Library / Engineering & Technology / Origin of modern calculating machines / Braille
Origin of modern calculating machines ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition
Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.
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236,017 braille cells · 247 embossed pages at 40×25 · 629 unrepresentable characters omitted
⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠀⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠁⠙⠙⠊⠝⠛⠀⠊⠎⠀⠑⠭⠞⠁⠝⠞⠀⠊⠝⠀⠍⠕⠙⠑⠇⠎ ⠀⠍⠁⠙⠑⠀⠃⠽⠀⠠⠏⠁⠎⠉⠁⠇⠀⠊⠝⠀⠼⠁⠋⠙⠃⠂⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠺⠑⠗⠑⠀ ⠁⠇⠇⠀⠀⠍⠥⠇⠞⠊⠏⠇⠑⠤⠕⠗⠙⠑⠗⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠎⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀ ⠎⠁⠍⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀⠛⠑⠝⠑⠗⠁⠇⠀⠁⠎⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠎⠓⠕⠺⠝⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠀ ⠊⠇⠇⠥⠎⠞⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠏⠁⠛⠑⠀⠼⠁⠚⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠎⠊⠙⠑⠝⠕⠞⠑⠒⠀ ⠠⠉⠁⠇⠉⠥⠇⠁⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠎⠀⠊⠝⠀⠥⠎⠑⠀⠁⠃⠗⠕⠁⠙⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀ ⠉⠑⠝⠞⠥⠗⠊⠑⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠓⠊⠎⠞⠕⠗⠽⠀⠎⠓⠕⠺⠎⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠠⠑⠥⠗⠕⠏⠑ ⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠕⠞⠓⠑⠗⠀⠋⠕⠗⠑⠊⠛⠝⠀⠉⠕⠥⠝⠞⠗⠊⠑⠎⠀⠓⠁⠧⠑⠀⠃⠑⠑⠝⠀ ⠥⠎⠊⠝⠛⠀⠀⠉⠁⠇⠉⠥⠇⠁⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠎⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀ ⠉⠑⠝⠞⠥⠗⠊⠑⠎⠲⠀⠠⠇⠊⠅⠑⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠕⠋⠀⠠⠏⠁⠎⠉⠁⠇⠄⠎⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠽ ⠀⠺⠑⠗⠑⠀⠀⠁⠇⠇⠀⠍⠥⠇⠞⠊⠏⠇⠑⠤⠕⠗⠙⠑⠗⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠎⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠂ ⠀⠁⠇⠞⠓⠕⠥⠛⠓⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀⠅⠑⠽⠤⠙⠗⠊⠧⠑⠝⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠽⠀⠺⠑⠗⠑⠀⠀ ⠉⠁⠏⠁⠃⠇⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠙⠙⠊⠝⠛⠀⠁⠀⠝⠥⠍⠃⠑⠗⠀⠕⠋⠀⠉⠕⠇⠥⠍⠝⠎⠀⠕⠗ ⠀⠊⠞⠑⠍⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠎⠊⠭⠀⠞⠕⠀⠑⠊⠛⠓⠞⠀⠏⠇⠁⠉⠑⠎⠀⠀⠁⠞⠀⠕⠝⠉⠑⠀ ⠺⠊⠞⠓⠕⠥⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠑⠭⠞⠗⠁⠀⠍⠁⠝⠊⠏⠥⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠙⠑⠎⠉⠗⠊⠃⠑⠙ ⠀⠁⠎⠀⠝⠑⠉⠑⠎⠎⠁⠗⠽⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠀⠎⠊⠝⠛⠇⠑⠤⠕⠗⠙⠑⠗⠀⠙⠊⠛⠊⠞⠀ ⠁⠙⠙⠊⠝⠛⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠎⠲⠀⠠⠁⠀⠝⠥⠍⠃⠑⠗⠀⠕⠋⠀⠎⠥⠉⠓⠀ ⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠎⠀⠺⠑⠗⠑⠀⠀⠍⠁⠙⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠥⠝⠊⠞⠑⠙⠀ ⠠⠎⠞⠁⠞⠑⠎⠀⠏⠗⠊⠕⠗⠀⠞⠕⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠊⠗⠎⠞⠀⠏⠗⠁⠉⠞⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀ ⠍⠥⠇⠞⠊⠏⠇⠑⠤⠕⠗⠙⠑⠗⠀⠀⠅⠑⠽⠤⠙⠗⠊⠧⠑⠝⠀⠉⠁⠇⠉⠥⠇⠁⠞⠕⠗⠲⠀⠀ ⠠⠎⠊⠙⠑⠝⠕⠞⠑⠒⠀⠠⠋⠊⠗⠎⠞⠀⠅⠑⠽⠤⠙⠗⠊⠧⠑⠝⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠎⠀⠝⠕ ⠀⠊⠍⠏⠗⠕⠧⠑⠍⠑⠝⠞⠀⠞⠕⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠁⠗⠞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠋⠁⠉⠞⠀ ⠁⠝⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠁⠉⠞⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠕⠏⠑⠗⠁⠞⠊⠧⠑⠀ ⠅⠑⠽⠤⠙⠗⠊⠧⠑⠝⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠎⠀⠀⠍⠁⠙⠑⠀⠏⠗⠊⠕⠗⠀⠞⠕⠀⠼⠁⠓⠓⠛ ⠀⠺⠑⠗⠑⠀⠎⠊⠝⠛⠇⠑⠤⠙⠊⠛⠊⠞⠀⠁⠙⠙⠑⠗⠎⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀
These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.