,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,orig9 ( ,mod]n ,calculat+ ,ma*9es ,a *ronicle ( ! evolution ( ! pr9ciples t =m ! g5]ic make-up ( ! ,mod]n ,calculat+ ,ma*9e ,,by ,j4 ,a4 ,v4 ,,turck ,memb] ( ,! ,we/]n ,society ( ,eng9e]s ,,*icago1 #aiba ,publi%$ "u ! auspices ( ,! ,we/]n ,society ( ,eng9e]s ,copyright1 #aiba1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,v4 ,turck ,illu/ration3 ,/one ,age ,calculat+ ,=eword ,!re is no?+ romantic 9 figures1 & ! av]age man takes little int]e/ 9 any subject p]ta9+ to !m4 ,z a result ( ?is antipa?y1 !re is pl5ty ( hi/oric evid5ce ( man's endeavor to m9imize ! hat$ drudg]y ( calculation4 ,:ile hi/ory %[s t1 f prehi/oric man d[n to ! pres5t age1 human +5uity has turn$ to me*anical means to ov]come ! bra9 fatigue ( ari?metical figur+1 x is )9 q rec5t ye>s t he has really succe$$ 9 devis+ means m rapid ?an ! human bra94 ,( ?is mod]n product little has be5 writt51 except 9 disconnect$ articles t h 9 no case (f]$ a complete und]/&+ z to :o 7 ! great b5efactors ( mank9d t gave to ! _w ! fir/ concrete production ( ^! mod]n pr9ciples ( me*anical calculation4 ,! writ]1 believ+ t !re are _m :o w\ld be int]e/$ to "k ! true facts relative to ?is subject1 has giv5 to ! public1 9 t :i* foll[s1 a *ronicle ( ! evolution ( ! pr9ciples disclos$ 9 ^! mod]n ma*9es1 along ) ! pro(s t =m ! f\ndation = ! /ory 9 a way t all may und]/&4 ,al?\gh ! subject has be5 h&l$ 9 a way t makes x unnecess>y = ! read] to be c>ri$ ?r\gh a jangle ( tiresome me*anical con/ruction1 ! writ] believes t !re are _m int]e/$ 9 ! detail work+s ( ^! ma*9es1 & has = t reason provid$ an int]e/+ & simple description ( ! work+ ( ea* illu/rat$ ma*9e1 :i* may be read by ^? :o wi%1 or skipp$ ov]1 if ! read] desires1 )\t ! dang] ( los+ k ( ! relation ( ea* ( ^! ma*9es to ! ,art4 ,illu/ration ,*apt]s ,,page ,=eword #a ,types ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,ma*9es #e ,! ,e>ly ,key-,driv5 ,art #ag ,! ,key-,driv5 ,calculator #ej ,e>ly ,ef=ts 9 ! ,record+ ,ma*9e ,art #gi ,fir/ ,practical ,record]s #aaa ,introduction ( ! ,mod]n ,acc\nt+ ,ma*9e #add ,! ,high-,spe$ ,calculator #adi ,! ,improv$ ,record] #afc ,! ,bookkeep+ & ,bill+ ,ma*9e #agd ,a ,clos+ ,^w #aij ,illu/rations ,,page ,frontispiece1 8,/one ,age ,calculat+0 ,"o ( ! ,pascal ,ma*9es #aj ,photo ( ,blaise ,pascal #aa ,p>melee ,pat5t ,draw+s #af ,hill ,pat5t ,draw+s #bc ,*ap9 ,pat5t ,draw+s #bh ,f ! ,/>k ,pat5t ,draw+s #cb ,f ! ,robjohn ,pat5t ,draw+s #cf ,f ,draw+s ( ,b\*et ,pat5t #cad1efa #dj ,draw+s ( ,spald+ ,pat5t ,no4 #bic1hji #df 8,mac>oni ,box0 ,model #ec ,photo ( ,dorr ,e4 ,felt #ee ,! ,fir/ 8,comptomet]0 #eg ,f ,draw+s ( ,felt ,pat5t ,no4 #cga1dif #eh ,bill = ,fir/ ,manufactur+ ,tools ( ! ,comptomet] #fh ,e>ly ,comptomet] #fi ,lett] f ,geo4 ,w4 ,m>t9 #ga ,te/imonial #gb ,te/imonial #gc ,lett]s f ,elliott & ,rosecrans #gd ,f ,draw+s ( ,b>b\r ,pat5t ,no4 #acc1ahh #gh ,f ,draw+s ( ,baldw9 ,pat5t ,no4 #aei1bdd #hc ,baldw9 ,ma*9e #hc ,f ,draw+s ( ,pott9 ,pat5t ,no4 #cab1jad #hh ,f ,draw+s ( ,burr\ghs ,pat5t ,no4 #chh1aah #id ,photo ( ,wm4 ,s4 ,burr\ghs #ie ,draw+s ( ,ludlum ,pat5t ,no4 #chd1cgc #ajd ,f ,draw+s ( ,felt ,pat5t ,no4 #dje1jbd #aab ,te/imonial #aag ,felt ,record+ & ,li/+ ,ma*9e #aah ,f ,draw+s ( ,felt ,pat5t ,no4 #dfe1bee #aba ,felt ,tabulator #abf ,"o ( ! ,e>ly 8,comptographs0 #acj ,photo ( ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm ,leibnitz #acb ,leibnitz ,calculator #acc ,f ,draw+s ( ,burr\ghs' ,pat5ts ,nos4 #ejd1ifc & #eje1jgh #acf ,burr\ghs' ,record] #acg ,f ! ,febru>y #aijh ,issue ( ,(fice ,appliances ,magaz9e #adb ,! ,high-,spe$ ,calculator #adh ,two ,pages f ,wales ,add+ ,ma*9e ,co4 ,booklet #afe ,moon-,hopk9s ,bill+ & ,bookkeep+ ,ma*9e #agf ,napi]'s ,bones #agi ,f ,draw+s ( ,b>b\r ,pat5t ,no4 #acj1djd #ahj ,photo ( ,john ,napi] #aha ,f ,draw+s ( ,bollee ,pat5t ,no4 #eef1gbj #ahf ,! ,mod]n ,acc\nt+ ,ma*9e ,! t]m 8add+ ma*9e0 or 8calculat+ ma*9e0 to mo/ ( u repres5ts ! ma*9e we h se5 9 ! bank4 ,! av]age p]son is n famili> ) ! diff]5t types ( acc\nt+ ma*9es1 to say no?+ ( ! _m uses to :i* !y are put2 b he has a vague idea t to hold any value !y %\ld produce a pr9t$ record1 he doesn't "k :y & he hasn't /opp$ to reason :y2 b ^? he has se5 9 ! bank d pr9t1 & any ma*9e ! bank uses1 to 8 m9d1 mu/ be all "r4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 p :o d "k ! diff]5t types ( acc\nt+ ma*9es1 & are famili> ) _! special uses1 b !re are v few :o are famili> ) ! true hi/ory ( ! mod]n acc\nt+ ma*9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al k lack+ ,articles writt5 by ^? n famili> ) ! true facts relative to ! art ( acc\nt+ ma*9es h wr\ght confusion4 ,_! errors h be5 copi$ & new errors add$1 ?us increas+ ! confusion4 ,aga91 claims made 9 trade adv]tisem5ts & booklets are mislead+1 ) ! result t ! tru? is b little kn[n4 ,^! facts1 & ! psy*ological effect ( see+ a c]ta9 type ( ma*9e 9 ! bank w\ld lead ! av]age man to believe t ! record+-add+ ma*9e 0 ! only practical ma*9e2 & also 7z someone /at$ 9 ! ,decemb]1 #aiae1 issue ( ! ,geographic ,magaz9e7 t ,burr\ghs 0 ! inv5tor ( ! record+-add+ ma*9e4 ,al?\gh ! hi/ory ( acc\nt+ ma*9es dates way back into ! t5? c5tury1 ! mod]n acc\nt+ ma*9es are ( q rec5t orig91 & are especially di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( depressable keys4 ,! keys 9 ^! ma*9es act z a means ( gaug+ ! actuation :i* det]m9es ! value 9 calculation1 :e!r ! ma*9e is key-driv5 or key-set ) a crank or motor drive4 ,^! mod]n ma*9es1 :i* come )9 ! classification ( key-driv5 & key-set1 h _! respective special uses4 ,sid5ote3 ,key-driv5 ma*9e fir/ ( ! mod]n ma*9es ,! key-driv5 ma*9e1 :i* 0 ! fir/ produc$ ( ^! two types ( mod]n ma*9es1 does n pr9t1 & is us$ = all =ms ( calculation1 b is g5]ally beh9d ! sc5es 9 ! acc\nt+ rooms ( all l9es ( bus9ess1 & = t reason is n s well kn[n z ! key-set crank-op]at$ or motor-driv5 ma*9e1 :i* is design$ to pr9t & is always 9 full view 9 ! bank :]e x is us$ to pr9t y\r /atem5t ( acc\nt f ! v\*]s y h issu$4 ,:5 we /op to analyze ! qualities ( ^! two types ( ma*9es1 we f9d t ea* has its place & t nei!r may truly s]ve to displace ! o!r4 ,! organization ( ea* is design$ ) ref]5ce to ! special "w x 0 int5d$ to d4 ,! calculat+ ma*9e1 hav+ only to p]=m ! "w ( revolv+ ! num]al :eels 9 calculat+ addition1 subtraction1 multiplication & division 9 its _m =ms & comb9ations1 may be key-driv5 7on acc\nt ( ! slight me*anical resi/ance met ) 9 action71 & ?us1 z a "o-motion ma*9e1 requir+ only ! depression ( ! keys1 may also be mu* m rapid ( manipulation ?an ! two-motion record+-add+ ma*9e :i*1 aft] depress+ ! keys = ea* item1 requires ! second>y op]ation ( pull+ a crank =w>d or op]at+ a pu% b> t connects ! motor4 ,! record+-add+ ma*9e be+ design$ to pr9t ! items & answ]s ( addition1 requires p[] = ! pr9t+ :i* _c be suppli$ by key depression4 ,?us an extra means = supply+ t p[] mu/ be provid$ 9 ! =m ( a crank lev]1 or 9 ! late/ ma*9es by a motor4 ,! keys 9 su* ma*9es s]ve only z digital control to gauge ! sett+ ( me*anism :i* pr9ts ! items & adds !m toge!r4 ,! second>y motion op]ates ! me*anism to pr9t & add & f9ally to cle> ! ma*9e = ! sett+ up ( ! next item4 ,! record+ ( add$ columns ( figures requires t ! answ] mu/ always be pr9t$4 ,?is dem&s special op]ation ( devices provid$ = t purpose1 :i* also adds to ! "t sp5t 9 ! op]ation ( su* ma*9es z comp>$ ) ! key-driv5 calculator4 ,sid5ote3 ,record+1 ! prim>y feature ( add+ ma*9es t pr9t ,to /ate :i* ( ^! two types ( ma*9es is ! m useful w\ld cause a %[] ( comm5t1 & has no?+ to d ) ! object ( ?is article4 ,suffice x to say t :]e a pr9t$ record ( items add$ toge!r ) _! answ] is requir$ = fil+ purposes1 or to br+ toge!r loose items l ^? 9 y\r bank /atem5t1 ! record+-add+ ma*9e s]ves2 b :5 rapid calculation 9 addition1 multiplication1 subtraction or division1 or :5 comb9ations ( ^! =ms ( calculation are requir$1 ! key-driv5 calculator is ! practical ma*9e = su* "w4 ,al?\gh ! key-driv5 calculator is g5]ally n s well kn[n1 x is1 z /at$1 ! olde/ ( ! mod]n acc\nt+ ma*9es1 & its usefulness places x 9 ! acc\nt+ room1 :]e x is (t-times f\nd employ$ by ! hundr$s 9 figur+ up ! day's "w ( acc\nt+4 ,sid5ote3 ,validity & priority ( inv5tion ,! purpose ( ?is book is bas$ :olly ^u %[+ ! validity & priority ( inv5tion :i* con/itute true contributions to ! ,art ( ^! two types ( mod]n acc\nt+ ma*9es2 to place ! facts = once & all "t be=e ! public 9 su* a way t !y may judge = !mselves to :om ! honor is due & ?us settle ! controv]sy t exi/s4 ,! quibbl+ ( c\rt conte/s ov] ! t]m9ology ( claims ( pat5ts own$ by ! v>i\s inv5tors h be5 set aside & only ! true contributions to ! ,art :i* p]ta9 to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples t h made ! mod]n ma*9es possible1 are "h dealt )4 ,! dates ( pat5ts on inop]ative or impractical ma*9es h f "t to "t be5 held up to ! public z in/ances ( priority ( inv5tion2 b :5 ! validity ( ^! pat5ts1 z furni%+ any real contributions to ! ,art1 is que/ion$1 !y are n f\nd to hold ! !me or pr9ciple t made ! mod]n ma*9es possible1 & z inv5tions1 fade into obscurity4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b ,"o ( ! ,pascal ,ma*9es ,! ,art ( ei!r ! calculat+ ma*9e or ! add+-record+ ma*9e is n new2 x is1 z a matt] ( fact1 v old4 ,z be=e /at$1 ! ,art ( 8acc\nt+ ma*9e0 dates back to ! t5? c5tury1 b ! fir/ au!ntic evid5ce ( a work+ ma*9e is extant 9 models made by ,pascal 9 #afdb 7see illu/ration74 ,,! ,,pascal ,,ma*9e ,ref]r+ to ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #a1 ( ,pascal's ma*9e on ! opposite page1 x w be not$ t !re are a s]ies ( squ>e op5+s 9 ! top ( ! cas+2 "u ^! op5+s are drums1 ea* numb]$ on its cyl9drical surface4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,pascal's inv5tion ,z ! ma*9e illu/rat$ 0 made to figure ,engli% curr5cy1 ! two "r-h& :eels are numb]$ = p5ce & %ill+s1 :ile ! six :eels to ! left are numb]$ f #a to #i & #j = p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,blaise ,pascal ,! p\nds regi/]-drums1 or num]al :eels1 are ea* op]at$ by a tra9 ( ge>+ connect+ !m ) a t5-arm$ turn/ile :eel :i* =m ! hub & spokes ( :at appe>s to be a s]ies ( :eels on ! top ( ! cas+4 ,:ile ! spokes & hub are movable1 ! rims ( ^! :eels are /ation>y & are numb]$ f #a to #i & #j4 ,! ge>$ relation betwe5 ! turn/ile :eels & ! num]al :eels is su* t rotat+ a turn/ile w give l rotation to its num]al :eel4 ,assum+ t ! num]al :eel ( any "o ( ! diff]5t ord]s regi/]$ #j ?r\gh its sight op5+ & ! turn/ile ( ! same ord] 0 mov$ "o spoke ( a rotation1 x w\ld move ! :eel s t ! #j w\ld disappe> & ! figure #a w\ld appe>2 n[ if we %\ld move ! same turn/ile ?ree m spokes ! num]al :eel w\ld move likewise ?ree spaces & ! #d w\ld appe>4 ,a /op 9 ! =m ( a f+] rea*+ ov] ! spokes is provid$ to /op ! turn/ile at ! "r po9t s t ! figures on ! num]al :eels may regi/] prop]ly ) ! sight op5+s 9 ! cas+4 ,sid5ote3 ,con/ructional features ( ! ,pascal ma*9e ,! figures on ! :eel rims fa/ to ! cas+ are arrang$ anti-clockwise to regi/] ) ! space betwe5 ! spokes1 ! #j regi/]+ ) ! fir/ space1 ! #a ) ! second space & s on ar\nd ! :eel4 ,?us by use ( ! f+] or a /ylo ins]t$ 9 a space opposite ! numb] to be add$1 ! op]ator may move ! spok$ :eel or turn/ile clockwise until /opp$ by ! /op f+]4 ,by repeat$ selection & op]ation = ea* figure to be add$1 ! :eels w be revolv$ ?r\gh _! cycles ( rotation caus$ by ! accumulation4 ,z ! num]al :eels complete ea* rotation ! #j w appe>1 s t a regi/ration ( ! t5s mu/ be made4 ,pascal provid$ = ! accumulation ( ! t5s by automatically turn+ ! :eel ( next high] ord] "o po9t ?r\gh ! action ( ! l[] :eel4 ,! novel means employ$ = ?is transf] ( ! t5s consi/$ ( a "o-/ep rat*et device op]at$ by a p9 9 ! tra9 ( ge>+ connect$ ) ! l[] num]al :eel1 :i*1 z ! l[] :eel pass$ f #i to #j1 =c$ ! lev] to :i* ! rat*et pawl 0 atta*$ 9 a direction to cause ! ge>+ ( ! high] num]al :eel to be rat*et$ =w>d f> en\gh to add "o to ! high] num]al :eel4 ,! direct actuation ( a numb]$ :eel ?r\gh its v>i\s degrees ( rotation & ! second>y feature ( effect+ a "o-/ep movem5t to ! numb]$ :eel ( high] ord] 7:i* seems to h be5 orig9at$ by ,pascal7 is ! f\ndation on :i* ne>ly all ! calculat+ ma*9es h s9ce be5 con/ruct$ to calculate ! comb9ations ( ! ,arabian num]als repres5t$ 9 ,addition1 ,multiplication1 ,subtraction & ,division4 ,9 ,fig4 #b ( ! illu/ration ( ,pascal's ma*9e1 ! ma*9e has be5 rev]s$1 & ! bottom ( ! cas+1 :i* is h+$1 ?r[n back1 %[+ ! num]al :eels & ge>+ ( ! diff]5t ord]s & ! transf] lev]s = ! c>ry ( ! t5s4 ,sid5ote3 ,increas$ capacity ( mod]n calculator ,! ,art ( ! mod]n ma*9es is f> remov$ f ! old] ,art by its greatly increas$ capacity = rapid calculation :i* is f\nd emanat+ f ! provision ( keys z ! means ( manipulation4 ,to ! unsophi/icat$1 su* a simple ?+ z apply+ keys to ! anci5t type ( calculat+ ma*9es t h be5 made & us$ = c5turies1 w\ld seem b a simple me*anical application t ! ord9>y me*anic c\ld accompli%4 ,b x 0 too great a problem = ! _m r5[n$ inv5tors ( ! old] ,art to solve4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! use ( depressable keys 0 common to _m ma*9es1 especially ! piano1 !y knew t ! organiz$ make-up ( _! ma*9es c\ld sc>cely /&1 )\t error1 ! sl[ action receiv$ f ! crank motion or o!r means employ$ z manipulat+ devices4 ,to place x )9 ! p[] ( an op]ator to op]ate _! ma*9es at su* a spe$ z w\ld obta9 9 ! sudd5 /rik+ ( a key w\ld result 9 *aos4 ,sid5ote3 ,pat5t (fice a repository ( ineffectual ef=ts ,!re is no room = d\bt t "s ( ^! e>ly inv5tors _h ! wi% or desire to produce su* a key-driv5 ma*9e & may h attempt$ to produce "o4 ,b z !y lack$ ! advantage ( an in/itution l ! ,pat5t ,(fice 9 :i* !y c\ld leave a record ( _! inop]ative inv5tions1 & 9 view ( ! fact t !y 7 dep5d5t on produc+ an op]at+ ma*9e = cr$it1 !re is no au!ntic pro( t !y made attempts 9 ?is l9e4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,p>melee ,pat5t ,draw+s ,! ,e>ly ,key-,driv5 ,art ,m4 ,le ,colonel ,d',ocagne1 ,+nieur des ,ponts et ,*ausses1 ,pr(esseur l'cole des ,ponts et ,*ausses1 ,rptiteur l'cole ,polyte*nique1 9 8 8,le ,calcul simplifie10 a hi/orical review ( calculat+ devices & ma*9es1 ref]s to ! key-driv5 ma*9e z hav+ fir/ made its appe>ance 9 ! ,s*ilt ma*9e ( #ahea1 b t ! ,art rea*$ its truly practical =m 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( 8 /atem5t ! pr(essor is correct1 b z to ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! key-driv5 ma*9e ! ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice records %[ t a pat5t 0 issu$ to ,d4 ,d4 ,p>melee 9 #ahej = a key-driv5 add+ ma*9e 7see illu/ration74 ,,! ,,p>melee ,,ma*9e ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ attempt to use depressable keys = add+ 0 made 9 ,am]ica ,by ref]r+ to ! illu/ration ( ! ,p>melee ma*9e reproduc$ f ! draw+s ( ! pat5t1 ! read] w notice t ! pat5tee deviat$ f ! e/abli%$ pr9ciple ( us+ num]al :eels4 ,9 place ( num]al :eels a long rat*et-too!d b> has be5 suppli$1 ! flat faces ( :i* are numb]$ progressively f ! top to ! bottom4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,p>melee ma*9e ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ( ^! draw+s1 a spr+-press$ rat*et pawl m>k$ k1 engages ! tee? ( ! rat*et or num]al b>4 ,! pawl k1 is pivot$ to a lev]-con/ruct$ device m>k$ ,e1 ! plan ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,?is lev] device is pivot$ & op]at$ by ! keys :i* are provid$ ) arms d1 s arrang$ t :5 any "o ( ! keys is depress$ ! arm contacts ) & op]ates ! lev] device & its pawl k to rat*et ! num]al b> upw>ds4 ,ano!r spr+-press$ rat*et pawl m>k$ m 7see ,fig4 #b7 is m\nt$ on ! bottom ( ! cas+ & s]ves to hold ! num]al b> f return+ aft] a key-depression4 ,x w be not$ f ,fig4 #a t ! keys ext5d ?r\gh ! top ( ! cas+ 9 progressively v>y+ heights4 ,?is v>iation is su* z to all[ ! ,no4 #a key to rat*et up "o too? ( ! num]al b>1 ! ,no4 #b key two tee?1 etc41 progressively4 ,by ?is me?od a limit$ column ( digits c\ld be add$ up by depress+ ! keys correspond+ to ! digits & ! answ] c\ld be read f ! l[e/ too? ( ! num]al b> t protrud$ ?r\gh ! top ( ! cas+4 ,x is evid5t t if ! ,p>melee ma*9e 0 ev] us$ to add )1 ! op]ator w\ld h to use a pussyfoot key-/roke or ! num]al b> w\ld ov]-%oot & give an errone\s answ]1 z no provision 0 made to ov]come ! mom5tum t c\ld be giv5 ! num]al b> 9 an add+ action4 ,sid5ote3 ,=eign digit add]s ,sid5ote3 ,s+le digit add]s lack capacity ,! =eign ma*9es ( ! key-driv5 type 7 made by ,v4 ,s*ilt1 #ahea2 ,f4 ,arzb]g]1 #ahff2 ,/etn]1 #ahhb2 ,bagge1 #ahhb2 d',azev$o1 #ahhd2 ,petet91 #ahhe2 ,maq ,mey]1 #ahhf4 ,^! =eign ma*9es1 l t ( ,p>melee1 accord+ to ,m4 le ,colonel d',ocagne1 7 limit$ to ! capacity ( add+ a s+le column ( digits at a "t4 ,t is1 ei!r a column ( units or t5s or hundr$s1 etc41 at a "t4 ,su* ma*9es1 ( c\rse1 requir$ ! add+ fir/ ( all ! units1 & a note made ( ! total2 !n ! ma*9e mu/ be cle>$ & ! t5s figure ( ! total1 & hundr$s1 if !re be "o1 mu/ !n be add$ or c>ri$ ov] to ! t5s column ! same z add+ s+le columns m5tally4 ,on acc\nt ( ^! ma*9es hav+ only a capacity = add+ "o ord] or column ( digits1 ! unit value #i 0 ! greate/ item t c\ld be add$ at a "t4 ,?us1 if ! ov]fl[ 9 add+ ! units column or any o!r column am\nt$ to m ?an "o place1 x requir$ a multiple ( key-depressions to put x on ! regi/]4 ,= example1 suppose ! sum ( add+ ! units columns %\ld be #ihb1 x w\ld require ! depression ( ! #i-key t5 times & !n ! #h-key to be /ruck1 to put ! #ih on ! ma*9e4 ,?is ord] ( manipulation _h to be repeat$ = ea* d5om9ational column ( figures4 ,ano!r me?od t c\ld be us$ 9 ! manipulation ( ^! s+le-ord] or digit-add+ ma*9es 0 to set d[n ! sum ( ea* ord] z add$ ) its units figure arrang$ relative to ! ord] x repres5ts ! sum (1 & !n m5tally add su* sums 7see example bel[7 ! same z y w\ld set d[n ! sums 9 multiplication & add !m toge!r4 ,example ( me?od t may be us$ ) s+le column add]4 #ihb #efc #chd #abe ------- #agjjab ,su* ma*9es1 ( c\rse1 nev] became popul> because ( _! limit$ capacity1 :i* requir$ _m extra movem5ts & caus$ m5tal /ra9 )\t (f]+ an increase 9 spe$ ( calculation z comp>$ ) exp]t m5tal calculation4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( pat5ts issu$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ma*9es ( ?is class :i* may well be nam$ s+le digit add]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s e>ly ,u4,s4 pat5ts on s+le-digit add+ ma*9es ,! ma*9es ( ?is type :i* 7 pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 prec$+ ! fir/ practical multiple ord] mod]n ma*9e1 7 pat5t$ by ,d4 ,d4 ,p>melee1 #ahej2 ,w4 ,robjohn1 #ahgb2 ,d4 ,c>roll1 #ahgf2 ,borl& ,h(fman1 #ahgh2 ,m4 ,b\*et1 #ahhc2 ,a4 ,/etn]1 #ahhc2 ,spald+1 #ahhd2 ,l4 ,m4 ,swem1 #ahhe & #ahhf2 ,p4 ,t4 ,l9dholm1 #ahhf2 & ,b4 ,f4 ,smi?1 #ahhg4 ,all ( ^! ma*9es v>i$ 9 con/ruction b n 9 pr9ciple4 ,"s 7 really op]ative & o!rs inop]ative1 b all lack$ :at may be t]m$ useful capacity4 ,to ^? n famili> ) ! te*nical features ( ! key-driv5 calculat+ ma*9e ,art1 x w\ld seem t if a ma*9e c\ld be made to add "o column ( digits1 x w\ld require no great inv5tion or +5uity to arrange su* me*anisms 9 a plurality ( ord]s4 ,b ! impossibility ( effect+ su* a comb9ation )\t ex]cis+ a high degree ( inv5tion w become evid5t z ! read] becomes famili> ) ! requirem5ts1 :i* are be/ illu/rat$ ?r\gh ! errors made by ^? :o tri$ to produce su* a ma*9e4 ,z /at$1 ! fir/ au!ntic k we h ( an actual ma*9e = add+ is extant 9 models made by ,pascal 9 #afdb1 :i* 7 all multiple-ord] ma*9es1 & ! same 9 g5]al z t %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 page #aj4 ,sid5ote3 ,calculat+ ma*9es 9 use abroad = c5turies ,hi/ory %[s t ,europe & o!r =eign c\ntries h be5 us+ calculat+ ma*9es = c5turies4 ,l t ( ,pascal's1 !y 7 all multiple-ord] ma*9es1 &1 al?\gh n key-driv51 !y 7 capable ( add+ a numb] ( columns or items ( six to eight places at once )\t ! extra manipulation describ$ z necess>y ) s+le-ord] digit add+ ma*9es4 ,a numb] ( su* ma*9es 7 made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates prior to ! fir/ practical multiple-ord] key-driv5 calculator4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ key-driv5 ma*9es no improvem5t to ! ,art ,?is fact & ! fact t ! only op]ative key-driv5 ma*9es made prior to #ahhg 7 s+le-digit add]s are significant pro( t ! backw>d /ep f su* multiple-ord] ma*9es to a s+le-ord] key-driv5 ma*9e 0 f ! lack ( "s unkn[n me*anical functions t w\ld make a multiple-ord] key-driv5 calculator possible4 ,!re 0 a reason1 & a good "o1 t kept ! inv5tors ( ^! s+le-ord] key-driv5 ma*9es f turn+ _! inv5tion into a multiple-ord] key-driv5 ma*9e4 ,x is folly to ?9k t all ^! inv5tors nev] _h ! ?\ght or wi% to produce su* a ma*9e4 ,x is m reasonable to believe !re 0 n "o ( !m :o did n h ! wi% & :o did n give deep ?\ght to ! subject4 ,!re is e reason to believe t "s ( !m tri$ x1 b !re is no d\bt t if !y did x 0 a failure1 or !re w\ld be evid5ce ( x 9 "s =m4 ,,! ,,hill ,,ma*9e ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice records %[ t "o ambiti\s inv5tor1 ,?omas ,hill1 9 #aheg secur$ a pat5t on a multiple-ord] key-driv5 calculat+ ma*9e 7see illu/ration71 :i* he claim$ z a new & useful inv5tion4 ,! ,hill pat5t1 h[ev]1 0 ! only "o ( t class issu$1 until ! fir/ really op]ative mod]n ma*9e 0 made ?irty ye>s lat]1 & af=ds a f9e example by :i* ! features t 7 lack+ 9 ! make-up ( a really op]ative ma*9e ( ?is type may be br\ght out4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ! ,hill ma*9e ,! illu/rations ( ! ,hill ma*9e on ! opposite page1 reproduc$ f ! draw+s ( ! pat5t1 %[ two num]al :eels1 ea* hav+ sev5 sets ea* ( l>ge & small figures runn+ f #a to #i & ! ciph] m>k$ on _! p]iph]y4 ,! l>ge sets ( figures are arrang$ = addition or positive calculation1 & ! small figures are arrang$ ! rev]se = subtraction or negative calculation4 ,! :eels are provid$ ) means = ! c>ry ( ! t5s1 v simil> to t f\nd 9 ! ,pascal ma*9e4 ,ea* ( ! two :eels %[n are provid$ ) rat*et tee? :i* correspond 9 numb] ) ! numb] ( figures on ! :eel4 ,spr+-press$1 hook-%ap$ rat*et pawls m>k$ b1 are arrang$ to be 9 con/ant engagem5t ) ! num]al :eels4 ,^! pawls are ea* pivotally m\nt$ 9 ! end ( ! lev]s m>k$ ,e1 :i* are pivot$ at ! front end ( ! cas+4 ,illu/ration3 ,hill ,pat5t ,draw+s ,! lev]s ,e1 are held 9 normal or upw>d position by spr+s f1 at ! front ( ! ma*9e4 ,above ea* ( ^! lev]s ,e1 are a s]ies ( keys :i* protrude ?r\gh ! cas+ ) _! l[] ends re/+ on ! lev]s4 ,!re are b six keys %[n 9 ! draw+1 b ! specification claims t a complete set ( n9e keys may be suppli$ = ea* lev]4 ,! arrangem5t & spac+ ( ! keys are su* t ! great] ! value ( ! key ! ne>] x is to ! fulcrum or pivot ( ! lev] ,e4 ,! l5g? ( ! key /em "u ! head or button ( ea* key is gaug$ to all[ depression ( ! key1 ! lev] ,e & pawl b1 f> en\gh to cause ! num]al :eel to rotate z _m num]al places z ! value m>k+ on ! key4 ,a back-/op pawl = ! num]al :eels1 m>k$ p1 is m\nt$ on a cross-rod at ! top ( ! ma*9e4 ,b "o ( ^! pawls are %[n1 ! %aft & ! pawl = ! high] :eel be+ brok5 away to %[ ! device = transf]r+ ! t5s to ! high] :eel4 ,! transf] device = ! c>ry ( ! t5s is a lev] arrangem5t con/ruct$ f a tube ,f1 m\nt$ on ! cross-rod m1 ) arms ,g & ,h4 ,pivot$ to ! arm ,g1 is a rat*et pawl i1 & atta*$ to ! pawl is a spr+ t s]ves to hold ! pawl 9 engagem5t ) ! rat*et ( ! high]-ord] num]al :eel1 & at ! same "t1 ?r\gh its atta*m5t ) ! pawl1 holds ! lev] arms ,g & ,h retract$ z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,z ! l[]-ord] num]al :eel passes any "o ( its po9ts f #i to ,o1 "o ( ! tee? or cam lugs n1 on ! :eel w move ! arm ,h1 ( ! transf] lev] =w>d1 caus+ ! pawl i1 to move ! high]-ord] :eel "o /ep to regi/] ! accumulation ( ! t5s4 ,! functions ( ! ,hill me*anism w\ld1 p]haps1 be practical if x 7 n = ! physical law t 8bodies set 9 motion t5d to rema9 9 motion40 ,sid5ote3 ,hill ma*9e at ,national ,museum ,consid]able une>n$ publicity has be5 giv5 ! ,hill inv5tion on acc\nt ( ! pat5t (fice model hav+ be5 plac$ on exhibit 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton4 ,judg+ f ! outw>d appe>ance ( ?is model1 ! arrangem5t ( ! keys 9 columns w\ld seem to imp>t ! impression t "h 0 ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n key-driv5 ma*9e4 ,! column> pr9ciple us$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! keys1 h[ev]1 is ! only simil>ity4 ,sid5ote3 ,inop]ativ5ess ( ,hill ma*9e ,! ,hill inv5tion1 moreov]1 0 lack+ 9 ! ess5tial feature necess>y to ! make-up ( su* a ma*9e1 a lack t = ?irty ye>s held ! anci5t ,art aga9/ ! inroads ( ! mod]n ,art t f9ally displac$ x4 ,! feature lack+ 0 a means = controll+ ! action ( ! me*anism "u ! trem5d\sly increas$ spe$ produc$ by ! use ( depressable keys z an actuat+ means4 ,hill made no provision = ov]com+ ! lightn+-spe$ mom5tum t c\ld be giv5 ! num]al :eels 9 8 ma*9e ?r\gh manipulation ( ! keys1 ei!r f direct key-action or indirectly ?r\gh ! c>ry ( ! t5s4 ,imag9e ! sudd5 :irl 8 num]al :eel w\ld receive on a quick depression ( a key & !n consid] t he provid$ no means = /opp+ ^! :eels2 x is obvi\s t a correct result c\ld n be obta9$ by ! use ( su* me*anism4 ,"s idea ( :at w\ld take place 9 ! ,hill ma*9e "u manipulation by an op]ator may be conceiv$ f ! spe$ atta9$ 9 ! op]ation ( ! keys ( ! up-to-date mod]n key-driv5 ma*9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,high spe$ ( key drive ,op]ators on key-driv5 ma*9es (t5times atta9 a spe$ ( #eej key /rokes a m9ute 9 multiplication4 ,let u presume t any "o ( ^! /rokes may be a depression ( a n9e key4 ,! depression & return1 ( c\rse1 repres5ts a full /roke1 b only half ( ! /roke w\ld repres5t ! "t 9 :i* ! :eel acts4 ,?us ! num]al :eel w\ld be turn$ n9e ( its t5 po9ts ( rotation 9 an elev5 hundr$? 7_/7 ( a m9ute4 ,t means only "o-n9? ( ! "t giv5 to half ( ! key-/roke1 or a n9ety-n9e hundr$? 7_/7 ( a m9ute2 a "o hundr$ & sixty-fif? 7_/7 "p ( a second = a c>ry to be effect$4 ,sid5ote3 ,cam]a sl[ comp>$ ) c>ry ( ! t5s ,if y h ev] wat*$ a cam]a-%utt] "w on a tw5ty-fif? ( a second exposure1 :i* is ! av]age "t = a snap-%ot ) an ord9>y cam]a1 x w be int]e/+ to "k t ^! controll+ devices ( a key-driv5 ma*9e mu/ act 9 "o-fif? ! "t 9 :i* ! %utt] all[s ! daylight to pass ?r\gh ! l5s ( ! cam]a4 ,?9k ( x2 a ma*9e built ) ! idea ( (f]+ ! possibility ( su* key manipulation & supply+ no?+ to ov]come ! trem5d\s mom5tum set up 9 ! num]al :eels & _! driv+ me*anism1 unless p]*ance ,hill ?\ght ! op]ator ( 8 ma*9e c\ld1 m5tally1 control ! :eels aga9/ ov]-rotation4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,*ap9 ,pat5t ,draw+s ,lack ( a prop] descriptive t]m us$ to ref] to an object1 ma*9e1 etc41 (t5times leads to ! use ( an errone\s t]m4 ,to call ! ,hill inv5tion an add+ ma*9e is errone\s s9ce x w\ld n add correctly4 ,x is z great an error z x w\ld be to ref] to ! ,langley a]oplane z a fly+ ma*9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,hill ma*9e m]ely add+ me*anism1 incomplete z op]ative ma*9e ,:5 ! ,wright bro!rs add$ ! elem5t t 0 lack+ 9 ! ,langley plane1 a real fly+ ma*9e 0 produc$4 ,b )\t t elem5t ! ,langley plane 0 n a fly+ ma*9e4 ,likewise1 )\t means = controll+ ! num]al :eels1 ! ,hill inv5tion 0 n an add+ ma*9e4 ,! only t]m t may be correctly appli$ to ! ,hill inv5tion is 8add+ me*anism10 :i* is broad en\gh to cov] its incomplet5ess4 ,& yet _m ?\s&s ( p :o h se5 ! ,hill inv5tion at ! ,national ,museum h probably c>ri$ away ! idea t ! ,hill inv5tion 0 a p]fectly good key-driv5 add+ ma*9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ap9 & ,/>k pat5ts ,le/ we leave unm5tion$ two ma*9es t might be miscon/ru$ to hold "s ( ! features ( ! ,art1 att5tion is call$ to pat5ts issu$ to ,g4 ,w4 ,*ap9 9 #ahgj 7see illu/ration on opposite page71 & ,a4 ,/>k 9 #ahhd 7see illu/ration on page #cb74 ,,*ap9 ,,ma*9e ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,*ap9 ma*9e ,ref]r+ to ! illu/ration reproduc+ ! draw+s ( ! ,*ap9 pat5t1 ! read] w note t 9 ,fig4 #a !re are f\r :eels m>k$ ,v4 ,^! :eels1 al?\gh %[+ no num]als1 are1 accord+ to ! specification1 ! num]al :eels ( ! ma*9e4 ,! :eels are provid$ ) a "o-/ep rat*et device = transf]r+ ! t5s1 consi/+ ( ! spr+ frame & pawl %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 :i* is op]at$ by a p9 9 ! l[] :eel4 ,9 ,fig4 #a ! units & t5s :eel are %[n me%$ ) _! driv+ ge>s4 ,^! ge>s are n numb]$ b are said to be fa/ to ! %afts ,n & ,m1 respectively 7see ,fig4 #b74 ,fa/ on ! %aft ,m1 is a s]ies ( n9e rat*et-too!d ge>s m>k$ ,o1 & a l s]ies ( ge>s ,p1 are fa/ to ! %aft ,n4 ,co-act+ ) ea* ( ^! rat*et-too!d ge>s is a rat*et-too!d rack ,f1 pivot$ at its l[] end to a key-lev] ,h1 & press$ =w>d into engagem5t ) its rat*et ge> by a spr+ ,g4 ,! key-lev]s ,h1 ( :i* !re are two sets1 "o set ) ! f+]-pieces ,k & ! o!r ) ! f+]-pieces ,j1 are all pivot$ on ! block ,i1 & held depress$ at ! re> by an ela/ic b& ,l4 ,! two sets ( racks ,f1 are ea* provid$ ) a numb] ( tee? arrang$ progressively f "o to n9e1 ! rack connect$ ) ! ,no4 #a key hav+ "o rat*et too?1 ! ,no4 #b hav+ two tee?1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,inop]ativ5ess ( ,*ap9 ma*9e ,by ?is arrangem5t ,*ap9 expect$ to add ! units & t5s ( a column ( num]ical items1 & !n by %ift+ ! num]al :eels & _! transf] devices1 :i* are m\nt$ on a frame1 design$ = t purpose1 he expect$ to add up ! hundr$ & ?\s&s ( ! same column ( items4 ,x is h>dly conceivable t ! inv5tor %\ld h ov]look$ ! necessity ( gaug+ ! ?r[ ( ! racks ,f1 b su* is ! fact1 z no provision is made 9 ! draw+s1 nei!r 0 m5tion made ( su* means 9 ! specification4 ,ev5 a s+le too? on 8 rack ,f1 c\ld1 "u a quick key-/roke1 ov]?r[ ! num]al :eels1 & ! same is true ( ! c>ry transf] me*anism4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,/>k ,pat5t ,draw+s ,! ,*ap9 ma*9e1 l t ( ,hill1 0 made )\t ?\ght z to :at w\ld happ5 :5 a key 0 depress$ ) a quick /roke1 z !re 0 no provision = control ( ! num]al :eels aga9/ ov]?r[4 ,z /at$1 ! ma*9e 0 design$ to add two columns ( digits at a "t1 & ) an attempt to provide means to %ift ! accumulator me*anism1 or ! num]al :eels & c>ry-transf] devices1 s t columns ( items hav+ f\r places c\ld be add$ by su* a %ift4 ,su* a ma*9e1 ( c\rse1 (f]$ less ?an c\ld be f\nd 9 ! ,hill ma*9e1 & t 0 no?+ at all s f> z a possible op]ative ma*9e is conc]n$4 ,,! ,,/>k ,,ma*9e ,! reproduction ( ! pat5t draw+s ( ! ,/>k ma*9e illu/rat$ on ! opposite page %[ a s]ies ( num]al :eels1 ea* provid$ ) ?ree sets ( figures runn+ f #a to #i & #j4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,/>k ma*9e ,pivotally m\nt$ ^u ! axis ( ! num]al :eels at ea* end are sector ge>s ,e & arms ,e1 9 :i* are pivot$ a squ>e %aft ,e1 ext5d$ f "o arm to ! o!r across ! face ( ! num]al :eels4 ,! %aft ,e1 is claim$ to be held 9 its normal position by a spr+ s t a pawl1 ,e1 %iftably m\nt$ on ! %aft1 design$ to rat*et or actuate ! num]al :eels =w>d1 may engage ) any "o ( ! num]al :eel rat*ets4 ,a bail m>k$ ,d1 is pivot$ to /&>ds ,a1 ( ! frame ( ! ma*9e1 & is provid$ ) ! two radial racks ,d :i* me% ) ! sector ge>s ,e4 ,x may be conceiv$ t ! act ( depress+ ! bail ,d1 w cause ! actuat+ pawl ,e1 to op]ate :i*ev] num]al :eel x engages ! rat*et (4 ,! bail ,d1 is held 9 its normal position by a spr+ ,d1 & is provid$ ) n9e keys or f+]-pieces d1 eight ( :i* co-act ) ! /epp$ plate ,g1 to regulate ! additive degree ( rotation giv5 to ! num]al :eels1 :ile ! n9? has a fix$ relation ) ! bail & ! bail itself is /opp$4 ,! keys d1 m>k$ f #a to #h1 are pivot$ to ! bail 9 su* a mann] t _! normal relation to ! bail w all[ !m to pass by ! /eps on ! /epp$ plate ,g1 :5 ! bail is depress$ by ! fix$ ,no4 #i key4 ,:51 h[ev]1 any "o ( ! keys numb]$ f #a to #h is depress$1 ! l[] end ( ! %ank ( ! key w tilt re>w>d1 &1 z ! bail is depress$1 (f]s a /op aga9/ ! respective /ep ( ! plate ,g1 arrang$ 9 its pa?1 ?us /opp+ fur!r action ( ! actuat+ pawl ,e1 b (f]+ no?+ to prev5t ! cont9uation ( ! =ce ( mom5tum set up 9 ! num]al :eels by ! key action4 ,!re 0 small use 9 /opp+ ! action ( ! pawl ,e1 if ! rat*et & num]al :eel1 impell$ by ! pawl1 c\ld cont9ue onw>d "u its mom5tum4 ,! c>ry ( ! t5s transf] device is ( ! same ord] z t describ$ 9 ! ,pascal & ,hill ma*9es2 t is1 a "o-/ep rat*et-motion actuat$ by a cam lug or p9 f ! l[] :eel4 ,! c>ry transf] device consi/s ( ! lev] ,f1 & pawl f1 act+ on ! rat*et ( ! upp] :eel :i* is op]at$ by ! cam lugs b ( ! l[] :eel act+ on ! arms f & f ( ! lev] ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,robjohn ,pat5t ,draw+s ,sid5ote3 ,inop]ativ5ess ( ,/>k ma*9e ,! ma*9e %[n 9 ! ,/>k pat5t 0 provid$ ) b "o set ( keys1 b ! arrangem5t = %ift+ ! driv+ rat*et pawl ,e1 f "o ord] to ano!r1 s t ! action ( ! keys may rotate any "o ( ! num]al :eels1 gave ! ma*9e great] capacity ?an ! s+le digit add]s2 b z ) ! ,*ap9 ma*9e1 ( :at use 0 ! increase 9 capacity if ! ma*9e w\ld n add correctly4 ,t is ab\t all t may be said ( ! ,/>k ma*9e1 = s9ce !re 0 no means provid$ by :i* ! rotation ( num]al :eels c\ld be controll$1 x 0 m]ely a device = rotat+ num]al :eels & 0 !re=e lack+ 9 ! features t w\ld give x a "r to ! title ( an add+ ma*9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,n9e keys common to a plurality ( ord]s ,! n9e-key s*eme ( ! ,/>k inv5tion1 connectable to ! diff]5t ord]s1 0 old1 & 0 fir/ disclos$ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t to ,o4 ,l4 ,ca/le 9 #aheg 7a ma*9e op]at$ by a clock-spr+ w\nd by h&71 b its use 9 ei!r ( ^! ma*9es %\ld n be con/ru$ z hold+ any?+ 9 common ) t f\nd 9 "s ( ! mod]n record+ add]s4 ,! ,ca/le ma*9e has n be5 illu/rat$ because x does n ent] into ! evolution ( ! mod]n ma*9e4 ,! anci5t ,art1 or ! ,art prior to ! inv5tion ( ,p>melee1 consi/$ ( me*anism :i* c\ld be controll$ by friction devices1 or ,g5eva ge>-lock devices1 t 7 suitable to ! sl[-act+ type ( manipulative means4 ,! fir/ attempt at a positive control = a key-driv5 add+ device is f\nd 9 a pat5t issu$ to ,w4 ,robjohn 9 #ahgb 7see illu/ration74 ,z w be not$1 ?is ma*9e 0 ref]r$ to 9 ! =ego+ discussion z m]ely a s+le-digit add+ ma*9e1 hav+ ! capacity = add+ b "o column ( digits at a "t4 ,,robjohn ,,ma*9e ,ref]r+ to ! illu/ration ( ! pat5t draw+s ( ! ,robjohn ma*9e1 x w be not$ t !re are ?ree sight op5+s 9 ! cas+ ?r\gh :i* ! regi/ration ( ! num]al :eels may be read4 ,! num]al :eels1 l ^? ( all ma*9es ( ?is "*1 are connect$ by devices ( a simil> nature to ^? 9 ! ,hill ma*9e = c>ry+ ! t5s1 "o op]at+ betwe5 ! units & t5s :eel & ano!r betwe5 ! t5s & hundr$?s :eel4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,robjohn ma*9e ,! units :eel %[n 9 ,fig4 #c is connect$ by ge>+ to a long p9-:eel rotor1 m>k$ ,e1 s t any rotation ( ! rotor ,e1 w give a l rotation to ! units num]al :eel to :i* x is entra9$ by ge>+4 ,to ea* ( ! n9e digital keys1 m>k$ ,b1 is atta*$ an engag+ & dis5gag+ sector ge> device1 :i*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 al?\gh normally n 9 engagem5t ) ! rotor ,e1 w ^u depression ( its atta*$ key1 engage ! rotor & turn x4 ,a /op device is suppli$ = ! key action1 :i* 9 turn 0 suppos$ to /op ! ge> action2 t seems r d\btful4 ,h[ev]1 an alt]native device is %[n 9 ,figs4 #d & #e1 :i* provides :at may )\t "q be call$ a /op device to prev5t ov]-rotation ( ! units :eel "u direct key action4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,draw+s ( ,b\*et ,pat5t #cad1efa ,x w be not$ t ! engag+ & dis5gag+ ge> device is "h %[n 9 ! =m ( a ge>-too!d rack & t ! key /em is provid$ ) a project+ arm end+ 9 a d[nw>dly project+ too? or det5t :i* may engage ! rotor ,e1 & /op x at ! end ( ! d[nw>d key action4 ,:ile ! /opp+ ( ! rotor %[s a control 9 ! ,robjohn ma*9e :i* takes place "u direct action f ! keys to prev5t ov]?r[ ( ! units num]al :eel1 x did n prev5t ! ov]fl[ ( ! high] or t5s :eels1 if a c>ry %\ld take place4 ,!re 0 no provision = a control ( ! num]al :eels "u ! action receiv$ f ! c>ry ( ! t5s by ! transf] me*anism4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ control = a c>ri$ num]al :eel ,! fir/ attempt to control ! c>ri$ :eel 9 a key-driv5 ma*9e is f\nd 9 a pat5t issu$ to ,b\*et 9 #ahhb 7see illu/ration on opposite page72 b x 0 a ,g5eva motion ge>+ :i*1 z is g5]ally kn[n1 may act to transmit p[] & !n act to lock ! :eel to :i* ! p[] has be5 transmitt$ until x is aga9 to be turn$ ?r\gh ! same s\rce4 ,su* a ge>$ up & lock$ relation betwe5 ! num]al :eels1 ( c\rse1 made ! turn+ ( ! high] :eel 7:i* _h be5 s lock$7 by ano!r set ( key-me*anism an impossibility4 ,,b\*et ,,ma*9e ,! illu/ration ( ! ,b\*et ma*9e on ! opposite page 0 reproduc$ f ! draw+s ( ! pat5t :i* is ! ne>e/ to ! ma*9e t 0 plac$ on ! m>ket4 ,! num]al :eels1 l mo/ ( ! s+le-digit add]s1 are ?ree 9 numb]1 & consi/ ( ! prime actuat$1 or units :eel1 & two ov]fl[ :eels to receive ! c>ry ( ! t5s4 ,! units :eel has fix$ to x a long #aj-too? p9ion or rotor ,i1 ) :i* n9e int]nal segm5tal ge> racks ,l1 are arrang$ to engage & turn ! units :eel ?r\gh _! n9e v>y+ additive degrees ( rotation4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,b\*et ma*9e ,! segm5tal ge> racks ,l1 are normally out ( me% ) ! p9ion ,i1 & are fa/ to ! key lev]s ,e1 9 su* a mann] t ! fir/ depression ( a key causes its rack to rock =w>d & engage ) ! p9ion ,i1 & fur!r depression moves ! rack upw>d & rotates ! p9ion & units num]al :eel4 ,x w be not$ t ?is engag+ & dis5gag+ ge> action is 9 pr9ciple l t ( ,robjohn4 ,! transf] devices = ! c>ry ( ! t5s1 z already /at$1 belong to t class ( me*anism commonly kn[n z ! 8,g5eva motion40 ,x consi/s ( a mutilat$ or "o-too? ge> fa/ to ! units :eel op]at+ ) a n9e-too? ge>1 m>k$ ,d1 loosely m\nt$ on an axis p>allel to ! num]al :eel axis4 ,ea* revolution ( ! units :eel moves ! n9e-too? ge> ?ree spaces1 & 9 turn moves ! next high] num]al :eel to :i* x is ge>$ f> en\gh to regi/] "o po9t or ! c>ry4 ,a circul> not*$ disc1 m>k$ ,s1 is fa/ to ! units :eel1 & ! n9e-too? ge> ,d1 has "p ( two out ( e ?ree ( its tee? mutilat$ or cut away to make a convex surface = ! not*$ disc to rotate 94 ,) su* con/ruction ! n9e-too? ge> may n rotate or become displac$ z long z ! p]iph]y ( ! disc cont9ues to occupy any "o ( ! ?ree convex spaces ( ! n9e-too? ge>4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! not* ( ! disc is pres5t$ to ! mutilat$ portion ( ! n9e-too? ge>1 ! said ge> is unlock$4 ,?is unlock+ is co9cid5t to ! engagem5t ( ! s+le too? ( ! num]al :eel-ge> ) ! n9e-too? ge> & ! pass+ ( ! num]al :eel f #i to #j1 dur+ :i* ! n9e-too? ge> w be mov$ ?ree spaces1 & w be aga9 lock$ z ! not* 9 ! disc passes & ! p]iph]y fills ! next convex space ( ! mutilat$ n9e-too? ge>4 ,sid5ote3 ,b\*et ma*9e m>ket$ ,! ,b\*et ma*9e 0 manufactur$ & sold to "s ext5t1 b nev] became popul>1 z x lack$ capacity4 ,ma*9es ( su* limit$ capacity c\ld n compete ) ord9>y acc\ntants1 mu* less ) ^? :o c\ld m5tally add f two to f\r columns at a clip4 ,aside f ! capacity feature1 !re 0 ano!r reason :y ^! s+le-ord] ma*9es 7 useless1 except to ^? :o c\ld n add m5tally4 ,multiple =ms ( calculation1 t is1 multiplication & division1 call = a ma*9e hav+ a multiplicity ( ord]s4 ,! capacity ( a s+le ord] w\ld be b #i #i1 :i* requires no ma*9e at all--a sev5-ye>-old *ild kn[s t4 ,to multiply #ehifd #fhbd1 h[ev]1 is a diff]5t ?+1 & requires a multiple-ord] calculator4 ,sid5ote3 ,misuse ( ! t]m 8,calculat+ ,ma*9e0 ,x is p]haps well at ?is "t to po9t out ! misuse ( ! t]m calculat+ :]e x is appli$ to ma*9es hav+ only a capacity = c]ta9 =ms ( calculat+ z comp>$ ) ma*9es :i* p]=m 9 a practical way all =ms ( calculation1 t is1 addition1 multiplication1 subtraction & division4 ,to apply ! t]m 8calculat+ ma*9e0 to a ma*9e hav+ any?+ less ?an a capacity = all ^! =ms is errone\s4 ,an add+ ma*9e may p]=m "o ( ! =ms ( calculation1 b to call x a calculat+ ma*9e :5 x has no capacity = division1 subtraction or multiplication1 is an error2 & yet we f9d ! ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice records /uff$ full ( pat5ts grant$ on ma*9es ?us errone\sly nam$4 ,! t]m calculat+ is ! broad t]m cov]+ all =ms ( calculation1 & ma*9es p]=m+ less %\ld be designat$ accord+ to _! specific capacities4 ,x is true t add+ is calculat+1 & "u ^! circum/ances1 :y !n may n an add+ ma*9e be call$ a calculator8 ,! answ] is t x may be calculat+ to add2 x may be calculat+ to ei!r subtract1 multiply or divide2 b if a ma*9e adds & is lack+ 9 ! means ( p]=m+ ! o!r =ms ( calculation1 x is only "p ( a calculat+ ma*9e & lacks ! features t w give x title to be+ a full-fl$g$ calculator4#a #a ,,note3 ,! title ( ?is book does n co9cide ) ! above argum5t1 b 9 view ( ! common use ( ! t]m 8calculat+0 its application is bett] und]/ood4 ,consid]able cont5tion 0 rais$ by p>ties 9 a late pat5t suit z to :at con/itut$ ! make-up ( a calculat+ ma*9e4 ,"o ( ! attorneys cont5d$ t con/ruction 0 ! only ?+ t w\ld di/+ui% a calculat+ ma*9e4 ,b z ma*9es are nam$ by _! function+1 ! cont5tion does n hold wat]4 ,t is to say3 ,a ma*9e may be a calculat+ ma*9e & yet its con/ruction be su* t x p]=ms its functions ( negative & positive calculation )\t rev]sal ( its action4 ,aga91 a ma*9e may be a calculat+ ma*9e & op]ate 9 "o direction = positive calculation & ! rev]se = negative calculation4 ,z long z ! ma*9e has be5 s arrang$ t all =ms ( calculation may be p]=m$ by x )\t m5tal computation1 & ! ma*9e has a reasonable capacity ( at lea/ eight ord]s1 x %\ld be entitl$ to be call$ a calculat+ ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,draw+s ( ,spald+ ,pat5t ,no4 #bic1hji ,,! ,,spald+ ,,ma*9e ,! next ma*9e t has any be>+ on ! key-driv5 ,art ( :i* !re is a record1 is illu/rat$ 9 a pat5t grant$ to ,c4 ,g4 ,spald+ 9 #ahhd 7see illu/ration on opposite page74 ,! ,spald+ inv5tion1 l t ( ,b\*et1 0 provid$ ) control = its prim>y actuation & control = its second>y or c>ry+ actuation4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,spald+ ma*9e ,ref]r+ to ! ,spald+ ma*9e reproduc$ f ! draw+s ( 8 pat5t1 ! read] w note t 9 place ( ! units & t5s num]al :eels1 a clock h& has be5 suppli$1 co-op]at+ ) a dial graduat$ f #j to #ii1 %[+ ! figures #e1 #aj1 #ae1 etc41 to #ie1 = e five graduations4 ,ano!r simil> h& or arr[ & dial to regi/] ! hundr$s is also provid$1 hav+ a capacity to regi/] n9ete5 hundr$4 ,atta*$ to ! arr[s1 ?r\gh a %aft connection at ! back ( ! cas+ are rat*et :eels1 hav+ respectively ! same numb] ( tee? z ! graduation ( ! dial to :i* ea* h& belongs4 ,co-op]at+ ) ! hundr$-too? rat*et ( ! units & t5s regi/] h& is a rat*et & lev] motion device 7see ,fig4 #b7 to turn ! arr[ f "o to n9e po9ts ( ! graduation ( ! dial4 ,! rat*et & lev] motion device consi/s ( ! spr+-press$ pawl ,e1 m\nt$ on ! lev] arm ,d1 engag+ ! hundr$-too? rat*et1 ! l9k or pu%-rod ,f1 ! lev] ,g1 & its spr+ ,o4 ,x w be not$ t a d[nw>d action ( ! lev] ,g1 w1 ?r\gh ! rod ,f1 cause a l d[nw>d action ( ! lev] ,d1 caus+ ! rat*et pawl ,e to be drawn ov] ! rat*et tee?4 ,^u ! release ( ! lev] ,g1 ! spr+ ,o1 w return x to its normal position & ?r\gh ! nam$ connect+ p>ts1 rat*et =w>d ! arr[4 ,! normal position ( ! pawl ,e is jamm$ into ! too? ( ! rat*et & aga9/ ! bracket ,c1 t =ms ! pivot support = ! pivot %aft ( ! arr[4 ,?is jamm$ or lock$ comb9ation s]ves to /op ! mom5tum ( ! rat*et :eel at ! end ( ! rat*et+ action1 & holds ! :eel & its arr[ normally lock$ until ! lev] ,g is aga9 depress$4 ,! means = gaug+ ! depression & additive degrees ( action ( ! lev] ,g is produc$ ?r\gh ! slides or keys m>k$ a1 hav+ f+]-pieces c1 spr+s f1 & p9s e1 be>+ aga9/ ! top ( ! lev] ,g1 comb9$ ) :at may be call$ a comp5sat+ lev] m>k$ ,k4 ,! specification ( ! pat5t /ates t ! depression ( a key w depress ! lev] ,g & ! free end w engage ! b5t end t1 ( ! comp5sat+ lev] ,k1 & rock its envolute curv$ arm ,m1 upw>d until x engages ! p9 e ( ! key1 :i* w block fur!r motion ( ! p>ts4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! con/ruction %[n = ! lev] ,k is op5 to "q4 ,sid5ote3 ,prime actuation ( a c>ri$ :eel impossible 9 ! ,spald+ ma*9e ,! c>ry ( ! hundr$s is accompli%$ by means ( a "o-/ep rat*et device repres5t$ by ! p>ts lev] ,r1 pawl ,t1 spr+ ,p1 & op]at+ p9 g4 ,:5 ! hundr$-too? rat*et ne>s ! end ( its revolution1 ! p9 g1 made fa/ !re91 engages ! free end ( ! rat*et lev] ,r1 & depresses x2 & z ! h& atta*$ to ! hundr$-too? rat*et :eel passes f #ii to #j ! p9 g passes (f ! end ( ! rat*et lev] ,r1 & ! spr+ ,p retracts ! lev] rat*et+ ! tw5ty-too? :eel & its arr[ =w>d "o po9t s t ! arr[ regi/]s "o po9t great] on ! hundr$s dial4 ,al?\gh ! ,spald+ means ( control "u c>ry+ diff]$ f t ( ,b\*et 9 con/ruction1 its function 0 virtually ! same 9 t x lock$ ! c>ri$ or high] :eel 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t ! :eel f be+ op]at$ by an ord9al set ( key me*anism4 ,& ! control "u key action w\ld prev5t a c>ry be+ deliv]$ to t ord] ?r\gh ! lock$ relation ( ! rat*et & pawl ,e4 ,illu/ration ,! ,key-,driv5 ,calculator ,:ile ^! s+le-digit add+ ma*9es h be5 us$ to illu/rate h[ ! control1 :i* 0 lack+ 9 ! ,hill inv5tion1 _h be5 recogniz$ by o!r inv5tors z a necess>y requisite to ! key-drive1 x %\ld n be con/ru$ t su* c>ry+ control z _h be5 appli$ to _! inv5tions 0 ( a type t c\ld be us$ 9 ! ,hill ma*9e or 9 any multiple-ord] key-driv5 ma*9e4 ,x 0 ?irty ye>s aft] ! fir/ attempt to control a key-driv5 ma*9e 0 made be=e an op]ative multiple-ord] key-driv5 ma*9e1 ) a control t w\ld prev5t ov]-rotation1 0 f9ally inv5t$4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ory v]sus ! concrete ,!oretically1 x w\ld seem t ! only feature or elem5t lack+ 9 ! ,art prior to #ahhf1 to produce a real key-driv5 calculator 0 means t w\ld control ! c>ry+ & also leave ! c>ri$ :eel free = key actuation4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 q a diff]5t problem4 ,!oretical functions may be pat*$ toge!r to make a !oretical ma*9e2 b t is only !ory & n ! concrete4 ,sid5ote3 ,all b "o ( ! g5]ic elem5ts solv$ ,to take fragm5tal p>ts ( su* ma*9es z 7 disclos$ 9 ! ,art & pat* !m toge!r into any?+ practical 0 impossible1 ev5 if "o _h be5 famili> ) ! ,art & c\ld devise me*anism to supply ! new elem5t4 ,t is1 leav+ aside ! broad or g5]ic !oretical elem5ts1 :i* today1 f k ga9$ by lat] inv5tions1 s]ve ! make-up ( a key-driv5 calculator1 !re 0 /ill lack+ any concrete example or specific design ( a :ole ma*9e1 z !re 0 no su* ma*9e disclos$ 9 ! draw+s ( pat5ts1 or any kn[n me*anism :i*1 if arrang$ 9 multiples1 w\ld be op]ative z a practical ma*9e ev5 if me*anism to supply ! new elem5t 7 to be add$4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile x is conc$$ f our pres5t k t all b "o ( ! g5]ic !oretical elem5ts _h be5 solv$ z disclos$ 9 ! v>i\s be=e-nam$ ma*9es1 x requir$ ! application ( ^! elem5ts 9 a diff]5t way f any?+ be=e disclos$2 :i* 9 itself requir$ a diff]5t concrete =m ( ! g5]ic pr9ciples = ! :ole ma*9e z well z a g5]ic =m ( inv5tion cov]+ ! new !oretical elem5t4 ,x may be easy to analyze t :i* exi/s1 b q a diff]5t /ory to conceive t :i* did n exi/4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,art1 h[ev]1 ! production ( ! new elem5t is a feature t may be cr$it$ )\t "q4 ,! concrete does n ent] into x o!r ?an z pro( t a new feature has be5 creat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9ality ( inv5tions ,:ile ! discussion ( ! ,art f a sci5tific /&po9t br+s toge!r 9 aft] ye>s :at has be5 accompli%$ by diff]5t inv5tors1 x is d\btful :e!r any ( ^! e>ly inv5tors _h o!r k ?an :at may possibly h be5 obta9$ f see+ "o ( ! =eign-made crank-driv5 ma*9es4 ,all inv5tors "w ) an idea obta9$ f "s s\rce1 b on ! :ole few copy inv5tions ( o!rs4 ,:5 an ,art is fully e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 & ma*9es repres5t+ ! ,art are to be f\nd on ! m>ket & ! pr9cipal features ( su* ma*9es are portray$ 9 a lat] pat5t1 x may rightly be call$ a copy4 ,to assume1 h[ev]1 t a novice has tak5 ! tr\ble to delve into ! ar*ives ( ! pat5t (fice & /udy ! scatt]$ !oretical elem5ts ( ! ,art & supply a new elem5t to make a comb9ation t is ne$$ to produce a practical key-driv5 calculator1 is n a probable assumption4 ,b all[+ su* assumption 7 possible1 x is evid5t t f any?+ t ! ,art disclos$ prior to #ahhg x 0 n possible to solve ! concrete production ( a key-driv5 calculator4 ,sid5ote3 ,a conception :i* l$ to ! f9al solution ,9 #ahhd1 a "y ma*9i/1 :ile runn+ a plan]1 conceiv$ an idea f wat*+ its rat*et fe$ motion1 :i* 0 indirectly responsible = ! f9al solution ( ! multiple-ord] key-driv5 calculat+ ma*9e4 ,! motion1 :i* 0 l t to be f\nd on all plan+ ma*9es1 c\ld be adju/$ to rat*et "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r or m tee? = a f9e or co>se fe$4 ,:ile !re is no?+ 9 su* a motion t w\ld 9 any way solve ! problem ( ! mod]n calculator1 x 0 en\gh to excite ! ambitions ( ! man :o did f9ally solve x4 ,x is /at$ t ! "y man1 aft] mon?s ( ?\ght1 made a wood5 model1 :i* he f9i%$ e>ly 9 #ahhe4 ,?is model is extant1 & is illu/rat$ on ! opposite page4 ,! inv5tor 0 ,dorr ,e4 ,felt1 :o is well kn[n 9 ! calculat+ ma*9e ,art z ! manufactur] ( ! 8,comptomet]10 & 9 public life z a ke5 /ud5t ( economic & sci5tific subjects4 ,! wood5 model1 z w be not$1 0 crude1 b x held ! nucleus ( ! ma*9e to come4 ,illu/ration3 8,mac>oni ,box0 ,model ,illu/ration3 ,dorr ,e4 ,felt ,mr4 ,felt has giv5 "s int]e/+ facts reg>d+ 8 exp]i5ce 9 mak+ ! wood5 model4 ,sid5ote3 ,evolution ( an inv5tion ,he says3 8,wat*+ ! plan]-fe$ set me to s*em+ on ideas = a ma*9e to simplify ! h>d gr9d ( ! bookkeep] 9 8 day's calculation ( acc\nts4 8,i realiz$ t = a ma*9e to hold any value to an acc\ntant1 x mu/ h great] capacity ?an ! av]age exp]t acc\ntant4 ,n[ ,i knew t _m acc\ntants c\ld m5tally add f\r columns ( figures at a "t1 s ,i decid$ t ,i mu/ beat t 9 design+ my ma*9e4 ,!re=e1 ,i work$ on ! pr9ciple ( duplicate d5om9ational ord]s t c\ld be /ret*$ to any capacity )9 reason4 ,! plan ,i f9ally settl$ on is display$ 9 :at is g5]ally kn[n z ! 8,mac>oni ,box0 model4 ,?is crude model 0 made "u r adv]se circum/ances4 8,! con/ruction ( su* a complicat$ ma*9e f metal1 z ,i _h s*em$ up1 0 n )9 my rea* f a monet>y /&po9t1 s ,i decid$ to put my ideas into wood4 ,sid5ote3 ,trials ( an inv5tor 8,x 0 ne> ,?anksgiv+ ,day ( #ahhd1 & ,i decid$ to use ! holiday 9 ! con/ruction ( ! wood5 model4 ,i w5t to ! groc]'s & select$ a box :i* seem$ to me to be ab\t ! "r size = ! cas+4 ,x 0 a mac>oni box1 s ,i h always call$ x ! mac>oni box model4 ,= keys ,i procur$ "s meat skew]s f ! but*] ar\nd ! corn] & "s /aples f a h>dw>e /ore = ! key guides & an assortm5t ( ela/ic b&s to be us$ = spr+s4 ,:5 ,?anksgiv+ day came ,i got up e>ly & w5t to "w ) a few tools1 pr9cipally a jack knife4 8,i soon discov]$ t !re 7 "s p>ts :i* w\ld require bett] tools ?an ,i _h at h& = ! purpose1 & :5 night came ,i f\nd t ! model ,i _h expect$ to con/ruct 9 a day 0 a long way f be+ complete or 9 work+ ord]4 ,i f9ally _h "s ( ! p>ts made out ( metal1 & f9i%$ ! model soon aft] ,new ,ye>'s day1 #ahhe40 ,sid5ote3 ,! fir/ 8,comptomet]0 ,by fur!r exp]im5t+ ! s*eme ( ! wood5 model 0 improv$ ^u1 & ,felt produc$1 9 ! fall ( #ahhf1 a f9i%$ practical ma*9e made ( metal4 ,?is ma*9e is illu/rat$ on ! opposite page4 ,,! ,,felt ,,calculat+ ,,ma*9e ,ref]r+ to ! illu/ration ( ,felt's fir/ metal ma*9e1 x w be not$ t ! ma*9e has be5 p>tly dismantl$4 ,! model 0 robb$ ( "s ( its p>ts to be us$ z samples = ! manufacture ( a lot ( ma*9es t 7 made lat]4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ?is ma*9e is ! fir/ op]ative multiple-ord] key-driv5 calculat+ ma*9e made1 x seems a %ame t x _h to be s dismantl$2 b ! rema9+ ord]s are op]ative & s]ve well to demon/rate ! claims held = x4 ,sid5ote3 ,felt pat5t #cga1dif ,! me*anism ( ! ma*9e is illu/rat$ 9 ! reproduction ( ! draw+s ( ,felt's pat5t1 #cga1dif1 on page #eh4 ,! specification ( ?is pat5t %[s t x 0 appli$ = 9 ,m>*1 #ahhg1 & issu$ ,octob] #aa1 #ahhg4 ,f ! outw>d appe>ance ( ! ma*9e x has ! same g5]al s*eme ( =mation z is disclos$ 9 ! wood5 model4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,fir/ 8,comptomet]0 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,f ,draw+s ( ,felt ,pat5t ,no4 #cga1dif ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,felt calculator ,! con/ructional s*eme ( ! me*anism consi/s ( a s]ies ( num]al :eels1 m>k$ ,a 9 ! pat5t draw+s4 ,ea* :eel is provid$ ) a rat*et :eel1 & co-act+ ) ! rat*et is a pawl m\nt$ on a disc ,e1 c>ri$ by ! p9ion ,e1 :i* is rotatably m\nt$ on ! same axis z ! num]al :eel4 ,! arrangem5t ( ^! p>ts is su* t a rotat+ motion giv5 any ( ! p9ions ,e1 9 a clockwise direction1 z %[n 9 ! draw+s1 w\ld give a l action to _! respective num]al :eels2 b any motion ( ! p9ions 9 an anti-clockwise direction w\ld h no effect on ! num]al :eels1 ow+ to back-/op pawls ,k1 & /op-p9s ,t1 provid$ to all[ movem5t ( ! num]al :eels 9 b "o direction4 ,co-act+ ) ea* p9ion ,e1 is %[n a long lev] ,d1 pivot$ at ! re> ( ! ma*9e & provid$ ) a segm5tal ge> rack :i* me%es ) ! tee? ( ! p9ion ,e4 ,?is lev] comes "u :at is n[ g5]ally t]m$ a segm5t lev]4 ,ea* lev] is provid$ ) a spr+ ,s1 :i* normally holds ! front or rack end upw>d 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & has co-act+ ) x a s]ies ( n9e depressable keys :i* protrude ?r\gh ! cas+ & contact ) ! upp] edge ( ! lev]4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! keys ) _! segm5t lev]s provides t ! depression ( any key w depress ! segm5t lev] ( t ord]1 :i* 9 turn w rotate ! p9ion ,e & its num]al :eel4 ,:ile ?is arrangem5t is su* t ea* key ( a s]ies gives a diff]5t degree ( lev]age action to ! segm5t lev]1 & 9 turn a degree ( rotation to ! num]al :eel ( ! same ord] 9 accordance ) ! num]ical value ( ! key depress$1 x may be conceiv$ t ! mom5tum set up by ! quick /roke ( a key w\ld set ! num]al :eel sp9n+ p]haps two or ?ree revolutions1 or at any rate way beyond ! po9t x %\ld /op at to regi/] correctly4 ,to pres]ve correct actuation ( ! me*anism & ov]come its mom5tum1 ,felt provid$ a det5t too!d lev] = ea* num]al :eel1 :i* w be f\nd m>k$ ,j 9 ! draw+s4 ,to ?is lev] he l9k$ ano!r lev] ,g1 :i* ext5d$ bel[ ! keys1 & arrang$ ! l5g? ( ! key-/ems s t :5 ea* key _h revolv$ ! num]al :eel ! prop] di/ance1 ! key w h engag$ ! lev] ,g1 & ?r\gh ! l9k connection w h caus$ ! det5t too? ( ! lev] ,j to engage "o ( ! p9s ,t1 ( ! num]al :eel1 ?us br++ ! num]al :eel & ! :ole tra9 ( me*anism to a dead /op4 ,?is comb9ation 0 tim$ s t ! 7#a7 key w\ld add "o1 ! 7#b7 key w\ld add two1 etc41 up to n9e = ! 7#i7 key4 ,?us ! prime actuation ( ea* :eel 0 made safe & positive4 ,sid5ote3 ,recapitulation ( ,art prior to ,felt calculator ,be=e expla9+ ! means by :i* ! c>ry ( ! t5s 0 effect$ 9 ! ,felt ma*9e )\t int]f]+ ) multiple-ord] prime actuation1 x w p]haps help ! read] to recapitulate on :at ! ,art already (f]$4 ,go+ back to ! ,art1 prior to ,felt's inv5tion1 !re are a few facts wor? reconsid]+ t po9t to ! broadly new contributions pres5t$ 9 ! ,felt inv5tion1 & comb9+ ^! facts ) a little !ory may p]haps give a cle>] und]/&+ ( :at 0 put into practice4 ,9 mo/ l9es ( me*anical eng9e]+ 9 ! pa/1 ! t]m 8!ory0 connect$ ) me*anical con/ruction 0 a bugaboo4 ,b ! solution ( ! mod]n calculat+ ma*9e 0 :olly dep5d5t ^u x4 ,let u summ>ize on ! ,art1 prior to ,felt's inv5tion4 ,a calculat+ ma*9e t w\ld calculate1 if we elim9ate ! key-driv5 feature1 0 old4 ,! key-driv5 feature appli$ to add+ me*anism 0 old z adapt$ to a s+le-ord] ma*9e ) a capacity = add+ only a s+le column ( digits4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y ,hill fail$ to produce an op]ative ma*9e ,hill attempt$ to make a multiple ord] key-driv5 ma*9e1 b fail$ because he did n !orize on ! necessities involv$ 9 ! physical laws ( me*anics4 ,hill saw only ! column> arrangem5t ( ! ord9al division ( ! keybo>d1 & 8 ?\ght did n pass beyond su* relation ( ! keys = conveyance4 ,!re is no desire to belittle ?is feature1 b x did n solve ! problem t 0 set =? 9 ! specification & claims ( 8 pat5t2 nei!r did x solve x = anyone else :o wi%$ to und]take ! mak+ ( su* a ma*9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,idiosyncrasies ( =ce & motion increas$ by use ( keys ,! introduction ( keys z a driv+ feature 9 ! calculat+ ma*9e ,art dem&$ design & con/ruction suitable to control ! new idiosyncrasies ( =ce & motion inject$ into ! ,art by _! use1 ( :i* ! elem5ts ( in]tia & mom5tum 7 ! mo/ tr\blesome4 ,sid5ote3 ,light con/ruction a feature ,hill1 9 ! design & con/ruction ( 8 ma*9e1 ignor$ ^! two elem5t>y features ( me*anics & paid ! p5alty by defeat4 ,! trem5d\s spe$ transmitt$ to ! p>ts ( a key-driv5 ma*9e1 :i* has already be5 illu/rat$1 requir$ t lightness 9 con/ruction :i* is absolutely necess>y to r$uce in]tia to a m9imum1 %\ld be obs]v$4 ,! ,hill ma*9e design is absolutely lack+ 9 su* ?\ght4 ,! diamet] ( ! num]al :eel & its heavy con/ruction alone %[ ?is4 ,lightness ( con/ruction also ent]s into ! control ( mom5tum :5 ! me*anism mu/ sudd5ly be br\ght to a dead /op 9 its lightn+-spe$ action4 ,a heavily-con/ruct$ num]al :eel l t %[n 9 ! ,hill pat5t w\ld be z h>d to *eck z x w\ld to />t1 ev5 if ,hill _h provid$ means = *eck+ x4 ,/r5g? ( design & con/ruction1 )\t ! usual increase 9 weight to atta9 su* end1 b above all1 ! absolute control ( mom5tum1 7 features t _h to be work$ out4 ,robjohn p>tly recogniz$ ^! features1 b he limit$ ! application ( su* reason+ to ! prime actuation ( a s+le ord]1 & made no?+ op]able 9 a multiple key-driv5 ma*9e4 ,spald+ & ,b\*et recogniz$ t ! application ( control 0 necess>y = bo? prime actuation & c>ry+1 b1 l ,robjohn1 !y devis$ no?+ t w\ld op]ate ) a s]ies ( keys beyond a s+le ord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,op]ative features necess>y ,an op]ative pr9ciple = control "u prime actuation 0 p]haps pres5t 9 "s ( ! s+le-ord] key-driv5 ma*9es1 b :atev] exi/$ 0 appli$ to ma*9es ) keys arrang$ 9 ! bank =m ( con/ruction1 &1 to be us$ ) ! keys 9 column> =mation1 requir$ at lea/ a new con/ructive type ( inv5tion4 ,b none ( ! means ( control = c>ry+1 prior to ,felt's inv5tion1 held any feature t w\ld solve ! problem 9 a multiple-ord] ma*9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,classification ( ! features conta9$ 9 ! e>ly ,art ( key-driv5 ma*9es ,:ile all ! ma*9es ref]r$ to h n be5 illu/rat$ & describ$ "h1 fair samples ( ! type t h any p]t95ce to ! ,art h be5 discuss$1 & ^? n illu/rat$ w\ld add no?+ m ?an has be5 %[n4 ,a classification ( ! inv5tions ref]r$ to may be made z foll[s3 ,p>melee & ,/etn] _h no c>ry+ me*anism2 ,hill1 ,robjohn1 ,borl& & ,h(fman1 ,swem1 ,l9dholm & ,smi? _h no control = ! c>ry4 ,c>roll1 ,b\*et & ,spald+ %[ a control = ! c>ry+ action1 :i* 9 itself w\ld defeat ! use ( a high] :eel = prime actuation1 & :i* obvi\sly w\ld also defeat its use 9 a multiple-ord] key-driv5 ma*9e4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal reasons :y !ory 0 necess>y to solve ! problem ( ! key-driv5 calculator exi/$ 9 ! impossibility ( see+ :at took place 9 ! action ( ! me*anism "u ! lightn+ spe$ :i* x receives 9 op]ation4 ,almo/ any old device c\ld be made to op]ate if mov$ sl[ en\gh to see & /udy its action2 b ! same me*anism t w\ld op]ate "u sl[ action w\ld n op]ate correctly "u ! lightn+-spe$ action !y c\ld receive f key depression4 ,only !oretical reason+ c\ld be us$ to analyze ! cause :5 key-driv5 me*anism fail$ to op]ate correctly4 ,sid5ote3 ,c>ry+ me*anism ( ,felt's calculator ,ref]r+ aga9 to ! draw+s ( ! ,felt pat5t1 :i* illu/rate ! fir/ embodim5t ( a multiple-ord] key-driv5 calculat+ ma*9e1 we f9d1 :at ,felt calls 9 ! claims & specifications1 a c>ry+ me*anism = a multiple-ord] key-driv5 calculat+ ma*9e4 ,?is me*anism 01 z set =? 9 ! specification1 a me*anism = transf]r+ ! t5s1 :i* h be5 accumulat$ by "o ord]1 to a high] ord]1 by add+ "o to ! :eel ( high] ord] = ea* accumulation ( t5 by ! l[] ord] :eel4 ,?is1 9 ! ,felt ma*9e1 z 9 mo/ ma*9es1 0 effect$ by ! rotation ( a numb]$ drum1 call$ ! num]al :eel1 m>k$ ) ! n9e digits & ciph]4 ,sid5ote3 ,transf] devices ,! t]m 8transf] device0 = su* me*anism 0 9 common use1 & z a t]m x fits c]ta9 p>ts ( all classes ( devices us$ = t purpose1 :e!r = a crank-driv51 key-driv51 or any o!r type ( multiple-ord] or s+le-ord] ma*9e4 ,b 9 ! ,felt inv5tion we f9d x 0 n ! simple device g5]ally us$ = transf]r+ ! t5s4 ,x 01 9 fact1 a comb9ation ( devices co-act+ ) ea* o!r :i*1 9 ! specification ( ! pat5t1 0 t]m$ ! c>ry+ me*anism4 ,sid5ote3 ,c>ry+ me*anism v]sus m]e transf] devices ,n[1 c>ry+ me*anism may 9 a s5se be t]m$ a transf] device1 z "o ( its functions is t ( transf]r+ p[] to c>ry ! t5s1 b a m]e transf] device may n be tru?fully t]m$ a c>ry+ me*anism = a multiple-ord] key-driv5 ma*9e unless x p]=ms ! functions t g to make up a correct c>ry+ ( ! t5s 9 t class ( ma*9e1 & :i* we f9d laid d[n "u ! head ( c>ry+ me*anism 9 ! ,felt pat5ts1 :]e we f9d ! fir/ op]ative c>ry+ me*anism ev] inv5t$ = a multiple-ord] key-driv5 ma*9e4 ,! functions dem&$ ( su* a piece ( me*anism are z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ! /or+ ( p[] to p]=m ! c>ry2 second1 ! unlock+ ( ! num]al :eel to be c>ri$2 ?ird1 ! deliv]y ( ! p[] /or$ to p]=m su* c>ry2 f\r?1 ! /opp+ & lock+ ( ! c>ri$ :eel :5 x has be5 mov$ to regi/] su* c>ry2 & fif?1 cle>+ ! c>ry+-lock dur+ prime actuation4 ,a seem+ly simple op]ation1 b let ^? :o h tri$ to con/ruct su* me*anism judge2 !y at lea/ h "s idea ( x & !y w no d\bt b[ _! heads 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! difficulties involv$ 9 ?is accompli%m5t4 ,me*anism = c>ry+ ! t5s 9 s+le digit add]s 0 "o ?+1 & su* z 0 us$ c\ld well be call$ a transf] device2 b me*anism = c>ry+ ! t5s 9 a real key-driv5 calculat+ ma*9e 0 ano!r ?+1 & a feature n solv$ until ,felt solv$ x1 & ju/ly call$ su* comb9ation ( devices a 8c>ry+ me*anism40 ,sid5ote3 ,details ( ,felt c>ry+ me*anism ,9 ! ,felt ma*9e1 ! c>ry+ me*anism consi/$ ( a lev] & rat*et pawl action1 con/ruct$ ( ! p>ts ,m1 m1 op]at$ by a spr+ m1 ! pawl act+ ^u ! num]al :eel p9s ,t1 to rat*et ! :eel =w>d "u ! spr+ p[]4 ,! p[] 9 ! spr+ 0 develop$ f ! rotation ( ! l[] :eel1 :i* ?r\gh ! means ( an envolute cam#b atta*$ to left side ( ea* :eel1 op]at$ ! c>ry+ lev] 9 ! opposite direction to t 9 :i* x 0 op]at$ by ! spr+4 ,z ! c>ry+ lev] pass$ ! highe/ po9t ( ! cam spiral & dropp$ (f1 ! /or$ p[] 9 ! spr+ retract$ ! lev] ,m1 & ! pawl m1 act+ on ! high] ord] :eel p9s ,t1 & mov$ x "o-t5? ( a revolution4 #b ,,note3 ,z all ! draw+s ( ! ,felt pat5t are n reproduc$ "h1 ! cam is n %[n4 ,?is "p ( ! me*anism 0 9 pr9ciple an old & commonly-us$ device = a "o-/ep rat*et motion us$ 9 ! c>ry ( ! t5s4 ,x s]v$ z a means ( /or+ & transf]r+ p[] f ! l[] :eel to actuate ! high] :eel 9 a c>ry+ op]ation1 b a :olly unqualifi$ action )\t control4 ,9 ! ,felt ma*9e a spr+-actuat$ lev] ,n1 m\nt$ on ! same axis ) ! c>ry+ lev]1 & provid$ ) a det5t /op-hook at its upp] end1 s]v$ to engage ! num]al :eel at ! end ( its c>ri$ action1 & normally hold x lock$4 ,an arm or p9 ,p1 fix$ 9 & ext5d+ f ! left side ( ! c>ry+ lev] & ?r\gh a hole 9 ! det5t lev]1 act$ to )draw ! det5t lev] f its lock+ engagem5t ) ! num]al :eel z ! c>ry+ lev] rea*$ ! extreme po9t ( retraction2 ?us ! :eel to be c>ri$ 0 unlock$4 ,pivot$ to ! side ( ! det5t lev] is a cat* ,o4 ,?is cat* or lat* is s arrang$ z to hook on to a cross-rod q1 especially con/ruct$ to co-act ) ! cat* & hold ! det5t lev] aga9/ imm$iate relock+ ( ! num]al :eel z ! c>ry+ lev] & pawl act 9 a c>ry+ motion4 ,! lat* has a tail or arm p1 :i* co-acts ) ! p9 ,p on ! c>ry+ lev] 9 su* a way z to release ! lat* z ! c>ry+ lev] f9i%es its c>ry+ function4 ,?us ! det5t lev] ,n is aga9 free to engage "o ( ! control or /op-p9s ,t to /op & lock ! c>ri$ num]al :eel :5 ! c>ry+ lev] & pawl1 ?r\gh ! action ( ! spr+ /or$ 9 ! c>ry+1 has mov$ ! :eel ! prop] di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,bill = ,fir/ ,manufactur+ ,tools ( ! 8,comptomet]0 ,a lot ( functions to take place 9 _/ ( a second1 b x work$4 ,! tim+ ( ! /op & lock+ det5ts1 ( c\rse1 0 "o ( ! f9e/ features4 ,illu/ration3 ,e>ly ,comptomet] ,! normal engagem5t ( ! c>ry+ det5t1 x may be und]/ood1 w\ld prev5t ! movem5t ( ! :eel by key action or prime actuation1 b ! pat5t %[s h[ ,felt ov]came ?is4 ,! c>ry+ /op & lock+ det5t lev] ,n is provid$ ) a cam-arm or p9 ,n1 :i* 0 arrang$ to co-act ) ! cam disc ,e 7see ,fig4 #a71 fa/ to ! prime actuat+ p9ion ,e4 ,! cam surface 0 %ort & p]=m$ its function dur+ a %ort lo/ motion arrang$ to take place be=e ! rat*et pawl w\ld pick up & move ! num]al :eel "u key actuation4 ,! camm+ action 0 outw>d & away f ! c5t]1 & ?us releas$ ! c>ry+ /op f its lock+ position ) ! num]al :eel1 & cont9u$ rotation ( ! p9ion & cam disc w\ld hold ! lock out ( action until ! p>ts _h return$ to normal4 ,) ! return action ( ! keys1 segm5t lev]1 p9ion & cam disc1 ?r\gh ! action ( a spr+ atta*$ to ! segm5t lev]1 ! c>ry+ /op det5t w aga9 engage & lock ! num]al :eel4 ,sid5ote3 ,manufacture ( ! ,felt calculator ,felt really />t$ to manufacture 8 calculat+ ma*9e 9 ! fall ( #ahhf1 aft] p]fect+ 8 inv5tion4 ,hav+ only a v limit$ am\nt ( money ) :i* to produce ma*9es1 "y ,felt1 !n b #bd ye>s ( age1 0 oblig$ to make ! ma*9es himself1 b ) ! aid ( "s dies :i* he _h made = "s ( ! pr9cipal p>ts 7see reproduction ( bill = dies on opposite page71 he 0 able to produce eight f9i%$ ma*9es be=e ,septemb]1 #ahhg4 ,two ( ^! ma*9es 7 imm$iately put into s]vice1 = ! tra9+ ( op]ators1 z soon z !y 7 f9i%$4 ,sid5ote3 ,trade "n ( ,felt calculator ,( ! fir/ tra9$ op]ators to op]ate ^! ma*9es1 :i* 7 giv5 ! tradem>k "n 8,comptomet]10 "o 0 ,geo4 ,d4 ,mackay1 & ano!r 0 ,geo4 ,w4 ,m>t94 ,aft] ?ree or f\r mon?s' practice ,mr4 ,m>t9 demon/rat$ "o ( ^! ma*9es to su* firms z ,sprague1 ,w>n] ,co41 ,pitk9 ,brooks1 ,! ,*icago ,daily ,news1 & ! ,*icago1 ,burl+ton ,qu9cy ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 & f9ally took employm5t ) ! ,equitable ,gas ,light ,fuel ,co4 ( ,*icago 7see lett] on opposite page7 z op]ator ( ! 8,comptomet]40 ,! ,gas ,co4 has s9ce be5 m]g$ ) sev]al o!r companies into ! ,peoples ,gas ,light ,coke ,co4 ( ,*icago4 ,a v high te/imonial ( ! qualities ( ! ,felt inv5tion 0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,m>t9 9 #ahhh1 a ye> aft] he ent]$ ! employm5t ( ! ,gas ,co41 & is reproduc$ on page #gb4 ,ano!r f9e te/imonial 0 giv5 by ,geo4 ,a4 ,yulle1 ,secy4 ,treas4 ( ! ,*icago ,gas ,light ,coke ,co41 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhh 7see page #gd74 ,mr4 ,mackay1 ! o!r op]ator1 secur$ employm5t ) ,alb]t ,dick9son ,co41 ,se$ ,m]*ants1 z op]ator ( ! 8,comptomet]40 ,mr4 ,mackay 0 int]view$ a few mon?s ago1 & 0 at t "t1 aft] ?irty ye>s1 /ill ) ! same firm1 & a /rong advocate ( ! 8,comptomet]40 ,illu/ration3 ,lett] f ,geo4 ,w4 ,m>t9 ,illu/ration3 ,te/imonial ,illu/ration3 ,te/imonial ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,lett]s f ,elliott & ,rosecrans ,sid5ote3 ,felt calculator ,exhibit at ,national ,museum ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahhg1 ,felt took "o ( ! fir/ eight ma*9es to ,wa%+ton & exhibit$ x to ,g54 ,w4 ,s4 ,rosecrans1 !n ,regi/r> ( ! ,treasury1 & left ! ma*9e 9 ! (fice ( ,dr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,elliott1 ,actu>y ( ! ,treasury1 :]e x 0 put into con/ant use4 ,pro( ( ! date ( ?is use ( ,felt's inv5tion 9 ! ,treasury is set =? 9 ! reproduction ( two lett]s 7see opposite page71 "o 0 writt5 by ,mr4 ,elliott & ano!r by ,g54 ,w4 ,s4 ,rosecrans1 9 answ] to an inquiry ( ! ,hall ,typewrit] ,co4 ( ,salem1 ,mass4 ,ano!r ( ! fir/ eight ma*9es 0 plac$ ) ,dr4 ,daniel ,drap]1 ( ! ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,felt f9ally clos$ a deal ) ,mr4 ,rob]t ,t>rant ( ,*icago1 :]eby a p>tn]%ip contract 0 sign$ ,novemb] #bh1 #ahhg4 ,! p>tn]%ip 0 incorporat$ ,janu>y #be1 #ahhi1 "u ! "n ( ! ,felt ,t>rant ,mfg4 ,co41 :o are /ill manufactur+ & sell+ 8,comptomet]s0 "u t "n4 ,sid5ote3 ,significant pro( ( ,felt's claim ( priority ,lay+ aside all ! evid5ce set =? 9 ! =ego+ hi/ory ( key-driv5 ma*9es & _! idiosyncrasies1 significant pro( ( ,felt's claim z ! fir/ inv5tor ( ! mod]n calculat+ ma*9e is ju/ifi$ by ! fact t no o!r multiple-ord] key-driv5 calculat+ ma*9e 0 plac$ on ! m>ket prior to #aijb4 ,le/ we lose sight ( a mo/ important feature 9 deal+ ) ! ,art ( ! ,mod]n ,calculator1 we %\ld call to m9d ! fact t z ,felt 0 ! orig9ator ( ?is type ( ma*9e1 he 0 also ! orig9ator ( ! s*eme ( op]ation 9 its p]=mance ( ! _m & v>i$ %ort cuts 9 ari?metical calculation4 ,! p]=mance ( calculation on ma*9es ( ! old] ,art diff]$ s entirely f ! new t any s*eme ( op]ation t may h be5 devis$ = _! use w\ld l5d no?+ to ! d]ivation ( ! new process = op]at+ ! key-driv5 ma*9e ( ! new ,art4 ,sid5ote3 ,rules = op]ation an important factor ( mod]n calculator ,a sup]ficial exam9ation ( "o ( ! in/ruction books ( ! 8,comptomet]0 w conv9ce mo/ any "o t x is n only ! me*anism ( ! ma*9e t made ! mod]n calculator s valuable to ! bus9ess _w1 b also ! s*emes laid d[n = its use4 ,! in/ructions = figur+ ,multiplication1 ,subtraction1 ,division1 ,squ>e ,root1 ,cube ,root1 ,int]e/1 ,ex*ange1 ,disc\nt1 ,engli% ,curr5cy1 etc41 involv$ h>d /udy to devise su* simple me?ods & rules4 ,! in/ruction books writt5 by ,felt = ! 8,comptomet]1 ! ,mod]n ,calculator10 reflect ! g5ius disclos$ 9 ! inv5tion ( ! ma*9e itself4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,f ,draw+s ( ,b>b\r ,pat5t ,no4 #acc1ahh ,e>ly ,ef=ts 9 ! ,record+ ,ma*9e ,art ,! ,art ( record+ ! addition ( columns ( figures is old 9 pr9ciple1 b n 9 practice4 ,_m attempts to make a ma*9e t w\ld record legibly "u all conditions fail$4 ,^! attempts h be5 po9t$ out f "t to "t z ! fir/ inv5tion ( ! record+-add+ ma*9e1 especially by ^? desir\s ( claim+ ! laurels4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ attempt to record ari?metical computation ,! fir/ attempt at ari?metical record+ = :i* a pat5t 0 issu$1 0 made by ,e4 ,d4 ,b>b\r 9 #ahgb 7see illu/ration on opposite page74 ,e4 ,d4 ,b>b\r has also ! honor ( be+ ! fir/ inv5tor to apply ,napi]'s pr9ciple to me*anism int5d$ to automatically regi/] ! result ( multiply+ a numb] hav+ sev]al ord9al places by a s+le digit )\t m5tally add+ toge!r ! ov]lapp+ figures result+ f direct multiplication4 ,he pat5t$ ?is ma*9e 9 #ahgb j prior to ! issue ( 8 ari?metical record] pat5t4 7,see page #aha47 ,,! ,,b>b\r ,,ma*9e ,! pr9t+ device disclos$ 9 connection ) ! ,b>b\r ma*9e = record+ calculations 0 ( ! mo/ simple nature1 all[+ only = ! pr9t+ ( totals & sub-totals4 ,its manipulation consi/$ ( plac+ a piece ( pap] "u a h+$ plat5 & depress+ ! plat5 by h& 9 ! same mann] t a "t /amp is us$4 ,! ink _h to be daub$ on ! type by a h& op]ation to make legible ! impressions ( ! type4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,b>b\r ma*9e ,! pat5t draw+s ( ! ,b>b\r ma*9e are s fragm5t>y t x is almo/ impossible to draw any conclusion z to its functions )\t read+ ! specifications4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! base ( ! ma*9e1 :ile ,fig4 #d %[s a c>riage :i*1 :5 9 place1 is sup]impos$ above ! base z illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #c & #e4 ,! op]ation ( ! ma*9e is p]=m$ by fir/ pull+ out ! slides ,b 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #a71 :i* set ! digital degrees ( actuation ( ea* ord]2 &1 second1 by op]at+ ! h&-lev] ,k1 f its normal position at #j to #a1 if x is desir$ to add1 or to any ( ! o!r numb]s 9 accordance to ! value ( ! multipli] if multiplication is desir$4 ,! movem5t ( ! h&le ,k1 f "o figure to ! o!r1 gives a reciprocation to ! c>riage1 s t = ea* figure a reciprocation w take place4 ,ea* ( ! slides ,b1 has a s]ies ( n9e ge> racks2 ea* rack has a numb] ( tee? rang+ progressively f #a too? = ! fir/ ge> rack to #i tee? = ! la/ rack1 ?us ! pull+ out ( ! slides ,b w pres5t "o ( ! ge> racks 9 l9e to act ^u ! accumulator me*anism ( ! c>riage z ! c>riage is mov$ back & =? ov] x4 ,! accumulator me*anism consi/s ( ! regi/] :eels ,m & ,m & ! type :eels ,m & ,m m\nt$ on a common arbor & a c>ry transf] device betwe5 ! :eels ( ea* ord]4 ,op]at+ betwe5 ! accumulator :eels & ! racks ( plate ,b are a pair ( ge>s1 "o 9 ! =m ( a lant]n :eel loosely m\nt$ on ! accumulator :eel %aft b connect$ !reto by a rat*et :eel & pawl connection2 ! o!r1 a small p9ion me%+ ) ! lant]n :eel on a sep>ate axis1 protrudes bel[ ! c>riage into ! pa? ( ! racks4 ,?us z ! c>riage is mov$ by ! reciprocat+ device connect$ ) ! h&-lev] ,k1 ! p9ions ( ! accumulator w engage :atev] racks h be5 set & ! num]al :eels & type :eels w be op]at$ to give ! result4 ,! num]al & type :eels h two sets ( figures1 "o ( :i* is us$ = addition & multiplication1 :ile ! o!r set runs 9 ! opposite direction = negative computation or subtraction & division4 ,a plate arrang$ ) sight ap]tures cov]s ! num]al or regi/] :eels1 :ile ! type :eels are left uncov]$ to all[ a h+$ plat5 ,f1 m\nt$ on ! top ( ! c>riage 7see ,fig4 #c71 to be swung ov] on top ( !m & depress$4 ,atta*$ to ! plat5 ,f1 are a s]ies ( spr+ clips d1 "u :i* /rips ( pap] may be slipp$ 7z %[n by ,d1 9 ,fig4 #d71 & :i* s]ves to hold ! pap] :ile an impression is tak54 ,sid5ote3 ,b>b\r ma*9e n practical ,?us ! ,b>b\r inv5tion /&s 9 ! ,art z some?+ to %[ t z e>ly z #ahgb an ef=t 0 made to provide means to pres]ve a record ( calculations by pr9t+ ! totals ( su* calculations4 ,,! ,,baldw9 ,,ma*9e ,! next ef=t 9 ?is class ( ma*9es is illu/rat$ 9 a pat5t issu$ to ,frank ,s4 ,baldw9 9 #ahge 7see illu/ration on opposite page74 ,! ,baldw9 ma*9e is also ( mom5t z hav+ ! s*eme f\nd 9 ! ma*9es kn[n z ! ,brunsviga1 made "u ! ,odhn] pat5ts--a =eign inv5tion1 lat] ?an t ( ,baldw91 us$ ext5sively abroad & to a limit$ ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! contribution ( ,baldw9 to ! ,art ( record+-calculat+ devices seems to be only ! roll-pap] 9 ribbon =m & ! application ( ! ink ribbon4 ,! me?od us$ by ,b>b\r = type impression 0 adapt$ & us$ by ,baldw92 t is1 ! h+$ plat5 & its op]ation by h&4 ,( ! illu/rations %[n ( ! ,baldw9 ma*9e1 "o is reproduc$ f ! draw+s ( ! pat5t :ile ! o!r is a photo reproduction ( ! actual ma*9e :i* 0 plac$ on ! m>ket1 b1 z may be not$1 m9us ! pr9t+ or record+ device %[n 9 ! pat5t draw+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,baldw9 ma*9e ,ref]r+ to ! photo reproduction1 ! upp] r[ ( figures %[+ ?r\gh ! sight ap]tures 9 ! cas+ are ^? ( ! num]al :eels :i* accumulate ! totals1 & :i* 9 ! pat5t draw+s w\ld repres5t ! type ( ! accumulator :eels = pr9t+ ! totals ( addition & multiplication or ! rema9d]s ( subtraction & division4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,draw+s ( ,baldw9 ,pat5t ,no4 #aei1bdd ,illu/ration3 ,baldw9 ,ma*9e ,! figures %[+ bel[ s]ve to regi/] multiples ( addition & subtraction :i* w\ld read z ! multipli] 9 multiplications or ! quoti5t 9 division4 ,^! :eels are ! type :eels ,n1 9 ! pat5t draw+s1 :i* s]ve ! purpose ( record+ ! nam$ functions ( calculation4 ,! means by :i* ! type :eels ( ! upp] r[ are turn$ ?r\gh ! v>y+ degrees ( rotation !y receive to regi/] ! results ( calculation1 consi/s ( a crank-driv51 revolvable drum1 m>k$ ,e1 :i* is provid$ ) sev]al d5om9ational s]ies ( projectable ge> tee? h1 :i* may be made to protrude ?r\gh ! drum by op]ation ( ! digital sett+-knobs g1 situat$ on ! outside ( ! drum4 ,^! knobs1 z %[n 9 ! pat5t draw+s1 are fa/ to radial arms1 ea* ( :i* s]ves z "o ( ?ree spokes ( a half-:eel device1 op]at+ inside ! drum & pivot$ on ! inn] hub ( ! drum4 ,^! half :eels m>k$ ,f1 9 ! draw+s1 by means ( _! cam faces h1 s]ve to =ce ! ge> tee? out ?r\gh ! face ( ! drum1 or let !m rec$e "u ! action ( _! spr+s z ! knobs g1 are op]at$ =w>d & back 9 ! slots x1 ( ! drum provid$ = ! purpose4 ,z w be not$ f ! photographic reproduction ( ! ma*9e1 ^! slots are not*$ to all[ ! arms ext5d+ ?r\gh !m to be lock$ 9 n9e diff]5t radial positions1 & t ea* ( ^! positions are m>k$ progressively f #j to #i4 ,?is arrangem5t all[s ! op]ator to set up numb]s 9 ! diff]5t ord]s by spr++ ! sett+-knobs g to ! left & pull+ !m =w>d to ! numb] desir$1 :]e x w become lock$ 9 ! not* :5 releas$4 ,?is action w h =c$ out z _m ge> tee? 9 ea* ord] z h be5 set up by ! knobs g 9 _! respective ord]s4 ,! lat]al positions ( ! projectable ge> tee? correspond to ! spac+ ( ! type-:eels1 & an int]m$iate ge> ,g1 me%+ ) ea* type1 or regi/] :eel1 is loosely m\nt$ on ! %aft ,h1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! said :eels & ! actuat+ drum ,e1 s t :5 ! drum is revolv$ by ! crank provid$ = t purpose1 ! ge> tee? protrud+ f ! drum w engage ! int]m$iate ge>s ,g1 & turn !m & _! type or regi/] :eels z _m ( _! t5 po9ts ( rotation z h be5 set up 9 _! respective ord]s ( ! sett+ devices ( ! drum4 ,revolv+ ! drum 9 "o direction adds1 :ile revolv+ x 9 ! opposite direction subtracts1 & repeat$ revolutions 9 ei!r direction give respectively ! multiple =ms ( addition or subtraction :i* result 9 ei!r multiplication or division1 z ! case may be4 ,! actuat+ drum ,e1 is provid$ ) means by :i* x may be %ift$ to ! left to furni% means = multiply+ by m ?an "o factor & to simplify ! process ( division4 ,! means = ! c>ry ( ! t5s consi/ ( a s]ies ( tee? i1 =m$ by ! b5t end ( a pivot$ spr+-press$ lev] arm :i* is pivot$ to ! inside ( ! actuat+ drum ) ! too? protrud+ ?r\gh a slot 9 ! drum1 s arrang$ z to all[ motion ( ! too? 9 a direction p>allel to ! drum axis4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,f ,draw+s ( ,pott9 ,pat5t ,no4 #cab1jad ,normally ^! tee? are held 9 a position to escape engagem5t ) ! int]m$iate ge>s ,g1 b provision is made = camm+ ! tee? i1 to ! left into ! pa? ( an int]m$iate ge> ( "o ord] z ! type or regi/] :eel ( ! l[] ord] passes f #i to #j4 ,! p>ts :i* p]=m ?is function are ! cam m1 locat$ on ! left side ( ea* :eel1 ! plung] ,m1 :i* op]ates 9 ! fix$ %aft ,h1 & :i* has a ,t-%ap$ head t1 :5 project$ into ! pa? ( ! c>ry+ tee? i1 s]ve to cam !m sidewise & br+ ab\t ! engagem5t ref]r$ to1 :i* results 9 ! high] type or num]al :eel be+ /epp$ =w>d "o space4 ,! cam-lugs j on ! drum s]ve to engage & pu% back ! ,t heads ( ! cam plung]s ,m1 aft] !y h br\ght ab\t ! "o-/ep movem5t ( ! high] :eel4 ,sid5ote3 ,baldw9's pr9t+ me*anism ,! pr9t+ device consi/s ( a h&-manipulat$ frame pivot$ to ! ma9 frame ( ! ma*9e by ! %aft t4 ,! pap] is suppli$ f a roll ab\t ! %aft t1 & an ink-ribbon is f$ back & =? f ! rolls u & u ov] b>s ( ! pr9t+-frame :i* protrude ?r\gh slots 9 ! cas+ & act z plat5s = ! impression ( ! pap] & ink-ribbon aga9/ ! type4 ,x is presum$ t ! pap] 0 torn (f aft] a record 0 pr9t$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! m mod]n ma*9es4 ,,! ,,pott9 ,,ma*9e ,eight ye>s aft] ! ,baldw9 pat5t 0 issu$1 a ,fr5*man nam$ ,h5ry ,pott91 resid+ 9 ,p>is1 ,france1 inv5t$ a ma*9e = record+ ca% transactions1 :i* he pat5t$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahhc & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahhe 7see illu/ration on opposite page74 ,! =m & design ( ! ma*9e1 z w be not$1 correspond q favorably ) ! s*eme ( ! pres5t-day ca% regi/]1 al?\gh x lacks ! lat] ref9em5t t has made ! ca% regi/] acceptable f a visible po9t ( view4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ key-set crank-op]at$ ma*9e & fir/ attempt to record ! items 9 addition ,! ,pott9 inv5tion is nam$ "h z ! fir/ 9 :i* two ( ! prime pr9ciples ( ! record+-add]s ( today are disclos$2 "o is ! depressable key-set feature & ! o!r is ! record+ ( ! num]ical items4 ,! ,pott9 ma*9e 0 ! fir/ kn[n depressable key-set crank-op]at$ ma*9e made to add columns ( figures & ! fir/ ma*9e 9 :i* an attempt 0 made to pr9t ! num]ical items z !y 7 add$4 ,turn+ to ! illu/ration ( ! ,u4 ,s4 pat5t draw+s ( ! ,pott9 ma*9e1 ! read] w note t !re are f\r l>ge :eels %[n1 m>k$ ,b4 ,^! :eels are :at may be call$ ! type-:eels1 al?\gh !y also s]ve z indicator :eels = regi/]+ ca% sales4 ,! type figures are =m$ by a s]ies ( ne$les fix$ 9 ! face ( ! :eels4 ,! means employ$ = pres5t+ ! prop] type figure = pr9t+ & likewise ! indicator figures to indicate ! am\nt set up 9 ea* d5om9ational ord] 0 z foll[s3 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #a1 x w be not$ t to ea* type-:eel is ge>$ a spr+-actuat$ segm5tal rack m>k$ ,d1 :i*1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 is 9 contact ) a p9 m>k$ i1 :i* protrudes f ! side ( ! depress$ numb] 7#i7 key4 ,! normal position ( ! rack ,d1 is indicat$ 9 dott$ l9es %[+ ! next high] sector :i* has n be5 displac$ by key depression4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,pott9 ma*9e ,ea* key1 z w be not$ f ,fig4 #g1 is provid$ ) "o ( ! p9s i1 :i* is normally out ( ! pa? ( ! lug j1 z ! racks ,d1 drop =w>d2 b :5 any key is depress$ ! p9 is pres5t$ 9 ! pa? ( ! lug j1 & /ops fur!r =w>d action ( ! rack4 ,x w be not$ t ! arrangem5t ( ! keys is su* z w all[ progressively v>y+ degrees ( action to ! segm5tal racks ,d4 ,?is v>iation1 comb9$ ) ! ge>$ relation ( ! type-:eels & racks is equival5t to a t5? ( a rotation ( ! type-:eel = ea* successive key 9 ! ord] ( _! arrangem5t f #a to #i4 ,! means provid$ = hold+ ! segm5tal racks ,d1 at normal1 also s]ves to hold a key ( ! same ord] depress$1 & consi/s ( a pivot$ spr+-press$ lat*-frame m>k$ ,e 7see ,figs4 #g & #h74 ,) su* a comb9ation1 ! depression ( keys 9 ! sev]al ord]s w unlat* ! segm5tal racks1 & ! racks1 ?r\gh ! t5sion ( _! actuat+ spr+s1 w turn ! :eels & pres5t a type correspond+ to ! num]ical value ( ea* key depress$4 ,a h& lev]1 m>k$ ,r1 locat$ on left side ( ! ma*9e provides p[] = pr9t+ ! items4 ,ano!r h& lev]1 m>k$ ,j1 s]ves to re/ore ! segm5tal racks1 type-:eels & ! keys to normal1 & ?r\gh ! co-op]ation ( ! lev] ,r1 adds ! items to ! totaliz] num]al :eels1 :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #a z ! numb]$ :eels m>k$ v4 ,! pap] is suppli$ f a roll m\nt$ on a h+$ plat5 frame ,p1 support$ 9 its normal position by a spr+ ,p4 ,! pap] passes "u ! roll] ,p1 :i* acts z a plat5 = ! impression ( ! type4 ,a %aft ,q1 pass+ "u ! frame ,p1 is fa/ & rigidly connect$ on ! left-h& side ( ! ma*9e ) ! h& lev] ,r1 & acts z a pivot = ! said lev] & by means ( lat]al projections q1 s]ves :5 ! lev] ,r is op]at$ to engage ! frame ,p1 & depresses x until ! ne$le types h prick$ ! num]ical items ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,a slit 9 ! cas+ provid$ means = pr9t+ ! item on a sep>ate piece ( pap] or bill4 ,al?\gh !re is no means %[n by :i* ! pap] is f$ aft] an item is pr9t$1 x is claim$ 9 ! specification t ! well-kn[n means = su* fe$+ may be employ$4 ,! actuat+ lev] ,j ref]r$ to1 is connect$ by a rat*et & ge>$ action ) ! %aft ,f#c1 s t a revolution is giv5 ! said %aft ea* "t ! lev] is op]at$4 #c ,,note3 ,all ! draw+s ( ! ,pott9 pat5t are n %[n "h4 ,to ! %aft ,f1 7see ,fig4 #a7 is atta*$ a s]ies ( arms ,h1 "o = ea* ord]1 :i*1 z ! %aft revolves 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 engages a lug m>k$ ,i1 on ! segm5tal racks ,d1 ?us rock+ ! segm5ts back to normal1 turn+ ! type-:eels ) !m4 ,! return ( ! segm5t racks ,d1 cause ! back ( ! lat*-too? f1 7see ,fig4 #h7 to engage ! lat*-too? f1 ( ! lat* b> ,e1 camm+ x out ( engagem5t ) ! keys s t any key t has be5 set w return by means ( its own spr+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,f ,draw+s ( ,burr\ghs ,pat5t ,no4 #chh1aah ,illu/ration3 ,wm4 ,s4 ,burr\ghs ,! total or accumulator num]al :eels are connectable ) ! type or indicat+ :eels ,b1 by an engag+ & dis5gag+ ge> motion set up by ! comb9$ action ( ! h& lev]s ,r & ,j1 :i* fir/ cause su* ge> engagem5t1 & !n1 ?r\gh ! return ( ! type :eels to z]o1 turn ! accumulator :eels1 ?us transf]r+ ! am\nt ( ! item set ^u ! type :eels to ! accumulator :eels4 ,! specification claims ! ma*9e is int5d$ = use by ca%i]s1 bank-tell]s1 & o!rs1 to record receipts or disbursem5ts4 ,x is also claim$ 9 ! specification t in/ead ( ! ne$le type ord9>y type may be us$ 9 comb9ation ) an ink+ ribbon if s desir$4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>ly ef=ts ( ,wm4 ,s4 ,burr\ghs ,"o ( ! next attempts to produce a record+-add] 0 made by ,wm4 ,s4 ,burr\ghs1 ^: "n sixte5 ye>s lat] 0 us$ to r5ame ! ,am]ican ,ari?momet] ,co41 n[ kn[n z ! ,burr\ghs ,add+ ,ma*9e ,co4 ,! fir/ pat5t issu$ to ,burr\ghs1 ,no4 #chhaaf1 "u date ( ,augu/ #ba1 #ahhh1 l ! ma*9e ( ,b>b\r & ,baldw91 0 design$ to record only ! f9al result ( calculation4 ,on ! same date1 b ( lat] application1 ano!r pat5t1 ,no4 #chhaah1 0 issu$ to ,burr\ghs :i* claim$ to comb9e ! record+ ( ! num]ical items & ! record+ ( ! totals 9 "o ma*9e4 ,"s ( ! draw+s ( ?is pat5t h be5 reproduc$4 7,see opposite page47 ,,ma*9e ,,( ,,e>ly ,,burr\ghs ,,pat5t ,ref]r+ to ! draw+s ( ! ,burr\ghs pat5t1 x w be not$1 t 9 outw>d =m1 ! ma*9e is simil> to ! ,burr\ghs ma*9e ( today4 ,to give a detail$ description ( ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e ( ?is ,burr\ghs pat5t w\ld make t$i\s read+ & take unnecess>y space4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al s*eme ( ,burr\ghs' fir/ inv5tions ,! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! me*anism = record+ ! items is v simil> to t ( ! ,pott9 inv5tion2 ! sett+ ( ! type :eels be+ effect$ z 9 ! ,pott9 ma*9e by means ( segm5t ge>s :i* ! depression ( ! keys s]ves to unlat*1 & acts to gauge ! additive degree ( _! movem5t4 ,burr\ghs us$ ! ink+ =m ( type propos$ z an alt]native by ,pott9 9 8 pat5t specification in/ead ( ! ne$les %[n 9 ! ,pott9 draw+s4 ,9 ! ,burr\ghs pat5t1 z 9 ! ,pott91 x w be not$ t !re are two sets ( :eels be>+ figures1 "o set ( :i*1 m>k$ ,j1 situat$ at ! re>1 are ! type-:eels1 & ! o!r set1 m>k$ ,a1 at ! front ( ! ma*9e1 are = ! accumulation ( ! totals4 ,= ea* d5om9ational ord] ( ! type & total :eels1 !re is provid$ an actuat+ segm5tal ge>1 consi/+ ( a two-arm$ segm5tal lev] pivot$ to ! %aft ,c1 & hav+ ! ge> tee? ( its re> arm con/antly 9 me% ) ! p9ion ge> ( ! type-:eel ,j1 & ! ge> tee? ( ! =w>d arm normally pres5t$ to1 b out ( me% ) ! p9ion ge> ( its total :eel ,a4 ,ea* ( ^! d5om9ational actuators or segm5t ge>s is provid$ ) a /op projection ,x1 at ! top end ( its =w>d ge> rack1 :i* s]ves z a means = int]rupt+ ! d[nw>d movem5t ( t end ( ! segm5t lev]1 & ?us controls its movem5t z a d5om9ational actuator4 ,x w be not$ t in/ead ( ! key-/ems act+ directly z a /op = ! d5om9ational actuators1 z 9 ! ,pott9 inv5tion1 ,burr\ghs us$ a bell crank type ( key lev] & ! /op-wire ,c z an int]m$iate means1 & 9 ?is mann] produc$ a flat keybo>d m practical = key manipulation4 ,sid5ote3 ,brief description ( ma*9e ( e>ly ,burr\ghs pat5ts ,! /op-wires ,c1 z w be not$1 are arrang$ to slide 9 slots ( ! framework1 & :ile normally n pres5t$ 9 ! pa? ( ! /op-projection ,x1 ( ! d5om9ational actuators1 x may be obs]v$ t by ! depression ( ! prop] key any "o ( !m may be drawn re>w>d & into ! pa? ( ! /op projection ,x1 ( its relat$ actuator1 & ?us s]ve z a means to int]cept ! d[nw>d action ( ! actuator4 ,! d5om9ational actuators 9 ! ,burr\ghs ma*9e 7 n provid$ ) spr+ t5sion t w\ld cause !m to act z soon z unlat*$ by depression ( ! keys z has be5 describ$ 9 relation to ! ,pott9 inv5tion4 ,:ile ! keys 9 ! ,burr\ghs ma*9e1 z 9 ! ,pott9 inv5tion1 s]v$ also to unlat* ! d5om9ational actuators 9 _! respective ord]s1 no movem5t ( ! said actuators or type-:eels took place until a second>y action 0 p]=m$4 ,! second>y action1 or ! op]ation ( ! h& lev]1 m>k$ ,c1 atta*$ to ! %aft ,c1 on its initial or =w>d /roke dragg$ ! d5om9ational actuators d[n by means ( friction & ?us set ! type-:eels1 & by means claim$ 9 ! specification1 br\ght ab\t ! type impression to pr9t ! result ( ! key-sett+ or ! item s set4 ,! backw>d or re> /roke ( ! h& lev] caus$ ! accumulator or total num]al :eels to be engag$ & ! item to be add$ to !m4 ,f ?is s+le lev] action x w be not$ t !re is an improvem5t %[n ov] & above ! ,pott9 inv5tion 9 ! fact t b "o lev] motion is requir$2 ,pott9 hav+ provid$ two lev]s s t 9 ! ev5t ( error ! op]ation ( "o lev] w\ld reset ! ma*9e )\t p]=m+ any addition or pr9t+4 ,9 ! ,burr\ghs inv5tion1 ! motion ( d5om9ational actuators & _! type-:eels n be+ effect$ ?r\gh depression ( keys1 z 9 ! ,pott9 ma*9e1 all[$ any error 9 ! sett+ up ( an item to be correct$ by ! resett+ ( ! keys & relat*+ ( ! ge>s1 :i* x is claim$ 0 provid$ = by op]ation ( ! lev] m>k$ ,b 7,fig4 #a ( ! draw+s74 ,z a means ( supply+ p[] to 8 d5om9ational actuators1 ,burr\ghs provid$ :at may be call$ a univ]sal actuator common to all ord]s1 compos$ ( a rock-frame 7arms ,d1 loose on ea* end ( actuat+ %aft ,c1 & hav+ _! outw>d ends rigidly connect$ by ! b> a7 & ! arms ,e1 fix$ to ea* end ( ! %aft ,c4 ,project+ f ! inside ( ea* ( ! arms ,e1 are two lugs1 b & b1 :i* contact ) ! arms ,d ( ! rock-frame z ! %aft ,c is rock$ back & =? by its h& crank ,c1 & ?us l[] & raise ! rock-frame4 ,! means employ$ to transmit ! reciprocat+ action ( ! univ]sal actuator to su* d5om9ational actuators z may be unlat*$ by key depression1 consi/s ( a s]ies ( spr+-press$ arc-%ap$ lev]s ,d1 pivot$ to ! rock-frame b> a1 :i* be> aga9/ a p9 b fix$ 9 ! front arm ( ! d5om9ational actuators4 ,ea* ( ! lev]s ,d1 is provid$ ) a not* y1 :i* s]ves on ! d[nw>d action ( ! rock-frame to engage ! p9s b1 ( ! d5om9ational actuators & draw d[n ) !m su* actuators z h be5 unlat*$ by key depression & to pass ov] ! p9s ( su* actuators z h n be5 unlat*$4 ,:5 9 ! c\rse ( su* d[nw>d movem5t ! d5om9ational actuators are int]cept$ by ! /op-wires ,c1 ! yield+ spr+ pressure ( ! lev]s ,d1 all[ ! not*es y1 to slip ov] ! p9s b1 & leave ! d5om9ational actuators & _! type-:eels set = record+ ! item ?us set up4 ,! means provid$ = impression ( ! type is %[n 9 o!r draw+s ( a pat5t n reproduc$ "h4 ,! means provid$ consi/$ ( a univ]sal plat51 :i*1 ! specification /ates1 s]ves to press ! ink-ribbon & pap] aga9/ ! type aft] all ! figures ( ea* item 7 set4 ,:ile ,b>b\r1 ,baldw9 & ,pott9 all us$ ! univ]sal plat5 to pr9t ! collective sett+ ( type repres5t$ 9 ! items or totals1 z ! case may be1 ea* v>i$ some:at 9 detail4 ,baldw9 us$ a toggle to press ! plat5 t[>d ! type1 :ile ,burr\ghs us$ a spr+ to press ! plat5 aga9/ ! type & a toggle to press x away f ! type4 ,burr\ghs claim$ to h comb9$ 9 8 inv5tion ! pr9t+ ( ! totals1 ) ! pr9t+ ( ! items1 ea* ( :i* x has be5 %[n 0 claim$ by ! pat5tees ( previ\s inv5tions b _h n be5 comb9$ 9 "o ma*9e prior to ! ,burr\ghs attempt4 ,! process = record+ ^! totals 9 ! ,burr\ghs pat5t consi/$ ( utiliz+ ! action ( ! total :eels dur+ _! resett+ or z]oiz+ movem5t to gauge ! sett+ ( ! type-:eels4 ,! specification %[s t1 dur+ ! d[nw>d motion or sett+ ( ! d5om9ational actuators1 z !y set ! type :eels1 ! num]al :eels are out ( ge> & receive no motion !refrom2 & t aft] ! record+ ( ea* item & dur+ ! return motion ( d5om9ational actuators1 ! num]al or total :eels are revolv$ =w>d 9 _! accumulative action ( add+ ! items & ?us regi/]+ ! total4 ,provision is made1 h[ev]1 :5 x is desir$ to pr9t ! totals1 to cause ! totaliz+ :eels to enme% ) ! d5om9ational actuators on _! d[nw>d or sett+ movem5t1 & = ! unlat*+ ( all ! racks s t by op]at+ ! h& lev] ,c1 ! d[nw>d action ( ! racks w rev]se ! action ( ! totaliz+ :eels1 :i* w revolve backw>d until ! z]os %[ at ! visible read+ po9t1 :]e !y w be arre/$ by /ops provid$ = t purpose4 ,by ?is me?od ! =w>d rotation accumulat$ on ea* :eel w1 ?r\gh ! rev]se action ( z]oiz+1 give a l degree ( action to ! type-:eels ?r\gh ! d5om9ational actuators4 ,?us ! regi/ration ( ! total :eels1 x is claim$1 w be transf]r$ to ! type-:eels & ! record pr9t$ !re( z a foot+ to ! column ( num]ical items t h be5 add$4 ,sid5ote3 ,all e>ly ari?metical pr9t+ devices impractical ,to pass judgm5t on ! record+ ma*9es ( ! pat5ts t h be5 describ$1 f ! inv5tion ( ,b>b\r to t ( ,burr\ghs1 dem&s consid]ation1 fir/1 z to :e!r 9 any ( ! ma*9es ( ^! pat5ts ! prim>y features ( legible record+ 7 pres5t4 ,! "q z to op]ativ5ess respect+ o!r features is ( no consid]ation until x is prov5 t ! means disclos$ = record+ 0 practical4 ,z non-record+ add+ or calculat+ ma*9es !y 7 n ( a type t c\ld compete ) ! m spe$y key-driv5 ma*9es dealt ) 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s2 !re=e )\t ! capacity = legible record+1 ^! pat5ts mu/ /& z repres5t+ a non5tity or z /atutory evid5ce ( ! ineffective ef=ts ( ^? :o conceiv$ ! s*eme ( _! make-up & attempt$ to produce a record+-add+ ma*9e4 ,)\t ! capacity = legible record+1 ( :at avail is x t ! ma*9e ( "o ( ^! pat5ts %\ld disclose advantages ov] ano!r8 ,x may be conc$$ t !re are features set =? 9 ! ,pott9 & ,burr\ghs pat5ts t if op]atively comb9$ ) legible record+ w\ld disclose q an advanc$ /ate ( ! ,art at ! "t !y 7 pat5t$4 ,b cr$it = su* an op]ative comb9ation _c be giv5 until x exi/s4 ,!re is no desire to "q ! +5uity display$ by any ( ^! inv5tors1 b 9 seek+ ! fir/ practical record+-add+ or calculat+ ma*9e we mu/ fir/ f9d an op]ative ma*9e ( t type2 "o :i* w record 9 a practical & legible mann] reg>dless ( its o!r qualifications4 ,sid5ote3 ,practical me?od = record+ disclos$ lat] ,! fact t ! fundam5tal pr9ciple us$ = ! impression ( ! type 9 ! practical record] ( today is n display$ 9 any ( ^! inv5tions1 raises ! "q z to ! effective op]ativ5ess ( ! pr9t+ s*eme disclos$ 9 ! pat5ts ( ^! e>ly ma*9es4 ,9 ea* ( ! f\r alleg$ record+-add+ ma*9e pat5ts describ$1 x w be not$ t ! means employ$ = pr9t+ 0 t ( press+ ! pap] aga9/ ! gr\p ( type by means ( a univ]sal plat5 or plate4 ,:ile ) su* a comb9ation x may be possible to provide a set pressure great en\gh to legibly pr9t a num]ical item or total hav+ eight to t5 figures ?r\gh an ink ribbon1 x w\ld n be practical to use ! same pressure to pr9t a s+le-digit figure1 z x w\ld cause ! type to break ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,& yet 9 ! num]ical items & totals t h to be record$ 9 ma*9es ( ! class "u consid]ation1 su* wide v>iation is con/antly enc\nt]$4 ,we are all famili> ) ! typewrit] & ! legible pr9t+ x produces4 ,b suppose in/ead ( pr9t+ ea* lett] sep>ately ! :ole ^w %\ld be pr9t$ at once by a s+le-key depression1 !n1 ( c\rse1 s+le-lett] words1 su* z ! article 8a0 or ! pron\n 8,i0 w\ld also h to be pr9t$ by a s+le-key depression4 ,9 ?is supposition we f9d a p>allel ( ! requirem5ts ( a record+-add+ ma*9e4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,draw+s ( ,ludlum ,pat5t ,no4 #chd1cgc ,sid5ote3 ,inop]ative features ( e>ly record+ me*anism ,if x 7 possible to s increase ! lev]age ( ! typewrit] keys en\gh to cause a ^w ( t5 lett]s to be pr9t$ z legibly z a s+le lett] is n[ pr9t$1 t5 times ! p[] w\ld h to be deliv]$ at ! type-head4 ,!n ?9k :at w\ld happ5 ) t same am\nt ( p[] appli$ to pr9t ! lett] 8a10 or lett] 8,i40 ,y w\ld n "q t "u su* conditions ! type w\ld break a hole 9 ! pap]4 ,& yet ! pat5tees ( ! said describ$ inv5tions want$ ! public to believe t _! inv5tions 7 op]ative4 ,b to be op]ative z record+-add+ ma*9es1 !y mu/ meet su* v>iable conditions z describ$4 ,x is useless to believe t a v>iation ( f "o to t5 or m type c\ld be pr9t$ by a set am\nt ( pressure ?r\gh an ink-ribbon & be legible "u all circum/ances4 ,:ile ! ne$le-type ( ,pott9 may h pr9t$ ! items legibly en\gh = a ca% regi/]1 x w\ld n s]ve ! purpose ( a record = univ]sal use4 ,! use ( regul> type & ! ink+ ribbon propos$ 9 8 specification w\ld br+ x )9 ! inop]ative features nam$4 ,,! ,,ludlum ,,ma*9e ,9 #ahhh1 ab\t two mon?s prior to ! issue ( ! ,burr\ghs record+ ma*9e pat5t j ref]r$ to1 a pat5t 0 issu$ to ,a4 ,c4 ,ludlum = an add+ & writ+-ma*9e4 7,see illu/ration on opposite page47 ,sid5ote3 ,add+ me*anism atta*$ to typewrit] ,x w be not$ by ref]5ce to ! draw+s t ! s*eme is t ( a typewrit] ) an add+ me*anism atta*$4 ,! details ( ! typewrit] may be omitt$1 z mo/ ( u are famili> ) typewrit]s4 ,a feature t diff]$ f ! regul> typewrit]1 h[ev]1 0 t ! ma*9e pr9t$ figures only & ! c>riage op]at$ 9 ! opposite direction1 ?us pr9t+ f "r to left in/ead ( left to "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,ludlum ma*9e ,a s]ies ( num]al :eels & _! devices = ! transf] ( ! t5s1 design$ to regi/] ! totals1 are %[n m\nt$ 9 a %iftable frame connect$ ) ! b> m>k$ ,f1 ) ! typewrit] c>riage1 & is claim$ to move !re)4 ,ea* num]al :eel is provid$ ) a ge> m>k$ ,g1 :i*1 z ! c>riage moves aft] writ+ or pr9t+ ea* figure ( ! item1 is suppos$ to slide into me% "o at a "t ) an add+ ge> m>k$ ,h1 ! engagem5t tak+ place f "r to left4 ,or beg9n+ ) ! "r or units num]al :eel a high] ord] num]al :eel ge> is suppos$ to %ift ?r\gh movem5t ( ! c>riage into engagem5t ) ! add+ ge> ,h1 ea* "t a key is depress$4 ,! add+ ge> ,h1 is suppos$ to receive v>y+ degrees ( rotation f ! keys accord+ to _! num]ical m>k+ & to rotate ! num]al :eel ) :i* x happ5s to be engag$1 a correspond+ numb] ( its t5 m>k$ po9ts ( regi/ration4 ,betwe5 ! add+ ge> ,h1 & ! keys :i* act to drive x1 is a rat*et & ge> device consi/+ ( ! rat*et pawl pivot$ to ! add+ ge> ,h1 ! rat*et ,i1 & its p9ion ge>1 ! segm5t ge> ,i fa/ to ! rock %aft ,i1 ! n9e arms ,i fa/ to ! rock %aft & ! p9s ,i1 :i* are arrang$ 9 ! key lev]s to contact ) & depress ! arms ,i ( ! rock %aft v>y+ di/ances1 accord+ to ! value ( ! key depress$4 ,t is1 suppos+ t ! full ?r[ ( ! key-lev] 0 requir$ to actuate ! rock %aft ) its ge> & rat*et connection to give n9e-t5?s ( a revolution to ! num]al :eel 9 add+ ! digit n9e1 ! p9 ,i 9 ! 7#i7 key-lev] w\ld 9 t case be 9 contact ) its arm ,i1 ( ! rock %aft1 b ! p9s ,i1 ( ea* ( ! o!r key lev]s w\ld be arrang$ to all[ lo/ motion be=e ! p9 %\ld engage its arm ,i ( ! rock %aft1 9 accordance ) ! diff]5ce ( _! add+ value4 ,accord+ to ! specification1 ,ludlum evid5tly _h ! idea t he c\ld /op ! add+ ge> ,h1 :ile "u ! high rate ( spe$ x w\ld receive f a quick depression ( a key1 by jabb+ ! det5t ,j betwe5 ! f9e spac+ ( ! ge> tee? %[n 9 8 draw+4 ,b to ^? famili> ) ! possibility ( su* /op devices1 its inop]ativ5ess w be obvi\s2 n t ! pr9ciple prop]ly appli$ w\ld n "w1 = its application by ,felt prior to t ( ,ludlum prov$ ! possibilities ( ?is me?od ( gaug+ additive actuation4 ,! det5t lev] ,j1 z %[n 9 ! draw+s1 is op]at$ by ! h+$ plate ,d1 ?r\gh action ( ! key lev]s1 z any "o ( !m are depress$4 ,"u depression ( a key1 ! h+$ plate ,d1 be+ c>ri$ d[n ) x1 engages ! arm ,j ( ! det5t & ?r[s ! too? at its upp] end into ! tee? ( ! ge> ,h4 ,! tim+ ( ! entry ( ! too? ( ! det5t is suppos$ to be gaug$ to ent] ! "r too?1 b z ! action ( ^! p>ts is fa/1 sl[ or m$ium at ! w ( ! op]ator1 consid]able "t mu/ be all[$ = v>iation 9 ! entry ( ! det5t too?1 :i* requires space1 z c]ta9 p>ts w fly ahead "u ! sudd5 impact !y may receive f a quick /roke1 :]e !y w\ld n "u a sl[ /roke1 b no all[ance 0 provid$ = su* cont+5cy4 ,! means provid$ = ! c>ry ( ! t5s consi/ ( ! ge>s ,g1 me%+ ) ! num]al :eel ge>s & ! s+le ge> too? g1 atta*$ to x1 :i*1 at ea* revolution ( ! l[] :eel1 z x passes f #i to #j1 engages ! ge> ( ! num]al :eel ( high] d5om9ation & 0 suppos$ to turn ! high] ge> "o-t5? ( a revolution1 ?us regi/]+ "o great]4 ,on acc\nt ( ! ,ge>s ,g1 ( "o ord] & ! ge> too? g1 ( ano!r ord] op]at+ on ! same num]al :eel ge>1 ! transf] ge>s are arrang$ alt]nately on sep>ate %afts1 "o at ! side & "o bel[ ! num]al :eels4 ,sid5ote3 ,ludlum ma*9e inop]ative ,! me*anical s*eme disclos$ 9 ! ,ludlum pat5t1 to ! unsophi/icat$ may seem to be op]ative4 ,b to ^? famili> ) ! ,art ( key-driv5 add+ me*anism x w at once be obvi\s t ev5 if ! typewrit] feature 0 con/ruct$ prop]ly ! possibility ( correctly add+ ! items z !y 7 pr9t$ 0 absolutely impossible4 ,lay+ aside sev]al o!r features ( inop]ativ5ess1 obvi\s to ^? :o "k su* me*anism1 ! read]1 al?\gh n v]s$ 9 ! ,art ( key-driv5 add+ me*anism1 w obs]ve f ! prec$+ *apt]1 t ! means provid$ = transf]r+ ! t5s )\t any control = ! num]al :eels aga9/ ov]-rotation1 w\ld make correct addition impossible4 ,! draw+s & specification ( ! ,ludlum pat5t disclose a m]e dream & %[ t !y 7 n copi$ f ! make-up ( an op]ative ma*9e4 ,x 0 a d>+ s*eme & "o t none b a dream] w\ld und]take to con/ruct 9 ! me?od %[n4 ,!re h 9 lat] ye>s be5 "s successful t5-key record+ ma*9es made & sold1 b !y 7 ( a v diff]5t design & pr9ciple4 ,!re h also be5 sev]al add+ atta*m5ts made & sold t c\ld be adju/$ to a regul> comm]cial typewrit] t are claim$ to be dep5dable1 b none ( ^! ma*9es 7 e>ly en\gh to be claim$ z ! fir/ op]ative record+-add+ ma*9e1 or ! fir/ add+ ma*9e 9 :i* ! pr9ciple us$ = ! legible record+ ( ! num]ical items us$ 9 ! ma*9es ( today may be f\nd4 ,illu/ration ,,fir/ ,,practical ,,record]s ,! fact t ,b>b\r1 ,baldw91 ,pott91 ,ludlum & ,burr\ghs attempt$ to produce a record+-add+ ma*9e %[s t z f> back z #ahgb1 & at p]iods d[n to #ahhh1 !re 0 at lea/ 9 ! m9ds ( ^! m5 a conception ( ! usefulness ( su* a ma*9e1 & ! fact t !re 7 five ) ! same ?\ght is fairly good evid5ce ( ! ne$ = a ma*9e ( ?is class4 ,sid5ote3 ,burr\ghs a bank cl]k ,9 "s ( ! human-int]e/ articles issu$ ?r\gh ! adv]tis+ dep>tm5t ( ! ,burr\ghs ,add+ ,ma*9e ,co4 x is /at$ t ,wm4 ,sew>d ,burr\ghs 0 a bank cl]k prior to 8 ef=ts at add+ ma*9e con/ruction4 ,x is conceivable1 !re=e1 t 8 fir/ ef=ts at add+ ma*9e inv5tion %\ld be direct$ t[>d ! production ( a ma*9e t w\ld be ( s]vice 9 ! bank = ! br++ toge!r ( ! loose items ( acc\nt t are to be f\nd 9 ! =m ( *ecks1 drafts1 & ! l1 by pr9t+ a record ( ! items & _! totals dur+ ! process ( add+ !m toge!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,felt int]e/$ 9 record] ,art ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t a manufactur] ( a successful calculat+ ma*9e %\ld1 ?r\gh 8 contact ) ! trade1 come to ! conclusion t !re 0 use = a ma*9e ( ?is class 9 ! banks4 ,z pro( ( ?is1 we f9d t an application = a record+-add+ ma*9e pat5t 0 fil$ ,janu>y #ai1 #ahhh1 by ,d4 ,e4 ,felt1 :i* 0 all[$ & issu$ ,june #aa1 #ahhi4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,f ,draw+s ( ,felt ,pat5t ,no4 #dje1jbd ,sid5ote3 ,felt's fir/ record+ ma*9e ,"s ( ! draw+s ( ?is pat5t w be f\nd reproduc$ on ! opposite page1 f :i* ! read] w note t ,felt comb9$ 8 s*eme = record+ ) ! me*anism ( ! ma*9e he 0 !n manufactur+ & sell+ "u ! trade "n ( 8,comptomet]40 ,9 ?is pat5t is %[n ! fir/ application ( ! type sector comb9$ ) ! individual type impression = pr9t+ ! figures ( ! items z !y 7 add$1 ?us giv+ equal impression1 :e!r !re 7 "o or a doz5 figures 9 ! item or total to be pr9t$4 ,:ile ! av]age me*anical eng9e] w\ld n at a glance recognize any great advantage 9 plac+ ! type figures directly on ! sector in/ead ( us+ ! type-:eel & segm5t ge> to drive x1 z %[n 9 two ( ! previ\sly describ$ pat5ts1 !re is pl5ty ( evid5ce ( its advantage 9 ! fact t all ! lat] successful inv5tors h foll[$ ! ,felt s*eme4 ,x provid$ m simple con/ruction = ! n>r[ space ^! p>ts mu/ occupy = practical l9e> spac+4 ,sid5ote3 ,fell record+ me*anism comb9$ ) 8 calculat+ ma*9e ,z ! add+ me*anism ( ?is ma*9e corresponds to t ( ! ,felt pat5t #cga1dif1 previ\sly describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 x is n necess>y to duplicate ! description "h4 ,suffice x to say1 t by ! depression ( a key 9 any ord]1 ! value ( t key is add$ to ! num]al :eel ( t ord]1 & if ! figure add$ is great en\gh :5 add$ to t previ\sly regi/]$ on ! :eel1 a t5 w be transf]r$ to ! high] :eel by a c>ry+ me*anism specially provid$ to all[ ! said high] :eel be+ 9 turn op]at$ by an ord9al s]ies ( keys1 ?us provid+ ! means :]eby a s]ies ( d5om9ational ord]s ( key-driv5 add+ me*anism may be int]op]ative4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,felt's fir/ record] ,9 ,fig4 #b ( ! draw+s is %[n ! result ( /rik+ ! 7#h7 key1 :i* may be consid]$ illu/rative ( su* action 9 any ord]1 :e!r units1 t5s1 hundr$s1 ?\s&s1 etc4 ,! depression ( ! 7#h7 key is %[n to h c>ri$ ! lev] ,d d[n eight ( its n9e additive po9ts ( movem5t1 caus+ ! plung] #ae1 be>+ aga9/ its upp] edge1 to drop ) x "u ! action ( ! plung] spr+ #ag4 ,to ! upp] end ( ?is plung]1 is pivotally atta*$ an arm ( ! type sector ,u1 :i* is 9 turn pivot$ to ! rod y1 & by ! l[]+ ( ! plung] #ae1 is rock$ on its pivot1 rais+ ! type-head until ! numb] 7#h7 type is pres5t$ opposite ! pr9t+ b> or plat5 ,t1 :i* is hung on ! pivot arms ,t1 s t x may be swung =w>d & backw>d4 ,an ink-ribbon w1 & its %ift+ me*anism is provid$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a2 ! pap] v1 is suppli$ 9 ribbon =m f a roll & passes betwe5 ! ink-ribbon & ! plat5 ,t4 ,normally1 ! plat51 ! pap] & ! ink-ribbon are 9 a retract$ position1 all[+ space = ! type sector to raise & l[] freely4 ,b1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 a type impression is tak+ place ?r\gh ! escapem5t ( ! cam :eel ,r :i* is locat$ back ( ! plat51 & :i*1 z %[n1 has =c$ ! cam lev] #a =w>d1 press+ ! spr+ p1 aga9/ ! plat5 ,t1 ?us =c+ ! pap] & ribbon =w>d aga9/ ! type1 & pr9t+ ! figure #h4 ,aft] ! cam-too? passes1 ! plat51 pap]1 ink-ribbon & spr+ return to normal1 all[+ ! type sector fre$om to drop :5 ! key is releas$4 ,! cam :eel ,r is propell$ by a spr+ ,s 7,fig4 #a71 w\nd by ! h&-knob ,s1 & is releas$ = action ?r\gh ! escapem5t ( ! pallet :eel ,r atta*$ to ! cam :eel ,r & ! pallet c4 ,! pallet c is tripp$ ea* "t a key is depress$ & is %[n 9 ! tripp$ position op]at$ by ! l9k ,p & ! plural-arm$ lev] ,o1 ,n1 :i* ?r\gh its manifold arms ,n1 may receive action ?r\gh p9s a1 ( any ( ! rock b>s ,l1 z !y are depress$ by ! keys4 ,! cycle ( action describ$ takes place ) e key depress$1 except t ! movem5t ( ! type sector v>ies accord+ to ! key depress$4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ individualiz$ type impression comb9$ ) pr9t+ sector ,z ! pr9t+ 9 ?is ,felt inv5tion 0 by individualiz$ type impression1 legibility ( record+ z well z accurate addition 0 obta9$4 ,al?\gh ?is pat5t %[s t ,felt _h produc$ su* an op]ative comb9ation1 !re are two features 9 ?is pat5t :i* w\ld prev5t its becom+ a m>ketable ma*9e4 ,"o ( ^! features 0 t ( hav+ to w9d ! motor spr+ t furni%$ p[] = ! type impression4 ,! o!r feature 0 t !re 0 no provision = pr9t+ ! ciph]s4 ,al?\gh ! ciph]s 7 always omitt$ f ! keybo>d ( non-record+ add]s1 z !y c\ld p]=m no function 9 addition or o!r =ms ( calculation1 !y c\ld n )\t inconv5i5ce1 be elim9at$ f items 9 record+4 ,,! ,,second ,,felt ,,record] ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ practical ari?metical record] ,:ile ! la/-describ$ ,felt pat5t 0 /ill p5d+1 ,felt improv$ 8 me*anism = record+1 in/all+ new features & elim9at+ ! objectionable features ref]r$ to4 ,^! improvem5ts 7 ( su* a satisfactory nature t ! ,felt ,t>rant ,mfg4 ,co4 made tw5ty-five record+-add]s1 ) ! new features1 :i* 7 sold to v>i\s banks4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ma*9es 0 plac$ on trial ) ! ,m]*ants ,manufactur]s ,national ,bank ( ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 9 ,decemb] ( #ahhi4 ,good evid5ce ( ! practical features ( ?is ma*9e 0 set =? 9 a te/imonial giv5 at ! "t by ,w4 ,a4 ,%aw1 ! ca%i] ( ! bank1 aft] x _h be5 giv5 a six mon?s' te/4 ,?is te/imonial is extant & has be5 reproduc$ on opposite page4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fir/ sale ( a record+-add+ ma*9e on record ,records %[ t ! bank pur*as$ t 8,comptograph10 :i* 0 ! trade "n giv5 ! ,felt record+-add]1 & us$ x until #ahii1 at :i* "t ?is ma*9e1 along ) o!rs ( ! same make pur*as$ at a lat] date1 7 replac$ by ! bank ) 8,comptographs0 ( m mod]n type4 ,?is ,felt record+ ma*9e 0 )\t "q ! fir/ practical record+-add+ ma*9e ev] sold t w\ld produce legible pr9t$ records ( items & totals "u ! v>iable conditions t h to be met 9 su* a class ( record+4 ,illu/ration3 ,te/imonial ,illu/ration3 ,felt ,record+ & ,li/+ ,ma*9e4 ,pur*as$ & ,us$ = ,t5 ,ye>s by ! ,m]*ants ,manufactur]s ,bank ( ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,ma*9e is n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton ,aft] t5 ye>s ( s]vice ?is fir/ practical record+-add+ ma*9e 0 /ill 9 excell5t condition1 & 9 #aijg 0 secur$ by ! ,comptograph ,co4 f ! ,bank ( ,pittsburgh1 into :i* ! ,m]*ants ,manufactur]s ,national ,bank1 along ) o!r banks1 _h be5 m]g$4 ,x 0 f9ally procur$ by ,mr4 ,felt & pres5t$ to ! ,national ,museum ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 :]e x may n[ be f\nd on exhibit along ) o!r inv5tions produc$ by ,felt4 ,a photo reproduction ( ?is ma*9e z x appe>$ be=e x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,museum1 is %[n on ! opposite page4 ,sid5ote3 ,features ( fir/ practical record] ,l ! ma*9e ( ! fir/ ,felt record] pat5t1 x 0 a visible pr9t]1 ea* figure be+ pr9t$ z ! key 0 depress$1 ! pap] be+ %ift$ by ! h& lev] %[n at ! "r4 ,unlike ! =m] ma*9e1 h[ev]1 ! op]ator 0 n call$ ^u to p]=m ! extra op]ation ( w9d+ up a spr+ to furni% p[] = ! pr9t+4 ,p[] = ! pr9t+ 0 /or$ by ! action ( ! pap] %ift-lev] & an entirely diff]5t pr9t+ device 0 us$4 ,provision = pr9t+ ! ciph]s automatically 0 also a feature ( ?is ma*9e4 ,x 0 n necess>y to op]ate ciph] keys1 & !re 7 no su* keys to be op]at$4 ,to pr9t an item hav+ ciph]s 9 x requir$ only ! omission ( ! ciph]s z ! ciph]s w\ld automatically fill 94 ,! arrangem5t ( ! pap] %[s a good improvem5t ov] ! fir/ ma*9e1 z x 0 m accessible1 be+ f$ f a roll at ! top d[n & ar\nd rolls bel[ & loop$ back s t x is mov$ upw>d on ! pr9t$ surface1 :]e x may be torn (f z desir$4 ,! me*anism ( ?is ma*9e is n illu/rat$ 9 any "o pat5t4 ,! ,felt pat5ts ,nos4 #dda1bcc & #dfe1bee cov] ! new feature1 b ! lat] pat5t1 ,no4 #dfe1bee1 %[s x be/4 ,"s ( ! draw+s ( ! la/-nam$ pat5t are reproduc$ on ! opposite page to help 9 explanation ( ! details ( ! new features4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,felt's second record] ,by ref]r+ to ! draw+s1 x w be not$ t ! =m ( ! front ( ! cas+ diff]s f ! ma*9e4 ,o!r draw+s ( ! pat5t1 n %[n "h1 disclose features ( /ill lat] inv5tion ?an 7 9 ! ma*9e ( ! photo reproduction4 ,b x is ) ! pr9t+ device t we are n[ int]e/$1 & x 0 9 ?is pat5t t x 0 fir/ %[n 9 ! =m us$ 9 ! fir/ m>ket$ ma*9e ref]r$ to4 ,! type sector m>k$ #ha is l t ( ! fir/ pat5t1 except t x is provid$ ) ! ciph]s z well z ! n9e digits4 ,! ciph] type are always pres5t$ = pr9t+ :5 ! sectors are re/+ at normal4 ,?us1 if an impression c be made )\t depress+ ! keys 9 t ord]1 a ciph] w be pr9t$1 z w be %[n lat]4 ,back ( ! pap] & pivot$ to ! rod #ig1 are a s]ies ( pr9t+ hamm]s #hg1 "o = ea* type sector4 ,! hamm]s are op]at$ by ! spr+ #hh1 & are %[n reta9$ aga9/ ! t5sion ( _! spr+s by ! trigg] lat*es #hi4 ,^! trigg] lat*es are pivot$ on ! fix$ %aft #aga1 & actuat$ by ! spr+s #ib to cause _! engagem5t ) ! not* #ij ( ! pr9t+ hamm]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,draw+s ( ,felt ,pat5t ,no4 #dfe1bee ,ea* ( ! trigg] lat*es are provid$ ) a lat]ally ext5d+ lug #ic1 =m$ on _! l[] arm1 & ea* lug ov]laps ! back ( ! l[] arm ( ! adjac5t trigg] lat* to ! "r ( x1 s t if any trigg] lat* %\ld be op]at$ s z to extricate x f ! not* #ej ( its pr9t+ hamm]1 its ov]lapp+ lug #ic1 w\ld cause a l action ( ! trigg] lat* to ! "r ( t1 & s on2 ?us releas+ all ! trigg] lat*es to ! "r ( ! lat* orig9ally releas$4 ,su* releas+1 ( c\rse1 all[$ ! pr9t+-hamm]s #hg1 to spr+ =w>d 9 all ! ord]s s affect$4 ,! long-/op actuat+ lev] m>k$ #af1 corresponds ) ! lev] ,g ( ! ,felt key-driv5 calculator %[n 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 & p]=ms ! same function z ! rock b>s ,l ( ! fir/ ,felt record] pat5t4 ,^! /op lev]s #af are pivot$ at #ag1 & are provid$ ) re> arms #hf1 ext5d+ upw>d ) _! ends opposite ! lat]al ext5d+ lug #ic1 ( ! trigg] lat*1 :i* corresponds to ! ord] ( keys :i* ! lev] #af s]ves4 ,9 ! re> upw>dly-ext5d+ end ( ea* ( ^! lev]s #af1 an adju/+ screw #ia1 is provid$ z a tappet = tripp+ ! trigg] lat* correspond+ to its ord]4 ,f ! above-describ$ comb9ation ( me*anism1 x may be se5 t if a key 9 any ord] is depress$1 x w1 z x comes 9 contact ) ! /op lev] #af1 n only cause ! add+ me*anism to be /opp$ ?r\gh ! /op #ai1 b x w also1 ?r\gh its re> arm #hf1 cause ! trigg] lat* ( its ord] to trip1 & likewise all ! trigg] lat*es & pr9t+-hamm]s to ! "r1 ?us pr9t+ ! figure pres5t$ on ! pr9t+ sector 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! key 0 op]at$ & ! ciph]s 9 ! ord]s to ! "r 9 case ! keys 9 ! ord] to ! "r h n previ\sly be5 op]at$4 ,! individual pres5tation ( ! type figures ^u key depression1 except = ! ciph]s :i* 7 normally pres5t$ = pr9t+1 requir$ t 9 /rik+ ! keys1 to give correct record+ ( ! items1 ! op]ation mu/ be f "r to left4 ,t is1 = example1 if ! item to be add$ 0 #gdj4he1 ! op]ator w\ld depress ! 7#e7 key 9 ! units c5ts column1 ! 7#h7 key 9 ! t5s ( c5ts column2 ! ciph] 9 ! units doll>s column w\ld be omitt$1 ! 7#d7 key 9 ! t5s ( doll>s1 & ! 7#g7 key 9 ! hundr$s ( doll>s column w\ld be /ruck4 ,! pr9t+ hamm]s 7 provid$ ) means = resett+ aft] be+ tripp$ 9 ! record+ action4 ,?is means is connect$ ) ! pap] %ift-lev]1 s t z ! pap] 0 %ift$ or f$ upw>d1 ready = record+ ! next item1 ! pr9t+-hamm]s 7 all reset & lat*$ on _! respective trigg] lat*es1 ready = a new item4 ,fix$ to ! %aft #ig1 on :i* ! pr9t+-hamm]s are pivot$1 is a bail1 m>k$ #ih1 "p ( :i* is %[n 9 ! draw+1 ! horizontal b> ( :i* normally lies "u & out ( ! way ( ! hamm]s z !y plunge =w>d 9 pr9t+4 ,& atta*$ to ! "r-h& end ( ! %aft #ig1 is a crank arm connect$ by a l9k to ! pap]-%ift h&-lev]1 :i* may be se5 on ! "r 9 ! photo reproduction ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is connection is arrang$ s t depress+ ! lev] causes ! %aft #ig to rock ! bail #ih re>w>d1 ?us pick+ up any tripp$ pr9t+-hamm]s & relat*+ !m4 ,! totals _h to be pr9t$1 z 9 ! fir/-describ$ ,felt record]1 by depress+ a key correspond+ 9 value to ! figure %[+ on ! :eel 9 ea* ord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,felt pr9ciple ( pr9t+ adopt$ by all manufactur]s ( record]s ,! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! individual hamm]-bl[1 comb9$ ) ! ord9al type sector = record+ 9 a record+-add] 0 new1 & 0 ! feature t has made ! add+-record+ ma*9e ( today possible1 z is well 9 evid5ce by ! pres5ce ( ?is comb9ation 9 all ! record]s t h be5 made by ! successful manufactur]s ( li/+ or record+-add+ & calculat+ ma*9es4 ,"s manufactur]s h sub/itut$ a v]tical mov+ type b> = ! pivot$ sector1 b ! s*eme is ! same1 z ! purpose is to get ! arrangem5t ( ! type 9 column> ord]1 & does n *ange ! fundam5tal features ( ! comb9ation :i* furni%$ ! practical means = ! individual type impression4 ,,! ,,felt ,,tabulator ,sid5ote3 ,wide pap] c>riage = tabulat+ ,! next feature 9 ! ,art1 t has s]v$ 9 ! make-up ( ! up-to-date record]s1 0 ! wide pap]-c>riage4 ,?is feature w probably be recogniz$ by _m z a means suppli$ = ! record+ ( columns ( items 9 s]ies on %eet-pap]4 ,z w be not$1 roll-pap] 9 ribbon =m _h be5 us$ 9 all ! previ\sly illu/rat$ & describ$ record]s4 ,:ile ! ,ludlum pat5t %[s a c>riage1 x _h no capacity = h&l+ m ?an a s+le column ( num]ical items4 ,! c>riage 9 ! ,ludlum ma*9e 0 a feature necess>y to ! typewrit] con/ruction & (f]$ no solution to ! feature ( tabulat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,felt ,tabulator ,sid5ote3 ,! wide pap] c>riage ma*9e ,! fir/ disclosure ( ! wide c>riage feature = tabulat+ 0 9 a ma*9e made by ,d4 ,e4 ,felt 9 #ahhi1 :i* he exhibit$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus ,bureau at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 9 #ahij4 ,! ma*9e 0 also exhibit$ at ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,*icago1 9 #ahic1 along ) o!r products 9 ?is l9e ( ! ,felt ,t>rant ,mfg4 ,co4 ,a photo reproduction ( ?is ma*9e is %[n on opposite page4 ,! ma*9e 0 left at ! ,c5sus ,bureau1 :]e x 0 us$ = sev]al weeks1 & 0 v mu* lik$4 ,felt made a contract to furni% t5 ma*9es ( ?is type1 & ! ma*9e 0 recomm5d$ = pur*ase by ,g4 ,k4 ,holmes1 ,special ,ag5t ( ! ,c5sus ,bureau1 b l _m o!r gov]nm5t dep>tm5t requisitions1 ! pur*ase ord] 0 nev] issu$4 ,al?\gh ?is feature is n[ f\nd 9 all fir/-class record+-add]s1 ! record+ ma*9e ,art 0 too new 9 #ahij = ! new feature to be appreciat$1 & 0 n pu%$1 z !re seem$ to be no dem& = ! wide c>riage !n4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,felt delay$ apply+ = a pat5t on 8 inv5tion until #ahii4 ,sid5ote3 ,litigation on tabulator pat5ts ,9 #aijd a lic5se "u ! pat5t 0 grant$ ! ,burr\ghs ,add+ ,ma*9e ,co41 b soon aft] ! grant+ ( ! lic5se ano!r manufactur] ( record+-add]s br\ght out a ma*9e ) a wide c>riage1 :i* 0 ! />t ( a s]ies ( long-drawn-out infr+em5t suits4 ,! fact t ,felt _h delay$ tak+ out 8 pat5t =m$ ! gr\nds on :i* ! ,c\rt f9ally decid$ t ,felt1 f lack ( dilig5ce 9 apply+ = a pat5t1 _h ab&on$ 8 inv5tion1 :i* made x public prop]ty4 ,! tags :i* may be se5 ti$ to ! c>riage ( ! ma*9e are ! (ficial tags us$ to id5tify x z a c\rt exhibit dur+ ! long t]m ( ye>s ! suits 7 p5d+ 9 litigation4 ,outside ( ! tabulat+ s*eme1 ! ma*9e 0 9 o!r respects ! same z ! record] j describ$ z ! roll-pap] 8,comptograph40 ,sid5ote3 8,cross ,tabulat+0 ,! pap]1 z may be not$1 is held 9 a %iftable c>riage & is op]at$ by two lev]s1 "o to fe$ ! pap] v]tically & reset ! pr9t+-hamm]s1 :ile ! o!r mov$ ! c>riage lat]ally = ! spac+ ( ! columns ( items or ! cross-pr9t+ :5 desir$4 ,besides ! lev] action = %ift+ & pap]-fe$+1 means 7 provid$ on ! "r-h& end ( ! c>riage = p]=m+ ^! functions2 "o ( ^! is ! ?umb knob :i* s]v$ to fe$ ! %eet ( pap] into ! rolls2 ! o!r is a small lev] :i* all[s ! op]ator to %ift ! c>riage by h& indep5d5t ( ! c>riage %ift-lev]4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,felt ,,record] ,:ile ! fir/ lot ( record+-add]s manufactur$ by ,felt 7 :olly practical1 z 0 well prov$ by ! /atem5ts ( ^? :o pur*as$ !m1 x is easy to pick out features 9 _! make-up t today1 :5 comp>$ ) ! new highly-develop$ ,art1 w\ld seem to make !m impractical4 ,! necessity ( op]at+ f "r to left & ! necessity ( pr9t+ ! totals by key depression 7 features t1 9 view ( !re be+ no?+ bett] 9 ^? days1 did n seem objectionable to ^? :o us$ !m4 ,!y 7 features1 h[ev]1 t ,felt ov]came & elim9at$ 9 ! next lot ( ma*9es manufactur$ & plac$ on ! m>ket 9 #ahij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,felt',s ,,comptograph ,"o ( ! ,e>ly 8,comptographs0 ,?is lot ( ma*9es1 "o hundr$ 9 numb] 7a goodly numb] 9 ^? days71 7 equipp$ ) a special h&-knob 9 front on ! left side = automatically pr9t+ ! totals1 & ) means by :i* ! ciph]s 7 pr9t$ only on op]ation ( ! pap] %ift-lev]1 :i* all[$ ! op]ator to depress ! keys f left to "r or any way he pleas$4 ,sid5ote3 ,felt record] 9 8,eng9e]+0 ( ,london1 ,eng4 ,! be/ evid5ce z to :at ^! ma*9es look$ l is to be f\nd 9 ! reproduction on ! opposite page ( an illu/ration :i* appe>$ 9 8,eng9e]+0 ( ,london1 9 #ahia4 ,x w be not$ t ! pat5t draw+s ( ! ,felt calculator are also display$4 ,!y 7 us$ to describe ! add+ me*anism ( ! record]4 ,! total pr9t+ device is %[n & describ$ 9 pat5t ,no4 #dfe1bee1 :ile ! pat5t = ! pr9t+ ( ! ciph]s by ! h& %ift-lev] 0 n appli$ = until #aijd4 ,x may be argu$1 & argu$ true1 t ^! two lat] features 9 _! g5]ic application to ! record+-add+ ma*9e ,art 7 anticipat$ by ,burr\ghs 9 8 inv5tion h]e9 previ\sly describ$4 ,b1 assum+ t ^! features 7 op]ative features 9 ! ,burr\ghs ma*9e1 !y c\ld n be claim$ 9 comb9ation ) a pr9t+ me*anism t 0 op]ative to give practical results & 9 !mselves did n make ! record+-add] possible4 ,nor 0 ! means %[n = record+ ! totals ( use except ) means = legible record+4 ,sid5ote3 ,total record+ a ,felt comb9ation ,sid5ote3 ,legible li/+ ( items & automatic record+ ( totals fir/ a*iev$ by ,felt ,!re is no desire to discr$it :at ,burr\ghs did1 b let ! cr$it = :at ,burr\ghs accompli%$ come into its own1 9 accordance ) ! *ronological ord] 9 :i* x may be prov$ t ,burr\ghs really produc$ a ma*9e t _h a practical & legible record+ me*anism4 ,!n we w f9d t to produce su* pro( we mu/ accept ! fact t 9 all ! successful record+ ma*9es manufactur$ & sold by ! ,burr\ghs ,add+ ,ma*9e ,co41 ! pr9t+ type-sector1 ! pr9t+ type-hamm]s & ! ov]lapp+ hamm]-trigg]s ) _! broad function+ features =m+ a "p ( ,felt's inv5tion1 h be5 us$ to produce legible record+1 & t ! comb9ation ( practical total pr9t+ 0 dep5d5t on ,felt's a*ievem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm ,leibnitz ,we might say t broadly ,burr\ghs inv5t$ means t c\ld be work$ 9 comb9ation ) ! ,felt pr9t+ s*eme to automatically pr9t ! totals1 :i* is 9 evid5ce 9 all ! practical ma*9es put out by ! ,burr\ghs ,co4 ,b su* a comb9ation 0 fir/ produc$ by ,felt 9 #ahij1 & 0 n produc$ by ,burr\ghs until #ahib4 ,z has be5 %[n1 ,felt built 8 record+ s*eme into 8 key-driv5 calculat+ ma*9e1 & add$ ! pap] %ift+-lev] to furni% ! p[] :i* 0 utiliz$ f9ally = sett+ ! pr9t+-hamm]s & tripp+ !m = ! ciph]s4 ,su* a comb9ation divid$ ! "w1 b made a two-motion ma*9e1 :]eas ! add+ me*anism 0 design$ on ! "o-motion pr9ciple4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( ! two-motion ma*9e 0 old1 v old4 ,! great ,gottfri$ ,leibnitz inv5t$ ! fir/ two-motion calculator 9 #afid4 7,see illu/ration on opposite page47 ,! ,leibnitz ma*9e 0 a wond]ful inv5tion & !re seems to be a "q z to its op]ativ5ess4 ,z a feature ( hi/oric int]e/1 h[ev]1 x creat$ consid]able commotion 9 sci5tific circles :5 exhibit$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,leibnitz ,calculator1 made 9 #afid ,! ,fir/ ,two-,motion ,ma*9e ,design$ to ,compute ,multiplication by ,repeat$ ,addition ,! fir/ really practical ma*9e ( ?is type1 h[ev]1 0 inv5t$ by a ,fr5*man nam$ ,*>les ,xavi] ,?omas1 9 #ahbj1 & has s9ce become kn[n z ! 8,?omas ,ari?mometre40 ,! ,?omas ma*9e is made & sold by a numb] ( diff]5t =eign manufactur]s1 & is us$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ,europe & to a limit$ ext5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sid5ote3 ,! key-set pr9ciple m practical = record]s ,b two-motion calculators1 f ,leibnitz d[n to date1 h always be5 con/ruct$ s t ! prim>y or fir/ action involv$ m]ely ! sett+ ( ! controll+ devices & p]=m$ no function 9 ! supply+ ( p[] to op]ate ! me*anism :i* does ! add+4 ,) su* ma*9es ! load 0 ?r[n on to ! second>y action4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 made ! prim>y action ( sett+1 a v light action1 especially :5 keys came into use1 & z !re are sev]al key depressions to ea* second>y or crank action1 x may be und]/ood t :ile ! action ( ,felt's pr9t+ or pap] %ift-lev] 0 light1 ! action ( ! keys :i* 7 call$ ^u to p]=m mo/ ( ! "w 0 mu* h>d] ?an x w\ld h be5 if 8 add+ me*anism _h be5 design$ on ! key-set crank-op]at$ plan ( ! regul> two-motion ma*9e su* z illu/rat$ 9 ! ,pott9 or ,burr\ghs pat5ts describ$4 ,?us1 :5 ,burr\ghs appli$ ! ,felt record+ pr9ciple to 8 key-set crank-op]at$ add+ me*anism1 he produc$ a type ( record+ ma*9e :i* prov$ to be m acceptable f an op]ative /&po9t ?an ! record] made by ,felt2 & yet ! writ] has read te/imonials giv5 by ^? :o _h bo? ! ,felt key-driv5 record] & ! ,burr\ghs key-set crank-op]at$ record]s1 :o claim$ !y c\ld see no advantage4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,f ,draw+s ( ,burr\ghs' ,pat5ts ,nos4 #ejd1ifc & #eje1jgh ,probably ! be/ pro( lies 9 ! fact t ,felt f9ally ab&on$ ! key-driv5 feature 9 8 record]s1 z may be not$ f ! lat]-day 8,comptograph40 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,practical ,,burr\ghs ,,record] ,! fir/ ,burr\ghs pat5t to %[ ! successful comb9ation ref]r$ to 0 ,no4 #ejd1ifc1 appli$ = ,may #e1 #ahib1 & issu$ ,septemb] #ab1 #ahic4 ,! pr9t+ s*eme1 h[ev]1 :ile indicat$ 9 ! said pat5t1 0 appli$ = 9 a divisional pat5t1 ,no4 #eje1jgh1 issu$ on ! same date4 ,draw+s f bo? ^! pat5ts are %[n on opposite page4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( fir/ practical ,burr\ghs record] ,illu/ration3 ,burr\ghs ,record] ,! new pr9t+ device1 z w be not$1 in/ead ( op]at+ at ! bottom ( ! ma*9e1 op]ates at ! re> & pr9ts ! pap] aga9/ a roll m\nt$ outside ( ! cas+4 ,outside ( adopt+ ! ,felt me?od ( pr9t+1 ! g5]al s*eme ( con/ruction us$ 9 ! ma*9e ( ! =m]-describ$ ,burr\ghs pat5t 0 ma9ta9$1 except t ! lev]s ,d1 us$ to drag ! d5om9ational actuators d[n1 7 omitt$1 & a s]ies ( spr+s1 "o = ea* actuator1 0 suppli$ to pull su* lev]s d[n z are releas$ by key-depression :5 ! common actuator drops "u crank action4 ,?us ! description previ\sly giv5 w suffice = a g5]al und]/&+ ( ! me*anical functions ( ! add+ me*anism & ! g5]al s*eme = ! sett+ up ( ! type 9 ^! lat] pat5ts4 ,! con/ruction ( ! type sectors1 ! pr9t+-hamm]s & ! trigg]-lat*es us$ to reta9 ! hamm]s aga9/ ! action ( _! op]at+ spr+s is be/ %[n 9 ! draw+s ( pat5t ,no4 #eje1jgh on page #acf4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! normal relation1 :ile ,fig4 #b illu/rates ! same me*anism 9 ! act ( pr9t+4 ,! type sector z %[n 9 draw+s ( pat5t ,no4 #eje1jgh is m>k$ ,k1 :ile 9 ! draw+s ( ,no4 #ejd1ifc x w be f\nd m>k$ #faa4 ,!y are =m$ f a cont9uation ( ! d5om9ational actuators = ! total regi/] 9 ! same mann] t ! type-:eel ge> racks h1 ( ! previ\sly describ$ ,burr\ghs pat5t 7 =m$4 ,! type u1 are arrang$ on movable blocks m>k$ #fah1 :i* are %[n held 9 _! retract$ or normal position by spr+s #fhb1 b :5 pressure is br\ght to be> aga9/ ^! type blocks 9 a direction outw>d f ! sector1 ! spr+ #fhb w give & ! type blocks w slide outw>d 9 ! slots provid$ to guide _! action4 ,! pap]1 z w be not$1 is f$ f a roll1 up betwe5 ! type & ! pr9t+-roll #eii1 9 ! same mann] z ! pap] ( a typewrit]1 & ?r\gh ! int]position ( an ink-ribbon betwe5 ! type & ! pap]1 ! press+ ( ! type aga9/ ! ink-ribbon1 pap] & roll gives impr9t4 ,! pressure br\ght to be> on ! type is ?r\gh ! hamm]-bl[ ( ! pr9t+-hamm]s #gae1 ( :i* !re is "o = ea* ord9al pr9t+ sector4 ,^! hamm]s are pivot$ to ! rod #gja1 & are spr+-actuat$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! p9 #gda1 ! lev] #gaf1 & spr+ #ghj1 :i*1 comb9$ ) ! cam-slot w1 9 ! pr9t+-hamm]s1 s]ve to =ce ! pr9t+-hamm]s into ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! pr9t+-hamm]s are normally retract$ & lat*$ by a s]ies ( trigg] lat*es #aag1 ?r\gh ! lat*-too? b1 :i* engages ! lev] #gaf at v4 ,ea* trigg]-lat* #aag1 is pivot$ on ! rod #gjj1 & provid$ ) an ov]lapp+ lug z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,^! ov]lapp+ lugs1 l ^? describ$ on ! trigg]-lat*es 9 ! ,felt pat5t1 s]ve z an automatic means ( fill+ 9 ! ciph]s 9 ! same mann] z describ$ 9 ! ,felt ma*9e4 ,! means = tripp+ ! ov]lapp+ trigg] lat*es naturally diff]$ f ! means %[n 9 ! ,felt ma*9e1 z ! ,burr\ghs ma*9e 0 n key-driv54 ,a v +5i\s means = ! tripp+ ( ! trigg]-lat*es is %[n1 consi/+ ( ! dogs #gah1 & rock-frame #gaa1 & tie-rods #gjc-gjd1 :i* co-op]ate ) a cam-%\ld] y on ! arm ( ! pr9t+-sectors1 to rema9 neutral or to dis5gage ! trigg]-lat*es ?r\gh a reciprocat+ action1 %[n 9 dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #a1 pat5t ,no4 #eje1jgh4 ,! tripp+ action takes place at ! end ( ! =w>d motion ( ! actuat+ h&-crank ?r\gh connections n %[n 9 ! draw+s4 ,x may be und]/ood t on acc\nt ( ! ov]lapp+ ( ! trigg]-lat*es ( ! pr9t+-hamm]s t if1 z describ$ 9 relation to ! ,felt record+-ma*9e1 "o ( ! trigg]-lat*es 9 any ord] to ! left ( ! units ord] %\ld be tripp$1 x w\ld cause all ! trigg]-lat*es to ! "r to be also tripp$1 & ! pr9t+-hamm]s ?us releas$ to spr+ =w>d1 giv+ an individual hamm]-bl[ = ea* type impression4 ,?us1 if ! five-hundr$-doll> key %\ld be depress$1 only ! trigg] lat* 9 t ord] ne$ be tripp$4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! fact t normally ! tripp+-dogs #gah are held out ( tripp+ engagem5t by ! cam surface y ( ! type-sector1 z ! rock-frame 9 :i* ! dogs are m\nt$ is mov$ =w>d 9 its tripp+ action4 ,b z ! hundr$-doll> ord] type-sector has be5 lift$ ?r\gh ! sett+ ( ! 7#e7 key 9 t ord]1 x all[s ! tripp+-dog to engage ! trigg]-lat* ( t ord]1 & ?r\gh ! ov]lapp+ feature ( ! trigg]-lat*es to trip & pr9t ! ciph]s to ! "r4 ,x w be not$ t ! application ( ! pr9t+-hamm]s v>i$ 9 detail f t ( ,felt mu* ! same z plac+ ! lat* on ! gate po/ in/ead ( on ! gate4 ,9 ! g5]ic pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 ! individual hamm]-bl[ = ea* individual impression 0 ma9ta9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,date ( use ( fir/ practical ,burr\ghs record] ,!re h be5 _m conflict+ /atem5ts made reg>d+ ! date ( ! fir/ ,burr\ghs li/+ or record+ ma*9e1 :i* is probably due to ! fact t ! /atem5ts 7 n qualifi$ by su* t]ms z 8practically op]ative0 or 8legible record+40 ,dates giv5 z t ( ! fir/ ,burr\ghs record+ ma*9e range f #ahhd to #ahib4 ,9 a book publi%$ by ! ,burr\ghs ,co4 9 #aiab1 "u ! title ( ! 8,book ( ! ,burr\ghs10 !re 0 a /atem5t t ! fir/ practical ma*9es 7 made 9 #ahia4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,febru>y #aijh ,issue ( ,(fice ,appliances ,magaz9e ,h4 ,b4 ,wye?1 at "o "t sales ag5t = ! ,burr\ghs ,co41 & ^: fa!r 0 presid5t ( ! company 9 #ahia & sev]al ye>s !reaft]1 te/ifi$ 9 c\rt t ! fir/ sale ( a ,burr\ghs record+ ma*9e 0 made ab\t ,decemb]1 #ahib4 ,corroboration ( 8 te/imony is set =? 9 a ,burr\ghs adv]tisem5t :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,febru>y numb] ( ,(fice ,appliances ,magaz9e 9 #aijh1 a reproduction ( :i* is %[n on ! opposite page4 ,t ,burr\ghs 0 exp]im5t+ z e>ly z #ahhe is no d\bt correct2 & t 9 ?is respect he antidat$ ,felt's fir/ attempt to produce a record+-add]1 is n que/ion$4 ,b :5 x comes to ! "q ( :o produc$ ! fir/ practical record+-add]1 !re is no room = d\bt 9 face ( ! evid5ce at h&4 ,illu/ration ,introduction ( ! ,mod]n ,acc\nt+ ,ma*9e ,z ! read] has be5 c>ri$ along ?r\gh ! tangle ( me*anical ef=ts ( ! m5 :o h rack$ _! bra9s to produce means t w\ld relieve ! burd5 ( ^? :o h to juggle ) ari?metical problems & masses ( figures 9 ! day's acc\nt+1 !re 0 "o phase ( subject t has n be5 t\*$ ^u4 ,:ile ^! inv5tors 7 do+ _! be/ to b5efit mank9d &1 )\t d\bt1 ) ! ?\ght ( reap+ a h>ve/ = !mselves1 ! public1 :o c\ld h be5 ! prime b5efici>y1 did n ha/5 to avail !mselves ( ! opportunity4 ,sid5ote3 ,opposition to ! use ( ma*9es = acc\nt+ ,9 ! e>ly days1 :5 ! key-driv5 calculator 0 m>ket$1 & lat] :5 ! record+-add] 0 also plac$ on ! m>ket1 ! ef=ts ( ! salesm5 = ea* ( ^! types ( ma*9es1 9 _! endeavor to int]e/ possible pur*as]s1 7 met ) any?+ b en?usiasm4 ,( c\rse1 n[ & !n a wide-awake bus9essman 0 will+ to be %[n & w\ld pur*ase1 b n9ety-n9e out ( ! hundr$ :o really _h use = a ma*9e ( ei!r type c\ld n at t e>ly date be awak5$ to ! fact4 ,al?\gh ! calculator & ! record+-add] are indisp5sable factors 9 bus9ess today1 & h s]v$ to improve ! lot ( ! bookkeep] & ^? employ$ 9 exp]t acc\nt+ 9 g5]al1 !y met ) v /rong opposition = ! fir/ few ye>s f employ]s ( ?is class4 ,x 0 /rongly evid5t t ! ef=ts ( book-keep]s & c\nt+-h\se cl]ks to prev5t ^! ma*9es ent]+ _! dep>tm5t 7 inspir$ by ! fe> t x w\ld displace _! s]vices & int]f]e ) _! *ance ( a livelihood4 ,aga91 m5 ( ?is class1 & ev5 ^? 9 *>ge ( l>ge dep>tm5ts1 took ! m]e sugge/ion t !y _h use = a calculator or record+-add] z an insult to _! effici5cy1 & w\ld almo/ ?r[ ! salesman out4 ,o!rs w\ld v politely look ! ma*9e ov] & tell ! salesman :at a wond]ful ma*9e x 01 b :5 ask$ to give ! ma*9e a trial1 !y w\ld imm$iately back up & say t !y _h absolutely no use = su* a ma*9e2 :]eas possibly n[ ! same dep>tm5t is us+ tw5ty-five to a hundr$ su* ma*9es4 ,sid5ote3 ,banks m lib]al 9 recognition ,( ! two classes ( ma*9es1 ! record+1 or li/+ ma*9es1 z !y are commonly call$1 al?\gh a lat] product1 7 ! fir/ to sell 9 quantities t may be call$ l>ge sales4 ,?is 0 probably due to ! fact t !y 7 l>gely sold to ! banks1 :o h always be5 m lib]al 9 recogniz+ ! advantages ( labor-sav+ devices ?an any o!r class ( bus9ess4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! ma*9es 9 ! bank also _h a t5d5cy to influ5ce bus9ess-m5 to in/all record]s :]e ! key-driv5 calculator w\ld h giv5 f> great] results 9 quantity ( "w & exp5se ( op]at+4 ,9 ^! days1 h[ev]1 ! av]age bus9essman is alive to 8 requirem5ts1 & selects :at is be/ suit$ to 8 ne$s in/ead ( be+ influ5c$ by see+ a ma*9e us$ by o!rs = an entirely diff]5t purpose4 ,! !ory ( us+ ! pr9t$ li/ ( items z a means ( *eck+ back has bl[n into a bubble & bur/1 & ! non-li/] has come into its own1 n b :at !re has always be5 a good sale = ^! ma*9es except = ! fir/ f\r ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,improvem5ts sl[ = fir/ few ye>s ,on acc\nt ( ! ye>s x took to educate bus9ess into ! use ( ^! two types ( acc\nt+ ma*9es1 & ! fact t ! sales ( bo? 7 small at fir/1 !re 7 few improvem5ts = sev]al ye>s1 z improvem5ts dep5d ^u prosp]ity4 ,su* *anges z h be5 made s9ce 7 l>gely aim$ at ref9em5ts1 b !re are "s v notewor?y features add$ to ! p]=mance ( bo? types ( ma*9es1 :i* are expla9$ & describ$ 9 foll[+ *apt]s1 :]e ! subject w be treat$ "u ! class ( ma*9es !y affect4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,! ,high-,spe$ ,calculator ,! ,high-,spe$ ,calculator ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! calculat+ ma*9e 0 old :5 ,felt improv$ ! ,art by comb9+ ! key-drive ) a plurality ( co-op]ative ord]s ( add+ me*anism4 ,! advantage 9 ! ma*9e he produc$ exi/$ 9 ! great increase 9 rapid manipulation :i* x (f]$ ov] ! old] ,art1 especially 9 addition4 ,to improve ^u ,felt's contribution to ! ,art ( calculat+ ma*9es f a comm]cial /&po9t dem&$ a comb9ation t w\ld give /ill great] possibilities 9 rapid manipulation4 ,sid5ote3 ,felt improvem5ts on ,comptomet] ,! pat5t records %[ t ,felt aga9 came to ! front & gave to ! public a new ma*9e conta9+ _m new comb9ations ( highly-organiz$ me*anism t produc$ ! above-nam$ result4 ,! pat5ts %[+ ^! features are ,nos4 #gfb1ebj & #gfb1eba1 ! two pat5ts be+ divisional pat5ts ( ! same ma*9e4 ,al?\gh !re 7 sev]al pat5ts on key-driv5 calculators issu$ to o!rs & a key-driv5 calculator plac$ on ! m>ket1 :i* 0 sold to "s ext5t1 none ( ^! calculators (f]$ any?+ t w\ld increase ! possibility ( m rapid manipulation ?an 0 to be _h f ,felt's old ,comptomet]4 ,sid5ote3 ,sci5tific di/ribution ( functions ,!re is "o feature ab\t ! ma*9e ( ^! two divisional pat5ts :i* /&s out v prom95tly to ^? acqua9t$ ) ! f9e po9ts ( ! physical laws ( me*anics4 ,x is a feature t 0 n pr9t$ into ! specifications4 ,x may be f\nd only 9 ! "t all[$ = ! me*anical movem5ts to take place1 :i* %[s t !oretical reason+ 0 ! f\ndation = ! di/ribution ( ! functions 9 ! ma*9e ( ^! pat5ts into increm5ts ( "t1 & t ! arrangem5t ( me*anism 0 especially design$ to c>ry out ?is prim>y !oretical reason+4 ,:ile x is obvi\s t su* proc$ure mu/ accompany successful inv5tion ( me*anism1 x is seldom t we f9d su* f95ess display$ z may be f\nd 9 ! tim+ ( ! me*anical functions ( ! lat] ,comptomet]4 ,! =ce ( ! above /atem5t may be realiz$ by /udy ( ! me*anical motions ( ! old ,comptomet] & !n try+ to improve on !m to atta9 great] spe$ ( op]ation4 ,su* a possibility w\ld dep5d on m rapid key-/rokes4 ,accord+ to ! physical laws ( =ce & motion1 to atta9 great] spe$ ( action dem&$ a decrease 9 resi/ance4 ,?us1 less key resi/ance mu/ be atta9$ to increase spe$ ( op]ation4 ,felt probably knew f exp]i5ce t light] key action c\ld n be _h by juggl+ ) spr+s or by poli%$ surfaces4 ,he 0 also aw>e ( ! inf9itesimal space ( "t allott$ to ea* function1 z ! p>ts ( ! me*anism flew ab\t 9 ! m]ry dance !y p]=m$ 9 :irl+ ! num]al :eels ar\nd :ile "u ! manipulation ( an exp]t op]ator4 ,he c\ldn't see ! p>ts "w--he c\ld only !orize :5 !re 0 tr\ble2 ?us he alone knew ! difficulties to be met 9 attempt+ to make a m rapid calculator4 ,to describe ! me*anism ( ! new ma*9e f draw+s ( ^! pat5ts w\ld leave ! read] /ill 9 ! d>k4 ,:at 0 really accompli%$ c be/ be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! me*anical action 9 ! old ,comptomet]4 ,9 ord] t ! read] may und]/& ! significance ( :at 0 accompli%$1 let him consid] ?is fact2 t ! key action ( ! old 8,comptomet]0 measur$ z high z eighty-six ounces to a key depression1 :ile 9 ! new ma*9e made "u ! two nam$ lat] pat5ts ! key depression 0 r$uc$ to b tw5ty-two ounces maximum1 or a little ov] a f\r? ( ! p[] requir$ to op]ate ! keys ( ! old 8,comptomet]40 ,sid5ote3 ,p[] consum$ by old c>ry+ me?od ,facts %[ t a v l>ge "p ( ! resi/ance met ) 9 ! key depression ( ! old ma*9e 0 caus$ by ! high t5sion ( ! spr+s :i* p]=m$ ! c>ry+4 ,?is high t5sion 0 necess>y on acc\nt ( ! extremely small fraction ( a second all[$ = ! p]=mance ( _! function ( supply+ ! p[] t turn$ ! high] :eel 9 c>ry+4 ,by ref]r+ to ! description ( ! inop]ative features ( ! ,hill ma*9e 7page #be7 a p>allel example ( ! "t = ! c>ry ( ! t5s 9 ! old ,comptomet] may be f\nd1 %[+ t b a _/ ( a second 0 ! all[ance4 ,! c>ry+ means employ$ 9 ! old ,comptomet] consi/$ ( lev]s ) dogs or pawls h+$ on _! free ends1 :i* co-act$ ) ! t5 p9s ( ! high] num]al :eels to rat*et !m =w>d a /ep at a "t4 ,! p[] = supply+ su* rat*et+ action1 9 ! deliv]y ( a c>ry1 0 produc$ 9 a spr+ atta*$ to ! c>ry+-lev] to actuate x4 ,sid5ote3 ,cam & lev] c>ry+ me*anism ,! means us$ to produce ! p[] 9 ! c>ry+-lev] actuat+ spr+s1 or be/ t]m$ c>ry+ spr+s1 0 ?r\gh ! turn+ ( an envolute cam atta*$ to ! l[] ord] num]al :eels1 :i*1 act+ ^u an arm ( ! c>ry+ lev]s1 =c$ !m away f ! :eels1 & ?us t5sion$ ! c>ry+ spr+s4 ,! cam & lev] is be/ %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 page #acj4 ,! tim+ ( ! deliv]y ( ! c>ry1 z ! num]al :eel pass$ f n9e to z]o1 0 br\ght ab\t by ! high po9t ( ! cam pass+ f "u ! arm ( ! c>ry+ lev]1 :i*1 :5 releas$1 all[$ ! c>ry+ spr+s to act & rat*et ! high] :eel =w>d a t5? ( a revolution4 ,?is =m ( c>ry+ action _h a peculi>ity ( rea*+ a c]ta9 set t5sion :5 ?ree :eels 7 employ$1 s t = all ! :eels employ$ 9 great] numb]s no high] t5sion 0 requir$ & no l[] t5sion c\ld be atta9$4 ,ano!r feature ab\t ?is type ( transf] device 0 ! fact t to get ! set t5sion z l[ z possible requir$ t at lea/ eight-t5?s ( ! rotation ( ! l[] :eel %\ld be utiliz$ 9 camm+ back ! c>ry+ lev] or /or+ ! p[] = ! c>ry4 ,a decrease 9 ?is tim+ meant an increase 9 ! resi/ance (f]$ 9 turn+ ! l[] :eel by ! /eep] incl9e ( ! cam1 & :5 ! :eel 9 turn receiv$ a c>ry1 ! increase ( resi/ance increas$ ! "w ( c>ry+1 & s on by a geometric ratio4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o-po9t c>ry+ cam impossible ,9 a rec5t pat5t suit1 a physical te/ 0 made z high z ?ree ord]s ) a "o-po9t cam2 t is1 a cam op]at+ to /ore p[] dur+ a "o-t5? rotation ( ! l[] :eel 7n an uncommon comb9ation z %[n 9 pat5ts t h be5 issu$71 & x 0 f\nd t by ! "t ! ?ird c>ry+ 0 rea*$ ! spr+s 7 s l>ge & p[]ful t to turn ! next :eel w\ld require a railway-coa* spr+1 & t "u ! same ratio a fifty-f\r ton hydraulic press w\ld be requir$ to depress ! keys 9 ! eigh? ord]4 ,! =ego+ illu/ration ( ! idiosyncrasies ( me*anical con/ruction (f] a good example ( :y p]petual motion is n possible1 viz41 t no me*anism 0 ev] made t w\ld n consume a c]ta9 p] c5t ( ! p[] deliv]$ to x1 ?r\gh friction & in]tia4 ,( c\rse1 exp]t k ( ! physical laws ( me*anics all[ ( ! application ( =ce along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1 & x is ) ?is feature t ! new improvem5ts 9 ! ,comptomet] h to d4 ,sid5ote3 ,felt's improv$ me?od ( c>ry+ ,x w\ld seem t ! old c>ry+ means c\ld n be improv$ ^u "u ! circum/ances1 b ,felt conceiv$ a means :i* gave m "t = ! /orage ( p[] = ! c>ry & all k9ds ( "t = its deliv]y1 :i* decreas$ ! p[] requir$ = c>ry+ by a v l>ge p] c5t4 ,! means he devis$ 0 a motor-type ( c>ry+ me*anism t c\ld receive & deliv] p[] at ! same "t )\t int]f]5ce4 ,?us ! full revolution ( ! l[] :eel c\ld be utiliz$ 9 /orage & ! same am\nt ( "t c\ld be consum$ 9 deliv]y if necess>y1 b x 0 nev] requir$4 ,?is trem5d\s r$uction 9 p[] requir$ to turn ! high] :eel 9 a c>ry+ op]ation s decreas$ ! resi/ance ( turn+ ! num]al :eels t ! =m] means us$ to control ! :eels dur+ actuation 0 unsafe2 t is1 ! old me?od ( jabb+ ! /op det5t betwe5 ! p9s ( ! num]al :eel to /op x 0 n dep5dable ) ! increas$ spe$ t ! num]al :eels revolv$1 "u ! r$uc$ resi/ance4 ,aga91 ! feature ( "t 0 at issue4 ,! :eels c\ld be :irl$ at trem5d\s spe$ or at a v sl[ spe$4 ,a sudd5 jab at a key ) ! f+] s5t ! num]al :eels kit+ ahead ( ! re/ ( ! me*anism s t ! det5t c\ld n be dep5d$ ^u to ent] betwe5 ! "r p9s1 :i* w\ld result 9 errone\s calculation4 ,9 ! new ma*9e1 we f9d t to ov]come ?is unev5ness ( action1 ,felt rev]s$ ! rat*et action ( ! d5om9ation actuators1 s t no :eel action occurr$ on _! d[n-/roke "u ! action ( ! keys1 b on ! up/roke ( ! actuators ! num]al :eels 7 turn$ by ! p[] ( ! actuator spr+s /or$ by ! key depression1 ?us giv+ an ev5 set rotat+ action t c\ld n be =c$ & t c\ld be controll$ by a /op det5t4 ,z ! tim+ ( ?is /op-action 0 co9cid5t ) ! /opp+ ( ! actuators on _! up/roke1 ! actuator 0 us$ to p]=m ?is function 9 comb9ation ) a det5t device t c\ld be releas$ f ! :eel indep5d5t ( ! actuators to all[ a c>ry to be deliv]$4 ,sid5ote3 ,gaug+ & controll+ prime actuation ,a feature wor?y ( note connect$ ) ?is *ange is display$ 9 ! me?od 9 :i* ,felt ov]came ! tim+ ( ! /op action ( ! actuators 9 ! d[nw>d action !y receiv$ f ! keys1 :i* w\ld h be5 z h>d to control z x 0 to control ! :eels "u direct key action4 ,sid5ote3 ,alt]nat+ /op s*eme ,! s*eme he devis$ gave m ?an d\ble ! "t to p]=m ! function ( int]cept+ ! lightn+ action ) :i* ! actuators mov$ "u a quick key-/roke4 ,! s*eme %[s a dual alt]nat+ /op-action con/ruct$ by ! use ( two /ops act+ at diff]5t levels & co-act+ alt]nately ) five equi-spac$ /op-%\ld]s on ! front end ( ! actuators1 :i* 7 also arrang$ 9 diff]5t levels4 ,! two /ops 7 actuat$ by ! keys 9 a simil> mann] to ! s+le /op :i* co-op]at$ ) ! p9s ( ! :eel 9 ! old 8,comptomet]10 except t ! odd keys op]at$ "o /op :ile ! ev5 keys op]at$ ! o!r4 ,?us 9 ! new 8,comptomet]0 ! 7#a7 key act$ to ?r[ ! high] level /op into ! pa? ( ! l[e/ /op-%\ld] on ! actuator1 & ! 7#b7 key act$ to ?r[ ! l[] level /op into ! pa? ( ! same /op-%\ld] on ! actuator4 ,9 ! same mann] ! 7#c7 & 7#d7 keys caus$ ! odd & ev5 /ops to engage ! next high] /op-%\ld] on ! actuator & s on ) ! re/ ( ! keys4 ,z ! spac+ 0 d\bl$ by ! use ( b five /op-%\ld]s1 ! /ops 7 all[$ d\ble ! "t = entry betwe5 ! /op-%\ld]s plus ! space t ! p9 occupi$ z comp>$ ) =m] me?od1 :i* 0 consid]ably m ?an d\ble ! "t all[$ = ! same function 9 ! old ma*9e4 ,besides ! r$i/ribution ( me*anical functions1 ano!r v notewor?y feature is f\nd 9 ^! pat5ts :i*1 9 ! specific means disclos$1 con/itut$ ano!r di/ribution ( "t = me*anical action4 ,?is 9 ! capacity ( ! ma*9e 0 :at has become comm]cially kn[n z ! 8,duplex0 feature4 ,9 ! old 8,comptomet]0 x 0 necess>y to op]ate ! keys alt]nately1 z a c>ry f "o ord] to a high] ord] might be tak+ place & ?us be lo/ 9 ! action ( ! high] ord] :eel :ile rotat+ "u key-action4 ,sid5ote3 ,multiplex key action ,9 ! ma*9e ( ! lat] pat5ts ! c>ry 0 delay$ :ile ! high]-ord] :eel 0 "u key-action4 ,! con/ruction %[n consi/$ ( a lat* op]at$ by ! actuators1 :i*1 :5 ! actuator 0 depress$1 lat*$ up ! deliv]y end ( ! motor c>ry+-device s t a c>ry due to take place at t "t w\ld be int]cept$ until ! actuator return$ to normal aga91 at :i* "t ! c>ry+ motor device 0 aga9 free to deliv] ! c>ry4 ,?is feature all[$ ! /rik+ ( keys 9 sev]al or all ! ord]s simultane\sly1 alt]nately1 or any way ! op]ator pleas$1 :i* 0 a great improvem5t 9 spe$y op]ativ5ess4 ,sid5ote3 ,control ( ! c>ry by ! next high] actuator ,:ile ! g5us ( ?is ela/ic keybo>d inv5tion consi/$ ( control ( ! c>ry by ! next high] actuator1 ! specie ( ! g5]ic feature %[n 0 ! delay$ control4 ,! fir/ production ( ?is g5]ic feature ( control ( ! c>ry by ! next high] actuator t gave ! ela/ic keybo>d-action is %[n 9 ! two ,felt pat5ts4 ,x may be argu$ t ?is new keybo>d feature 0 simultaneity ( key-action & t simultaneity ( keybo>d-action 0 old4 ,true x 0 old1 b ! flexible simultaneity 0 new & dep5d$ ^u individuality ( ord9al control = its creation1 & ,felt creat$ ! ord9al control t gave ! flexible keybo>d4 ,simultaneity ( key-action 0 old 9 key-driv5 ca% regi/]s2 su* inv5tion z _h be5 disclos$ 9 ?is l9e1 h[ev]1 w\ld defeat ! usefulness ( simultaneity 9 a key-driv5 calculator4 ,! useful feature ( depress+ keys 9 sev]al ord]s at once 9 a key-driv5 calculat+ ma*9e lay only 9 ! increas$ spe$ ( manipulation t x c\ld (f]4 ,sid5ote3 ,=c$ simultane\s key-action old ,n[ su* simultane\s key-action z _h be5 inv5t$ & us$ on ca% regi/]s 0 n design$ ) ! ?\ght ( increas+ ! spe$ ( manipulation 9 su* ma*9es4 ,! simultaneity ( ! ca% regi/] 0 design$ to compel ! op]ator to depress ! keys1 :i* repres5t$ ! am\nt ( ! pur*ase1 exactly simultane\s2 o!rwise1 by manipulation ! prop] regi/ration c\ld be made to %[ on ! sight-regi/] & a %ort am\nt on ! total-regi/]4 ,x 0 a device to keep ! cl]k or salesman /raight & prev5t di%one/y4 ,sid5ote3 ,=c$ simultaneity appli$ to a calculator impossible ,if y h ev] wat*$ an exp]t op]ator us+ a 8,comptomet]10 try to imag9e t op]ator hesitat+ to select a gr\p ( keys & depress+ !m exactly simultane\sly z "o is compell$ to d on "o ( ! key-driv5 ca% regi/]s4 ,& !n1 on ! o!r h&1 if y h ev] se5 a key-driv5 ca% regi/] op]at$1 try to imag9e its be+ op]at$ at ! lightn+ spe$ at :i* ! 8,comptomet]0 is op]at$4#d #d ,9 mak+ ?is comp>ison1 ! read] %\ld be c>eful n to confuse ! lat] key-set crank-driv5 type l t ( ,pott9 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,x 0 ! old key-driv5 type ( ca% regi/] :i* conta9$ ! =c$ simultaneity ( key-action4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! exact or =c$ simultaneity ( ! ca% regi/] s*eme1 if appli$ to a calculat+ ma*9e1 w\ld lock ! :ole keybo>d if "o ( any ( a gr\p ( keys ! op]ator wi%$ to /rike 0 depress$ ahead ( ! o!rs1 & w\ld ?us prev5t ! re/ ( ! gr\p f be+ depress$ until ! return ( ! fir/ key4 ,sid5ote3 ,flexible simultaneity ( key-action a ,felt inv5tion ,x is )9 reason t a lock+ action ( t "* w\ld ev5 defeat ! spe$ ( key-action t 0 possible on ! old 8,comptomet]10 s9ce an op]ator c\ld ov]lap ! key /rokes 9 t ma*9e to a c]ta9 ext5t2 :]eas ! =c$ simultaneity ( ! ca% regi/]1 if appli$ to ! 8,comptomet]10 w\ld prev5t any ov]lapp+ or ! depression ( a second key until ! fir/ depress$ key return$4 ,! only simultaneity ( key-action t c\ld provide a means ( spe$+ up ! old 8,comptomet]10 or any ma*9e ( its type1 0 a means t w\ld leave key-depression free z to matt] ( "t2 "o t w\ld be p]fectly flexible 9 gr\p manipulation1 (f]+ a complete fluidity ( motion su* z n to h9d] ! f+]+ ( ! op]ator4 ,! purpose ( ! me*anical means employ$ to give simultaneity 9 ! ca% regi/] 0 to lock all ! keys depress$ toge!r & lock all o!rs aga9/ depression until ! =m] return$4 ,! purpose ( me*anical means employ$ 9 ! ,felt pat5t 0 to give p]fect fre$om ( key-action1 :]eas =m]ly ! key manipulation ( ! old 8,comptomet]0 0 re/rict$ 9 ! fre$om ( key-action1 to ! ext5t ( be+ limit$ to s]iatum action4 ,! above discussion has be5 some:at elaborately detail$ to (fset /atem5ts t simultaneity 0 old 9 ! key-driv5 ,art4 ,!re is no "q z to ! ca% regi/] type ( inflexible simultaneity ( action be+ old be=e ,felt pat5t$ 8 flexible type ( simultaneity ( key-action = a key-driv5 calculat+ ma*9e2 b any /atem5t int5d$ to convey ! idea t ,felt's contribution ( ! flexible simultaneity ( key-action to ! ,art 0 n new1 mu/ come f ignorance ( ! facts or malice a=e?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,duplex ,comptomet] ,?is flexible keybo>d 8,comptomet]0 0 giv5 ! trade "n ( 8,duplex ,comptomet]20 ! t]m 8,duplex0 mean+ t two keys c\ld be depress$1 z di/+ui%$ f ! s]iatum "o at a "t key-action =m]ly requir$4 ,! t]m1 h[ev]1 fell %ort ( sett+ =? ! capacity ( su* action1 z x 01 9 fact1 n re/rict$ to m]e duplex-action--x 0 really a multiplex key-action hav+ no limit except ! lack ( f+]s on ! "p ( ! op]ator to depress ! keys4 ,! validity ( ^! pat5ts has be5 su/a9$ 9 litigation4 ,! te*nical scope ( ! m]e claims has be5 disput$1 z pat5t claims sometimes are2 b ! broad newness & importance ( ! practical calculative capacity a*iev$ is beyond dispute4 ,! rec5t ma*9e call$ ! 8,burr\ghs ,calculator0 has multiplex key-action1 b x did no?+ to advance ! practical capacity ( key-driv5 calculat+ ma*9es4 ,sid5ote3 ,introduction ( full-/roke me*anism ,! op]ation ( key-driv5 ma*9es has always be5 att5d$ m or less ) a feel+ t a key-/roke may n h be5 complet$1 especially by a novice 9 op]at+4 ,recognition ( ! possibility ( errors occurr+ ?r\gh incomplete key-/rokes 9 key-driv5 add+ me*anism 0 fir/ disclos$ z e>ly z #ahgb 9 ! ,robjohn pat5t 7see page #cf71 9 :i* a full-/roke device is %[n co-act+ ) ! keys4 ,9 ! draw+s x w be not$ t = ea* key !re is provid$ a rat*et device co-op]at+ ) ! key to compel a full-/roke4 ,?is s*eme1 l o!r simil> lat] attempts1 0 aim$ at ! prev5tion ( an error 9 ! op]ation ( add+ me*anism1 b z a means ( prev5tion ( an error x 0 lack+1 because unless ! op]ator notic$ t ! key _h n return$ ! next key depress$ w\ld1 ?r\gh ! action ( ! rotor1 pull ! p>tly depress$ key way d[n until x 0 releas$1 :5 x w\ld rise aga91 possibly )\t ! k ( ! op]ator4 ,!re /ill rema9$ ! fact t ! occurr5ce ( ! error 0 n made kn[n to ! op]ator until x 0 too late to correct x4 ,sid5ote3 ,error signal keybo>d ,t ,felt 0 int]e/$ 9 ! solution ( ! problem = detection & correction ( ! errors 9 key-/rokes is %[n 9 ! sev]al pat5ts issu$ to him on features p]ta9+ to ?is subject4 ,aft] num]\s exp]im5ts ,felt came to ! conclusion t x 0 futile to lock a key 9 ev5t ( a p>tial /roke & t ! solution lay 9 ! lock+ ( ! keys 9 ! o!r ord]s f t 9 :i* ! error _h be5 made1 ?us signal+ ! op]ator & compell+ correction be=e fur!r manipulation c\ld be accompli%$4 ,aga9 we f9d1 z ) ! simultaneity ( key-action1 t a "q may be rais$ z to ! novelty ( inv5tion by ^? :o wi% to say t !re are full-/roke me*anisms 9 ! key-driv5 ca% regi/] ,art t lock ! re/ ( ! keybo>d4 ,b ! key-locks disclos$ 9 ! ca% regi/] 7 direct$ to a cont9uity ( /roke engr\p1 z di/+ui%$ f ! individualism necess>y to ! key-driv5 calculator4 ,! me*anical means employ$1 ( c\rse1 v>i$ greatly f t :i* w\ld be ( any value 9 ! calculat+ ma*9e ,art1 & ! !oretical s*eme 0 aim$ at a widely diff]5t result4 ,flexibility 0 necess>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,lock+ ( ! o!r ord]s by a %ort key-/roke ,! feature s\ght by ,felt = 8 calculator 0 a signal to ! op]ator t an error _h be5 made--if an error %\ld occur--& to block ! op]ation ( any ( ! o!r ord]s until ! error 0 correct$4 ,?is he accompli%$ by caus+ all ! o!r ord]s to be lock$ aga9/ manipulation1 ?r\gh ! occurr5ce ( an error 9 a key-/roke2 ?us prev5t+ manipulation ( ano!r ord] until ! error 0 correct$4 ,sid5ote3 ,inactive keys lock$ dur+ prop] key-action 9 ca% regi/] ,n[ x may be said t ! lock+ ( o!r ord]s 0 old 9 ! ca% regi/]2 b let u analyze ! s*eme & action ( bo?4 ,! depression ( a key ( ! key-driv5 ca% regi/] imm$iately lock$ all o!r keys n depress$1 & reta9$ su* lock+-action dur+ depression & until ! complete return ( su* key-depression2 ?us ! keybo>d 0 lock$1 error or no error4 ,sid5ote3 ,inactive keys n lock$ dur+ prop] key-action 9 8,comptomet]0 ,a correct depression ( a key 9 ,felt's new inv5tion1 z appli$ to key-driv5 calculators1 does n lock ! re/ ( ! keys4 ,9 fact1 no key ( ,felt's inv5tion is lock$ until an error occurs4 ,! lock ( ! key-driv5 ca% regi/] is a lock t takes effect )\t an error hav+ occurr$--"o t is always pres5t ) respect to ! keys n depress$ simultane\sly1 & a feature design$ to =ce simultaneity ( gr\p key-action to prev5t1 z be=e expla9$1 di%one/y4 ,! lock ( ! key-driv5 calculator inv5tions ref]r$ to are 9 no way connect$ ) simultane\s key-action--z 9 ! ca% regi/]--& nev] act to lock ! o!r ord]s except :5 !re is an error 9 a key-/roke4 ,z ! writ] has expla9$ respect+ ! simultane\s feature ( ! ca% regi/]1 ! lock+ ( ! o!r ord]s 9 ! ca% regi/] int]f]$ ) ! flexibility ( ! key-action & = t reason w\ld be impossible 9 a key-driv5 calculator1 :]e rapid manipulation is dep5d5t on flexibility4 ,! s*eme ( ! new key-driv5 calculator inv5tions ref]r$ to1 7 design$ to all[ p]fect fre$om ( individual key-action & to block su* action only :5 an error 9 any individual key-/roke %\ld be made4 ,!re is no?+ 9 common 9 ! two s*emes4 ,! "t1 purpose & me*anical means employ$ diff] entirely4 ,sid5ote3 8,controll$-key ,comptomet]0 ,?is new idea ( ,felt's is embodi$ 9 :at is comm]cially kn[n z ! 8,controll$-key ,duplex ,comptomet]40 ,! t]m 8,controll$-key0 0 co9$ to fit ?is broadly new comb9ation1 b a ^w co9$ to fit ! functions ( a new me*anism is seldom en\gh to convey a complete und]/&+ ( its true qualities4 ,aside f ! broad newness ( ! ,felt 8,controll$-key0 feature ref]r$ to1 ev5 ! me*anical means = safegu>d+ ! individual key-action 0 new 9 its application z a full-/roke device4 ,! means employ$ op]at$ directly on ! accumulator me*anism1 lock+ x aga9/ regi/ration until ! error 0 correct$1 :i* diff]$ greatly f ! devices appli$ to ! keys or actuators design$ by o!rs to br+ ab\t a simil> result4 ,b ! lock+ ( all ! o!r ord]s ( me*anism1 ?r\gh any key-action %ort ( a full /roke1 z a signal or error1 has no me*anical equival5t or simile 9 ! ,art4 ,! ,improv$ ,record] ,sid5ote3 ,! mass ( record] inv5tions pat5t$ ,s9ce ! g5]al in/allation ( ! record+-add] by ! banks1 ! m9ds ( 8get-ri*-quick0 inv5tors h be5 turn$ t[>d ?is type ( ma*9e4 ,! result has be5 t a va/ numb] ( pat5ts on su* ma*9es 7 issu$1 a l>ge proportion ( :i* repres5t wor?less & impossible me*anism purport$ by _! inv5tors to conta9 improvem5ts on ! ,art4 ,"s ( ^! pat5ts on alleg$ improvem5ts describe & purport to conta9 features1 t1 if really made op]ative 9 an op]ative ma*9e1 w\ld be useful to ! public4 ,b z inv5tions1 !y m]ely illu/rate ! conceptions ( a new & useful feature t c nev] be ( use to anyone until put into concrete op]ative =m4 ,to describe ^! features w\ld be useless1 z !y h n advanc$ ! ,art2 !y m]ely act to ret>d its advancem5t ?r\gh ! pat5t rights t are grant$ on ! hat*$-up inop]ative devices or me*anism purport$ to hold su* features4 ,sid5ote3 ,b few ( ! record] pat5ts ( value ,( ! va/ numb] ( pat5ts issu$1 b few ( ! ma*9es repres5t$ !re9 h ev] rea*$ ! m>ket1 & ( ^! ma*9es1 except ^? previ\sly m5tion$1 !re is little t may be said respect+ new elem5t>y features t may be call$ an advancem5t ( ! ,art4 ,x is to be expect$1 ( c\rse1 t ! manufactur] ( su* ma*9es w n hold ! same op9ion z ! writ] on ?is subject4 ,b ! fact t ! g5]ic pr9ciples ( record+ ! items & totals 7 work$ out be=e !y ev5 ?\ght ( con/ruct+ su* a ma*9e leaves little *ance = any?+ b specific features ( con/ruction = !m to make t may be consid]$ new4 ,sid5ote3 ,res]ve inv5tion z good insurance ,ano!r feature to be consid]$ 9 ?is l9e is t :ile ^! new manufactur]s 7 work+ out ! 8k9ks0 or f9e adju/m5ts1 :i* c only be det]m9$ aft] a consid]able numb] ( ma*9es h be5 put into s]vice1 ! old] manufactur]s 7 work+ or _h work$ out & held 9 res]ve new improvem5ts t 7 n obvi\s to ^? new at ! game4 ,x is q common = manufactur]s to h a res]v$ /ock ( improv$ features to draw f4 ,9 fact1 su* a /ock is sometimes ! be/ insurance !y h aga9/ be+ run out ( bus9ess by a competitor :o places a ma*9e on ! m>ket to und]sell !m4 ,( c\rse1 all manufactur]s believe !y purvey ! be/ & advise ! public relative to ?is po9t 9 _! adv]tisem5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,errone\s adv]tis+ ,"o manufactur] ( a record+-add]1 a mu* lat] inv5tion ?an ei!r ! ,felt or ,burr\ghs record]1 circulat$ "s adv]tis+ pamphlets once :i* conta9$ a /atem5t t _! ma*9e 0 ! fir/ visible record]4 ,a reproduction ( ?is pamphlet is %[n on ! opposite page4 ,! read] w at once recognize ! error 9 su* a /atem5t1 z ! fir/ ,felt record] 0 a visible pr9t]4 ,! /atem5t seems extremely peculi> aft] pay+ tribute to ,felt z ! pione] 9 ! ,art ( add+ ma*9es4 ,"o w\ld suppose t hav+ k en\gh ( ! ,art to (f] su* tribute w\ld h left !m bett] advis$ on ! subject ( visible record+4 ,illu/ration3 ,two ,pages f ,booklet ,issu$ by ,wales ,add+ ,ma*9e ,co4 ,sid5ote3 ,error key ,! fir/ ( ! lat] improvem5ts 9 ! key-set crank-op]at$ record] 7 made by ,burr\ghs & consi/$ ( ! features :i* =m$ a "p ( ,burr\ghs pat5t ,no4 #ejd1ifc ( #ahic4 ,"o ( ^! features consi/$ ( means provid$ 9 ! %ape ( a special key t :5 depress$ w\ld cle> ! key-sett+1 ?us all[+ ( an errone\s key-sett+ to be correct$ by cle>+ & resett+ ! correct item4 ,sid5ote3 ,sub-total ,ano!r feature 0 provision = pr9t+ a total at any "t )\t cle>+ ! ma*9e1 ?us all[+ pr9t+ ( :at may be call$ a sub-total1 :ile ! gr& total is c>ri$ on to be pr9t$ lat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat key ,! ?ird feature consi/$ ( means = repeat$ addition & record+ ( ! same item4 ,! means provid$ consi/$ ( a key1 :i*1 if depress$ aft] sett+ an item on ! keys1 w\ld prev5t ! keys f be+ cle>$2 ?us by repeat$ op]ation ( ! h&-crank ! item set up w\ld be pr9t$ & add$ repeat$ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,lock$ keybo>d ,! next feature 0 "o ( con/ruction1 z x 0 design$ to ov]come ! possibility ( ! sett+ ( two keys 9 ! same ord]1 by lock+ all ! o!r keys 9 t ord]4 ,! inv5tion 0 %[n appli$ to ! ,burr\ghs ma*9e1 b 0 appli$ = by ,wm4 ,h4 ,pike ,jr41 & 0 issu$ ,janu>y #ac1 #ahih4 ,sid5ote3 ,quick pap] return ,9 #aijj ,felt p]fect$ a quick pap] return = 8 wide pap]-c>riage & appli$ = a pat5t1 :i* 0 issu$ ,m>* #aa1 #aijb1 ! numb] ( :i* is #fid1iee4 ,! feature 01 t by op]at+ a lev]1 x s]v$ to return ! pap] aft] record+ a column ( items & automatically %ift$ ! c>riage ready = ! record+ ( ano!r column ( items1 ?us facilitat+ spe$y op]ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,pap] /op ,9 ,m>*1 #aijb1 a pat5t 0 all[$ ,felt on means to lock ! me*anism 9 a record] :5 ! pap] 0 ab\t to run out ( ! rolls2 a feature :i*1 9 tabulat+1 s]v$ z a *eck aga9/ ! pap] runn+ out ( ! rolls & prev5t$ fur!r op]ation until ! pap] 0 %ift$ to comm5ce a new column ( items1 ?us insur+ ! pr9t+ ( ea* record on ! pap] :i* =m]ly dep5d$ ^u ! vigilance ( ! op]ator4 ,sid5ote3 ,cross tabulat+ ,! next feature 9 ! record+ ma*9e ,art :i* %[s a new op]ative feature1 t may be consid]$ an improvem5t1 is cross tabulat+4 ,x consi/$ ( means = horizontal tabulat+ or record+ across a %eet ( pap] z well z 9 v]tical columns4 ,:ile ?is feature 0 = special use1 x s]v$ to broad5 ! usefulness ( ! record] 9 br++ toge!r classifi$ balances by dates ) cross-add$ totals1 & _m o!r simil> uses4 ,?is feature 0 ! inv5tion ( ,d4 ,e4 ,felt1 :o appli$ = a pat5t ,april #bi1 #aija1 :i* 0 issu$ ,octob] #ba1 #aijb2 ! pat5t numb] is #gaa1djg4 ,sid5ote3 ,item /op ,ano!r special feature s]v+ to broad5 ! usefulness ( ! record+-add] 0 inv5t$ by ,felt1 & may be f\nd 9 pat5t ,no4 #ghj1bgb1 appli$ = ,m>* #cj1 #aija1 & issu$ ,janu>y #ag1 #aije4 ,?is feature 0 a device :i* controll$ ! pr9t+ ( a pr$et]m9$ numb] ( items :i* c\ld be set by ! op]ator1 & :i*1 :5 ! pr$et]m9$ numb] _h be5 pr9t$1 w\ld lock ! me*anism aga9/ fur!r action until ! pap] 0 %ift$ to pr9t a new column4 ,sid5ote3 ,motor drive ,prior to ,may #i1 #aija1 !re is no record ( any record+-add] hav+ be5 op]at$ by electric motor drive4 ,b on t date ,frank ,c4 ,r9*e appli$ = a pat5t %[+ su* a comb9ation ) ! record]1 :i* became comm]cially kn[n z ! ,univ]sal ,acc\ntant4 ,! pat5t1 ,no4 #gbf1hjc1 0 issu$ ,april #bh1 #aijc1 & is ! fir/ ( a s]ies issu$ to ,r9*e on v>i\s comb9ations ( me*anical driv+ connections4 ,sid5ote3 ,di/+ui%+ m>ks = cle>1 totals & sub-totals ,a feature common to record+ ( add$ columns ( num]ical items is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]s = cle>1 sub-totals & totals by ! use ( lett]s1 />s & o!r m>ks4 ,! fir/ pat5t on any?+ ( ?is nature t has come into g5]al use 0 appli$ = ,june #i1 #aijc1 by ,a4 ,macauley1 & 0 issu$ ,june #ab1 #aijf4 ,?is pat5t is ,no4 #hbc1dgd1 & %[n connect$ ) ! ,burr\ghs record] to regi/] ) a /> :5 ! fir/ item is pr9t$ if ! ma*9e is cle> & :5 a total is pr9t+4 ,provision 0 also made = pr9t+ an ,s :5 a sub-total 0 pr9t$4 ,sid5ote3 ,add+ cut-out ,! use ( record+-add]s is (t5 appli$ :5 x is desir$ to record dates along ) tabulat+ add$ columns ( record$ items4 ,( c\rse !re is no use ( add+ ! dates toge!r1 & aga9 if !y 7 all[$ to be add$ to ! totals an errone\s total ( ! columns add$ may result "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,means = automatically cutt+ out additions at c]ta9 positions ( ! pap] c>riage 9 cross-l9e tabulat+ 0 devis$ by ,h4 ,c4 ,pet]s1 & a pat5t %[+ su* comb9ation op]ative on ! ,burr\ghs record] 0 appli$ = by him ,may #ab1 #aijd4 ,! pat5t1 ,no4 #a1jbh1acc1 0 issu$ ,june #d1 #aiab4 ,sid5ote3 ,self-correct+ keybo>d ,) ! introduction ( ! key-set crank-op]at$ feature on ! ,felt ,comptomet]1 ! key action1 l 9 ! ,burr\ghs record]1 became a feature to be consid]$2 b unlike ! organism ( ! ,burr\ghs1 ! ,felt con/ruction all[$ ( ! use ( a self-correct+ keybo>d )\t ! possibility ( error occurr+ f its use4 ,?is feature is %[n 9 a pat5t issu$ to ,felt ,wetmore appli$ = ,decemb] #bg1 #aijd1 & issu$ ,may #ad1 #aijg4 ,! pat5t numb] is #hec1edc1 & provides a means ( correct+ errors made 9 sett+ ! keys by m]ely depress+ ! prop] key or keys1 :i* w release any previ\sly set 9 ! respective ord]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,split keybo>d ,9 "s classes ( record+ x is desirable to pr9t m ?an "o column ( items )\t %ift+ ! pap] c>riage lat]ally4 ,a means provid+ = su* an em]g5cy is %[n 9 pat5t ,no4 #hbe1bje1 issu$ to ,c4 ,w4 ,goo* ,july #c1 #aijf4 ,! pat5t 0 appli$ = ,decemb] #b1 #aije1 & %[s a means applicable to any ord] t may int]cept ! pr9t+ ( ! ciph]s 9 t ord]1 & !reby ! ciph]s 9 all o!r ord]s to ! "r f any key depression to ! left ( su* ord]4 ,?is made :at has be5 g5]ally kn[n z ! split keybo>d1 b diff]s f t n[ 9 g5]al use 9 t x 0 set to c]ta9 ord]s & n selective at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,sid5ote3 ,dual action keybo>d ,) ! com+ ( ! motor-op]at$ record+-add]s1 ! extra "t all[$ ! op]ator1 ?r\gh be+ reliev$ ( hav+ to "w ! crank back & =?1 left a lapse ( "t until ! motor f9i%$ its crank+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 o!r words1 !re c\ld be no ga9 9 ! spe$ ( op]ation because x took z mu* "t = ! motor to op]ate ! ma*9e z x did by human p[]4 ,9 a pat5t grant$ to ,mc,farland1 ,no4 #hie1ffd1 appli$ = ,octob] #ai1 #aije1 is %[n a means = utiliz+ ! lapse ( "t :i* ! op]ator 0 =m]ly oblig$ to lose :ile wait+ = ! motor to f9i% its op]ation ( crank+ ! ma*9e4 ,x is %[n 9 comb9ation ) ! keybo>d ( ! ,pike record] & consi/s ( a *ange t all[s ! keys = ! next item to be set :ile ! motor is crank+ ! ma*9e to pr9t & add ! item previ\sly set1 ?us utiliz+ ! "t =m]ly lo/4 ,sid5ote3 ,non-add signal ,9 add+ & record+ columns ( figures1 x q (t5 happ5s t x is desirable to pr9t a numb] )\t add+ x into ! total1 :i* may be accompli%$ 9 g5]al by depress+ ! non-add key or knob1 or :at may be suppli$ = t purpose4 ,^! numb]s1 h[ev]1 7 n provid$ ) any means by :i* !y c\ld be di/+ui%$ f ^? add$ into ! total until ,jesse ,g4 ,v9c5t conceiv$ ! idea ( pr9t+ a di/+ui%+ m>k beside !m to designate t !y 7 m]e numb]s n add$ to ! total4 ,! means = accompli%+ ?is feature is %[n 9 pat5t ,no4 #a1jdc1hhc1 appli$ = ,septemb] #bd1 #aijf1 & issu$ ,novemb] #ab1 #aiab4 ,sid5ote3 ,selective split keybo>d ,a new improvem5t 9 ! split keybo>d =m]ly devis$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,goo* is %[n 9 a pat5t issu$ to ,wetmore ,niemann appli$ to ! ,felt 8,comptograph40 ,?is improvem5t consi/s ( a selective device = splitt+ ! keybo>d into f\r diff]5t comb9ations selective to any comb9ation4 ,! pat5t 0 appli$ = ,april #bd1 #aijg1 & issu$ ,febru>y #b1 #aiae2 ! numb] is #a1abg1ccb4 ,sid5ote3 ,selective pr9t+ cut-out ,9 "s classes ( record+ x is desirable at times to cut out ! pr9t+ ( "s ( ! ord]s & 9 o!rs ! :ole ( ! pr9t+ me*anism4 ,mr4 ,fr$ ,a4 ,niemann pat5t$ a means = su* a cont+5cy4 ,! pat5t 0 appli$ = ,april #bd1 #aijg1 b 0 n issu$ until ,m>* #i1 #aibj4 ,! feature 0 %[n appli$ to ! ,felt ,comptograph = tabulat+ or pr9t+ v]tically a s]ies ( add$ & foot$ columns ( figures4 ,sid5ote3 ,gr& totaliz] ,x is sometimes desirable to pr9t ! sum ( all ! totals ( ! foot$ columns or :at may be call$ a gr& total4 ,william ,e4 ,swalm1 9 pat5t ,no4 #hhe1bjb1 appli$ = ,octob] #bd1 #aijg1 & issu$ ,april #ba1 #aijh1 %[s h[ ?is feature may be accompli%$ on ! ,burr\ghs record]4 ,x consi/$ ( an extra s]ies ( accumulator :eels t c\ld be me%$ ) ! regul> accumulator :eels1 & ?us receive actuation result+ 9 accumulation1 ! same z ! regul> :eels4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! regul> :eels are z]oiz$ 9 pr9t+ ! individual totals1 ! extra accumulator :eels are left out ( me%4 ,?us ! gr& totals are accumulat$4 ,! pr9t+ ( ! gr& total is accompli%$ by ! me%+ ( ! gr& total :eels ) ! regul> & ! usual op]ation ( tak+ a regul> total4 ,! regul> :eels1 h[ev]1 mu/ be cle>$ fir/4 ,sid5ote3 ,alt]nate cross pr9t+ ,! %uttle c>riage1 a means devis$ to pr9t two columns ( figures by pr9t+ a numb] 9 "o column & a sum 9 ! o!r by alt]nate action1 0 ! conception ( ,clyde ,e4 ,g>dn]1 & is %[n appli$ to ! c>riage ( ! ,pike record] 9 pat5t ,no4 #a1jeb1haa ( ,febru>y #aa1 #aiac4 ,! pat5t 0 appli$ = ,septemb] #bd1 #aijh1 & consi/s ( means = automatically %ift+ ! c>riage back & =?4 ,sid5ote3 ,det]m9ate item signal ,ano!r means ?an t inv5t$ by ,felt to signal ! op]ator :5 a pr$et]m9$ numb] ( items h be5 record$1 consi/s ( a bell1 :i* r+s to notify ! op]ator to t effect4 ,?is signal 0 ! inv5tion ( ,j4 ,g4 ,v9c5t1 & is %[n 9 pat5t ,no4 #ifh1jje ( ,augu/ #bc1 #aiaj1 & 0 appli$ = ,decemb] #c1 #aiji1 z an atta*m5t to ! c>riage ( ! ,burr\ghs ma*9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,subtraction by rev]se action ,al?\gh subtraction has always be5 accompli%$ on ?is type ( ma*9e z a means ( correct+ an error1 x 0 always accompli%$ on ! ,burr\ghs record] by ! use ( :at is g5]ally kn[n z ! complim5tal me?od1 :i*1 )\t special provision1 is r objectionable4 ,on ! #bb;d ( ,april1 #aiaj1 ,wm4 ,e4 ,swalm appli$ = a pat5t :i* 0 issu$ ,june #d1 :i* %[s means connect$ ) ! ,burr\ghs ma*9e t all[$ subtraction to be made by ! direct me?od by sett+ ! keys ! same z = addition4 ,! pat5t numb] is #a1jbh1adi4 ,sid5ote3 ,selective split = keybo>d ,a fur!r improvem5t on ! split keybo>d feature is %[n 9 a pat5t issu$ to ,fr$ ,a4 ,niemann 9 :i* is %[n an individually selective ciph] cut-out t splits ! keybo>d into any comb9ation at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,! said pat5t is ,no4 #a1cji1fib1 appli$ = ,octob] #g1 #aiab1 & issu$ ,july #ae1 #aiai1 & %[s ! improvem5t 9 comb9ation ) ! ,felt 8,comptograph40 ,sid5ote3 ,rapid pap] ins]t & ejector ,9 "s classes ( li/+ or tabulat+ x is an advantage to ent] ! pap] & eject x ) a rapidity t w facilitate ! h&l+ ( a l>ge numb] ( %eets1 su* = in/ance z ! usual bank /atem5ts4 ,9 pat5t ,no4 #a1bjh1cge ,f4 ,c4 ,r9*e %[s h[ he accompli%$ ?is feature on ! ,burr\ghs record]4 ,! pat5t 0 appli$ = ,july #ba1 #aiac1 & issu$ ,decemb] #ab1 #aiaf4 ,( ! nam$ improvem5ts1 ( c\rse1 all are design$ to fit ! requirem5ts ( ! ma*9es !y are %[n z a "p ( 9 ! draw+s ( ! pat5t4 ,!y are also claim$ z adaptable to o!r ma*9es ( ! type1 b "s are s specific to ! ma*9e !y =m an improvem5t on t !y are n adaptable to o!r makes4 ,aga9 "s give results on ! ma*9e !y =m a "p ( t 0 accompli%$ 9 a diff]5t way 9 ano!r make4 ,mo/ ( ! improvem5ts nam$1 h[ev]1 are ( su* a nature t ! broad feature disclos$ is adaptable to all makes if me*anism %\ld be specially design$ to suit su* ma*9es t w function to give ! result4 ,illu/ration ,! ,bookkeep+ & ,bill+ ,ma*9e ,an outgr[? ( ! record+-ma*9e ,art is repres5t$ 9 a new type ( record+ ma*9e especially adapt$ to bookkeep+ & ! mak+ out ( invoices or reports :]e typewrit+ comb9$ ) ari?metical record+ is necess>y4 ,?is class ( "w dem&s a comb9ation ( ! typewrit] ) add+ & multiply+ me*anism1 hav+ a capacity = pr9t+ ! totals ( ei!r addition or multiplication4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>ly ,comb9ations ,sev]al attempts h be5 made to comb9e ! typewrit] & add+-record]2 & !re h be5 comb9ations ( multiply+ & record+4 ,ano!r comb9ation t has be5 us$ to "s ext5t = bookkeep+ & bill+ is an add+ atta*m5t = typewrit]s1 b all ^! comb9ations 7 lack+ 9 "o feature or ano!r ( :at may be call$ a real bookkeep+ ma*9e & bill+ ma*9e4 ,! comb9ation ( ! typewrit] & multiple-ord] keybo>d record+-add]s 0 too cumb]some1 & ! means employ$ = multiplication on su* ma*9es requir$ too _m manipulative motions f ! op]ator4 ,9 simple cases ( multiplication z high z fifty manipulative motions w\ld be requir$ to p]=m an example on su* a ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 8,moon-,hopk9s0 ,bill+ & ,bookkeep+ ,ma*9e ,! comb9ation ( multiply+ me*anism1 ei!r direct or by repeat$ /roke1 ) ! multiple keybo>d has be5 made1 b )\t ! typewrit+ feature !y d n s]ve z a real bookkeep+ & bill+ ma*9e4 ,! comb9ation ( ! typewrit] & ! add+ atta*m5t lacks automatic means to pr9t totals4 ,! op]ator mu/ read ! totals & pr9t !m ) ! typewrit]4 ,multiplication on su* a comb9ation is1 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ ,practical ,comb9ation ,! culm9ation ( ! que/ = a practical bookkeep+ ma*9e is a peculi> "o1 z x 0 dep5d5t ^u ! t5-key record]1 :i* has nev] become z popul> z ! multiple-ord] keybo>d on acc\nt ( its limit$ capacity4 ,! simplicity ( its keybo>d1 h[ev]1 l5t to its comb9ation ) ! typewrit]1 & ! application ( direct multiplication remov$ a l>ge p] c5t ( ! limitation :i* =m]ly /ood z an objection to ?is class ( ma*9e :5 multiplication becomes necess>y4 ,= ! comb9ation1 :i* f9ally produc$ ! desir$ result1 we mu/ ?ank ,mr4 ,hub]t ,hopk9s1 :o is n only ! pat5tee ( su* a comb9ation1 b also ! inv5tor ( ! fir/ practical t5-key record+-add] :i* has become comm]cially kn[n z ! 8,dalton0 ma*9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,moon-,hopk9s ,bill+ ,ma*9e ,8 bookkeep+ ma*9e is comm]cially kn[n z ! 8,moon-,hopk9s ,bill+ ,ma*9e40 ,see illu/ration on opposite page4 ,! t]m 8,bookkeep+ ,ma*9e0 has be5 misus$ by apply+ x to ma*9es :i* only p]=m "s ( ! functions ( bookkeep+4 ,! pr9ciple ( 8,napi]'s ,bones0 may be easily expla9$ by imag9+ t5 rectangul> slips ( c>dbo>d1 ea* divid$ into n9e squ>es4 ,9 ! top squ>es ( ! slips ! t5 digits are writt51 & ea* slip conta9s 9 its n9e squ>es ! fir/ n9e multiples ( ! digit :i* appe>s 9 ! top squ>e4 ,) ! exception ( ! top squ>e1 e squ>e is divid$ into p>ts by a diagonal1 ! units be+ writt5 on "o side & ! t5s on ! o!r1 s t :5 a multiple consi/s ( two figures !y are sep>at$ by ! diagonal4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! slips correspond+ to ! numb]s #b1 #j1 #h1 #e1 plac$ side by side 9 contact ) "o ano!r1 & next to !m is plac$ ano!r slip conta9+1 9 squ>es )\t diagonals1 ! fir/ n9e digits4 ,! slips ?us plac$ 9 contact give ! multiples ( ! numb] #bjhe1 ! digits 9 ea* p>allelogram be+ add$ toge!r2 = example1 correspond+ to ! numb] #f on ! "r-h& slip we h #j1 #h #c1 #j #d1 #b1 #a1 :5ce we f9d #j1 #a1 #e1 #b1 #a z ! digits1 writt5 backw>ds1 ( #f x #bjhe4 ,! use ( ! slips = ! purpose ( multiplication is n[ evid5t1 ?us1 to multiply #bjhe by #gcf we take out 9 ?is mann] ! multiples correspond+ to #f1 #c1 #g & set d[n ! digits z !y are obta9$1 f "r to left1 %ift+ !m back "o place & add+ up ! columns z 9 ord9>y multiplication1 viz41 ! figures z writt5 d[n are #abeaj #fbee #adeie -------- #aecdefj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,napi]'s ,bones ,f ,napi] ,t]c5t5>y ,celebration ,h&book ,napi]'s rods or bones consi/ ( t5 oblong pieces ( wood or o!r mat]ial ) squ>e ends4 ,ea* ( ! f\r faces ( ea* rod conta9s multiples ( "o ( ! n9e digits1 & is simil> to "o ( ! slips j describ$1 ! fir/ rod conta9+ ! multiples ( #j1 #a1 #i1 #h1 ! second ( #j1 #b1 #i1 #g1 ! ?ird ( #j1 #c1 #i1 #f1 ! f\r? ( #j1 #d1 #i1 #e1 ! fif? ( #a1 #b1 #h1 #g1 ! six? ( #a1 #c1 #h1 #f1 ! sev5? ( #a1 #d1 #h1 #e1 ! eigh? ( #b1 #c1 #g1 #f1 ! n9? ( #b1 #d1 #g1 #e1 & ! t5? ( #c1 #d1 #f1 #e4 ,ea* rod1 !re=e1 conta9s on two ( its faces multiples ( digits :i* are complem5t>y to ^? on ! o!r two faces2 & ! multiples ( a digit & its complem5t are rev]s$ 9 position4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! numb]s on ! rods w be evid5t f fig4 #b1 :i* repres5ts ! f\r faces ( ! fif? b>4 ,! set ( t5 rods is ?us equival5t to f\r sets ( slips z describ$ above4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,f ,draw+s ( ,b>b\r ,pat5t ,no4 #acj1djd ,x is unnecess>y to g into ! hi/ory ( ! ,hopk9s ,bookkeep+ ,ma*9e to %[ ! evolution ( ! ,art relative to ?is class ( ma*9es1 z ! features t h made su* a ma*9e practical 7 develop$ by ,hopk9s himself1 & at ! pres5t date !re is none to dispute ! title s9ce 8 is ! only ma*9e hav+ ! requir$ comb9ation ref]r$ to4 ,! s*eme us$ by ,hopk9s = multiplication 9 8 bill+ ma*9e is1 z /at$1 direct multiplication or t ( add+ ! multiples ( digits directly to ! accumulator num]al :eels in/ead ( pump+ x into ! accumulator :eels by repeat$ addition ( ! digits z is m commonly us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,john ,napi] ,! direct me?od ( multiply+ is old1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! fir/ me*anical means employ$ = multiply+ work$ by ! direct me?od4 ,b its comb9ation ) record+ & typewrit] me*anism inv5t$ by ,hopk9s 0 new4 ,sid5ote3 ,napi]'s bones fir/ direct multipli] ,napi]1 9 #afbj1 laid ! f\ndation ( ! me*anical me?od ( direct multiplication :5 he inv5t$ 8 multiply+ bones4 ,! s*eme ( ov]lapp+ ! ord9al places is %[n 9 ! diagonal l9es us$ to sep>ate units f ! t5s 9 ea* multiple ( ! n9e digits 7see illu/ration1 page #agi71 ?us provid+ a conv5i5t means by :i* ! ord9al values may be add$ toge!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ direct multiply+ ma*9e ,! fir/ attempt to set ,napi]'s s*eme to me*anism t w\ld add & regi/] ! ov]lapp+ ord9al values 0 pat5t$ by ,e4 ,d4 ,b>b\r 9 #ahgb4 ,see reproduction ( pat5t draw+s on opposite page4 ,,! ,,b>b\r ,,multipli] ,! accumulator me*anism ( ! ,b>b\r ma*9e1 includ+ ! num]al :eels & _! devices = transf]r+ ! t5s1 is m\nt$ 9 a slid+ c>riage at ! top ( ! ma*9e 7see ,fig4 #a71 :i* may be op]at$ by ! h&-knob4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,b>b\r ,multipli] ,ext5d+ ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! c>riage are a s]ies ( p9ions1 "o = ea* ord9al num]al :eel1 & connect$ !reto by a rat*et & pawl action4 ,! p9ions are ea* s arrang$ z to be op]ative ) a ge> rack b5ea? ! c>riage :5 ! c>riage is slid back & =?4 ,?us ! :eels receiv$ action f "o direction ( ! motion ( ! c>riage & rema9 idle dur+ ! movem5t 9 ! o!r direction4 ,! degree ( motion s receiv$ w\ld1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! racks bel[ enc\nt]$ by ! p9ions4 ,! ge> racks employ$ by ,b>b\r 7 num]\s1 "o be+ provid$ = ea* multiple ( ! n9e digits1 arrang$ 9 gr\ps con/itut+ n9e sets m\nt$ on ! drums m>k$ ,b 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,ea* ( ^! sets conta9 n9e mutilat$ ge> racks1 ! arrangem5t ( ! tee? ( :i* s]ve z ! multiples ( ! digit !y repres5t4 ,! tee? ( ! racks repres5t+ ! multiples ( ! digits 7 arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( units & t5s4 ,= in/ance3 #d #f #bd1 ! rack repres5t+ ! multiple ( #d #f w\ld h two ge> tee? 9 ! t5s place & f\r ge> tee? 9 ! units place1 & likewise = ! eighty o!r comb9ations4 ,add+ ! multiples ( ! digits by ov]lapp+ ! ord]s 0 accompli%$ by a v simple means1 ! arrangem5t ( ! racks be+ su* t z ! c>riage 0 mov$ f left to "r ! num]al :eel p9ions w\ld move ov] ! units rack tee? ( a multiply+ rack ( "o ord] & ! t5s rack tee? ( a multiply+ rack 9 ! next l[] ord]4 ,by close exam9ation ! read] w note f ! draw+s t ! l[] "o ( ! sets ( multiply+ ge> racks %[n on ! drum ,b1 to ! left 9 ,fig4 #d1 is ! s]ies ( "o times ! n9e digits1 ! next set or s]ies ( racks above are ! multiply+ racks = ! multiples ( two1 ! l[e/ rack 9 t s]ies hav+ b two tee?1 ! next high] rack f\r tee?1 ! next rack six & ! next eight4 ,s f> no multiple ( two has am\nt$ to m ?an a units ord9al place1 !re=e ^! racks op]ate on a l[]-ord] num]al :eel1 & are all plac$ to ! "r ( ! c5t] on ! drum ,b1 b ! next rack above = add+ ! multiple ( two times five requires t "o %all be add$ to a high] ord]1 & is !re=e plac$ on ! left side ( ! c5t] ( ! drum4 ,?us x w be not$ t by read+ ! numb] ( tee? on ! "r ( ea* rack z units & ^? on ! left z t5s1 t runn+ anti-clockwise ar\nd ! drum1 ea* s]ies ( multiply+ racks %[ multiples ( ! digits f "o to f\r1 x be+ obvi\s t ! racks = add+ ! multiples ( ! high] digits are on ! opposite side ( ! drums4 ,f ! lay\t ( ! racks x is also obvi\s t ! />t+ or normal position ( ! c>riage w\ld be ) ! num]al :eel p9ions ( ea* ord] 9 ! c5t] ( ea* drum1 s t z ! c>riage is mov$ to ! "r ! units :eel w receive movem5t f ! units tee? ( ! rack on ! units drum1 :ile ! t5s :eel w receive movem5t f ! units tee? ( ! t5s drum & ! t5s tee? ( ! units drum1 & s on ) ! high] :eels1 z ea* num]al :eel p9ion except ! units passes f ! c5t] ( "o drum to ! c5t] ( ! next l[] & engages su* tee? z may be pres5t$4 ,ea* ( ! drums ,b are indep5d5tly m\nt$ on ! pivot %aft ,c1 & are provid$ ) ! h&-op]at+ sett+-racks ,i & ,e1 co-act+ ) ! ge>s ,r & ,d1 to help 9 br++ ! prop] racks into engageable positions ) ! p9ions ( ! accumulator num]al or total :eels4 ,! h&-knob ,g1 ,fig4 #d1 & ! ge>s f1 fa/ to a common %aft1 furni% a means = op]at+ ! :ole s]ies ( drums :5 ! "r multiple s]ies ( racks ( ea* drum h be5 br\ght into position4 ,z an example ( ! op]ation ( ! ,b>b\r calculator1 let u assume t #ghid is to be multipli$ by #cdh4 ,! fir/ drum to ! "r w\ld be mov$ by its sett+-racks until ! s]ies ( multiply+ racks = add+ ! multiples ( f\r are pres5t$1 ! next high] drum to ! left w\ld be set until ! s]ies ( multiply+ racks = add+ ! multiples ( n9e 7 pres5t$1 ! next high] drum w\ld be set = ! multiples ( eight1 & ! next high] drum1 or ! f\r? to ! left1 w\ld be set = ! multiples ( sev54 ,!n ! h&-knob ,g1 fir/ turn$ to regi/] z]o1 may be %ov$ to ! "r1 engag+ ! p9ions f ) ! ge>s ,d1 & by turn+ ! knob to regi/] 7#h71 ! fir/ figure 9 ! multipli]1 ! racks are !n set ready to move ! num]al :eels to regi/] z foll[s3 ,! drum to ! "r or ! units drum has pres5t$ ! multiply+ rack = add+ ! multiple ( #h #d1 ?us x w pres5t ?ree tee? = ! t5s :eel & two tee? = ! units :eel4 ,! t5s drum pres5t+ ! rack = add+ ! multiple ( #h #i w pres5t sev5 tee? = ! hundr$s :eel & two = ! t5s :eel4 ,! hundr$s drum pres5t+ ! rack = add+ ! multiple ( #h #h w pres5t six tee? = ! ?\s&s :eel & f\r = ! hundr$s :eel4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,f ,draw+s ( ,bollee ,pat5t ,no4 #eef1gbj ,! rack ( ! ?\s&s drum repres5t+ ! multiple ( #h #g w pres5t five tee? = ! t5s ( ?\s&s :eel & six = ! ?\s&s :eel4 ,?us by slid+ ! c>riage to ! "r "o space1 ! num]al :eel p9ions w engage fir/ ! units tee? on "o drum1 !n ! t5s tee? on ! next l[] drum & cause ! :eels to regi/] #fcaeb4 ,! op]ator1 by turn+ ! knob ,g to regi/] 7#d71 ! next figure ( ! multipli]1 turns ! drum s t a s]ies ( multiply+ racks repres5t+ multiples ( #d times ea* figure 9 ! multiplic& are pres5t$1 s t by slid+ ! c>riage ano!r space to ! "r1 ! multiple ( #d #ghid w be add$ to ! num]al :eels4 ,! op]ator !n turns ! knob to regi/] ?ree & moves ! c>riage "o m space to ! "r1 add+ ! multiple ( #c #ghid to ! :eels 9 ! next high] ord9al s]ies1 result+ 9 ! answ] ( #bgdgaab4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m que/ionable features ab\t ! con/ruction %[n 9 ! ma*9e ( ! ,b>b\r pat5t1 b z a feature ( hi/oric int]e/ x is wor?y ( consid]ation1 l _m o!r attempts 9 ! e>ly ,art4 ,,! ,,bollee ,,multipli] ,probably ! fir/ successful direct multiply+ ma*9e 0 made by ,leon ,bollee1 a ,fr5*man1 :o pat5t$ 8 inv5tion 9 ,france 9 #ahhi4 ,a pat5t on ! ,bollee ma*9e 0 appli$ = 9 ?is c\ntry & 0 issu$ ,m>* #ag1 #ahif1 "s ( ! draw+s ( :i* are reproduc$ on ! opposite page4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,bollee ,ma*9e ,in/ead ( us+ eighty-"o multiply+ ge> racks = ea* ord] z 9 ! ,b>b\r pat5t1 ,bollee us$ b two ge> racks = ea* ord]2 "o = add+ ! units & ! o!r = add+ ! t5s2 ^! racks op]ate v]tically & are m>k$ respectively ,bb & ,bc4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,! racks are frictionally held aga9/ gravity 9 ! p]man5t framework ( ! ma*9e1 & are mov$ up & d[n by contact at ea* end1 receiv$ f above by b> ,ie1 & f bel[ by p9s ( v>y+ l5g? set 9 ! movable plates ,ab4 ,! b> ,ie =ms "p ( a reciprocat+ frame :i* moves v]tically & 9 :i* are slidably m\nt$ ! p9 plates ,ab4 ,^! plates are :at ,bollee call$ 8 8me*anical multiplication tables40 ,! arrangem5t ( ! p9s & _! l5g?s are su* z to give degrees ( additive movem5t to ! units & t5s ge> racks equal to ! multiply+ racks 9 ! ,b>b\r multipli]4 ,! p9 plates are mov$ by ! h&-knobs ,ab1 & ! plate %[n 9 ,fig4 #c is position$ = multiples ( n9e4 ,! means = sett+ ! multiples correspond to ! index h&-knob ( ! ,b>b\r ma*9e1 & consi/s ( ! crank ,am1 :i*1 :5 op]at$1 %ifts ! :ole s]ies ( plates lat]ally4 ,a graduat$ dial s]ves ! op]ator to set ! multiple t ! multiplic&1 set by ! position+ ( ! plates1 is to be multipli$ by4 ,! accumulator me*anism is m\nt$ 9 a reciprocat+ frame :i* moves horizontally1 caus+ ! ge>s ( ! num]al :eels to engage fir/ ! units racks on _! up/roke "u action ( ! p9s1 & !n ! t5s racks on _! d[n-/roke "u ! action ( ! top b> ( ! v]tically mov+ frame1 ! d[nw>d motion1 ( c\rse1 be+ regulat$ by ! upw>d movem5t x receives f ! p9 t =ces x up4 ,z may be not$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! multiply+ plates are held 9 a lat]ally movable c>riage t is %ift$ ?r\gh ! turn+ ( ! multipli] factor sett+ h& crank ,am1 by means ( ! rack & p9ion action4 ,?is ge>+ is su* t ea* revolution moves ! multiply+ plates "u a high] or l[] s]ies ( ord]s1 ?us all[+ ! multiples ( a high] or l[] ord] s]ies to be add$ 9 ! process ( multiplication or subtract$ 9 division1 z ! case may be4 ,al?\gh ! ,bollee ma*9e is reput$ to be a practical ma*9e1 z is atte/$ f ! models on exhibit 9 ! ,museum ( ,des ,arts & ,meti]s ( ,p>is 9 ,france1 x 0 nev] manufactur$ & plac$ on ! m>ket4 ,sid5ote3 ,bollee's pr9ciple comm]cializ$ ,bollee's pr9ciple has1 h[ev]1 be5 comm]cializ$ by a ,swiss manufactur] 9 a ma*9e made & sold "u ! trade "n ( 8,! ,millionaire10 ! ,u4 ,s4 pat5ts ( :i* 7 appli$ = & issu$ to ,/eig]4 ,hopk9s con/ruct$ 8 multiply+ me*anism on ! ,bollee s*eme ( us+ /epp$ controll+ plates = 8 reciprocat+ racks to give ! multiples ( ! digits1 b ! +5i\s me?od ( application %[n 9 ! ,hopk9s pat5t draw+s illu/rates well ! ,am]ican =esight ( simplicity ( manufacture4 ,dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s !re h be5 a l>ge numb] ( pat5ts appli$ = on me*anism conta9+ ! same g5]al s*eme z t ( ,bollee & ,/eig]1 b up to ! pres5t writ+ no ma*9es ) direct multiply+ me*anism h be5 comm]cializ$ except 8,! ,millionaire10 :i* is non-record+1 & 8,moon-,hopk9s ,bookkeep+ ,ma*9e40 ,a ,clos+ ,^w ,z previ\sly /at$1 x is impossible to describe or illu/rate ! ?\s&s ( inv5tions t h be5 pat5t$ 9 ! ,art ( acc\nt+ ma*9es1 & "s ( ! inv5tors may feel t ! writ] has %[n p>tiality4 ,! subject ( ?is book1 h[ev]1 has to d only ) ! ,art z x /&s comm]cializ$ & ^? :o are responsible = its exi/5ce4 ,9 ! argum5ts to prove validity ( contributions ( vital importance to ! ,art1 _m o!r pat5t$ ma*9es h be5 us$ :i* really h no be>+ on ! ,art4 ,b ! writ] 0 oblig$ to %[ _! defects1 o!rwise ! misconception d]iv$ f articles writt5 by au?ors incompet5t to judge w\ld leave ! public 9 error z to ! real tru? relative to ! ,art ( ! mod]n acc\nt+ ma*9es4 ,t all inv5tors des]ve cr$it1 ev5 9 ! face ( failure1 is )\t "q4 ,! h\rs1 days1 mon?s1 & sometimes ye>s1 giv5 up to ! work+ out ( any ma*9e1 int5d$ to b5efit mank9d1 :e!r ! result br+s a return or n1--:e!r ! inv5tion holds value1 or no1--leaves a record t ! _w may b5efit by1 9 po9t+ out ! errors or productive results4 ,if x 7 n = ! ambitions & untir+ ef=ts ( m5 ( ?is type1 :o give he>t & s\l to ! work+ out ( intricate problems1 ! _w w\ld n be z f> advanc$ z x is today4 ,! writ] has kept 9 close t\* ) ! ,art ( calculat+ ma*9es s9ce #ahic1 & made exhau/ive rese>* ( x prior to t p]iod4 ,!re h be5 ?\s&s ( pat5ts issu$ on ma*9es ( ! class h]e9 set =?1 b outside ( ! features review$ !re h be5 no broadly new ones ( practical importance t h z yet prov$ to be ( great value to ! public4 ,:at is 9 ! mak+1 & :at may be develop$ lat]1 is op5 to conjecture4 ,x is a safe conjecture1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! pres5t high /ate ( ! ,art x w tax ! wits ( high-class eng9e]s to (f] any sub/antial & broadly new feature :i* w be h]ald$ z a noticeable /ep 9 ! ,art4 ,& t1 z 9 ! pa/1 ?\s&s ( mi/akes1 & impractical z well z inop]ative ma*9es w be made & pat5t$1 to "o t w hold real value4 ,illu/ration ,index to ,subjects ,,types ,,( ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,ma*9es ,page ,g5]al k lack+ #e ,key-driv5 ma*9e1 fir/ ( ! mod]n ma*9es #f ,record+1 ! prim>y feature ( add+ ma*9es t pr9t #g ,validity & priority ( inv5tion #h ,description ( ,pascal's inv5tion #aa ,con/ructional features ( ! ,pascal ma*9e #ab ,increas$ capacity ( mod]n calculator #ac ,pat5t (fice a repository ( ineffectual ef=ts #ad ,,! ,,e>ly ,,key-,,driv5 ,,art ,fir/ attempt to use depressable keys = add+ 0 made 9 ,am]ica #ag ,description ( ,p>melee ma*9e #ah ,=eign digit add]s #ah ,s+le-digit add]s lack capacity #ai ,"s e>ly ,u4 ,s4 pat5ts on s+le-digit add+ ma*9es #bj ,calculat+ ma*9es 9 use abroad = c5turies #ba ,fir/ key-driv5 ma*9es no improvem5t to ! ,art #ba ,description ( ! ,hill ma*9e #bb ,hill ma*9e at ,national ,museum #be ,inop]ativ5ess ( ,hill ma*9e #be ,high spe$ ( key drive #bf ,cam]a sl[ comp>$ ) c>ry ( ! t5s #bf ,hill ma*9e m]ely add+ me*anism1 incomplete z op]ative ma*9e #bi ,*ap9 & ,/>k pat5ts #bi ,description ( ,*ap9 ma*9e #bi ,inop]ativ5ess ( ,*ap9 ma*9e #cj ,description ( ,/>k ma*9e #cc ,inop]ativ5ess ( ,/>k ma*9e #cg ,n9e keys common to a plurality ( ord]s #cg ,description ( ,robjohn ma*9e #ch ,fir/ control = a c>ri$ num]al :eel #da ,description ( ,b\*et ma*9e #db ,b\*et ma*9e m>ket$ #dc ,misuse ( ! t]m 8,calculat+ ,ma*9e0 #dc ,description ( ,spald+ ma*9e #dg ,prime actuation ( a c>ri$ :eel impossible 9 ! ,spald+ ma*9e #di ,,! ,,key-,,driv5 ,,calculator ,!ory v]sus ! concrete #ej ,all b "o ( ! g5]ic elem5ts solv$ #ea ,orig9ality ( inv5tions #ea ,a conception :i* l$ to ! f9al solution #eb ,evolution ( an inv5tion #ee ,trials ( an inv5tor #ee ,! fir/ 8,comptomet]0 #ef ,felt pat5t #cga1dif #ef ,description ( ,felt calculator #ei ,recapitulation ( ,art prior to ,felt calculator #fj ,:y ,hill fail$ to produce an op]ative ma*9e #fa ,idiosyncrasies ( =ce & motion increas$ by use ( keys #fa ,light con/ruction a feature #fb ,op]ative features necess>y #fb ,classification ( ! features conta9$ 9 ! e>ly ,art ( key-driv5 ma*9es #fc ,c>ry+ me*anism ( ,felt's calculator #fc ,transf] devices #fd ,c>ry+ me*anism v]sus m]e transf] devices #fd ,details ( ,felt c>ry+ me*anism #fe ,manufacture ( ! ,felt calculator #fi ,trade "n ( ,felt calculator #gj ,felt calculator exhibit at ,national ,museum #gj ,significant pro( ( ,felt's claim ( priority #ge ,rules = op]ation an important factor ( mod]n calculator #gf ,,e>ly ,,ef=ts ,,9 ,,! ,,record+ ,,ma*9e ,,art ,fir/ attempt to record ari?metical computation #gi ,description ( ,b>b\r ma*9e #hj ,b>b\r ma*9e n practical #ha ,description ( ,baldw9 ma*9e #hb ,baldw9's pr9t+ me*anism #hi ,fir/ key-set crank-op]at$ ma*9e & fir/ attempt to record ! items 9 addition #ij ,description ( ,pott9 ma*9e #ia ,e>ly ef=ts ( ,wm4 ,s4 ,burr\ghs #ie ,g5]al s*eme ( ,burr\ghs' fir/ inv5tions #if ,brief description ( ma*9e ( e>ly ,burr\ghs' pat5ts #ig ,all e>ly ari?metical pr9t+ devices impractical #aja ,practical me?od = record+ disclos$ lat] #ajb ,inop]ative features ( e>ly record+ me*anism #aje ,add+ me*anism atta*$ to typewrit] #aje ,description ( ,ludlum ma*9e #ajf ,ludlum ma*9e inop]ative #ajh ,,fir/ ,,practical ,,record]s ,burr\ghs a bank cl]k #aaa ,felt int]e/$ 9 record] ,art #aaa ,felt's fir/ record+ ma*9e #aac ,felt record+ me*anism comb9$ ) 8 calculat+ ma*9e #aac ,description ( ,felt's fir/ record] #aad ,fir/ individualiz$ type impression comb9$ ) pr9t+ sector #aae ,fir/ practical ari?metical record] #aaf ,! fir/ sale ( a record+ add+ ma*9e on record #aaf ,features ( fir/ practical record] #aai ,description ( ,felt's second record] #abj ,felt pr9ciple ( pr9t+ adopt$ by all manufactur]s ( record]s #abd ,wide pap] c>riage = tabulat+ #abd ,! wide pap] c>riage ma*9e #abg ,litigation on tabulator pat5ts #abg 8,cross ,tabulat+0 #abh ,felt record] 9 8,eng9e]+0 ( ,london1 ,engl& #aca ,total record+ a ,felt comb9ation #aca ,legible li/+ ( items & automatic record+ ( totals fir/ a*iev$ by ,felt #acb ,! key-set pr9ciple m practical = record]s #ace ,description ( fir/ practical ,burr\ghs record] #acg ,date ( use ( fir/ practical ,burr\ghs record] #adj ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,acc\nt+ ,,ma*9e ,opposition to ! use ( ma*9es = acc\nt+ #add ,banks m lib]al 9 recognition #ade ,improvem5t sl[ = fir/ few ye>s #adf ,,! ,,high-,,spe$ ,,calculator ,felt improvem5ts on ,comptomet] #adi ,sci5tific di/ribution ( functions #aej ,p[] consum$ by old c>ry+ me?od #aea ,cam & lev] c>ry+ me*anism #aeb ,"o-po9t c>ry+ cam impossible #aec ,felt's improv$ me?od ( c>ry+ #aec ,gaug+ & controll+ prime actuation #aed ,alt]nat+ /op s*eme #aee ,multiplex key action #aef ,control ( ! c>ry by ! next high] actuator #aef ,=c$ simultane\s key action old #aeg ,=c$ simultaneity appli$ to a calculator impossible #aeg ,flexible simultaneity ( key action a ,felt inv5tion #aeh ,duplex ,comptomet] #aei ,introduction ( full-/roke me*anism #aei ,error signal keybo>d #afj ,lock+ ( ! o!r ord]s by a %ort key-/roke #afa ,inactive keys lock$ dur+ prop] key-action 9 ca% regi/] #afa ,inactive keys n lock$ dur+ prop] key-action 9 8,comptomet]0 #afa 8,controll$-key ,comptomet]0 #afb ,! mass ( record] inv5tions pat5t$ #afc ,b few ( ! record] pat5ts ( value #afc ,res]ve inv5tion z good insurance #afd ,errone\s adv]tis+ #afd ,error key #aff ,sub-total #aff ,repeat key #aff ,lock$ keybo>d #aff ,quick pap] return #aff ,pap] /op #afg ,cross tabulat+ #afg ,item /op #afg ,motor drive #afh ,di/+ui%+ m>ks = cle>1 totals1 & sub-totals #afh ,add+ cut-out #afh ,self-correct+ keybo>d #afi ,split keybo>d #afi ,dual action keybo>d #afi ,non-add signal #agj ,selective split keybo>d #agj ,selective pr9t+ cut-out #aga ,gr& totaliz] #aga ,alt]nate cross pr9t+ #aga ,det]m9ate item signal #agb ,subtraction by rev]se action #agb ,selective split = keybo>d #agb ,rapid pap] ins]t & ejector #agb ,,! ,,bookkeep+ ,,& ,,bill+ ,,ma*9e ,e>ly comb9ations #agd ,fir/ practical comb9ation #agg ,moon-,hopk9s ,bill+ ma*9e #agg ,napi]'s ,bones fir/ direct multipli] #aha ,fir/ direct multiply+ ma*9e #aha ,description ( ,b>b\r ,multipli] #ahb ,description ( ,bollee ma*9e #ahh ,bollee's pr9ciple comm]cializ$ #ahi ,a ,,clos+ ,,^w