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Altruism: Its Nature and Varieties ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

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157,098 braille cells · 167 embossed pages at 40×25 · 15 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠠⠊⠀⠙⠕⠀⠊⠝⠀⠁⠝⠀⠁⠛⠑⠀⠺⠓⠑⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠽⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠃⠕⠞⠓⠀⠕⠥⠞⠀
⠕⠋⠀⠋⠁⠎⠓⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠠⠊⠀⠞⠁⠅⠑⠀⠥⠏⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠁⠝⠛⠑⠇⠀⠊⠝⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠓⠕⠥⠎⠑⠀⠺⠓⠑⠝⠀⠊⠝⠀⠁⠀⠏⠎⠽⠉⠓⠕⠇⠕⠛⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠍⠕⠕⠙⠀
⠠⠊⠀⠁⠍⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀⠙⠊⠎⠞⠥⠗⠃⠑⠙⠀⠃⠽⠀⠁⠃⠎⠥⠗⠙⠊⠞⠽⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠞⠥⠗⠝⠀⠞⠕⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠥⠝⠅⠝⠕⠺⠝⠀⠠⠑⠗⠕⠎⠀⠺⠓⠑⠝⠀⠍⠽⠀⠑⠁⠗⠀
⠉⠗⠁⠧⠑⠎⠀⠍⠥⠎⠊⠉⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠠⠊⠀⠺⠑⠇⠉⠕⠍⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠠⠏⠇⠁⠞⠕⠝⠊⠉⠀⠍⠁⠙⠝⠑⠎⠎⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠠⠉⠓⠁⠏⠞⠑⠗⠀⠠⠠⠧⠊⠊⠀⠀
⠠⠠⠚⠥⠎⠞⠊⠉⠑⠀⠀⠀⠠⠃⠑⠋⠕⠗⠑⠀⠁⠙⠧⠁⠝⠉⠊⠝⠛⠀⠋⠥⠗⠞⠓⠑⠗⠀⠊⠞
⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠃⠑⠀⠺⠑⠇⠇⠀⠞⠕⠀⠎⠥⠗⠧⠑⠽⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠞⠁⠝⠛⠇⠑⠙⠀
⠛⠗⠕⠥⠝⠙⠀⠁⠇⠗⠑⠁⠙⠽⠀⠞⠗⠁⠧⠑⠗⠎⠑⠙⠆⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠊⠝⠀
⠍⠥⠞⠥⠁⠇⠊⠞⠽⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠞⠓⠊⠗⠙⠀⠛⠗⠑⠁⠞⠀⠎⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠠⠁⠇⠞⠗⠥⠊⠎⠍⠂⠀⠠⠊⠀⠓⠁⠧⠑⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀⠃⠑⠑⠝⠀⠁⠃⠇⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀
⠑⠍⠏⠇⠕⠽⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠎⠊⠍⠏⠇⠑⠀⠞⠗⠑⠁⠞⠍⠑⠝⠞⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀
⠠⠍⠁⠝⠝⠑⠗⠎⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠠⠛⠊⠧⠊⠝⠛⠀⠗⠑⠉⠑⠊⠧⠑⠙⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠏⠗⠊⠝⠉⠊⠏⠇⠑⠀⠞⠓⠗⠕⠥⠛⠓⠕⠥⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀⠏⠗⠑⠉⠊⠎⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠥⠝⠊⠋⠕⠗⠍⠲⠀⠠⠺⠊⠞⠓⠊⠝⠀⠁⠀⠎⠏⠑⠉⠊⠋⠊⠑⠙⠀⠋⠊⠑⠇⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠊⠝⠞⠑⠗⠑⠎⠞⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠺⠕⠀⠕⠗⠀⠍⠕⠗⠑⠀⠏⠑⠗⠎⠕⠝⠎⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀
⠃⠑⠀⠁⠉⠉⠕⠥⠝⠞⠑⠙⠀⠊⠙⠑⠝⠞⠊⠉⠁⠇⠂⠀⠎⠕⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠁⠀⠙⠕⠥⠃⠇⠑
⠀⠛⠁⠊⠝⠀⠃⠑⠉⠕⠍⠑⠎⠀⠏⠕⠎⠎⠊⠃⠇⠑⠂⠀⠁⠇⠞⠗⠥⠊⠎⠍⠀
⠞⠗⠁⠝⠎⠋⠕⠗⠍⠊⠝⠛⠀⠊⠞⠎⠑⠇⠋⠀⠊⠝⠞⠕⠀⠑⠛⠕⠊⠎⠍⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠑⠛⠕⠊⠎⠍⠀⠊⠝⠞⠕⠀⠁⠇⠞⠗⠥⠊⠎⠍⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠊⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠉⠕⠍⠍⠕⠝⠀⠏⠗⠊⠝⠉⠊⠏⠇⠑⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠎⠓⠁⠏⠑⠎⠀⠑⠧⠑⠗⠽⠀⠋⠕⠗⠍
⠀⠕⠋⠀⠍⠥⠞⠥⠁⠇⠊⠞⠽⠲⠀⠠⠃⠥⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠑⠭⠞⠑⠝⠞⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠋⠊⠑⠇⠙⠎⠀⠎⠏⠑⠉⠊⠋⠊⠑⠙⠀⠙⠊⠋⠋⠑⠗⠎⠀⠎⠕⠀⠺⠊⠙⠑⠇⠽⠀⠁⠎⠀⠞⠕
⠀⠛⠊⠧⠑⠀⠗⠊⠎⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠋⠕⠗⠍⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠧⠑⠗⠽⠀⠥⠝⠇⠊⠅⠑⠀⠍⠕⠗⠁⠇

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.