Library / Engineering & Technology / Origin of modern calculating machines / Braille
Origin of modern calculating machines ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition
Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.
Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt
236,017 braille cells · 247 embossed pages at 40×25 · 629 unrepresentable characters omitted
⠎⠑⠉⠥⠗⠑⠙⠀⠁⠀⠏⠁⠞⠑⠝⠞⠀⠕⠝⠀⠁⠀⠍⠥⠇⠞⠊⠏⠇⠑⠤⠕⠗⠙⠑⠗⠀ ⠅⠑⠽⠤⠙⠗⠊⠧⠑⠝⠀⠀⠉⠁⠇⠉⠥⠇⠁⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠀⠶⠎⠑⠑⠀ ⠊⠇⠇⠥⠎⠞⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠶⠂⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠓⠑⠀⠉⠇⠁⠊⠍⠑⠙⠀⠁⠎⠀⠁⠀⠝⠑⠺ ⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠀⠥⠎⠑⠋⠥⠇⠀⠊⠝⠧⠑⠝⠞⠊⠕⠝⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠓⠊⠇⠇⠀ ⠏⠁⠞⠑⠝⠞⠂⠀⠓⠕⠺⠑⠧⠑⠗⠂⠀⠺⠁⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠕⠝⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀ ⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠀⠉⠇⠁⠎⠎⠀⠊⠎⠎⠥⠑⠙⠂⠀⠥⠝⠞⠊⠇⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠊⠗⠎⠞⠀ ⠗⠑⠁⠇⠇⠽⠀⠕⠏⠑⠗⠁⠞⠊⠧⠑⠀⠍⠕⠙⠑⠗⠝⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠀⠺⠁⠎⠀⠍⠁⠙⠑ ⠀⠀⠞⠓⠊⠗⠞⠽⠀⠽⠑⠁⠗⠎⠀⠇⠁⠞⠑⠗⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠁⠋⠋⠕⠗⠙⠎⠀⠁⠀⠋⠊⠝⠑ ⠀⠑⠭⠁⠍⠏⠇⠑⠀⠃⠽⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠑⠁⠞⠥⠗⠑⠎⠀⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀ ⠺⠑⠗⠑⠀⠇⠁⠉⠅⠊⠝⠛⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠍⠁⠅⠑⠤⠥⠏⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠀⠗⠑⠁⠇⠇⠽⠀ ⠕⠏⠑⠗⠁⠞⠊⠧⠑⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠀⠞⠽⠏⠑⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠃⠑⠀ ⠃⠗⠕⠥⠛⠓⠞⠀⠕⠥⠞⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠎⠊⠙⠑⠝⠕⠞⠑⠒⠀⠠⠙⠑⠎⠉⠗⠊⠏⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀ ⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠓⠊⠇⠇⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀ ⠊⠇⠇⠥⠎⠞⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠓⠊⠇⠇⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠀⠕⠝⠀ ⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠏⠏⠕⠎⠊⠞⠑⠀⠏⠁⠛⠑⠂⠀⠗⠑⠏⠗⠕⠙⠥⠉⠑⠙⠀⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀ ⠙⠗⠁⠺⠊⠝⠛⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠏⠁⠞⠑⠝⠞⠂⠀⠎⠓⠕⠺⠀⠞⠺⠕⠀⠝⠥⠍⠑⠗⠁⠇ ⠀⠺⠓⠑⠑⠇⠎⠂⠀⠑⠁⠉⠓⠀⠓⠁⠧⠊⠝⠛⠀⠀⠎⠑⠧⠑⠝⠀⠎⠑⠞⠎⠀⠑⠁⠉⠓⠀⠕⠋ ⠀⠇⠁⠗⠛⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠎⠍⠁⠇⠇⠀⠋⠊⠛⠥⠗⠑⠎⠀⠗⠥⠝⠝⠊⠝⠛⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠼⠁ ⠀⠞⠕⠀⠼⠊⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠊⠏⠓⠑⠗⠀⠍⠁⠗⠅⠑⠙⠀⠕⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠊⠗⠀ ⠏⠑⠗⠊⠏⠓⠑⠗⠽⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠇⠁⠗⠛⠑⠀⠎⠑⠞⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠋⠊⠛⠥⠗⠑⠎⠀ ⠁⠗⠑⠀⠀⠁⠗⠗⠁⠝⠛⠑⠙⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠁⠙⠙⠊⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠗⠀⠏⠕⠎⠊⠞⠊⠧⠑⠀ ⠉⠁⠇⠉⠥⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠎⠍⠁⠇⠇⠀⠋⠊⠛⠥⠗⠑⠎⠀⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀ ⠁⠗⠗⠁⠝⠛⠑⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠗⠑⠧⠑⠗⠎⠑⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠎⠥⠃⠞⠗⠁⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠗⠀ ⠝⠑⠛⠁⠞⠊⠧⠑⠀⠉⠁⠇⠉⠥⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠀⠺⠓⠑⠑⠇⠎⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀ ⠏⠗⠕⠧⠊⠙⠑⠙⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠍⠑⠁⠝⠎⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠁⠗⠗⠽⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑
These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.