arithmetical printing devices impractical #aja ,practical method for recording disclosed later #ajb ,inoperative features of early recording mechanism #aje ,adding mechanism attached to typewriter #aje ,description of ,ludlum machine #ajf ,ludlum machine inoperative #ajh ,,first ,,practical ,,recorders ,burroughs a bank clerk #aaa ,felt interested in recorder ,art #aaa ,felt's first recording machine #aac ,felt recording mechanism combined with his calculating machine #aac ,description of ,felt's first recorder #aad ,first individualized type impression combined with printing sector #aae ,first practical arithmetical recorder #aaf ,the first sale of a recording adding machine on record #aaf ,features of first practical recorder #aai ,description of ,felt's second recorder #abj ,felt principle of printing adopted by all manufacturers of recorders #abd ,wide paper carriage for tabulating #abd ,the wide paper carriage machine #abg ,litigation on tabulator patents #abg 8,cross ,tabulating0 #abh ,felt recorder in 8,engineering0 of ,london1 ,england #aca ,total recording a ,felt combination #aca ,legible listing of items and automatic recording of totals first achieved by ,felt #acb ,the key-set principle more practical for recorders #ace ,description of first practical ,burroughs recorder #acg ,date of use of first practical ,burroughs recorder #adj ,,introduction ,,of ,,the ,,modern ,,accounting ,,machine ,opposition to the use of machines for accounting #add ,banks more liberal in recognition #ade ,improvement slow for first few years #adf ,,the ,,high-,,speed ,,calculator ,felt improvements on ,comptometer #adi ,scientific distribution of functions #aej ,power consumed by old carrying method #aea ,cam and lever carrying mechanism #aeb ,one-point carrying cam impossible #aec ,felt's improved method of carrying #aec ,gauging and controlling prime actuation #aed ,alternating stop scheme #aee ,multiplex key action #aef ,control of the carry by the next higher actuator #aef ,forced simultaneous key action old #aeg ,forced simultaneity applied to a calculator impossible #aeg ,flexible simultaneity of key action a ,felt invention #aeh ,duplex ,comptometer #aei ,introduction of full-stroke mechanism #aei ,error signal keyboard #afj ,locking of the other orders by a short key-stroke #afa ,inactive keys locked during proper key-action in cash register #afa ,inactive keys not locked during proper key-action in 8,comptometer0 #afa 8,controlled-key ,comptometer0 #afb ,the mass of recorder inventions patented #afc ,but few of the recorder patents of value #afc ,reserve invention as good insurance #afd ,erroneous advertising #afd ,error key #aff ,sub-total #aff ,repeat key #aff ,locked keyboard #aff ,quick paper return #aff ,paper stop #afg ,cross tabulating #afg ,item stop #afg ,motor drive #afh ,distinguishing marks for clear1 totals1 and sub-totals #afh ,adding cut-out #afh ,self-correcting keyboard #afi ,split keyboard #afi ,dual action keyboard #afi ,non-add signal #agj ,selective split keyboard #agj ,selective printing cut-out #aga ,grand totalizer #aga ,alternate cross printing #aga ,determinate item signal #agb ,subtraction by reverse action #agb ,selective split for keyboard #agb ,rapid paper insert and ejector #agb ,,the ,,bookkeeping ,,and ,,billing ,,machine ,early combinations #agd ,first practical combination #agg ,moon-,hopkins ,billing machine #agg ,napier's ,bones first direct multiplier #aha ,first direct multiplying machine #aha ,description of ,barbour ,multiplier #ahb ,description of ,bollee machine #ahh ,bollee's principle commercialized #ahi ,a ,,closing ,,word