,,altruism    ,,its ,,nature ,,&        
,,v>ieties       ,,altruism    ,,its    
,,nature ,,& ,,v>ieties    ,,! ,,ely    
,,lectures ,,= #aiag-ah     ,,by        
,,george ,,h]b]t ,,palm]     ,,*>les    
,,scribn]',s ,,sons   ,,new ,,york      
#aiai       ,,copyright1 #aiai1 ,,by    
,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons    ,publi%$ 
,janu>y1 #aiai  ,illu/ration     ,,!    
,,ely ,,f\ndation   ,! ,elias ,p4 ,ely  
,lecture%ip 0 f\nd$ by ,mr4 ,zebulon    
,/iles ,ely1 ,may #h1 #ahfe4 ,! de$ (   
gift conta9s ! foll[+ p>agraphs3    8,! 
und]sign$ gives ! sum ( t5 ?\s& doll>s  
to ! ,union   ,!ological ,sem9>y ( !    
,city ( ,new ,york to f\nd a ,lecture%ip
   9 ! same1 ! title ( :i* %all be !    
#8,elias ,p4 ,ely ,lectures   on !      
,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1' on ! foll[+   
conditions3    8,! c\rse ( lectures giv5
 on ?is f\ndation is to comprise any    
topics t s]ve to e/abli% ! proposition t
 ,*ri/ianity is   a religion f ,god1 or 
t x is ! p]fect & f9al =m (   religion =
 man4 ,among ! subjects discuss$ may be 

! nature   & ne$ ( a revelation2 ! "* & 
influ5ce ( ,*ri/ &   ,8 apo/les2 !      
au!nticity & cr$ibility ( ! ,scriptures1
   miracles1 & prophecy2 ! diffusion &  
b5efits ( ,*ri/ianity2   ! philosophy ( 
religion 9 its relation to ! ,*ri/ian   
sy/em40  ,"u date ( ,may #bd1 #ahgi1    
,mr4 ,ely address$ a communication to ! 
,directors ( ! ,sem9>y 9 :i* !          
conditions ( ! ,lecture%ip are amplifi$ 
z foll[s3    8,! conditions ( !         
f\ndation ( ! ,elias ,p4 ,ely           
,lecture%ip1   dat$ ,may #h1 #ahfe1 are 
h]eby modifi$1 s t ! c\rse (   public   
lectures !re9 provid$ =1 may n only be  
on #8,!   ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1' b on
 su* o!r subjects z !   ,faculty &      
,directors1 9 concurr5ce ) ! und]sign$1 
:ile   liv+1 may deem = ! good ( man40  
,,preface   ,i "h pres5t ! sub/ance (   
eight ,ely ,lectures deliv]$ 9 ! spr+ ( 
#aiah at ,union ,!ological ,sem9>y 9    
,new ,york4 ,!y 7 spok5 )\t manuscript4 
,9 writ+ !m out f ! /5ograph]'s notes ,i
 h cond5s$ !m consid]ably4 ,9 ^!        

bellig]5t days publi%]s are dispos$ to  
economize pap] & pr9t1 & read]s to prize
 brevity 9 ev]y?+ except newspap]s4 ,su*
 re/rictions =ce on u loquaci\s         
bookmak]s great] reg>d = compactness &  
lucidity1 & are ?us n altoge!r an       
injury4  ,! book seeks to call att5tion 
to a section ( e?ics 9 reg>d to :i* !   
public m9d greatly ne$s cl>ify+4        
,altruism & egoism1 socialism &         
individualism1 are 9 our "t s5tim5tally 
array$ aga9/ "o ano!r z indep5d5t &     
antagoni/ic ag5cies1 ea* hav+ its       
p>tisans4 ,a c>eful exam9ation w %[1 ,i 
?9k1 t ! "o has mean+ only :5 9 company 
) its suppos$ rival4 ,i h ?\ght to make 
?is cle>e/ by trac+ ?ree /ages ?r\gh :i*
 ! altrui/ic impulse passes 9 e-day     
life1 exhibit+ _! v>y+ degrees ( dignity
 & ! helpful pres5ce 9 all ( !m (       
egoi/ic balance4 ,if ?r\gh my notion ( a
 conjunct self ,i h made ?is curi\s     
p>tn]%ip pla9 ,i %all c\nt x no mean    
contribution to our g5]\s1 sacrificial1 
self-ass]tive1 & p]plex$ "t4            

,,george ,,h]b]t ,,palm]4               
,,cambridge1 ,octob] #ba1 #aiah4        
,,cont5ts     ,,*apt]                   
,,page       ,i4 ,,introduction         
#a      ,,ii4 ,,mann]s                  
#ac     ,,iii4 ,,gifts                  
#cb      ,,iv4 ,,defects ,,( ,,giv+     
#ef       ,v4 ,,mutuality               
#ge      ,,vi4 ,,love                   
#ia     ,,vii4 ,,ju/ice                 
#aaj    ,,viii4 ,,conclusion            
#abf     ,,altruism  ,,its ,,nature ,,& 
,,v>ieties     ,,*apt] ,i               
,,introduction   ,i h be5 mov+ ab\t     
lately ?r\gh diff]5t p>ts ( our c\ntry1 
sitt+ d[n to d9n] 9 _m homes1 & ,i h    
ev]y:]e f\nd ! family eat+ bread made ( 
,indian meal1 rye1 b>ley1 or oatmeal4   
,:5 ,i h ask$1 8,are y especially fond (
 ?is sort ( food80 ,i h pretty g5]ally  
receiv$ ! answ]1 8,:y1 no6 ,we all l    
:eat bread bett]4 ,b we are n eat+ x n[1
 = o!r nations ne$ x40  ,t is altruism1 
"o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal1 famili>1 &       
my/]i\s ( all ! virtues4 ,?is c\rse (   

lectures w be devot$ to elucidat+ x4 ,to
 a recognition ( x ! ,we/]n m9d has ris5
 sl[ly4 ,! ,greeks atta*$ little        
importance to x2 = ?\gh philan?ropy1    
reg>d = man z man1 is a ,greek ^w1 x is 
n a ,greek idea4 ,plato does n include x
 among 8 f\r virtues nor any:]e lay     
/ress on its practice4 ,9 ,ari/otle's   
,e?ics1 x is true1 !re are magnific5t   
*apt]s on fri5d%ip1 & fri5d%ip plays a  
great "p 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,epicureans &    
,/oics4 ,b all alike speak ( atta*m5t to
 ano!r p]son *iefly z a means ( /r5g? = 
oneself4 ,! ?\ght ( :ole-he>t$ giv+ )\t 
correspond5t p]sonal ga9 w\ld h puzzl$ a
 ,greek4  ,:5 we turn to ! o!r bran* (  
our civilization & exam9e :at we h d]iv$
 f ! ,hebrews1 we f9d a ne>] approa* to 
mod]n ideas4 ,commonly en\gh ! ,hebrews 
speak ( m]cy & grace1 & pair ^! (f aga9/
 ju/ice & tru?4 ,app>5tly :5 ^! t]ms are
 appli$ to ,god's deal+s ) u1 ! second  
pair indicates 8 exact return = :at we h
 done = him2 b ! fir/ pair po9ts to     
some?+ ov] & above1 a surplusage (      

g5]osity1 ly+ outside ! field ( equal   
pay4 ,god is conceiv$ z altrui/ic & we  
are summon$ to imitate him 9 ?is4 ,jesus
 develops ! ?\ght to su* a degree t love
 becomes ! c5tre ( 8 tea*+4 ,we are told
 t )\t x all o!r excell5ce is wor?less4 
,we mu/ love z ,god loves1 lett+ our sun
 %9e on ! evil & on ! good4 ,inde$1 we  
mu/ love ev5 our enemies4  ,:ile mod]n  
nations h all[$ su* precepts to /& z    
c\nsels ( p]fection & h be5 ready to see
 9 occasional acts an embodim5t ( !m1   
p>allel ) !m !y h always recogniz$ a    
contr>y & m p[]ful t5d5cy1 namely1 !    
disposition to seek "o's own4 ,?is !y h 
believ$ to be ess5tial = c>ry+ on !     
daily affairs ( life4 ,at ! same "t     
altrui/ic conduct has ev] be5 ?\ght     
8sup]ior10 8high]02 egoi/ic1 z conta9+  
no?+ to call =? admiration4  ,:5 m51    
h[ev]1 began to ?9k s]i\sly ab\t e?ics x
 became impossible to all[ two su* spr+s
 ( action to rema9 9 p]man5t discord4   
,attempts 7 made to br+ !m into h>mony  
by %[+ t ! "o is only a disguis$ =m ( ! 

o!r4 ,hobbes1 = example 7#aehh-afgi71 ! 
fir/ 9 8 great book1 ,levia?an1 to /ir !
 ,engli% m9d to e?ical reflection1      
ma9ta9s t altruism is /rictly           
impossible4 ,ea* ( u seeks              
self-pres]vation & acts ?r\gh a passion 
= p[]4 ,?is necess>ily br+s u into      
conflict ) our neighbors & makes (      
society a /rife ( ea* ) all4 ,su*       
univ]sal w> is soon se5 to br+ damage to
 e "o & social compacts arise1          
compromises1 "u :i* ,i conc$e to o!rs ! 
"r ( act+ 9 c]ta9 ways on condition ( _!
 all[+ my action 9 c]ta9 o!rs4 ,:ile ?is
 involves l>ge sacrifice ( "o's own     
desires = ! sake ( o!r p1 x is endur$   
because x pays1 pays egoi/ically4 ,we   
ga9 by x ! l>ge/ scope = action our     
cr[d$ _w p]mits4 ,b !re is no?+         
dis9t]e/$ ab\t x4 ,g5u9e altruism is    
n[h]e op]ative4 ,a man _c escape f      
himself & feel ano!r's pleasure z 8 own4
 ,z well might ,i pr(ess to feel y\r    
too?a*e m ke5ly ?an my own z to decl>e  
myself m int]e/$ 9 y\r welf>e ?an 9 t ( 

myself4 ,fundam5tally1 ea* ( u mu/ be   
egoi/ic2 b we c be successfully s only  
by tak+ o!rs into ! acc\nt4  ,?is       
attempt ( ,hobbes to resolve altruism   
into a l>g] =m ( egoism naturally %ock$ 
,engl&1 & a c5tury 0 sp5t by ! ,engli%  
morali/s 9 try+ to prove t ! b5evol5t   
feel+s are equally orig9al ) !          
self-seek+4 ,cumb]l&1 ,%aftesbury1      
,hut*eson1 ,butl]1 eag]ly demon/rat$    
b5evol5ce to be a con/ant & indep5d5t   
factor ( human life2 b :5 !y attempt$ to
 %[ ! relation 9 :i* ?is /&s to its     
seem+ opposite1 !y became vague4        
,app>5tly !re are two rival =ces )9 u4  
,n[ "o acts1 n[ ! o!r4  ,a few ( !      
attempts t h be5 made to effect a       
junction ( ! two1 & to %[ h[ we cross f 
our egoi/ic to altrui/ic desires1 des]ve
 notice4 ,h>tley 7#agje-ageg7 propos$ an
 +5i\s "o4 ,! two passions become fus$  
?r\gh association4 ,we are all famili> )
 ! man :o beg9s to accumulate money 9   
ord] to supply 8 daily wants & !n by    
degrees )draws 8 att5tion f ^? wants &  

fixes x ^u money itself4 ,:at 0         
orig9ally a means becomes an end4 ,9 j  
?is way ,h>tley ?\ght our egoi/ic       
desires become trans=m$4 ,to rea*       
satisfaction !y usually require         
assi/ance f o!r p4 ,consci\s at fir/ (  
our dep5d5ce on o!rs = aid1 we become by
 degrees int]e/$ 9 o!rs = _! own sake1 &
 f9ally seek to aid !m r ?an h !m aid u4
 ,our self-reg>d+ p[]s & our            
extra-reg>d+ p[]s are ?us by association
 blurr$ into "o4 ,an important s*ool (  
e?ical writ]s1 among :om ! two ,mills   
are ! mo/ notable1 h held ?is view4  ,an
 int]e/+ v>iation 0 adopt$ by ,j]emy    
,b5?am 7#agdh-ahcb74 ,x might be call$ !
 quantitative view4 ,! "o ?+ desir$ by u
 all is happ9ess4 ,we seek to produce z 
mu* ( x z possible1 pay+ little att5tion
 to ! "o on :om x falls4 ,( c\rse our   
prim>y desire looks t[>d ourselves4 ,b 9
 seek+ to increase t bulk ( happ9ess f  
:i* we draw1 egoism l>gely disappe>s 9 !
 se>* aft] ! greate/ happ9ess ( !       
greate/ numb]4 ,?is =mula mu/ always be 

conv5i5t & valuable 9 a democratic /ate4
  ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( ^! me?ods (      
extract+ altrui/ic gold f a bas] metal  
is t ( ,bi%op ,paley 7#agdc-ahje74      
,accord+ to him we h none ( u an int]e/ 
9 our fell[s' happ9ess & %\ld nev] (    
ourselves seek x4 ,b we read 9 our      
,bibles ! comm& to love our neighbor &  
are told t we %all fall into et]nal     
mis]y if we d n4 ,) 8 cu/om>y audaci\s  
cle>ness ,paley /ates ! matt] ?us3 8,!  
greate/ virtue is do+ good to mank9d1 9 
ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god1 & = ! sake (     
ev]la/+ happ9ess40 ,t is1 ! "o ?+ (     
importance is altrui/ic endeavor4 ,b ?is
 is s ali5 to our disposition t x c be  
br\ght ab\t only ?r\gh div9e            
int]position1 mak+ x a condition ( our  
own p]man5t enjoym5t4  ,a subtl]        
doctr9e1 & "o mu* clos] to ! facts (    
human nature1 is t ( ,adam ,smi?        
7#agbc-agij74 ,he has obs]v$ h[ l>ge a  
"p sympa?y plays 9 our ord9>y affairs4  
,if ,i am ne> a p]son :5 he is mov$ by  
any feel+1 t feel+ t5ds to jump across &

 to become m9e also4 ,su* id5tification 
( myself & him gives pleasure to u bo?4 
,we all h exp]i5c$ h[ sympa?y height5s  
enjoym5t & dim9i%es di/ress4 ,9 sympa?y 
two sets ( feel+s become s ne>ly        
id5tifi$ t ! result c be call$ nei!r    
egoi/ic nor altrui/ic4  ,n[ ,i d n      
propose 9 ^! lectures to combat or def5d
 any ( ^! !ories4 ,no "o ( !m seems to  
me to be )\t weight1 all des]ve         
consid]ation1 & some?+ l ! op]ation (   
ea* ,i trace 9 p ar\nd me4 ,! "o ) :i*  
,i am 9 l>ge/ agreem5t is ! la/1 :]e    
,adam ,smi? w\ld id5tify ! two moral    
aims4 ,b all ! !ories are vitiat$ by a  
false />t1 :i* 9 ^! lectures ,i wi% to  
avoid4  ,ea* ( !m looks ^u man 9 8      
orig9al e/ate z a self-c5tr$ be+1 a     
di/9ct ego4 ,by degrees ?is s+le p]son  
discov]s o!r p]sons ab\t him & le>ns t  
he mu/ h relations ) !m4 ,! relations   
may be altrui/ic or egoi/ic1 b !y are   
subsequ5t & supplem5tal4 ,9 himself he  
is sep>ate & deta*$4 ,n[1 ,i hold t ?is 
conception is altoge!r errone\s4 ,!re is

 no su* solit>y p]son4 ,"o p]son is no  
p]son4 ,! smalle/ kn[n unit ( p]sonality
 is ?ree1 fa!r1 "m1 *ild4 ,none ( u came
 into ! _w 9 sep>at5ess1 nor h sep>ately
 rema9$ "h4 ,relations h encompass$ u f 
bir?4 ,?r\gh !m we are :at we are1      
social be+s1 memb]s ( a :ole4 ,:ile x is
 true t ! ties ( p>5tage loos5 z ! *ild 
matures1 ^! drop away only because o!rs1
 n[ m =mative1 take him 9 *>ge4 ,be=e we
 h a sep>ate consci\sness we "k         
ourselves z memb]s ( a family1 ( a /ate1
 ( ! community ( human k9d4 ,we nev] /& 
alone4  ,n t x is an error to say 8,i40 
,?is1 prop]ly1 is our commone/ ^w &     
commone/ ?\ght4 ,only ) ref]5ce to x    
does any?+ else h value4 ,h[ev]         
int]lock$ ! total frame ( ?+s may be1 at
 c]ta9 c5tres :]e relations conv]ge !re 
are unique spots ( consci\sness capable 
( e/imat+ reality & ( s5d+ =? modify+   
influ5ces4 ,su* a c5tre ( consci\sness1 
unlike all else1 we rightly call a      
p]son1 a self or ego2 & because ( its   
importance we (t5 fix att5tion on x1    

)draw+ notice = ! mom5t f ! relations   
:i* encompass x4 ,su* an ab/raction1 if 
cle>ly und]/ood1 is entirely legitimate4
 ,i %all frequ5tly make use ( x "u !    
title ( ! sep>ate or ab/ract self4 ,b x 
%\ld be borne 9 m9d t x is an ab/raction
 & t ! real p]son is :at ,i %all call ! 
conjunct or social self1 made up ( t    
c5tre ( consci\sness & ! relations 9 :i*
 x /&s4 ,:ile ^! two are usefully       
di/+ui%able1 !y are n sep>able4 ,:5 ,i  
try to deta* myself f my surr\nd+s ,i "k
 ,i am attempt+ an impossibility4 ,h[   
mu* w\ld !re be left ( me 7 !re no "o b 
?is c5tral ego1 none ) :om ,i might     
communicate1 no language prep>$ =       
communication or ?\ght1 no common       
affections1 int]e/s1 or und]tak+s8      
,evid5tly we are f ! />t social be+s4   
,if ) ! e>ly morali/s we make ! opposite
 assumption1 our subsequ5t int]e/ 9 our 
fell[ m5 w nev] q cle> itself (         
artificiality & mi/ake4  ,yet :ile !    
sep>ate self & ! conjunct self lodge 9 !
 same be+1 ! degree & k9d ( att5tion    

accord$ to ! latt] m>ks ! /age ( moral  
maturity at :i* man or nation has       
arriv$4 ,9 c]ta9 undevelop$ =ms ( social
 life ! conjunctive elem5ts are b       
slightly emphasiz$1 :ile ! sep>ate self 
bulks l>ge4 ,) ! advance ( morality !   
opposite pr9ciple obta9s4 ,wid] & m     
subtle relation%ips are se5 to make our 
lives our own4 ,_m z are ^! social      
v>ieties1 ,i h ?\ght !y might           
advantage\sly be exam9$ "u ?ree head+s1 
to :i* ,i give ! r un9telligible names (
 ,mann]s1 ,gifts1 & ,mutuality4 ,:ile   
recogniz+ t e phase ( human life is     
altrui/ic 9 "s degree1 ,i hold t !re are
 high] grades :i* give to ! pr9ciple a  
prom95ce & scope :i* ! l[] lack4 ,my    
g5]al subject1 !n1 might be entitl$ ,!  
,=ms & ,/ages ( ! ,conjunct ,self4 ,i   
beg9 :]e ! conjunctive pr9ciple appe>s 9
 its n>r[e/ range & advance into !      
broad] altruism only z ,i am logically  
compell$ to d s4 ,endeavor+ to see h[   
small a section ( human conduct ne$ be  
affect$ by altruism1 ,i am ultimately   

=c$ to make x z ext5sive z life itself4 
,ma9ta9+1 h[ev]1 z ,i d1 t ! two        
contra/$ elem5ts always are & %\ld be   
mutually s]viceable1 ,i naturally h no?+
 to say 9 condemnation ( self-seek+4 ,on
 ! contr>y1 ,i hold x to be praisewor?y4
 ,rightly does ,ari/otle ass]t t ! good 
man is always a lov] ( himself4 ,b ( :i*
 self is ,ari/otle ?9k+1 ! conjunct or !
 sep>ate8 ,mu* ( ! my/]y surr\nd+ !     
notion ( altruism is due to confusion on
 ?is po9t4 ,= example1 :5 a man is *>g$ 
) selfi%ness x is usually because he is 
?\ght to h obta9$ "s advantage4 ,b :y   
%\ld he n8 ,he is blamable only :5 he   
deta*es ! ?\ght ( 8 own advantage f     
advantage to o!rs4 ,my good mu/ n be _h 
at ano!r's exp5se4 ,:5 a plate ( apples 
is pass$ & ,i pick out ! be/ "o1 ! wrong
 is n 9 my obta9+ a good apple b 9 my   
depriv+ somebody else ( "o4 ,t is       
selfi%ness4 ,:5ev] my ga9 is n          
inconsi/5t ) 8 or1 z is usually ! case1 
actually contributes to x1 ! l>g] ! ga9 
made by me ! bett]4     ,,*apt] ,,ii    

,,mann]s   ,:]e1 !n1 does altruism appe>
 9 its simple/ =m8 ,:5ev] "o ( u comes  
into ! pres5ce ( ano!r !re occurs a     
subtle *ange ( p]sonal attitude to :i*  
,i give ! "n ( ,mann]s4 ,we d n act or  
speak precisely z if alone4 ,9 all our  
be>+ !re is a m>k$ adju/m5t ( "o        
p]sonality to ano!r4 ,i take on ! color 
( him be=e :om ,i /&4 ,i feel 8         
psy*ological conditions & squ>e myself  
accord+ly4 ,t is1 ,i at once p]ceive t  
he & ,i are n q indep5d5t4 ,an          
ackn[l$gm5t ( a c]ta9 community betwe5 u
 mu/ be e/abli%$ be=e ei!r ( u c be at  
ease4 ,su* ackn[l$gm5t may h a wide or  
n>r[ scope1 b x w always imply reg>d =  
ano!r = 8 own sake & n m]ely reg>d = my 
sake4  ,"o w\ld expect t ! words :i* "n 
a relation s normal & dignifi$ w\ld be  
words sugge/ive ( honor4 ,/rangely      
en\gh1 !y are all depreciatory4 ,i h    
s\ght = a ^w to describe ! consid]ation 
( man by man :i* w\ld be colorless1 t   
nei!r prais$ nor blam$1 b simply fix$   
att5tion on ! fact4 ,no su* ^w d ,i f9d4

 ,a blot ( disp>agem5t is on !m all4 ,i 
*oose ,mann]s z on ! :ole ! lea/        
objectionable4  ,pass !m briefly 9      
review4 ,:5 ,i say a man is k9d 9       
,mann]s1 d ,i n sugge/ t !re may be a   
contra/ betwe5 8 outw>d be>+ & 8 inn]   
he>t8 ,or %all we call ! relation "o (  
,propriety1 z ,adam ,smi? does 9 8      
ma/]ly discussion ( ?is moral situation8
 ,propriety always /irs av]sion1 because
 x implies t we h _h little %>e 9       
e/abli%+ ! /&>d employ$4 ,x has be5 set 
up outside u & /ill we are subject$ to  
x4 ,h[ exasp]at$ a *ild is :5 told to   
behave prop]ly6 ,:y %\ld he c>e =       
,propriety8 ,or %all we say ,civility8  
,x is a scrimp+1 meagre ^w1 ann\nc+ t   
only s mu* consid]ation is %[n z dec5cy 
requires4 ,:5 we he> a man say1 8,john 0
 civil to me10 our ?\ght cont9ues3 8,0 t
 all8 ,did he g no fur!r ?an t80 ,h[    
w\ld ,polit5ess d8 ,m ?an ,mann]s x h9ts
 at ins9c]ity & conduct t hopes to ga9  
some?+ = itself4 ,bew>e ( a polite man4 
,he is likely to use y = 8 own ends4    

,might we !n talk ( ,good ,bre$+8 ,:5   
any "o calls me well-br$ he praises my  
p>5ts1 n me4 ,! excell5ce on :i* ,i     
pride myself has app>5tly come f _!     
tra9+4 ,:at %all we say ( ,c\rtesy8 ,t x
 is a t]m ( dignity1 b sugge/s /oop+4 ,!
 "o ) :om ,i deal is acc\nt$ my inf]ior4
 ,or ,g5tlemanl9ess8 ,to call a "y fell[
 a g5tleman makes 8 he>t ?rob4 ,yet ! ^w
 does n escape a c]ta9 limitation4 ,x   
uses ! /&>d ( a p>ticul> set1 8our      
cr[d40 ,if my conduct does n accord ) _!
 usages1 ,i am n a g5tleman4 ,! ^w lacks
 univ]sality4  ,by su* que/ionable t]ms 
our language names ! beautiful relation 
,i am n[ to set =?4 ,s9ce ,mann]s is on 
! :ole ! lea/ /a9$ ^w among !m1 ! "o mo/
 ne>ly neutral1 ,i adopt x1 b ,i %all   
read into x mu* m mean+ ?an p g5]ally   
int5d4 ,to cov] its full mean+ ,i am    
oblig$ to frame a /atem5t s burd5$ )    
details t x w h>dly be recogniz$ z any?+
 commonly call$ ,mann]s4 ,b x %all be   
expla9$ clause by clause1 & ,i ask my   
read] to wat* :e!r ,i h introduc$ any?+ 

into x :i* might be omitt$ or omitt$    
any?+ :i* %\ld h be5 introduc$4 ,!      
def9ition runs ?us3 ,by ,mann]s ,i mean 
su* a volunt>y con=mity to a code (     
conduct z1 )9 a fix$ field ( int]c\rse1 
insures to ea* p]son ! lea/ (f5se & a   
due opportunity ( self-expression4 ,f\r 
elem5ts are "h nam$ z belong+ to        
,mann]s4 ,i w take !m up sep>ately & 9  
ord]4  ,9 ! fir/ place ,mann]s assume a 
settl$ code1 a social arrangem5t g5]ally
 agre$ to4 ,!y are ess5tially sy/ematic1
 n impulsive & incid5tal4 ,an           
exclamation ( joy utt]$ :5 ,i am happy  
may or may n be consi/5t ) good mann]s4 
,t dep5ds on h[ fully x has be5         
rationaliz$4 ,i am expect$ to act to-day
 z ,i %\ld wi% to act to-morr[4         
,expression mu/ keep 9 view ! :ole      
p]sonality4 ,moreov]1 ,i mu/ "k h[ o!r p
 act & br+ my action into measurable    
con=mity ) !irs4 ,if ,i am frequ5tly do+
 :at nobody else does1 ,i am sure to be 
?\ght rude4 ,i am expect$ to und]/& :at 
! social code dem&s4 ,p]haps ! ^w 8code0

 is too =mal4 ,x pictures a committee   
draw+ up a plan ( behavior4 ,( c\rse no 
su* committee exi/s4 ,yet an agreem5t   
!re has be51 a tacit und]/&+1 ( h[ we   
are to behave to "o ano!r4 ,any "o      
ignorant ( ?is und]/&+1 or neglectful ( 
x1 is reckon$ boori% & unfit = mann]ly  
int]c\rse4 ,t usage & n my own lik+ %\ld
 direct my be>+ t[>d o!rs4 ,to d some?+ 
j because ,i l to %[s me unciviliz$4 ,my
 commone/ actions %\ld be socializ$4 ,!y
 are expect$ to express some?+ m ?an my 
sep>ate self1 namely1 my conjunct self1 
%[+ accordance ) myself at o!r times &  
also accordance ) ! p]sons ar\nd me4    
,is x well or usual to h ^! und]/&+s    
writt5 d[n8 ,are manuals ( mann]s       
useful1 tea*+ u j h[ to behave 9 ?is & t
 situation8 ,su* books exi/1 b ,i       
believe few w\ld will+ly be caught read+
 "o4 ,=mal codes are n :at we want4 ,!y 
are n f9e en\gh4 ,!y /udy moral         
situations too me*anically1 ) too little
 reg>d = p]sonality4 ,f !m "o might pick
 up a few useful w>n+s ab\t c]ta9 bad   

habits n previ\sly notic$2 b a man :o   
foll[$ su* a manual exactly w\ld n[h]e  
be a welcome gue/4  ,con=mity to a /&>d1
 h[ev]1 is f> f ! :ole ( mann]s4 ,7 x s1
 ! place to f9d good mann]s w\ld be !   
,/ate ,prison4 ,a cle> code is e/abli%$ 
!re4 ,ea* man is told precisely :at he  
is to d ?r\gh\t ! entire day4 ,= t      
reason we are h>dly ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ (  
convict mann]s at all4 ,a prison p]mits 
no expression ( ! individual life1 & a  
second condition ( good mann]s 0        
8volunt>y con=mity to a social code40   
,:ile e *ild %\ld be tra9$ to "k h[ ^?  
:o are wise/ & k9de/ are accu/om$ to    
meet ! little circum/ances ( daily      
int]c\rse1 /ill t *ild's actions are    
wor?less if !y d n be> 8 own /amp4 ,is n
 ?is :at we mean by a vulg> man8 ,8     
mann]s are n an expression ( himself1 b 
( somebody else4 ,o!r m5 h oblit]at$    
him4 ,an evid5t copy is all t rema9s4   
,f9e mann]s play ar\nd ! correct modes1 
dep>t+ f !m "h & !re 9 little niceties4 
,s f> is ! code f fett]+ individuality t

 x becomes ! *annel = its easie/ outgo4 
,a graceful g5tleman is enviable 9 8    
fre$om4 ,he is at home any:]e4 ,e       
situation has be5 ?\ght out by society  
be=eh&4 ,) its conclusions he has be5   
long acqua9t$ & 9 8 own way swiftly     
adapts !m to ! delicate occasion at h&4 
,!re is no surprise1 no awkw>dness1 no  
loss ( dignity4 ,! sep>ate self is n    
altoge!r suppress$1 b is pres5t ev]y:]e 
9 ! s]vice ( ! conjunct4  ,!re appe>s 9 
! def9ition1 h[ev]1 a phrase :i* clogs  
x3 8,)9 a fix$ field ( int]c\rse40 ,:y  
is ?is necess>y & :at does x mean8      
,mann]s ne$ to be adju/$ to diff]5t     
occasions4 ,^? t are suitable to ! %op d
 n fit ! ev5+ p>ty4 ,:5 we meet = !     
ex*ange ( commodities or meet to ex*ange
 good wi%es & g5]al good *e]1 we approa*
 "o ano!r f diff]5t angles1 & our mann]s
 %\ld reflect !m appropriately4 ,:5 aga9
 we meet = discussion1 ! social         
situation is s peculi> t no?+ less ?an a
 writt5 code1 a ,cu%+'s ,manual1 w      
insure fre$om = all4 ,left to !mselves1 

ea* p]son w\ld speak z (t5 z feel+      
prompt$4 ,b su* rude mann]s are n all[$4
 ,no "o mu/ speak )\t appeal+ to !      
*airman & receiv+ 8 p]mission by ^w or  
nod4 ,if a p]son oppos+ me 9 debate     
makes /atem5ts :i* /rike me z absurd &  
int5d$ to mislead1 ,i am n at lib]ty to 
*>act]ize !m s4 ,debate c\ld n proce$ on
 su* t]ms4 ,e "o mu/ be respectful &    
con=m to a p>liam5t>y /&>d4 ,su* a /&>d 
w\ld be out ( place 9 ! home4 ,b mu* ( !
 beauty ( human int]c\rse arises f      
notic+ ^! diff]5ces 9 ! field &1 ) full 
k ( :at is cu/om>y1 adapt+ our mann]s   
fre%ly to :at ! occasions require4  ,b  
read]s w already be ask+1 8,:y all ?is  
pomp & circum/ance8 ,:at object c make u
 will+ to accept su* con/ra9t in/ead (  
approa*+ "o ano!r z we happ5 to feel40  
,t object 0 ! f\r? po9t 9 my def9ition3 
,mann]s are accept$ 89 ord] to insure to
 ea* p]son ! lea/ (f5se & a due         
opportunity = self-expression40         
,expression is de> to all4 ,at lea/ to  
me x is always a pleasure to give ano!r 

a piece ( my m9d4 ,?is may n be a       
pleasure to t o!r4 ,if1 !n1 we are to be
 social be+s1 !re mu/ be "s security t  
:5 ,i am enjoy+ spee* ,i cause no       
di/urbance to o!rs4 ,accord+ly1 ! *ief  
object ( mann]s is a negative "o1 to    
avoid (f5se1 to put e "o at ease4       
,suppose ! contr>y2 suppose ,a4 ,b4 asks
 me to meet a gr\p ( 8 fri5ds2 suppose  
,i h a fancy = color$ wai/coats & dress 
( fanta/ic design2 suppose me n incl9$  
to subord9ate my ta/e to t ( o!rs1 b    
simply to dress z ,i please4 ,%\ld ,i n 
come z an intrud] & di/urb]1 prev5t+ my 
fell[ gue/s f ?9k+ ( any?+ b me8 ,i %\ld
 n be invit$ aga9 to t h\se4 ,to avoid  
su* sc5es we will+ly accept a common    
co/ume1 :i* nobody 0 ev] kn[n to admire4
 ,we g out 9 ! ev5+ g>b$ 9 black4 ,we "k
 !n :at to expect1 secur+ ourselves     
aga9/ %ock & curb+ ! self-ass]t]4 ,t    
turbul5t ego is ! *ief ob/acle to       
society4 ,bett] give up mu* t is ( value
 if we c ?us be br\ght to conduct :i*   
%[s consid]ation = all ar\nd4  ,! o!r "p

 ( ! aim ( mann]s1 self-expression1 is  
subord9ate ?\gh desirable4 ,liv+ alone1 
we are small2 9 contact ) our fell[ m51 
we enl>ge ourselves4 ,tr\ble is wor?    
tak+ = su* a purpose4 ,b !re are dang]s4
 ,society is possible only :]e mutual   
consid]ation is %[n4 ,to be a social    
p]son "o mu/ be altrui/ically m9d$1     
cont9ually /udy+ ano!r's com=t4 ,i am   
talk+ ) two or ?ree old fri5ds ab\t "s  
exp]i5ces ( our y\?1 :5 ,john ,smi? jo9s
 u4 ,we g on talk+1 & soon all ! company
 except ,john ,smi? bur/s into laught]4 
,he naturally feels %ut out & we p]ceive
 t we h be5 rude4 ,mann]s are devis$ to 
/op su* pa9ful feel+s4 ,we leave outside
 social walls :atev] _c be %>$ by all   
alike4  ,i h be5 exp\nd+ "h some?+ s    
famili> t x is seldom m5tion$ or ev5    
?\ght (1 b is usually tak5 z a matt] (  
c\rse4 ,yet surely x is important to    
p]ceive h[ wide is ! ext5t ( altruism4  
,x is no?+ occasional1 call+ =          
exceptional h]oism4 ,x is commonplace1  
spread all ar\nd u1 att5d+ ! mo/        

elem5t>y processes ( exi/5ce4 ,we nev]  
approa* "o ano!r z sep>ate be+s1 b are  
call$ on :]ev] we meet to put ea* o!r at
 ease1 :atev] may be ! co/ to ourselves4
 ,well does ,b5?am write3 8,good bre$+  
is t deportm5t on occasions ( inf]ior1  
&1 :5 sep>ately tak51 ( trivial         
importance by :i* ^? acts are ab/a9$ f  
:i* give annoyance to o!rs4 ,x is to ?is
 negative or ab/95tial bran* ( b5evol5ce
 t mo/ ( ! laws ( good bre$+ are to be  
ref]r$40 ,*ri/ 9 (f]+ ! ,gold5 ,rule    
seems n to be urg+ unusual conduct1 b r 
to sugge/ t we c>ry out consi/5tly & z a
 plan ( life a pr9ciple inwr\ght into ! 
v /ructure ( our be+4 ,we are made      
conjunctive4 ,any attempt to exhibit !  
v>ieties ( altruism mu/ take ?is        
beautiful fact z its />t+-po9t4  ,no "o 
has set =? m cle>ly ! scope & delicacy (
 mann]s ?an ,adam ,smi? 9 ^? *apt]s ( 8 
,moral ,s5tim5ts :i* treat ( ,propriety4
 ,he asks :at feel+s may prop]ly be     
express$ 9 company & :at o!rs1 equally  
natural1 ! well-mann]$ man suppresses4  

,! g5]al pr9ciple is t ^? :i* h _! root 
9 specific circum/ances ( ! individual1 
z1 = example1 ! physical exp]i5ces1 %\ld
 be kept 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,a g5tleman does
 n talk ( 8 too?a*e or rec5t cold1 nor  
does he %[ 8 /rong appetite at table4   
,:ile recogniz+ t all may prop]ly be    
int]e/$ 9 8 int5d$ m>riage1 he dwells on
 ! int5sity ( 8 affection only to ! lady
 h]self4 ,^! are matt]s relat+ to !     
sep>ate self1 :ile mann]s give          
expression only to :at all c %>e4 ,our  
ard5t p]sonal passions1 ev5 :5 entirely 
ju/ifi$1 (t5 ne$ to be flatt5$ d[n be=e 
!y c be fit to express4 ,manife/ations (
 ! social passions1 k9dness & pity1 are 
seldom improp]4 ,^! give a d\ble        
opportunity = sympa?y4 ,we %>e ! feel+s 
bo? ( ! suff]] & ! humane speak]4 ,b !  
emotions t t]m9ate 9 ourselves1 l joy & 
grief1 require c>e4 ,on ! :ole1 ,smi?   
?9ks we may c\nt on sympa?y ) our small 
joys & l>ge griefs4 ,happ9ess is some?+ 
delightful to %>e1 at lea/ until x      
becomes s great z to awak5 envy4 ,& ?\gh

 x is disagreeable to he> ( petty       
annoyances1 :i* a g5tleman passes       
lightly by1 s]i\s mis=tune is s mu* a "p
 ( ! common lot t all w sympa?ize 9 he>+
 ( x & be pleas$ t !y h 9 ?is in/ance   
escap$4 ,! dea? ( a relative may n      
improp]ly put its m>k on our v clo?+1 b 
x is indec5t to speak ( our vexations f 
s]vants & *ildr54  ,"h1 !n1 we see human
 society repos+ on a widely di/ribut$ & 
sy/ematiz$ altruism4 ,mutual            
consid]ation is "h ! rule4 ,! apo/le    
/ates x admirably3 8,look n e man on 8  
own ?+s1 b e man also on ! ?+s ( o!rs40 
,! sep>ate self is all[$ no place2 !    
conjunct self is ! only p]son recogniz$4
 ,surely1 any "o :o und]takes to exam9e 
! v>ieties ( altruism mu/ beg9 ) ^!     
beautiful & little-notic$ moralities4   
,beg91 b n end "h4 ,= :ile ,i believe   
all t has ?us f> be5 said is true1 ,i   
see s mu* else to be true t ,i devote a 
section ( ?is *apt] to a criticism (    
mann]s4 ,:]e9 d mann]s fail to embody   
altruism completely8 ,9 ?ree respects3  

!y are trivial1 self-protective1 &      
enfeebl+4 ,! /udy ( ^! defici5cies w %[ 
u ! way to altruism ( a high] k9d4  ,!  
triviality ( mann]s requires no long    
demon/ration4 ,all mu/ h felt x &1      
probably en\gh1 h be5 surpris$ at my    
c\nt+ su* matt]s des]v+ ( a place 9 a   
s]i\s e?ical discussion4 ,x is z if ,i  
_h devot$ a section to bru%+ ! hair4 ,_m
 ?+s m or less connect$ ) ! com=t (     
daily life we d n talk or ?9k mu* ab\t1 
& su* are mann]s--nev] good until !y    
become in/9ctive4 ,!y express m]ely our 
sup]ficial relations ) our fell[s1 our  
outw>d behavior1 our acts & n our       
motives4 ,! man ( consid]ate mann]s may 
be inw>dly consid]ate1 too2 b he may be 
! v rev]se & h %ap$ 8 conduct ) a view  
to social success4 ,inde$1 x may truly  
be said t mann]s become m prom95t z !   
occasions ( human int]c\rse dim9i% 9    
importance4 ,organiz$ 8society10 9 :i*  
mann]s fl\ri%1 is treat$ z ( little     
consequ5ce by ! sob] body ( ! community4
 ,?is1 !n1 is ! fir/ defect ( mann]s :5 

reg>d$ z an embodim5t ( altruism3 !y are
 ( limit$ range & d n necess>ily involve
 ! :ole man4  ,b !y are op5 to a grav]  
objection4 ,!y are fundam5tally         
self-protective4 ,if my fir/ acc\nt ( !m
 7 ! :ole tru?1 society p w\ld be ! lea/
 selfi% ( mank9d4 ,t is n _! reputation1
 = mann]s are1 aft] all1 gr\nd$ 9 di/ru/
 ( our fell[ man4 ,i said t ! *ief aim (
 mann]s 0 to avoid (f5se2 t is1 we      
anticipate be+ (f5d$ :5 we meet1 & take 
precautions aga9/ x4 ,! ne$ ( su*       
precautions aga9/ ! turbul5t ego ,i h   
%[n already4 ,until ,i c be sure t p w n
 %ock me by ta/eless attire & heavy     
talk1 t !y w n unload on me :at conc]ns 
only !mselves1 t !y w n be t$i\s1       
didactic1 or intrusive1 9 %ort1 t !y w  
be tra9$ to play ! social game = g5]al  
enjoym5t r ?an individual ga91 ,i %all  
keep away f company4 ,mann]s express ^! 
d\bts4 ,!y pres]ve an int]val betwe5 me 
& ^? :o might press too ne>4 ,em]son    
says ( !m t !y are a contrivance ( !    
wise = keep+ fools at a di/ance4 ,no    

d\bt !y may also express affection &    
pleasure 9 humank9d4 ,i only ass]t t ?is
 is n necess>ily _! mean+4 ,!y may be   
m]e social safegu>ds1 re/ra9ts to :i*   
ea* ( u submits 9 ,hobbi/ic fa%ion 9    
ord] to protect ourselves4  ,b !re is "o
 fur!r po9t 9 our disp>agem5t ( mann]s4 
,he :o accepts ! code1 indorses1 &      
practises x1 f9ds himself 9 ! long run  
enfeebl$4 ,accord+ly1 a heal?y nature is
 always a little re/ive "u mann]s4 ,!   
*ild rebels aga9/ be+ taught h[ to      
behave4 ,he wants to behave z nature    
prompts4 ,:5 full ( glee he w\ld laugh  
al\d1 b is told t l\d laught] 9 company 
is n prop]4 ,is !re n dang] t ! cont9ual
 *eck :i* mann]s put on exub]ant nature 
may1 9 ! process ( rubb+ (f social      
excresc5ces1 rub (f mu* ( nature too8   
,h[ l>ge w be ! 8due opportunity =      
self-expression0 9 a society ^: prime   
aim is 8! avoidance ( (f5se08 ,x mu/ be 
rememb]$ t *eck+ expression *ecks ?\ght4
 ,we d n develop /rong int]e/s :5 mov+  
among ^? :o />e if we m5tion !m4 ,9     

company1 p may gr[ quick1 clev]1 neat 9 
rep>tee1 complim5t1 & p>adox1 b !y d n  
become reflective1 solid 9 judgm5t1     
di/9ctive 9 individual ta/e4 ,su* ?+s   
come m readily 9 isolation4 ,x is wise  
advice ,george ,h]b]t gives3      8,by  
all means use sometimes to be alone4    
,salute ?yself4 ,see :at ?y s\l do? we>4
     ,d>e to look 9 ?y *e/1 = 'tis ?9e  
own1     ,& tumble up & d[n :at ?\ f9d'/
 !re4       ,:o _c re/ till he good     
fell[s f9d       ,he %uts up h\se1 turns
 out ( doors 8 m9d40  ,! fact is t 9    
bidd+ u all ! "t to be reg>dful ( o!rs1 
mann]s make too %>p a division betwe5 ! 
conjunct & ! sep>ate self2 & x is       
disa/r\s to ea* to be set up to !       
exclusion ( ! o!r4 ,9 deta*m5t !        
conjunct self gr[s empty1 ! sep>ate self
 surly & bruti%4 ,!y belong toge!r4 ,:5 
ei!r has be5 unduly emphasiz$1 x is     
:olesome to give ! o!r a *ance4         
,society1 ! special field = !           
cultivation ( mann]s1 w\ld soon be /]ile
 soil 7 x n ab&on$ dur+ l5t5 int]vals & 

summ]s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,aft] meet+ a        
multitude ( p & be+ oblig$ to adju/     
ourselves to only su* matt]s z all c    
und]/&1 :at a relief x is to be 9 ! op5 
fields1 social conv5tions dropp$1       
responsibilities =gott51 & no reg>d =   
o!rs m>k+ our words1 acts1 or dress6  ,&
 n[ we see :y all ! words :i* "n ! +5i\s
 sy/em ( man's be/ approa* to man conta9
 a t+e ( evil4 ,e "o is a disp>ag+ t]m1 
?\gh meant = praise4 ,polit5ess1        
c\rtesy1 good bre$+1 propriety1 dec5cy1 
civility--mann]s is ! be/ ( ! long li/1 
= x /ates ) less ( praise or blame !    
mutual consid]ation expect$ :5ev] p]son 
meets p]son4 ,b x is n altoge!r clean4  
,x l+]s on ! outside & s sugge/s        
triviality1 suspicion ( our neighbor1 & 
! enfeebl+ ( orig9ality4 ,t ^! bas]     
qualities are n inh]5t 9 mann]s is true 
en\gh4 ,a well-mann]$ man may h a       
fri5dly s\l4 ,b he may h "o ( an        
opposite sort4 ,mann]s1 !re=e1 ?\gh     
altrui/ic 9 =m1 are n necess>ily        
altrui/ic 9 matt]4 ,!y c1 accord+ly1 be 

reg>d$ z only ! beg9n+ ( our inquiry4   
,no human society1 x is n[ evid5t1 c be 
=m$ )\t recogniz+ ! altrui/ic pr9ciple2 
b 9 mann]s t pr9ciple may be employ$ z  
naturally = an egoi/ic z = an altrui/ic 
purpose4 ,:at we are 9 se>* ( is a      
situation 9 :i* a man s9c]ely pref]s    
ano!r's good to 8 own4     ,,*apt] ,,iii
  ,,gifts   ,su* a high] /age ( altruism
 is t :i* ,i h call$ ,gifts4 ,:5 we     
give1 we set ourselves 9 a l[ place & "s
 "o else 9 a high1 s int5tionally putt+ 
altruism into ! matt] ( our action & n  
m]ely into its =m4 ,a def9ition ( giv+  
w\ld !re=e run z foll[s3 ! dim9ution by 
ourselves ( "s ( our possessions1       
pleasures1 or opportunities = gr[?1 s t 
ano!r p]son may possess m4  ,e gift1 to 
be a real gift1 mu/ co/ ! giv] some?+4  
,:5 ,i h j receiv$ an unexpect$ly l>ge  
paym5t & am feel+ p>ticul>ly well (f1 ,i
 might easily take pleasure 9 h&+ a     
half-doll> to a begg>4 ,b t is an       
amusem5t1 n a gift4 ,i h exp]i5c$ no    
loss4 ,= bo? money & begg> ,i c>$       

little1 b ! mom5t>y s5se ( munific5ce 0 
agreeable4 ,! act 0 "o ( pride r ?an    
g5]osity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i give a fri5d 
a book ,i love1 "o t has deeply influ5c$
 my life & ,i hope may influ5ce 84 ,he  
has no means ( obta9+ a copy else:]e4 ,i
 %all miss x1 no d\bt4 ,b rememb]+ h[   
long ,i h _h x1 & he n at all1 ,i       
resolve to impov]i% myself = 8 enri*m5t4
 ,! mom5t ,i h& x to him he becomes !   
ri* man & ,i ! poor4 ,all own]%ip on my 
"p ceases4 ,i h cut myself (f f some?+  
valuable 9 ord] to br+ ab\t a c]ta9     
sup]iority 9 him4 ,t is ! ess5ce ( a    
gift4 ,to make my fri5d l>ge ,i make    
myself small4  ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t 
su* damage to ! giv] is unnecess>y4     
,complet] giv+ w\ld be t :]e ! receiv]  
makes up to me my loss4 ,b w\ld n my act
 "u su* conditions cease to be a gift8  
,x w\ld become an ex*ange1 a trade1 a   
b>ga94 ,:e!r a wise trade or a fooli%1  
!re 0 calculation direct$ to keep+ me z 
well (f at ! close ( ! transaction z at 
! beg9n+4 ,on t acc\nt no "o w call x a 

gift4 ,or if1 aga91 ,i expect positively
 to pr(it by :at ,i (f]$ my fri5d1 f9d+ 
my book%elves cr[d$ & resolv$ to lead a 
simpl] life1 my act once m w lack !     
quality ( a gift4 ,wisely ,i rid myself 
( "s sup]flu\s possessions1 b ,i did s q
 z mu* = my own advantage z = t ( my    
fri5d4 ,x is true t (t5 9 :ole-he>t$    
giv+ we f9d ourselves 9 ! end ri*] ?an  
be=e4 ,b t 0 n contemplat$4 ,:at we     
s\ght 0 impov]i%m5t = ano!r's ga91 & x  
is t purpose :i* con/itutes a gift4  ,z 
reg>ds :at is giv51 a few words may be  
well4 ,all gifts are n ( ! same grade4  
,9 ?9k+ ( !m we g5]ally h 9 m9d p>t+ ) a
 piece ( prop]ty4 ,b ?is is ! sl5d]e/ ( 
gifts4 ,accord+ly 9 my def9ition1 side  
by side ) possessions1 ,i nam$ a sup]ior
 sort ( gift1 pleasures4 ,to deta* a    
pleasure f myself = ano!r's sake1 & to  
succe$ 9 ! difficult bus9ess ( transf]r+
 x f my enjoym5t to 81 is surely a l>g] 
gift ?an p>t+ ) a piece ( prop]ty4      
,inde$1 ev5 9 giv+ an article1 ,i felt !
 pleasure involv$ 9 x to be ! important 

matt]4 ,hav+ be5 pleas$ ) x myself ,i   
tru/$ x w\ld br+ my fri5d pleasure too4 
,! article 0 a m]e means1 a subord9ate  
"p ( ! affair4 ,c\ld ,i convey z mu*    
pleasure )\t x1 ! gift w\ld ga9 9       
delicacy4 ,suppose !n on a beautiful    
aft]noon1 :5 ,i h be5 b5d+ ov] my "w all
 ! morn+1 ,i am (f]$ a ride 9 ! c\ntry4 
,a fri5d is /&+ beside me1 & to him ,i  
turn4 8,y take ?is seat4 ,i d n c>e to  
g4 ,y ne$ x m ?an ,i40 ,& kn[+ full well
 ! refre%m5t t w be _h1 ,i p]suade him  
to take my place4 ,"h is a gift ( a     
high] ord] ?an a m]e piece ( prop]ty4   
,its sub/ance is tak5 m directly out (  
myself4  ,b !re are gifts high] /ill1 = 
we may give sections ( ourselves m      
important ?an pleasure4 ,i may all[     
myself to /agnate 9 ord] t my fri5d may 
gr[4 ,9 fill+ out 8 nature1 let him n   
m]ely use me2 let 8 use me up4 ,"h      
altruism rea*es its highe/ po9t 9       
self-sacrifice4 ,yet in/ances ( x are   
common4 ,9 almo/ e home 9 ! l& some?+ l 
?is is go+ on4 ,9 _m h\seholds p>5ts are

 say+3 8,t boy %all h ! opportunities   
:i* we always long$ = b c\ld n atta94   
,he %all g to college4 ,a little p9*+ on
 our "p w make x possible40 ,& s ! boy  
goes joy\sly =? into an invigorat+ _w1  
provid$ by ! n>r[+ life ( ^? at home4   
,su* gifts are incomp>able4 ,!y are     
gifts ( life-blood4  ,or d ,i di/ort ?is
 consummate altruism by call+ x         
sacrifice8 ,at lea/ ?is %\ld be add$1 t 
true sacrifice nev] kn[s itself to be   
sacrifice4 ,joy\sly ! p>5ts s5d _! boy  
=? & joy\sly accept _! own n>r[ r\t9e4  
,!y d s feel+ t he to :om !y are giv+ _!
 life is insep>able f !mselves4 ,!y h   
le>n$ to m]ge _! ab/ract isolat$ self 9 
him & to conceive !mselves z liv+ ! l>g]
 conjunct life ) him 9 8 new            
opportunities4 ,h[ exquisitely a/oni%$  
are ! m5 9 ! p>able :5 call$ on to      
receive rew>d = _! g5]\s gifts6 8,"l1 :5
 saw we !e an hung]$ & f$ !e1 or ?ir/y &
 gave !e dr9k8 ,:5 saw we !e sick or 9  
prison & came unto !e80 ,!y ?\ght !y _h 
only be5 foll[+ _! own desires4  ,"h1   

!n1 giv+ seems to sup]s$e itself1 ! giv]
 receiv+ q z mu* z he be/[s4 ,& "s su*  
p>adox is unavoidable s long z ! ?\ght (
 self rema9s prop]ly ambigu\s4 ,our e>ly
 ,engli% morali/s saw no ambiguity 9 x4 
,!y und]/ood by self ! ab/ract1 unrelat$
 individual4 ,!y 7 consequ5tly s puzzl$ 
by b5evol5ce z (t5 to d5y x altoge!r4 ,9
 our age ( social consci\sness ! puzzle 
has l>gely disappe>$4 ,we see giv+ to be
 z natural z gett+1 & h>dly to be       
di/+ui%$ f x4 ,b x w be well be=e       
advanc+ to criticise ! high] =ms (      
altruism to fix firmly 9 m9d "s classic 
/atem5t ( ! two conceptions & once = all
 to see h[ absurd ea* looks f ! po9t (  
view ( ! o!r4 ,:5 our ,"l hung ^u !     
cross ! je]+ soldi]s cri$3 8,he sav$    
o!rs2 himself he _c save60 ,no1 he c\ld 
n2 & 8 inability seem$ to !m ridicul\s1 
:ile x 0 9 reality 8 glory4 ,8 true self
 he 0 sav+1 himself & all mank9d1 ! only
 self he valu$4  ,giv+ has always       
impress$ mank9d z s+ul>ly noble4 ,inde$1
 9 ! judgm5t ( _m x outclasses all o!r  

excell5ce & is ! only human action to   
call =? rev]5ce4 ,s ne>ly does g5]osity 
become id5tifi$ ) goodness t if ,i %\ld 
ask a man :e!r ,john ,smi? 0 good to him
 ye/]day ,i %\ld be und]/ood to ask if  
he gave unselfi% att5tion to t man's    
affairs4 ,goodness 9 ?is s5se1 !        
disposition to give1 w 9 ! popul> m9d   
cov] a multitude ( s9s4 ,9 h[ _m /ories 
h pa/ ages tak5 pleasure :]e ! robb]    
h]o1 crafty1 m]ciless1 & g5]\s1 be/[s ^u
 ! poor plund] tak5 f ! ri*4 ,! man     
ready to give1 :atev] else 8 quality1   
seem$ to our ance/ors always to des]ve  
admiration4  ,we h become suspici\s4    
,!re is a disposition to-day to "q ?is  
:olesale praise ( giv+ & to sugge/ t x  
is n free f dang]4 ,in/ead ( promot+    
public welf>e1 g5]osity may sometimes   
impov]i% ! community4 ,x may lead p to  
dep5d on o!rs1 in/ead ( /&+ on _! own   
feet4 ,& :at a g5]al weak5+ foll[s6 ,!  
two classes into :i* society always t5ds
 to fall become m %>ply contra/$--! ri*1
 amus+ !mselves f "t to "t ) (fici\s    

*>ity1 & ! poor ?r\gh accept+ x /eadily 
gr[+ m helpless & cr++4 ,our fa!rs1 less
 /udi\s ( society ?an we1 did n p]ceive 
^! dang]s1 b only ! evils ( selfi%ness4 
,!y accord+ly eulogiz$ giv+1 :atev] &   
:]ev] x 04 ,if a man asks = y\r out]    
g>m5t1 give him y\r inn] "o also4 ,give 
)\t calculat+ results4  ,aga9/ all ?is a
 reaction has set 94 ,x is n[ insi/$ t  
giv+ %\ld no m be fre$ f rational       
control ?an any o!r impulse4 ,x is too  
important a matt] to be left to caprice 
& pursu$ m]ely to give ! giv] ease4 ,x  
%\ld be sci5tifically treat$4 ,!        
circum/ances %\ld be /udi$ "u :i* gifts 
may be p]mitt$ & "u :i* )held4 ,we %\ld 
be cle> ab\t ! prop] gr\nds = giv+4     
,simply because somebody takes pleasure 
9 giv+ he mu/ n be all[$ t pleasure :]e 
x becomes detrim5tal to ! community at  
l>ge4  ,su* are ! que/ion+s ( our "t4 ,9
 /udy+ ?is high =m ( altruism ,i _c pass
 !m by4 ,i may fairly be ask$ to        
indicate :5 x w be safe to op5 ! h&     
freely & :5 we _h bett] keep x some:at  

clos$4 ,z ,i try to classify !          
conditions ( giv+1 ,i notice t two are  
gr\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ! receiv] & two 9 ! 
nature ( ! giv]2 & 9 t ord] ,i w take !m
 up4  ,obvi\sly1 ! fir/ condition to be 
consid]$ is ! receiv]'s assur$ ne$4 ,:5 
we see ne$ & h ! means to *eck x we     
naturally spr+ =w>d & give ) ref]5ce to 
t p>ticul> ne$4 ,if a man ne$s food1 ,i 
d n (f] him a !atre ticket2 ?\gh if ,i  
f\nd him worn ) bus9ess & ne$+          
recreation su* a gift w\ld be           
appropriate4 ,?is adaptation is !       
important matt] 9 all true giv+4 8,f9d  
out m5's wants & wills1 & meet !m !re10 
says an old poet4 ,to give any?+ t      
happ5s to come into my m9d is selfi% &  
%[s me unwill+ to take tr\ble = ano!r's 
sake2 t is1 ,i am %[n to lack ! v _s ( a
 giv]4 ,! same consid]ations fix !      
magnitude ( ! gift4 ,a small am\nt giv5 
= a l>ge ne$ is (t5 useless & exasp]at+2
 a l>ge am\nt = a small ne$1 wa/eful &  
corrupt+4 ,wise giv+ dem&s an ob$i5t m9d
 att5tive to ano!r's requirem5ts & n    

head-/rong 9 insi/5ce on "o's own way4  
,if !re is any wor? 9 giv+1 to keep t   
giv+ cle> ( wa/e & make x z effective z 
possible becomes an urg5t duty4  ,i h   
already di/+ui%$ ?ree v>ieties ( gift3  
articles ( my own possession1 pleasures 
:i* might be m9e div]t$ to ano!r1 & a   
means ( gr[? imp>t$ to ano!r at my own  
co/4 ,^! =m successively high] /ages (  
giv+1 ! greate/ gift ( all be+1 9 my    
judgm5t1 ! gift ( gr[?4 ,curi\sly en\gh1
 ,kant d5\nces ?is z immoral4 ,man1 he  
urges1 is a p]son1 ! only be+1 s f> z we
 "k1 :o is capable ( self-developm5t4   
,to attempt to take away ?is p[] &      
sub/itute ano!r's develop+ ag5cy is an  
intrusion4 ,a man's gr[? is ! bus9ess ( 
no "o b himself4 ,if ano!r p]son c      
scatt] a pleasure or two 9 8 pa?1 x is a
 wor?y altrui/ic act4 ,b = any "o b     
himself to und]take 8 con/ruction is    
presumptu\s &1 inde$1 impossible4 ,9    
build+ a h\se we use pla/ic mat]ial1 :i*
 has no w4 ,b a p]son is ess5tially     
active1 self-direct$1 & beyond ! rea* ( 

ag5cies o!r ?an 8 own4 ,:5 we tea*]s (f]
 to make our pupils wis]1 we promise :at
 we _c p]=m4 ,ourselves we c make wis]4 
,to our pupils we c only (f] mat]ial =  
_! use4 ,we may tell !m t by devot+     
!mselves to /udy !y w rea* capaci\s     
lives4 ,b su* lives we h no p[] to be/[4
 ,if our sugge/ions are reject$1 we are 
helpless4 ,su* is ,kant's extreme !ory4 
,b has he gone f> en\gh8 ,h ,i any m    
ability to imp>t a pleasure8 ,i c]ta9ly 
_c pick up a pleasure & put x into ano!r
 p]son1 reg>dless ( h[ x w be receiv$4  
,!re mu/ be co-op]ation4 ,! receiv] may 
turn x into ei!r pleasure or pa94       
,kant's objection applies ) ne>ly equal 
=ce aga9/ ! giv+ ( pleasures4 ,9 bo?    
cases we m]ely provide mat]ial1 subject 
to acceptance or rejection1 mat]ial :i* 
has prov$ useful 9 _m previ\s cases4 ,i 
give my fri5d a ticket to ! !atre1 bidd+
 him enjoy himself & get ! refre%m5t he 
ne$s4 ,b ,i _c be sure :at he w get4 ,he
 may be bor$ & wi% he _h /ay$ at home4  
,!re are great unc]ta9ties 9 gifts1 = _!

 receiv]s are inde$ p]sons1 ! lea/      
calculable ( all be+s4 ,a piece (       
prop]ty ,i c convey to a p]son ) "s     
c]ta9ty t he has receiv$ x4 ,b :e!r x w 
mean = him :at x meant = me ,i _c tell4 
,9 all ! be/ affairs ( life !re is risk4
  ,if ! risks 9 (f]+ opportunities (    
gr[? are some:at great] ?an 9 ! case (  
o!r =ms ( gift1 ! ne$ is great] too1 & !
 results1 if accompli%$1 m consid]able4 
,arrangem5ts = gifts ( ?is highe/ sort  
are (t5 prop]ly made on a va/ scale4 ,!y
 include *ur*es1 colleges1 s*ools1      
lecture-f\ndations1 museums4 ,^! are all
 public ag5cies = promot+ gr[?4 ,!      
private means are sur]1 family life4    
,yet "h h[ (t5 p>5ts w (f] gifts ( an   
inf]ior sort1 ?+s or pleasures1 c>eless 
:e!r !y meet ! ne$s ( gr[?4 ,! true/    
b5efactor is he :o is will+ to disappo9t
 or pa9 u if by s do+ he c op5 doors =  
ampl] p[]s4 ,our greate/ ne$ is =       
enl>gem5t4 ,:oev] contributes to t is   
our mo/ b5efic5t giv]4  ,b human ne$ is 
only "o ( ! two claims to gifts gr\nd$ 9

 ! nature ( ! receiv]4 ,we %\ld likewise
 pay att5tion to numb]s4 ,if ,i h a loaf
 ( bread to give away1 & all ab\t me    
hungry p]sons /&1 ,i d wrong 9 h&+ half 
( x to "o ( !m = a he>ty meal & putt+ (f
 ! o!rs1 equally ne$y1 ) a small slice4 
,at ! beg9n+ ,i %\ld h /udi$ numb]s &   
kept a fair di/ribution 9 m9d4 ,9 ^!    
days :5 e mail br+s u ?ree or f\r dem&s 
= subscriptions to excell5t causes1 :i* 
we w\ld gladly aid1 ! "q ( di/ribution  
becomes p]plex+4 ,we wi% to make our    
gifts g z f> z possible4 ,if we are h>dy
 & dutiful1 we plan accord+ to ne$ &    
numb]2 if weak & compliant1 we meet ea* 
solicit+ lett] ) a =mal subscription1 j 
en\gh to be c\nt$1 & feel ourselves     
dis*>g$ f a difficult problem4  ,9 my   
own exp]i5ce x has be5 helpful to       
readju/ slightly ! conception ( numb] & 
to consid] r ! scope ( a gift4 ,_m ye>s 
ago a weal?y man 9 ! ,we/1 :o _h work$ 8
 way ?r\gh ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 said to me
 t he knew !re 7 _m m5 at ,h>v>d (      
decid$ wor? b unable to get ! full      

b5efit ( ! place ?r\gh lack ( funds4 ,he
 ask$ if he might leave a sum ( money ) 
me = _! b5efit4 ,i 0 n to disclose 8 "n1
 0 to exp5d ! money z if x 7 my own1    
select+ ! recipi5ts quietly ?r\gh       
p]sonal acqua9tance & giv+ acc\nt to    
nobody4 ,i gladly ass5t$ & anticipat$   
easy & delightful "w 9 di/ribut+ b\nty  
:]e ne$ 0 abundant4 ,b ,i soon discov]$ 
t giv+ money away 0 ab\t z difficult z  
e>n+ x4 ,i 0 to make inve/m5ts1 )       
returns 9 human p[] & "*--call$ on !re=e
 to ex]cise no less pa9s & sagacity ?an 
if ! inve/m5t 7 = my own b5efit4 ,i     
believe n[ t mu* ( ! money ,i at fir/   
gave away _h be5 bett] ?r[n into ! sea4 
,x did little good to ! "o :o receiv$ x1
 & /ill less to ! public4 ,i 0 too      
t5d]-he>t$ & fix$ my m9d too exclusively
 on ! h>d%ips ( "s p>ticul> /ud5t4 ,pity
 is dang]\s /uff = a *>ity adm9i/rator4 
,gradually ,i le>n$ t my true object (  
consid]ation %\ld n be ! individual     
/ud5t b ! community4 ,?r\gh ! /ud5t ,i 0
 to give to ! public4 ,& w\ld t /ud5t be

 a good transmitt]8 ,t became my con/ant
 "q4 ,9 /udy+ h[ my gifts might get !   
wide/ scope1 ,i gradually =mulat$ !     
maxim to help only ! /rong & let !      
feeble s9k4 ,a m]ciless maxim x appe>s  
at fir/1 & always requir+ subtlety 9    
application4 ,b :at "r h ,i1 9 inve/+   
prop]ty = ! public good1 to ignore      
que/ions ( return8 ,a p[]ful lawy]1     
doctor1 bus9ess man1 poet1 m9i/]1 or    
public-spirit$ citiz5 br+s bless+ to a  
multitude1 & ,i am all[$ to %>e 9 ! %ap+
 ( t bless+4 ,%all ,i )draw funds f su* 
a cause & inve/ !m 9 /ock ( sl5d]       
security & l[ int]e/1 :]e !y c at be/   
only ease ! discom=t ( an individual8 ,t
 w\ld be to ov]look ! scope ( my gift4  
,i us$ to tell my boys t ! aid 0 n      
int5d$ = _! relief1 b = ! relief (      
society to :i* !y mu/ c>ry =? height5$  
p[]s4 ,& ?is1 ,i ?9k1 %\ld be ! me?od 9 
all *>itable outlay if we w\ld give to  
limit$ means ! broade/ range ( influ5ce4
  ,^!1 !n1 ne$ & numb]s or scope1 are ! 
conditions ( giv+ s f> z ! receiv] is   

conc]n$4 ,by /udy+ !m we le>n h[ to     
proportion our gifts4 ,two m rema91     
equally important1 gr\nd$ 9 ! nature ( !
 giv]4 ,!y are 8 ability & 8 k2 b ! =m]1
 l numb]1 w oblige u to exam9e x f a    
tw(old po9t ( view4  ,t we are to give  
only accord+ to our ability seems almo/ 
too obvi\s to /ate2 yet x is some?+ we  
mu/ nev] lose sight (4 ,9 mak+ ?is gift 
%all ,i h en\gh left = t8 ,t is our     
con/ant "q4 ,9 answ]+ x ,i see t ability
 is only ano!r "n = an already          
accumulat$ weal?4 ,if our ability to    
give is to be l>ge1 we mu/ 9 pa/ "t1    
be=e ! dem& arose1 h accumulat$ /ock1 9 
:i* accumulation we are likely to       
receive small approval f anybody4 ,sp5d+
 is %[y & int]e/+4 ,x has a lib]al air  
:i* all comm5d4 ,:ile engag$ 9 x we %all
 n lack ^? :o w *e] u on4 ,b sav+ is    
repulsive & suspici\s1 seldom call+ out 
praise2 yet x is an absolute ess5tial ( 
subsequ5t giv+4 ,! weal? accumulat$ may 
be ( _m k9ds--money1 le>n+1 s\nd        
judgm5t--b x mu/ be ga!r$ 9 ! d>k1 be=e 

! dem& = its use becomes cle>4 ,h[      
humiliat+1 :5 ne$ arises & ! disposition
 to aid is ^u u1 to look into our       
treasury & f9d x empty6 ,a p]plex$ s\l  
turns to u = wise c\nsel & we are oblig$
 to tell him1 if we are hone/1 t we h   
nev] tra9$ ourselves 9 c>eful ?\ght &   
%\ld only mislead him by r&om           
sugge/ions4 ,prep>ation be=eh& = !      
numb]less occasions ( giv+ is ! p]petual
 bus9ess ( ! g5]\s m9d4 ,s1 at lea/1    
?\ght ,jesus4 8,= _! sakes ,i sanctify  
myself40  ,o!r p]sons1 ,i said1 are     
little likely to assi/ u "h & are p]haps
 ju/ly suspici\s4 ,accumulation is      
likely en\gh to be prompt$ by           
selfi%ness4 ,:5 a man )draws f 8 fell[s 
e day to 8 /udy or /ore1 & isolat$ !re )
 8 own int]e/s reg>ds little besides    
infl[+ weal?1 he c]ta9ly looks          
self-c5tr$1 may actually be s1 & %\ld by
 no means compla9 if misund]/ood4 ,be+  
misund]/ood is1 aft] all1 n unheal?y4   
,)\t expos+ ourselves to t risk few ( u 
c rea* our full p[] ( altrui/ic s]vice4 

,we ne$ to tra9 ourselves = k9dness 9 ! 
long run1 ) "s c>elessness z reg>ds !   
conflict+ %ort4  ,i h be5 po9t+ out h[  
l>gely our ability to give dep5ds on an 
already accumulat$ weal?4 ,b into       
ability ent]s "o ?+ m1 tact4 ,)\t a good
 supply ( ?is1 giv+ irritates & misses  
its m>k4 ,b tact is a ^w ( evil om5 &   
has su* synonyms z slyness1 adroitness4 
,i am suppos$ to adju/ myself to !      
peculi>ities ( somebody 9 ord] securely 
to ga9 :at he w\ld be little dispos$ to 
give4 ,i h /udi$ ! w9d+s ( 8 m9d & "k j 
! side on :i* to approa* him4 ,i set    
myself 9 ! v be/ light1 play on 8       
weaknesses1 & skilfully obta9 mu* :i* 9 
8 unmanag$ moods he w\ld nev] ?9k (     
grant+4 ,well1 tact is (t5 ex]cis$ 9 ?is
 self-seek+ fa%ion4 ,b t is because x is
 a great p[]1 egoi/ic or altrui/ic4 ,x  
may be employ$ ) ei!r aim4 ,a good giv] 
ne$s x no less ?an a selfi% s*em]4 ,h[  
_m w\ld-be giv]s d we "k :o come blund]+
 up ) gifts & drop !m ^u u 9 a way :i*  
utt]ly %ocks & makes u unwill+ to       

receive !m4 ,o!rs h tak5 "s tr\ble to be
 k9d1 h acqua9t$ !mselves ) our         
circum/ances1 h be5 able to outflank our
 delicacies & hesitations1 & s to make  
_! gift receiv$ ) ! lea/ s5se (         
intrusion or obligation4 ,:at an        
exquisite f9e art giv+ may be1 & h[ x   
increases altrui/ic p[]6 ,b x is acquir$
 ) ef=t & w be effective only aft] x has
 become in/9ctive4 ,z 9 ! case ( weal?1 
! ga9+ ( x mu/ n be po/pon$ to ! "t :5 x
 is ne$$4 ,t w br+ m]ely awkw>dness &   
disappo9tm5t4 ,x mu/ be accumulat$      
be=eh&4 ,"o desir+ altrui/ic skill %\ld 
be tra9+ himself p]petually3 z he walks 
! /reet1 z he meets an acqua9tance1 z he
 ent]s a %op1 z he sits at table4 ,e    
situation af=ds opportunity = swiftly   
sympa!tic adju/m5t1 = remov+            
self-absorption & sub/itut+ = x t g5]\s 
imag9ation )\t :i* no gift is           
acceptable4 ,a well-equipp$ giv]1 putt+ 
himself imag9atively 9 ! o!r man's      
place1 p]ceives at once h[ 8 gift may be
 mo/ easily receiv$4  ,b besides        

ability1 ) its two bran*es ( weal? &    
tact1 !re is a f9al condition gr\nd$ 9 !
 giv]1 t ( k4 ,( c\rse1 we _c give      
prop]ly unless we und]/& ! case1 & !    
l>g] our und]/&+ ! great] is our        
obligation to aid4 ,^! simple tru?s     
illum9ate "s moral p]plexities4 ,i read 
a :ile ago ( a fam9e 9 ,*9a4 ,crops _h  
fail$ & !re 0 wide-spread suff]+4       
,tragic tales 7 report$4 ,9 ! next      
column ( ! pap] 0 an acc\nt ( airplane  
con/ruction4 ,i f\nd bo? columns        
int]e/+4 ,! same day a man ,i knew broke
 8 leg4 ,an awful affair6 ,i hurri$ to 8
 b$side & c\ld ?9k ( no?+ else ?an h[ ,i
 might help4 ,!n x occurr$ to me h[     
disproportion$ 7 my sympa?ies4 ,?\s&s ( 
squalid dea?s on ! o!r side ( ! globe   
made a spectacul> newspap] item4 ,a     
brok5 leg next door engross$ me & call$ 
out all my res\rces4 ,we h all _h !     
exp]i5ce &1 on fir/ reflection1 h call$ 
ourselves selfi% brutes4 ,b ,i believe t
 is an error4 ,helpful sympa?y waits on 
k & proportions itself by ?is r ?an by  

objective ne$4 ,! suff]+s ( ,*9a are    
kn[n to u only ab/ractly & 9 outl9e1 &  
only 9 outl9e c our sympa?ies be        
accord$4 ,b a case :i* comes "u our     
imm$iate inspection1 disclos+ all its   
significant details1 is a diff]5t matt] 
& lays ^u u a claim ( giv+ :i* ! o!r    
rightly does n4 ,ne>ness c\nts4 ,k      
height5s obligation4 ,i w\ld n def5d    
absorption 9 our n>r[ circle4 ,i h j be5
 urg+ ! con/ant enl>gem5t ( sympa!tic k4
 ,b we %\ld nev] ignore ! fact t !      
unkn[n is n z ! kn[n & t only 9         
proportion z we "k c we advantage\sly   
help4  ,?r\gh ov]look+ ^! necess>y      
limitations ( human sympa?y ! ,/oics 7  
l$ to d5\nce patriotism4 ,we %\ld honor 
man z man4 ,:y1 !n1 reg>d an ,am]ican   
suff]] m ?an a ,*9ese8 ,because he is my
 c\ntryman4 ,b t re/s philan?ropy on    
selfi%ness & makes ! ne$y p]son's       
relation to me ( m consequ5ce ?an 8     
suff]+4 ,! notion ( patriotism :i*      
masqu]ades z a virtue %\ld be d5\nc$ z a
 vice4 ,all w recognize 9 su* an argum5t

 a valuable prote/ aga9/ n>r[ness4 ,b   
few w accept ! pr9ciple on :i* x re/s4  
,all m5 are n alike4 ,relation to me    
does con/itute a special moral claim4   
,%all ,i treat my "m z ,i w\ld any o!r  
old lady1 z ! apple woman at ! corn]8 ,i
 say no2 & ! gr\nd ( diff]5t treatm5t ,i
 d n f9d 9 selfi%ness b 9 sup]ior k4 ,i 
h kn[n my "m ev] s9ce ,i 0 born4 ,9 e>ly
 ye>s %e /udi$ my ne$s & n[ %e is my    
special *>ge4 ,i compreh5d :at %e       
requires 9 he>t1 m9d1 & p]son z ,i c    
compreh5d ^? ( no o!r woman4 ,x is at   
lea/ uneconomical to lay aside all ?is  
equipm5t = s]vice & give h] only ! c>e a
 /rang] might receive f me4 ,! family   
tie means some?+4 ,! tie ( c\ntry means 
some?+4 ,i "k ! habits ( ?\ght1 !       
half-consci\s turns ( feel+1 ( my own p4
 ,9 und]/&+ a p]son ( ano!r nation ,i g 
ab\t s f>1 & !n run up aga9/ a brick    
wall1 beyond :i* all is bl9d4 ,?is      
measure ( possible und]/&+ is ! measure 
( duty4 ,k =ms "o ( ! two conditions (  
giv+ gr\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ! giv]4  ,su*  

are ! conditions :i* ! mod]n m9d w\ld   
set ^u giv+4 ,our fa!rs paid little     
att5tion to !m4 ,giv+ 0 9 _! eyes !     
cr[n+ virtue & !y 7 unwill+ to %ut x )9 
b\nds4 ,:]ev] ne$ appe>$ !y urg$ "o     
ano!r to meet x ) *>ity1 pretty         
indiff]5t to consid]ations ( k1 ability1
 or social result4 ,! altrui/ic purpose 
0 s admirable t x seem$ to require no   
scrut9y 9 application4 ,b we are n      
cont5t to leave any?+ uncriticis$ & h   
endeavor$ to rationalize ev5 giv+4 ,n   
altoge!r ) success1 h[ev]4 ,on exam9+   
closely ! conditions ,i h assembl$1     
c]ta9 inn] conflicts w be notic$4 ,take1
 = example1 ! case ( ne$2 :5 ano!r's ne$
 is greate/ my ability is lea/4 ,ability
 does n accompany ne$1 increas+ ) its   
increase1 b t5ds ei!r to rema9 /ation>y 
or to fall beh9d z ne$ gr[s4 ,a some:at 
simil> conflict is unavoidable betwe5 k 
& numb]s4 ,i h %[n t z numb]s gr[ l>ge  
!y become empty ciph]s4 ,! m9d _c grasp 
_! human & detail$ significance4        
,regrettable z ?is fact is1 we _h bett] 

recognize x z inevitable1 accept+ z our 
p>ticul> *>ge ^? in/ances ( ne$ :i* lie 
suffici5tly ne> = c>eful inspection &   
leav+ ! m va/ & di/ant to be c>$ = by   
special exp]ts1 suppli$ ) our means b n 
our ignorance4 ,mu* ( our be/ *>ity mu/ 
be ex]cis$ by deputy4  ,! fact t gifts  
_c be entirely rationaliz$ sugge/s a    
d\bt :e!r !y c =m m ?an a subord9ate    
in/rum5t = express+ altruism4 ,by :at   
means c _! defects be rem$i$8 ,to answ]+
 su* que/ions ! next *apt] w be devot$4 
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,defects ,,( ,,giv+   ,a 
colleague ( m9e1 an excell5t classical  
s*ol>1 receiv$ by beque/ an admirable   
collection ( ,lat9 au?ors4 ,9 ! writ]s  
!mselves1 9 ! *oice editions1 & !       
appropriate b9d+s he took extreme       
pleasure4 ,:5 talk+ ) him ab\t !m "o day
 ,i ask$ :at he int5d$ to d ) ! books at
 8 dea?4 ,w\ld he h !m giv5 to ano!r    
,lat9i/ z f9e z himself8 ,or w\ld he h  
!m g to "s college libr>y :]e any "o    
might use !m8 ,he said ! "q _h (t5      
puzzl$ him1 b he _h f9ally decid$ to s5d

 !m to ! auction-room4 ,!y 7 books he _h
 s mu* lov$ t he c\ld n be> to h !m fall
 into unappreciative h&s4 ,if he gave !m
 away1 :at w>rant _h he t !y w\ld be    
priz$8 ,if !y 7 sold1 nobody w\ld obta9 
"o unless he 7 will+ to get x by "s     
sacrifice4 ,?is 0 n a case :]e g5]osity 
c\ld be tru/$4 ,probably ! matt] c\ld be
 m wisely settl$ by self-int]e/4  ,?is  
in/ance makes evid5t ! unc]ta9 "* (     
giv+4 ,h[ev] sup]ior 9 altrui/ic fulness
 gifts are to mann]s1 !y are unfit1     
unless supplem5t$ by "s o!r pr9ciple1 to
 =m a practical rule ( life4 ,let u     
exam9e !m 9 detail & see :]e9 !y fail to
 embody complete altruism4 ,9 _! v      
nature ,i f9d !m to be exceptional1     
irrational1 & condesc5d+2 & ,i w briefly
 expla9 ea* ( ^! po9ts4  ,giv+ is       
occasional & fragm5t>y4 ,x _c occupy a  
life4 ,! great body ( our "t & att5tion 
mu/ be direct$ ^u individual int]e/s4 ,i
 rise 9 ! morn+ aft] eight h\rs ( sleep1
 g d[n/airs to breakfa/1 take my walk = 
! ne$$ morn+ ex]cise1 on return+ look   

ov] my mail & ! morn+ pap]1 turn to my  
/udies1 to my meals1 to call+ on a      
fri5d4 ,x is all egoi/ic4 ,no d\bt dur+ 
! day ,i am repeat$ly summon$ to att5d  
to o!r p's affairs4 ,begg+ lett]s1      
int]ruptions1 engagem5ts ( a public &   
bus9ess nature are n abs5t4 ,!y int]v5e 
& /& out isolat$ 9 my egoi/ic day4 ,no  
d\bt1 too1 mo/ ( my occupation )        
myself--9 sleep1 food1 ex]cise1 /udy--is
 a necess>y prep>ation = social s]vice4 
,all ,i am urg+ is t social s]vice _c /&
 alone4 ,x requires a l>ge              
individuali/ic backgr\nd4 ,! c>e "o     
gives to o!rs is occasional1 "o might   
ev5 say exceptional4 ,9 ord] to be able 
to meet x1 our prim>y & prepond]ant c>e 
mu/ be giv5 to ourselves4 ,su* a ?+ z   
int]e/ 9 altrui/ic giv+1 sep>ate f      
p]sonal ga9 & e/abli%$ z an indep5d5t   
guid+ pr9ciple1 is altoge!r impossible4 
,only at int]vals comes ! g5]\s act2 9  
g5]al1 we are busi$ ) our own affairs4  
,on ?is insep>ability ( egoism &        
altruism ,i receiv$ excell5t in/ruction 

_m ye>s ago out ( ! m\? ( babes &       
suckl+s4 ,a c\ple ( little *ildr51 a    
girl ( f\r & a boy ( five ye>s old1 _h j
 be5 tuck$ into _! b$s4 ,_! "m 9 ! next 
room he>d !m talk+4 ,li/5+ to le>n if !y
 ne$$ any?+1 %e f\nd !m discuss+ "o ( ! 
va/ problems = :i* ! infant m9d seems to
 h a natural aff9ity4 ,!y 7 inquir+ :y  
we 7 ev] put into ! _w4 ,! little girl  
sugge/$ we might h be5 s5t "h to help   
o!rs4 8,:y no1 inde$1 ,mabel10 0 h] big 
bro!r's reply4 8,( c\rse n2 = !n :at    
w\ld o!rs be "h =80 ,p]t95t reflection1 
putt+ ! answ] to "o-sid$ altruism into a
 nut%ell6 ,if our own affairs are       
wor?less1 :y suppose !y c be ( wor? to  
o!rs8 ,x is no k9dness to be/[ on ano!r 
:at has nev] be5 f\nd good = ourselves4 
,a gift %\ld co/ some?+4 ,some?+ prop]ly
 valu$ by u we "p ) = ano!r's sake4 ,a  
/rong egoi/ic s5se1 !n1 is a condition (
 altrui/ic action4 ,! latt] _c cov] !   
:ole ( a life4 ,no man is b5evol5t all !
 "t1 b exceptionally1 at int]vals1 :5   
reg>d = himself may safely be )drawn4   

,a grav] defect ( giv+ is its arbitr>y  
"*4 ,our re=m]s h be5 attempt+ to       
rationalize *>ity & c]ta9ly h devis$    
me?ods by :i* "s ( its wor/ evils may be
 less5$4 ,b until !y /op x altoge!r !y w
 n rid x ( irrational wilfulness4 ,"o   
w\ld say t 9 k9d & degree my gift %\ld  
answ] ano!r's reasonable claim4 ,b x    
nev] does4 ,a j claim r5d]s a gift      
impossible4 ,gifts come f a region      
outside claims1 outside rational        
ju/ification4 ,!y are ! expression (    
arbitr>y w4 ,i give because ,i want to1 
& ! o!r kn[s he has no "r beyond my     
incl9ation to :at he is receiv+4 ,7 !re 
legitimate gr\nds = my pret5d$ gift x   
w\ld be m]ely ! paym5t ( a debt & w\ld  
af=d no su* pleasure z does !           
ov]-&-above ( a gift4 ,a cl]k may h     
satisfaction 9 8 sal>y1 b 8 feel+ on    
receiv+ 8 employ]'s gift is some?+      
altoge!r diff]5t4 ,! gift dropp$ f !    
sky4 ,he _h no idea x 0 com+4 ,he really
 _h done no?+ to des]ve x4 ,o!rs might h
 _h x equally well1 b by "s fancy he _h 

be5 pick$ out = enri*m5t4 ,x is ?is     
unexpect$ness1 ?is incalculability1 :i* 
makes a gift s good4 ,gifts at ,*ri/mas1
 :i* h be5 sy/ematiz$1 are ( a pal]     
ord]4 ,ev5 9 ^! !re is usually unc]ta9ty
 en\gh left to keep !m agreeable4 ,our  
regul> giv] may decide to give else:]e  
?is ye>1 he may =get2 :at he w select we
 _c guess4 ,! important "p ( ! gift is n
 its intr9sic wor? b its expression ( ! 
giv]'s w4 ,gladness ov] ! =m] spr+s f   
gre$1 ov] ! latt] f gratitude4 ,?is     
arbitr>y w on ! giv]'s "p & ! abs5ce (  
claim 9 ! receiv] make a reasonable gift
 h>d to conceive4 ,to be a gift at all x
 mu/ be caprici\s1 undes]v$1 & only     
occasional4  ,b !re is a feature ( giv+ 
m obnoxi\s ?an ei!r ( ^! two1 yet no    
less deeply root$ 9 giv+ ?an            
exceptionality & caprice4 ,a gift has   
always some?+ disp>ag+ ab\t x4 ,x       
pr(esses to honor1 b deep 9 ! he>t ( x  
!re is disp>agem5t1 condesc5sion at     
lea/4 ,i decl>e ano!r to be bett] ?an   
myself1 pref]r+ t he %all be ! own] (   

some?+ priz$ by me4 ,yet 9 reality ,i   
reta9 ! sup]ior position myself & make !
 "o :om ,i honor my dep5d5t4 ,rightly   
did ,jesus say3 8,x is m bless$ to give 
?an to receive40 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 
,! giv] is ! weal?y man1 ! man ( p[] &  
pref]5ce2 ! receiv] confess$ly ! man (  
ne$1 passive to ano!r's w4 ,! v attempt1
 !n1 t ,i make to raise him up & provide
 him ) some?+ acceptable f my /ore sets 
him b5ea? me4 ,he lacks1 ,i ab\nd4 ,at !
 v mom5t :5 turn+ to him ,i say3 8,i    
pref] y to myself & desire t y r ?an ,i 
%\ld possess ?is10 ,i am really also    
say+3 8,b by all "r x belongs to me & ,i
 "p ) x z its & y\r sup]ior40 ,h[ev]    
glad1 !re=e1 we may be to get our wants 
suppli$1 a disagreeable ta/e is apt to  
lurk ab\t ! acceptance ( a gift4 ,a good
 %>e ( humility is requir$ ( "o :o w be 
an altoge!r happy receiv]1 a cont5t$    
inf]ior4 ,our age has discov]$ ?is & has
 gr[n re/ive ov] *>ity4 ,x w\ld seem t 9
 pa/ ages ^? :o lack$ ! ?+s t make life 
wor? liv+ /ood ) out/ret*$ h&s to       

receive !m f _! rightful own]s1 & t ^?  
:o own$ c\nt$ x a pr]ogative ( _! /ation
 ?us to assi/ _! inf]iors4 ,b ?is humble
 attitude ( ! ne$y is disappe>+1 toge!r 
) _m o!r traditions ( ari/ocratic days4 
,our poor] classes n[ h too mu*         
self-respect to be at ease 9 su*        
relations4 ,c]ta9ly ! poor to-day are   
va/ly bett] (f ?an at any o!r p]iod ( ! 
_w's hi/ory1 yet nev] m discont5t$4 ,!  
new self-respect :i* has come ) easi]   
conditions makes !m res5t *>ity &       
dep5d5ce4 8,give u :at belongs to u10 !y
 seem to say4 8,we want no b5evol5ce4   
,if a bett] liv+ %\ld be ours1 we w take
 x z ( "r b n by favor4 ,we /& on our   
own feet1 ackn[l$g+ inf]iority to no    
man40 ,?is rejection ( *>ity on gr\nds (
 self-respect is n uncommon to-day4 ,i h
 met x 9 adm9i/]+ ! little tru/ = !     
b5efit ( /ud5ts ( :i* ,i spoke4 ,& ?\gh 
,i d n altoge!r sympa?ize ) x1 ,i see 9 
x mu* to honor4  ,su* are ! possible    
humiliations ( ! receiv]4 ,b ! giv] is  
expos$ to dang]s h>dly less4 ,8 gifts   

may be selfi% r ?an g5]\s4 ,few         
pleasures are great] ?an giv+4 ,9 x we  
feel our p[] & cat* a s5se ( ! creative 
effici5cy ( our w4 ,"o (t5 gives = !    
sake ( indulg+ ?is self-ass]tion1 )     
small reg>d = ! receiv]4 ,!n too1 :ile a
 true gift co/s ! giv] some?+1 he :o    
gives out ( 8 abundance may h>dly feel !
 loss1 ?\gh feel+ full well ! gl[ (     
rais+ ! helpless to prosp]ity4 ,t gl[ is
 by no means repreh5sible4 ,x is "o (   
our pure/ pleasures4      8,all e>?ly   
joys g less     ,to ! "o joy ( do+      
k9dnesses40  ,b x %\ld n be reckon$ z   
g5]osity4 ,%\ld we n1 too1 9 e/imat+ !  
altrui/ic wor? ( gifts d$uct ! _m seem+ 
gifts :i* are prompt$ by %ame8 ,:5 ask$ 
= a subscription1 ,i _c well refuse &   
cont9ue to hold my place 9 public e/eem4
 ,noblesse oblige4 ,"o mu/ pay =        
dignity4 ,x w n d1 !n1 to assume t giv+ 
is always an altrui/ic act4 ,x may be4  
,yet ev5 :]e x is g5u9ely address$ to   
improv+ ! condition ( "s ne$y p]son1 !  
dang] is n abs5t ( l[]+ ! indep5d5ce ( t

 o!r1 ( mak+ him ?r\gh our w our        
consci\s inf]ior1 & accord+ly imply+    
disp>agem5t 9 our v b\nty4 ,if 9 giv+ we
 always keep ! bett] end ( ! transaction
 = ourselves & h& ! poor] to ano!r1 few 
adju/m5ts ( social life w call = m tact4
  ,yet we are all ( u receiv]s & g5]ally
 manage to be su* )\t loss ( dignity4   
,"u :at circum/ances may we & may we n  
pres]ve our self-respect & /ill take    
money8 ,if a /rang] pass+ me on ! /reet 
h&s me a five-doll> bill1 ,i %\ld feel  
myself disgrac$ if x w5t into my pocket4
 ,if "o ,i did n "k wrote f a di/ant    
,/ate 8 enjoym5t ( a book ( m9e1 enclos+
 a *eck1 ,i %\ld return ! *eck4 ,if f9d+
 a p]son 9 di/ress & help+ him he (f]$  
me money1 ,i %\ld refuse x4 ,indep5d5ce 
is de> to mo/ ( u & we d n c>e to "p ) x
 on gr\nds s casual4 ,?is is !          
condemnation ( 8tipp+10 t abom9able     
practice introduc$ f c\ntries m s]vile  
?an ours4 ,x *eap5s him :o gives & him  
:o takes4 ,i see only f\r occasions :]e 
! acceptance ( money is compatible )    

manhood4  ,:]e mis]y is s abject t      
self-help is impossible x is no disgrace
 to confess inf]iority & lean on a      
support+ arm4 ,only we mu/ insi/ t z    
/r5g? returns ! arm be )drawn4 ,p]man5t 
invalidism is an insidi\s dang]4 ,!     
second & be/ accr$it$ gr\nd = tak+ money
 honorably is t ( money e>n$4 ,"h ,i    
give z mu* z ,i receive4 ,ea* ( ! two   
p>ties at "s co/ gets :at he desires &  
ea* gives ) ref]5ce to ano!r's ne$4 ,no 
d\bt !re are degrees ( dignity 9 ! "w   
done4 ,if z a physician ,i sell         
intellectual p[] & special k1 ,i am     
naturally honor$ m ?an if z a day labor]
 ,i sell only physical ex]tion4 ,b "w & 
wages are 9 !mselves honorable1 s t if  
t5 c5ts is ( m consequ5ce to me ?an     
gett+ my h&s dirty1 ,i am n disgrac$ by 
black+ ano!r man's %oes4  ,a ?ird case  
is ( almo/ equal importance1 ?\gh m     
complicat$ & m liable to error4 ,we may 
accept money 9 tru/1 receiv+ x f an     
individual & return+ its results to !   
public4 ,i h already spok5 ( ?is 9      

connection ) s*ol>%ip aids4 ,aids =     
advanc$ rese>*1 :e!r f ! gov]nm5t or    
private f\ndations1 are ( ! same nature4
 ,to be select$ = su* aid is a high     
honor1 ju/ifi$1 h[ev]1 only by !        
receiv]'s prov+ himself a good          
transmitt]4 ,he %\ld reg>d ! money z    
giv5 n to him b ?r\gh him & be sure t   
ultimately x rea*es "s m>k o!r ?an      
himself4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by      
return+ an equal sum to ! s\rce f :i* ! 
aid came1 by help+ "s o!r p]son equally 
ne$y1 or by d$icat+ to public s]vice    
p[]s rais$ by su* aid f ord9>y to       
sup]ior rank4 ,equival5ce %\ld be br\ght
 ab\t4 ,9 "s way ! "o b5efit$ %\ld put  
back :at he has receiv$4 ,if he all[s x 
to /ick 9 himself1 untransmitt$1 he is  
disgrac$4  ,i res]ve to ! la/ !         
complete/ gr\nd ( acceptance1 love4 ,:]e
 love is1 !re is no sup]ior or inf]ior1 
no giv] or receiv]4 ,! two make up a    
conjunct self ) mutual ga94 ,or %all we 
say t he :o loves delights to ?9k (     
himself z inf]ior1 prides himself on x1 

& w\ld be a%am$ n to look up 9 gl[+     
dep5d5ce8 ,to him1 !re=e1 gifts br+ no  
disp>agem5t1 b happy gratitude4 ,9 su*  
unaba%$ dep5d5ce mo/ ( u sp5t our e>ly  
ye>s4 ,& if z we grew /rong few] gifts (
 money came to u1 _! place 0 tak5 by    
lov+ tok5s m subtle1 m p]vasive1 & com+ 
f m s\rces4 ,possibly we may say t only 
love & ex*ange make ! tak+ ( money      
p]missible1 & t my fir/ & ?ird gr\nds   
are only special cases ( ^! two4 ,x has 
be5 well said t !re c be true giv+ only 
:]e ! two p>ties ideally *ange places3 !
 giv] s putt+ himself 9 ! receiv]'s     
place t he feels ! af=d$ relief a       
p]sonal ga92 & ! receiv] %>+ ! pleasure 
:i* "u ! circum/ances ! giv] mu/ feel4  
,!re is always1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce 9 !   
way we accept :at comes by ex*ange & :at
 comes by love4 ,9 ! =m] our ?\ght is   
fix$ on :at is receiv$1 9 ! latt] on him
 :o gave4  ,su* are ! *>act]i/ics ( !   
second /age ( altruism4 ,i propos$ to   
/udy t great pr9ciple f ?ree po9ts (    
view :i* w\ld %[ ! successive /eps by   

:i*1 )\t injury to ! individual1 x goes 
on to complet5ess4 ,at ! v beg9n+ (     
life1 & ev] aft]1 we are call$ on to pay
 att5tion to o!rs & to subject ourselves
 to re/rictions = _! sake4 ,we f9d      
ourselves relat$ or conjunct be+s1 & on 
our frank acceptance ( ^! relations our 
p[] & peace dep5d4 ,)\t ! re/ra9ts (    
mann]s life w\ld be1 z ,hobbes said1    
8solit>y1 poor1 na/y1 bruti%1 & %ort40  
,b ! ev]-pres5t altruism "h is imp]fect 
because prim>ily dictat$ by ! desire to 
protect ourselves4 ,! sep>ate self & !  
conjunct self are n necess>ily unit$ 9  
mann]s4 ,! =m ( altruism may be kept =  
protective purposes :5 !re is no?+ ( x  
)94  ,! next high] /age1 h[ev]1 />ts f  
)91 ! giv] seek+ to promote ano!r's     
welf>e at ! co/ ( 8 own4 ,b !re is      
always unc]ta9ty 9 accompli%+ ?is2 x    
ext5ds at be/ only to brief portions (  
life1 is impossible :]ev] rational claim
 ent]s1 & nev] escapes a sugge/ion (    
haughty disp>agem5t4 ,! tr\ble 9 bo? (  
^! /ages is1 aft] all1 ! same4 ,alt] &  

ego h be5 conceiv$ z di/9ct1 & gett+ has
 be5 sep>at$ f giv+4 ,b surely ?is is   
unnecess>y4 ,!re are mutual situations 9
 life :]e ea* ( two p>ties is at once   
giv] & receiv]4 ,! s+le self may be     
entirely at "o ) ! conjunct1 ! conjunct 
) ! s+le4 ,only s 9 mutuality c altruism
 become complete4 ,to expla9+ ?is curi\s
 situation ,i %all devote my rema9+     
*apt]s4 ,b be=e do+ s ,i wi% to turn    
back & make atonem5t = a c]ta9 errone\s 
light 9 :i* ,i h plac$ ^! e>li] /ages4  
,:5 ,i 0 analyz+ mann]s my read]s mu/ h 
felt t ^? are n ! mann]s ) :i* !y are   
famili>4 ,!y h nev] felt ! ne$ ( b>ri]s 
betwe5 fri5ds or ?\ght ( mann]s z a     
protective ag5cy4 ,nor 9 gifts h !y come
 ^u my p]plexities4 ,giv+ & receiv+ h   
seem$ to !m matt]s usual & pleasant1 &  
no notion ( sup]iority or inf]iority has
 ent]$ _! heads4  ,no d\bt ?is is a m   
frequ5t exp]i5ce ?an t j describ$4 ,yet 
my acc\nt is correct & important4 ,x    
/ates ! m9imum ( altruism :i* necess>ily
 ent]s into mann]s1 :at !y are :5 tak5  

by !mselves & unaffect$ by any high]    
range ( our be+4 ,z soon z we become    
acqua9t$ ) giv+1 x reacts on ?is e>li]  
/age & fills x ) new mean+4 ,egoi/ic    
elem5ts are s(t5$4 ,mann]s are us$ z an 
opportunity = tactful giv+4 ,an         
atmosph]e ( k9dness takes ! place (     
re/ra9t1 ! =mal mann]s ,i h describ$ be+
 res]v$ = =mal occasions4 ,=tunately ?is
 high] civilization is n[ wide-spread4  
,yet we c /ill detect :at ,i w\ld call !
 gu>d$ mann]s ( "s p]sons & set !m 9    
contra/ to ! g5]\s mann]s ( o!rs4 ,p (  
gu>d$ mann]s are ev] m9dful ( _! own    
dignity1 hold !mselves some:at alo(1 &  
make mu* ( punctilio4 ,^? ( g5]\s mann]s
 are ready to sp5d !mselves freely = !  
pleasure ( ^? ab\t !m & seem able to    
save any occasion f dulness ) _! /ores (
 in=mation1 wit1 song1 & lively         
anecdote4 ,^! p]sons look aft] ^? less  
accu/om$ to society & unobtrusively help
 !m on4 ,b ev5 _! admirable "w is exce$$
 by ^? accu/om$ to mutuality4 ,^! give u
 no impression ( weal?y p]sons imp>t+ to

 u _! /ores4 ,_! "w is quiet]4 ,_!      
mann]s might be call$ fri5dly4 ,!y set e
 "o at ease & d n s mu* give z %>e1     
appe>+ z mu* int]e/$ 9 our affairs z we 
c\ld be 9 !irs4 ,9 _! pres5ce we are    
simpl]1 clev]]1 & less prov9cial ?an we 
_h believ$ ourselves to be4  ,9 a simil>
 way1 "u ! influ5ce ( mutuality gifts   
become trans=m$4 ,condesc5sion          
disappe>s4 ,! favor is on bo? sides4 ,a 
giv] has enjoy$ some?+ s mu* t he wants 
8 pleasure %>$4 ,w we take "p ) him8    
,!re is no /oop+1 no h&+ d[n to "o bel[4
 ,! two p>ties are on a level1 jo9$ 9 a 
mutual act4 8,w y d me ! favor to accept
 ?is80 is bo? ! language & ! feel+ ( !  
giv]4  ,matt]s ( e-day life1 s famili> t
 we seldom reflect on !m1 ,i h attempt$ 
9 ! prec$+ *apt]s to analyze ) some?+ l 
sci5tific precision4 ,by s do+ ,i h     
turn$ !m into almo/ unrecognizable      
ab/ractions4 ,9 clos+1 ,i %\ld l to     
re/ore !m to _! rightful color1 & ,i h  
se>*$ = a passage :i* might pres5t !    
approa* ( man to man j z we daily see x1

 ) an intimate bl5d+ ( all ?ree v>ieties
 ( altruism--pure mann]s1 giv+1 &       
mutuality4 ,9 a passage f ! ,eigh?      
,disc\rse ( ,c>d9al ,newman's ,idea ( a 
,univ]sity ,i f9d :at ,i want1 express$ 
9 language ( extraord9>y ref9em5t &     
accuracy4 ,x w be notic$ :at prom95ce he
 gives to ! negative function ( mann]s1 
h[ 9 depict+ g5]osity he sees ! dang] ( 
condesc5sion1 & h[ he f9ds ! cr[n+      
excell5ce ( mann]s 9 t self-=gett+      
mutuality :i* sets all at _! ease4  8,! 
true g5tleman c>efully avoids :atev] may
 cause a j> or a jolt 9 ! m9ds ( ^? )   
:om he is ca/3 all cla%+ ( op9ion1 or   
collision ( feel+1 all re/ra9t or       
suspicion or gloom or res5tm5t2 8 great 
conc]n be+ to make e "o at _! ease & at 
home4 ,he has 8 eyes on all 8 company3  
he is t5d] t[>d ! ba%ful1 g5tle t[>d !  
di/ant1 & m]ciful t[>d ! absurd4 ,he c  
recollect to :om he is speak+4 ,he gu>ds
 aga9/ unseasonable allusions or topics 
:i* may irritate4 ,he is seldom prom95t 
9 conv]sation & nev] we>isome4 ,he makes

 fight ( favors :ile he does !m & seems 
to be receiv+ :5 he is conf]r+4 ,he nev]
 speaks ( himself except :5 compell$1   
nev] def5ds himself by a m]e retort2 he 
has no e>s = sl&] or gossip1 is         
scrupul\s 9 imput+ motives to ^? :o     
int]f]e ) him1 & int]prets ev]y?+ = !   
be/4 ,he is nev] mean or little 9 8     
disputes1 nev] takes unfair advantage1  
nev] mi/akes p]sonalities or %>p say+s =
 argum5ts1 or ins9uates evil :i* he d>e 
n say out4 ,f a long-sight$ prud5ce he  
obs]ves ! maxim ( ! anci5t sage1 t we   
%\ld ev] conduct ourselves t[>d our     
enemy z if he 7 "o day to be our fri5d4 
,he has too mu* s5se to be affront$ at  
insults1 he is too well employ$ to      
rememb] injuries1 & too indol5t to be>  
malice4 ,he is pati5t1 =be>+1 & resign$ 
on philosophical pr9ciples3 he submits  
to pa9 because x is inevitable1 to      
b]eavem5t because x is irrep>able1 & to 
dea? because x is de/9y4 ,if he engage 9
 controv]sy ( any k9d1 8 discipl9$      
intellect pres]ves him f ! blund]+      

disc\rtesy ( bett] p]haps1 b less       
educat$1 m9ds :o1 l blunt weapons1 te> &
 hack in/ead ( cutt+ clean1 :o mi/ake ! 
po9t 9 argum5t1 wa/e _! /r5g? on        
trifles1 misconceive ! adv]s>y1 & leave 
! "q m involv$ ?an !y f\nd x40          
,,*apt] ,v  ,,mutuality   ,we h n[      
cle>ly be=e u ! two imp]fect v>ieties ( 
altruism4 ,:ile bo? recognize & honor   
man's relation to man1 f nei!r is reg>d 
= ! sep>ate self exclud$4 ,ea* may z    
well be prompt$ by an egoi/ic aim z by  
an altrui/ic4 ,= ?\gh 9 mann]s we       
m9utely consid] h[ we may save ano!r f  
annoyance x is always ) ! und]/&+ t we  
are ?us ourselves protect$4 ,nor does   
giv+ escape a simil> self-reg>d4 ,we _c 
make a gift )\t imply+ t ! receiv] has  
no "r to x1 )\t br++ him into dep5d5ce1 
!re=e1 on our w z 8 sup]ior4 ,giv+1 too1
 c only int]mitt5tly take ! place (     
att5tion to our own good4 ,x w\ld exhau/
 itself o!rwise4 ,jesus is report$ to h 
sp5t ?irty ye>s 9 acquisition1 less ?an 
?ree 9 b5efaction4 ,inde$1 unless we    

he>tily valu$ our own possessions1      
pleasures1 & gr[? we c\ld nev] c\nt !m  
fit to con/itute gifts4 ,x is n /range1 
!n1 t to ! natural *ildlike m9d mann]s  
are unwelcome & t to ! discipl9$        
reflective m9d gifts are obnoxi\s4 ,x is
 true t ^! disagreeable features are    
s(t5$ z high] altrui/ic /ages ?r[ back  
an influ5ce ov] ! l[]2 ! m9d dispos$ to 
give1 = example1 trans=m+ gu>d$ mann]s  
into g5]\s1 or ev5 if tra9$ 9 mutuality1
 mak+ !m fri5dly & cordial4 ,9 a simil> 
mann]1 :]e ! conjunct self has tak5 !   
place ( ! sep>ate ! pr\d giv] is sup]s$$
 by ! delicate giv]4 ,b ^! facts only   
make pla9 ! incomplet5ess ( mann]s &    
giv+ :5 tak5 by !mselves1 & demon/rate t
 altruism to be really kn[n mu/ be /udi$
 9 t highe/ /age to :i* ,i h giv5 ! "n (
 mutuality4 ,to ?is intricate &         
important /udy ,i n[ turn4  ,giv+ fails 
to rea* ! altruism x seeks because its  
g5]osity is conf9$ to "o ( ! two p>ties 
engag$1 :ile to ! o!r is assign$ !      
inf]ior position ( egoi/ic receiv]4 ,b  

is ?is necess>y8 ,may we n conceive ( a 
gift )\t ?is blemi%1 a giv+ 9 :i* ea*   
side gives to ! o!r1 ?us jo9+ giv+ &    
gett+1 & aboli%+ all inf]iority8 ,to %[ 
h[ ?is may be ,i am oblig$ to ent] into 
m detail ?an 9 expla9+ simpl] moral     
situations4 ,i w1 accord+ly1 (f] a g5]al
 def9ition ( mutuality & !n take up !   
successively complet] =ms 9 :i* x is    
realiz$4  ,by mutuality1 !n1 ,i mean !  
recognition ( ano!r & myself z          
insep>able elem5ts ( "o ano!r1 ea* be+  
ess5tial to ! welf>e ( ea*4 ,?is duality
 ( giv+ has always be5 recogniz$ z      
ennobl+4 ,ev5 ,jesus did n seek simply  
to give1 b to induce 9 ^? to :om he gave
 a simil> disposition4 ,rightly is x    
c\nt$ high] ?an simple giv+1 includ+1 z 
x does1 all :i* t conta9s & m4  ,su*    
mutuality is mo/ famili> to u 9 c]ta9   
cases :i* = conv5i5ce ,i gr\p toge!r "u 
! "n ( p>tn]%ip4 ,9 a p>tn]%ip a        
specific field is m>k$ out )9 :i* p]sons
 agree to consid] c]ta9 ( _! int]e/s    
common4 ,:5 ,br[n & ,i =m a firm = !    

sale ( %oes x is und]/ood t !nce=? he & 
,i h no sep>ate int]e/ s f> z %oes are  
conc]n$4 ,! /ock 9 ! /ore does n belong 
to him or to me2 & if "s "o see+ money 9
 ! draw] %\ld ask ^: x 01 ,i %\ld h to  
answ]1 8,x is n m9e10 & ,br[n w\ld      
simil>ly dis[n x4 ,x w\ld be ours4 ,all 
8 w\ld be m9e & m9e 84 ,usual ?\ght &   
spee* w\ld require consid]able          
readju/m5t to fit a condition s new4    
8,i0 & 8he0 w\ld pass l>gely out ( use z
 no long] ( practical significance1 8we0
 tak+ ! place ( ^! sep>ate symbols4     
8,toge!r0 w\ld acquire a m intimate &   
compulsive mean+4 ,accord+ly1 if on "s  
bright morn+ ,i 7 incl9$ to g %oot+     
in/ead ( appe>+ at ! (fice at my usual  
h\r1 ,i %\ld "k ,i _h no "r to ! sport  
)\t ,br[n's concurr5ce1 my "t be+ no    
long] m9e4 ,mutuality w\ld ev]y:]e      
sup]s$e private control4 ,all ?is is    
famili> en\gh4 ,nobody f9ds x h>d to    
compreh5d4 ,b :5 ! morali/ urges t high]
 life is possible only z ! sep>ate self 
becomes m]g$ 9 a conjunct1 x s\nds      

my/]i\s & seems little likely to occur4 
,b ! p>tn]%ip pr9ciple is wid] ?an !    
bus9ess firm4 ,9 "s degree x ent]s into 
e b>ga94 ,buy] & sell] e/abli% a k9d (  
mutuality4 ,suppose a cu/om] on com+ to 
my /ore & putt+ d[n 8 five doll>s = a   
pair ( %oes %\ld sudd5ly be?9k himself &
 say3 8,i wond] if y are n *eat+ me4 ,t 
pair ( %oes co/ y n m ?an f\r doll>s &  
sev5ty-five c5ts4 ,by y\r price y are   
tak+ tw5ty-five c5ts m f my pocket ?an y
 are deliv]+ to me40 ,might ,i n answ]3 
8,x seems to me x is y :o are *eat+ me4 
,y ne$ ^? %oes m ?an y ne$ five doll>s4 
,y w\ld give five doll>s & a qu>t] r ?an
 g )\t !m4 ,are y n1 !n1 return+ to my  
pocket tw5ty-five c5ts less ?an y are   
receiv+80 ,9 reality nei!r ( u has      
*eat$4 ,we h m]ely made a legitimate    
pr(it f "o ano!r4 ,su* mutual pr(it is  
involv$ 9 all good b>ga9+4 ,x yields a  
d\ble ga94 ,i ga9 f my cu/om] & he f me1
 & bo? are left 9 bett] condition ?an   
be=e4 ,if he _h n c>$ m = ! %oes ?an =  
five doll>s he w\ld n h come to my /ore4

 ,if ,i _h n c\nt$ five doll>s ( great] 
wor? to me ?an ! %oes ,i %\ld n h p>t$ )
 !m4 ,a curi\s situation ?is1 :]e two   
p]sons draw advantage f "o ano!r6 ,b e  
s\nd comm]cial transaction proce$s on   
?is assumption4 ,9 all hone/ trade !re  
is a ga9ful p>tn]%ip4  ,9 my la/ *apt]1 
aft] discuss+ gifts1 *>ity1 & ! g5]\s   
s\l1 ,i promis$ to turn to a moral      
situation high] /ill1 "o ( pur]         
altruism4 ,are we !n keep+ to ! ord]    
propos$8 ,c we suppose t a comm]cial    
transaction is ( a high] ord] ?an an act
 ( *>ity8 ,i believe we c4 ,z we look   
ov] ! hi/ory ( civilization we c]ta9ly  
f9d gifts und]/ood long be=e trade4 ,!  
savage is a n ung5]\s p]son4 ,:5 he     
takes a fancy to any "o he gives pretty 
freely1 n1 ( c\rse1 ?r\gh any claim or  
duty b m]ely 9 def]5ce to 8 native      
feel+4 ,:at he _c conceive is ! d\ble   
gift1 a transaction 9 :i* ea* is a ga9]4
 ,he is ready en\gh to /rip himself (   
advantage 9 behalf ( "o :om he likes &  
is pleas$ :5 he1 too1 receives a gift2 b

 t "o & ! same act c yield a mutual ga9 
he appreh5ds sl[ly & rudely4 ,yet on j  
?is condition ( mutuality all hone/     
trade is bas$4 ,x is true ,i mu/ add !  
adjective 8hone/40 ,"o c deceive "u !   
=ms ( trade z readily z "u any o!r =ms4 
,!y %elt] deception well4 ,9 deal+ ) a  
cu/om] ,i may h "s special in=mation    
ab\t ! quality ( an article :i* he does 
n possess4 ,he is !re=e at a            
disadvantage4 ,no "o w\ld ma9ta9 t all !
 op]ations ( comm]ce are ( a high] moral
 ord] ?an *>ity2 b x may be said t e    
hone/ m]cantile transaction %[s altruism
 ( a m ?or\ghgo+ k9d ?an a gift does4   
,?is may be made pla9] by a contra/$    
vice4 ,liv+ long among college /ud5ts & 
obs]v+ _! natural pleasure 9 all sorts (
 moral exp]im5tation1 ,i h come to      
believe gambl+ ! vice mo/ likely to     
wreck "*4 ,all =ms ( vice are bad en\gh4
 ,x is %ock+ to see a "y man drunk4 ,b  
drunk5ness gr[s /eadily r>]1 &1 aft]    
all1 a dr9k] rema9s pretty mu* himself  
:5 ! fit is (f4 ,i h _h fri5ds ( ?is    

sort :o :5 n 9 liquor %[$ ! same int]e/ 
9 wor?y ?+s z o!r m54 ,b :5 ,i see !    
gambl+ habit gett+ hold ( a "y man ,i   
despair ( him4 ,= sev]al reasons x is   
unlikely he w be good = mu* !reaft]4    
,seldom does a vice or virtue h only a  
s+le root4 ,on ! "o h& ! gambl] gives up
 rational modes ( guidance1 ceases to   
calculate cle>ly1 lives on ! unexpect$1 
& looks = "s deliv]ance to drop f ! sky4
 ,a hectic anxiety takes possession (   
him & disorganizes 8 life4 ,b !re are   
results worse /ill4 ,gambl+1 9 contra/ )
 hone/ trade1 admits only a s+le ga94 ,i
 c ga9 no?+ = myself except by damag+   
ano!r4 ,i mu/ directly seek 8 h>m4 ,!   
tradesman b5efits himself ?r\gh b5efit+ 
8 cu/om]4 ,8 bus9ess is gr\nd$ on !     
d\ble ga94 ,he draws pr(it1 x is true1 f
 ano!r man's pocket1 b he does n1 l !   
gambl]1 /op !re4 ,he puts back into t   
pocket a little m ?an ! equival5t ( :at 
he took out4 ,! gambl] breaks up ?is    
mutuality & lives z a b&it by attack4   
,?us dehumaniz$ & %ut up to 8 sep>ate   

self he rots4 ,:5 trade all[s ! d\ble   
ga9 to drop out ( sight1 x too becomes  
gambl+ & %[s ! same pr$atory t5d5cies4  
,hone/ trade is a diff]5t matt]4 ,its   
mutual pr(it c>ries altruism ?r\gh a    
community m :olesomely ?an c any        
arbitr>y w4  ,b ! p>tn]%ip pr9ciple runs
 fur!r /ill4 ,x is ! cem5t :i* b9ds     
toge!r a multitude ( gr\ps4 ,a %ip's    
crew1 a regim5t ( an army1 /&s 9 j ?is  
mutual relation%ip4 ,!y repres5t ! w (  
no "o ( _! memb]s1 yet no "o mu/ deta* 8
 w f ! :ole4 ,a sailor _c )draw to-day  
because he feels l read+1 a soldi]      
because ! com+ attack is likely to co/ 8
 life4 ,"u an>*ic influ5ce some?+ l ?is 
0 lately all[$ ! ,russian soldi]1 & !   
army ceas$ to be4 ,x c exi/ only z a    
conjunct affair4 ,our ,/ates 7 once     
suppos$ to h e/abli%$ a ,union2 b :5    
,s\? ,c>ol9a set up a sep>ate w1        
reg>dless ( ! re/1 *aos came4 ,h[       
trans=m$ ! y\ng/] is :5 he goes out ) ! 
baseball team6 ,he does n m9d if he     
breaks 8 f+]1 cov]s himself ) dirt1 or  

becomes utt]ly exhau/$4 ,:at does x     
matt] if only ! team w9s8 ,!re is no    
long] any me4 ,he ?9ks 9 conjunct t]ms4 
,he w n %irk1 take himself away & leave 
! o!rs to _! h>m4  ,h[ f> c su* a notion
 ( p>tn]%ip be c>ri$8 ,evid5tly to all  
clubs ^: memb]s recognize !mselves z    
also memb]s "o ( ano!r1 ea* =m+ no      
decisions ( 8 own4 ,w\ld x apply to     
*ur*es & le>n$ societies8 ,n altoge!r1  
,i ?9k4 ,we h hi!rto meant by p>tn]%ip a
 t]m9able union ( specifi$ p]sons = a   
def9ite "t & 9 ref]5ce to a def9ite end4
 ,9 sci5tific societies1 & especially 9 
*ur*es1 we d n limit numb]s & usually   
expect ! union to be a p]man5t "o4 ,?is 
indef9it5ess z reg>ds "t & p]sons is no 
accid5t4 ,x rightly belongs to unions l 
^!1 :i* aim at develop+ p]sonality4 ,a  
baseball team1 a %ip's crew1 ga!r a     
specially tra9$ company = a p>ticul>    
end4 ,:5 ?is end is atta9$ ! union      
naturally ceases4 ,sci5ce & righte\sness
 are nev] atta9$1 b appeal )\t          
limitation4 ,p]haps1 !n1 su* int]nal &  

p]sonal associations %\ld n be class$ z 
p>tn]%ips at all1 b t notion %\ld be    
res]v$ = unions ( a m ext]nal & limit$  
sort4  ,if ,i am "r 9 ?is1 x may help to
 expla9 ! hesitation _m read]s mu/ h    
felt ov] my eulogy ( bus9ess me?ods z   
examples ( altruism4 ,c]ta9ly we all "k 
t comm]ce has a b>b>\s side4 ,n[h]e else
 among civiliz$ human be+s does         
selfi%ness become s ru?less4 ,!         
possibility ( ?is comes ?r\gh two       
limitations :i* p>tn]%ip sets on        
mutuality4 ,:5 ,br[n & ,i e/abli%$ our  
firm we limit$ ! p]sons involv$ to      
himself & me1 & ev5 we 7 to h relations 
only s f> z conc]n$ ! sale ( %oes4 ,)9  
^! two limits mutuality 0 complete1 b x 
did n ext5d beyond4 ,support$ ?us by "o 
ano!r1 we two 7 able to cont5d ) ! re/ (
 ! _w z nei!r c\ld alone4 ,toge!r we    
c\ld pu% our int]e/s ) little reg>d to !
 g5]al int]e/s ( ! t[n4 ,if o!r trades  
suff]$1 we ne$ n c>e s long z ! %oe     
bus9ess fl\ri%$1 & /ill less ne$ we c>e 
if our prosp]ity cr[d$ out ( exi/5ce !  

%oe /ore on ! opposite side ( ! /reet4  
,su* cle> limitation ( an altrui/ic     
horizon is always dang]\s4 ,9 _m        
re/rict$ unions ! dang] is noticeable4  
,a family w>mly consid]ate ( its own    
memb]s (t5 %[s small sympa?y = p]sons   
beyond its b\nds4 ,a ball club1 a secret
 society w practise trick]ies on o!r    
leagues :i* _! memb]s z individuals w\ld
 scorn4 ,9 trade1 too1 ! matt] is made  
worse by a second limitation4 ,my p>tn] 
& ,i und]/& t our mutuality op]ates only
 ) ref]5ce to ! sale ( %oes4 ,we d n    
m]ge our lives4 ,we keep a %>p l9e drawn
 betwe5 !m & our bus9ess4 ,possibly     
en\gh ,i may h little respect = ,br[n4  
,z a p]son ,i may ?9k s meanly ( him t  
:5 he sugge/s be+ ask$ to my h\se &     
meet+ my wife & *ildr5 ,i f9d an excuse 
= n invit+ him4 ,he is excell5t s f> z  
sell+ %oes is conc]n$1 b p]sonal        
relations are q ano!r ?+4 ,"h aga9 !    
n>r[+ ( ! field )9 :i* mutuality op]ates
 less5s its dignity & int5sifies its    
aggressive p[]4  ,no wond]1 !n1 we are  

apt to picture trade z a consci5celess  
/ruggle ( competitors = private ga94 ,b 
! picture is disproportionate &         
errone\s4 ,savag]y is possible "h1 b s  
is mu* else4 ,comm]ce has a deep e?ical 
gr\nd & wide e?ical opportunities1      
co-op]ation be+ z ess5tial to x z       
competition4 ,x exi/s only ?r\gh s]vice 
to ! community4 ,! mutual relations (   
p>tn]%ip are con/antly be+ ext5d$1 s+le 
trades organiz+ to promote _! common    
int]e/s1 & *amb]s ( comm]ce ov]see+ !   
bus9ess ( a :ole city4 ,^? :o engage 9  
trade are no less human be+s ?an _!     
fell[s & are cont9ually discov]+ t      
honorable & high-m9d$ me?ods ( conduct+ 
bus9ess are 9 ! long run pr(itable4 ,! v
 competitions t arise are useful        
promot]s ( effici5cy1 & ! g5]al gov]nm5t
 /&s ready 9 ! backgr\nd to fix limits  
beyond :i* gre$ %all n g4 ,!re are1 9   
%ort1 _m circum/ances 9 ! life ( trade  
:i* to a good degree neutralize !       
limitations :i* ,i h po9t$ out 9 its    
application ( ! pr9ciple ( mutuality4   

,t pr9ciple1 too1 runs f> beyond ! field
 ( p>tn]%ip4 ,p>tn]%ip br+s p]sons into 
mutual relations only ) ref]5ce to c]ta9
 ext]nal ends4 ,br[n & ,i jo9$ only ^?  
fragm5ts ( our lives :i* 7 connect$ ) ! 
sale ( %oes4 ,we might jo9 ext5sive     
portions1 might m]ge n m]ely our        
occupations b all our p]sonal int]e/s4  
,9 him ,i might discov] :at contributes 
to my be/ gr[? & he f9d no less 9 me4 ,9
 ?is way we %\ld rea* a new species (   
exi/5ce to :i* ! def9ition ( mutuality  
previ\sly giv5 w\ld apply 9 a high]     
s5se4 ,i %\ld "h recognize ano!r &      
myself z m completely con/itu5t memb]s (
 "o ano!r1 ea* be+ ess5tial to ! welf>e 
( ea*4 ,"h no new elem5ts ent] :i* 7 n  
includ$ 9 p>tn]%ip4 ,!re z "h           
id5tification ( int]e/s appe>s1 !       
abolition ( m9e & ?9e1 ! d\ble ga92 only
 "h !re is no re/riction ( ! field4 ,!  
lives are id5tifi$ ?r\gh\t _! full dep? 
& ext5t4 ,!y d n m]ely collaborate = a  
specific purpose4  ,su* is ! attitude ( 
love1 s famili>1 s my/]i\s1 s pot5t 9   

develop+ :atev] is be/ 9 u4 ,9 x bo?    
egoism & altruism h ample room4 ,if ,i  
lov$ ,br[n1 ,i %\ld n hesitate to own t 
,i s\ght him = my own advantage1 ?\gh ,i
 %\ld also bid him to take ( me all he  
want$--! m1 ! bett]4 ,& ,i %\ld expect !
 same d\ble response f him4 ,edmund     
,sp5s] has /at$ ! matt] ) great         
precision 9 8 8,hymn 9 ,honor (         
,beauty03      8,= love is a cele/ial   
h>mony     ,( likely he>ts compos$ (    
/>s' cons5t1     ,:i* jo9 toge!r 9 sweet
 sympa?y     ,to "w ea* o!r's joy & true
 cont5t1     ,:i* !y h h>b\r$ s9ce _!   
fir/ desc5t     ,out ( _! heav5ly b[]s1 
:]e !y did see     ,& "k ea* o!r "h     
belov$ to be40  ,sp5s] int5ds by        
8h>mony0 :at ,i h meant by mutuality1   
some?+ :]e sev]al diff]5t p>ts belong   
toge!r & rea* _! full significance 9    
union4 ,if ! two he>ts are simil> & ea* 
m]ely repeats :at ! o!r conta9s1 !re is 
no mutual pr(it4 ,!y mu/ fit "o ano!r1 &
 9 ?is fitt+ !re is always some?+ ( !   
unkn[n4 ,!y _c ( !mselves entirely      

create ! union4 ,! 8/>s' cons5t0 mu/ be 
add$4 ,heav5 mu/ %9e ^u !m4 ,sp5s] ev5  
sugge/s t _! adaptation to "o ano!r is n
 begun 9 ?is _w1 b is m]ely recogniz$ "h
 z hav+ be5 ev] ( old4 ,once kn[n x br+s
 !m full cont5t4  ,?is1 !n1 is ! topic  
to :i* we n[ turn4 ,x is t :i* ! e?ical 
tea*]s ( e age h c\nt$ fundam5tal4 ,)   
,jesus x sup]s$es all else4 ,writ]s z   
unlike z ! ,ca?olic /atesman ,augu/9e1 !
 ,jew ,sp9oza1 ! ,puritan ,jona?an      
,edw>ds see 9 love ! fulfilm5t (        
righte\sness4 8,love ,god & d z y       
please10 says ,augu/9e4 ,x is some?+ we 
all exp]i5ce & few und]/&4 ,9 x !re are 
p>adoxes n f\nd else:]e4 ,delicate      
analysis w be ne$$ to br+ out all t x   
involves1 to %[1 too1 h[ ev5 "h         
limitations creep 94 ,to ?is puzzl+ &   
attractive "w ,i devote ! next *apt]4   
,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,love   ,9 ! ,symposium (
 ,plato ,socrates is made to say t he c 
pr(ess k ( only a s+le subject1 love1 b 
t ?r\gh acqua9tance ) ?is he has a key  
to unlock all wisdom4 ,& c]ta9ly if     

,socrates und]/ood love he des]ves to be
 reckon$ among ! wise4 ,few h look$ into
 x sob]ly4 ,to ^? :o are n exp]i5c+ x1 x
 is a je/2 to ^? :o are1 a bl9d passion4
 ,noveli/s exploit x = ca%2 poets1 on ! 
:ole its mo/ s]i\s /ud5ts1 too (t5 =    
graceful fancies4 ,sa9t ,paul's compact 
s5t5ces give m ( its sub/ance ?an c be  
_h 9 ! same compass else:]e4 ,9 und]tak+
 an analysis ( x ,i believe ,i c be/ fix
 att5tion on its m important e?ical     
features if ,i ask a s]ies ( simple     
que/ions ab\t x & !n develop _!         
complicat$ answ]s4  7#a7 ,h[ does love  
diff] f lik+8 ,quantitatively4 ,! degree
 ( emotion express$ by love is out ( all
 proportion to t ( lik+4 ,i love my     
fri5ds & l _! surr\nd+s2 ,i l ?is gift &
 love ! giv]4 ,an ex*ange ( t]ms 9 ei!r 
( ^! s5t5ces w\ld make moral nons5se4   
,lik+ t\*es only ! surface2 ,i l        
/rawb]ries4 ,lov+ goes all ?r\gh2 ,i    
love my old s]vant4 ,( c\rse1 !n1 lov+  
includes lik+1 ?\gh lik+ may or may n be
 accompani$ by lov+2 & equally1 ( c\rse1

 loose talk]s1 :o d n "k :at !y mean1 w 
try to be impressive by us+ ! weighti]  
^w4 ,i love automobil+1 ,i love ! op]a1 
,i love ice-cream2 ^! are all =ms (     
silly exagg]ation :i* no "o w s]i\sly   
def5d4  ,b !re is a reason = ?is        
quantitative diff]5ce4 ,an additional   
factor ent]s into love & greatly        
increases its dep?4 ,love always implies
 ! possibility ( ! lov$ "o's k & 8      
capacity = response4 ,x is applicable   
!re=e prim>ily to p]sons & ! high]      
animals1 & only 9 a metaphoric way suits
 ?+s4 ,no d\bt ! response (t5 fails1 b x
 is always desir$ & s\ght4 ,love seeks  
to e/abli% a p]sonal tie4 ,no "o ev]    
lov$ )\t wi%+ to be lov$4  ,fur!rmore1  
betwe5 love & lik+ !re is a %>p contra/ 
( m5tal attitude4 ,9 lik+1 my ?\ghts are
 on myself2 9 lov+1 on ano!r4 ,i l      
:atev] br+s me pleasure or pr(it4 ,b    
,br[n+ rightly asks3 8,h[ c "o love b   
:at he ye>ns to help80 ,t is1 :at we    
love always seems to u to h su* wor? z  
calls on u = protection & ! (f]+ up (   

ourselves4 ,to ! lov] x appe>s augu/1   
sup]ior1 & supplem5tal to any?+ possess$
 by himself4 ,x fills him ) awe & a _s (
 sacrifice4 ,sp5s] addresses 8 lady z   
8,my de> dread40 ,!re is no?+ ( ?is 9   
lik+4 ,our ?\ghts are !re fix$ on       
ourselves1 he$less ( ! condition (      
:atev] furni%es u pr(it4 ,ox5 we l1     
because !y supply our tables & till our 
fields4 ,:at matt] if 9 do+ s !y p]i%8  
,we t5d ! dog we love & d n let him be  
h>m$ 9 our s]vice4 ,9 %ort1 lov+ is our 
=?go+ t[>d "o possess+ a wor? pref]r$   
above our own2 lik+1 our feel+ t[>d     
any?+ f :i* we d]ive b5efit1 ev5 ?\gh   
inf]ior 9 g5]al wor? to ourselves4  ,on 
acc\nt ( ?is diff]5ce love _c be conf9$ 
to p]sons4 ,see+ a little girl t5d+ h]  
rose-bu% & ask+ h] if %e likes x1 ,i    
%all probably receive ! indignant reply3
 8,no1 ,i love x40 ,%e means3 8,i ?9k z 
mu* ab\t giv+ to x z ( gett+ f x40 ,x   
w\ld be improp] to ask a pa9t]1 a s*ol>1
 if he likes 8 "w4 ,if he foll[s x = ga9
 he is untrue to x2 he c really succe$  

only :5 he loves x1 i4e41 gives himself 
he>tily to x4 ,9 _m cases1 !re=e1 :]e   
pr(it is abundant1 x w\ld be a k9d (    
impiety to speak ( lik+4 ,i l my "m1 ,i 
l ,god4 ,c]ta9ly6 ,none gives ampl]     
gr\nd = lik+4 ,b = t v reason my m9d    
%\ld be set on ! appropriate outgo 9    
return4 ,h[ev] mu* ! patriot may l 8    
c\ntry1 i4e41 recognize ! opportunities 
x af=ds = life1 he loves x m4 ,p]haps 9 
all ^! cases :]e imp]sonal be+s are lov$
 we inw>dly attribute p]sonality to !m &
 feel t we receive f !m z mu* love z we 
give4  ,= t is an ess5tial 9 love3 x    
contemplates mutuality4 ,! lov$ "o looks
 up to ! lov] z truly z ! lov] does to !
 lov$4 ,ea* c\nts himself inf]ior & only
 ?r\gh ! o!r capable ( possess+ wor?4   
8,%e is my ess5ce & ,i leave to be1 if  
,i be n ?r\gh h] fair influ5ce10 says   
,%akespe>e's ,val5t9e2 & _h love rea*$  
its completion1 ,sylvia w\ld h express$ 
no less4 ,?is d\ble action is *>act]i/ic
 ( love1 :ile lik+ has only a s+le end4 
,if we w speak accurately1 !n1 we %all  

ackn[l$ge t ! real object lov$ is nei!r 
memb] ( ! pair b j ?is mutuality1 !     
8toge!rness10 :i* blots out reg>d = any 
sep>ate self & fills ea* ) passion = !  
conjunct4 8,to ! desire & pursuit ( !   
:ole ! "n ( love is giv510 says ,plato 9
 ! ,symposium4 ,9 8 8,clasp+ ( ,h&s0    
,george ,h]b]t *>m+ly develops ! puzzl+ 
reciprocity ( love :5 he tries to       
compreh5d 8 relation to ,god3      8,"l1
 ?\ art m9e1 & ,i am ?9e       ,if m9e  
,i am2 & ?9e mu* m     ,?an ,i or ought 
or c be m9e4       ,yet to be ?9e do? me
 re/ore1     ,s t aga9 ,i n[ am m9e1    
,& ) advantage m9e ! m1     ,s9ce ?is   
be+ m9e br+s ) x ?9e1       ,& ?\ ) me  
do/ !e re/ore4     ,if ,i )\t !e w\ld be
 m9e1     ,i nei!r %\ld be m9e nor ?9e4 
,"l1 ,i am ?9e1 & ?\ art m9e2       ,s  
m9e ?\ art t some?+ m     ,i may presume
 !e m9e ?an ?9e4       ,= ?\ did/ suff] 
to re/ore     ,n !e1 b me1 & to be m9e1 
,& ) advantage m9e ! m2     ,s9ce ?\ 9  
dea? wa/ none ( ?9e1       ,yet !n z m9e
 did/ me re/ore4     ,oh be m9e /ill6   

,/ill make me ?9e6     ,or r make no ?9e
 & m9e60  ,( c\rse su* a poem c h only  
two /anzas1 & ^! mu/ closely p>allel ea*
 o!r 9 e "p4 ,! result+ def9ition (     
love1 mak+ x ! complet$ =m ( mutuality1 
w\ld run z foll[s3 love is ! jo9t s]vice
 ( a common life4  7#b7 ,is ! lov]1 !n1 
an unselfi% p]son & does altruism1 "h   
rea*+ its highe/ pit*1 exclude all      
egoi/ic reg>d8 ,on ! contr>y1 x includes
 & magnifies x4 ,i h said t love always 
involves lik+1 ! k t an object has      
br\ght me ga9 & is capable ( br++ m4 ,9 
8 lov$ "o ! lov] kn[s a s\rce (         
incomp>able joy4 ,7 8 lady once 81 x    
w\ld matt] little :at else might happ54 
,nev] be=e has he conceiv$ a good s     
great1 & he kn[s t h>d%ips %>$ ) h] w\ld
 be bett] ?an ! mo/ favorable =tune     
alone4 ,he is !re=e an eag] seek]4 ,su* 
a passion to possess is se5 9 no "o     
else4 ,yet ! opposite may be said )     
equal tru?4 ,he has lo/ all selfi%ness4 
,no "o is s g5]\s z he1 s ready =       
self-sacrifice4 ,to please & b5efit !   

lov$ "o is all 8 c>e4 ,let :at he gives 
h co/ him little1 & he is dissatisfi$4  
,he longs to suff] = h] sake4 ,^! are n 
m>ks ( self-seek+4 ,b !y d indicate t ! 
lov] has rea*$ a new conception ( self1 
= :i* he is ev5 m ard5t ?an ev] he 0 = !
 old4 ,t old sep>ate self he n[         
despises1 & kn[s t only z he loses x 9 !
 lov$ "o w he h any wor?4 ,until he has 
?or\ghly cut himself (f f 8 own deta*$  
int]e/s he w be unwor?y ( h]4 ,a scrap (
 ,p]sian v]se1 translat$ by ,bronson    
,alcott1 /ates ! matt] well3 8,"o knock$
 at ! belov$'s door1 & a voice ask$ f   
)91 #8,:o is !re8' ,& he answ]$1 #8,x is
 ,i4' ,!n ! voice said1 #8,?is room w n 
hold me & !e'2 & ! door 0 n op5$4 ,!n   
w5t ! lov] into ! des]t1 & fa/$ & pray$ 
9 solitude4 ,& aft] a ye> he return$ &  
knock$ aga9 at ! door4 ,& aga9 ! voice  
ask$1 #8,:o is !re8' ,& he said1 #8,x is
 ?yself4' ,& ! door 0 op5$ to him40 ,9 !
 mutuality ( love egoism & altruism are 
reconcil$4 ,ea* ( ! lov]s acquires a new
 appreh5sion ( self1 :i* conjunct be+   

be>s 9 ! m9d ( ea* ! "n ( ! belov$4     
7#c7 ,is ! lov] 9 8 own e/imate ri* or  
poor8 ,incr$ibly ri* 9 :at he has       
receiv$1 b 9 comp>ison ) 8 lady h[ poor6
 ,%e is immeasurably 8 sup]ior4 ,h[ %e  
/oop$ s l[ is 8 daily wond]4 ,b 8 own   
inf]iority does n di/urb him4 8,love    
envie? n4 ,is n easily puff$ up40 ,on ! 
contr>y1 he rejoices 9 empty+ himself & 
see+ h[ all t is wor? :ile 9 him proce$s
 f h]4 ,yet ! lov] is a p>adoxical      
fell[1 full ( contradictions & scorn+   
consi/5cy4 ,he prizes himself z he nev] 
did be=e & daily takes on a new         
importance4 ,nev] till he lov$ 0 he s   
wat*ful ( 8 looks1 spee*1 clo!s1 mann]s4
 ,:at he br+s to h] mu/ be ( ! f9e/1 &  
he is pleas$ to discov] 9 himself       
excell5ces hi!rto unsuspect$ :i* %e may 
well accept4 ,t5nyson well pa9ts !      
aspir+ lov] 9 8,maud03      8,s d>k a   
m9d )9 me dwells1     ,& ,i make myself 
su* evil *e]     ,t if ,i be de> to "s  
"o else     ,!n "s "o else may h mu* to 
fe>4     ,b if ,i be de> to "s "o else1 

,!n ,i %\ld be to myself m de>4         
,%all ,i n c>e = all t ,i ?9k1     ,yea1
 ev5 = wret*$ meat & dr9k1     ,if ,i be
 de>1 if ,i be de>1 to "s "o else80     
7#d7 ,:5 once e/abli%$1 is love p]man5t8
 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,be+ a p]sonal affair x has
 no r\t9e fixity1 b mu/ cont9ually be   
creat$ afre%4 ,ef=t is 9 x1 int5tion1   
read9ess to put aside tempor>y fancies &
 to practise a loyal pati5ce4 ,x is true
 t 9 ! wise ^! practices !mselves become
 habitual & love !re=e a matt] ( happy  
c\rse4 ,no action is excell5t :i* ceases
 :5 n consci\sly press$4 ,f ! quiet (   
assur$ love old lov]s look back on !    
anxi\s f]vors ( e>ly days & ackn[l$ge !m
 meagre & immature4 ,yet /ill )9 call !y
 keep ! resolute w & gu>d aga9/ decay4  
,= j z my read]s f9d x difficult to hold
 ! ?\ght ( ! conjunct self /eadily 9 m9d
 & are oblig$ to resi/ its t5d5cy to    
dis9tegrate into sep>ate selves1 s d    
lov]s also4 ,by degrees ! s5se (        
mutuality may decl9e1 indep5d5t int]e/s 
arise1 & !n "o ( ! l[] altrui/ic =ms may

 take ! place ( ?is its highe/4 ,a pair 
may feel !mselves draw+ ap>t &1 f9d+    
less & less 9 common1 may gradually     
cont5t !mselves ) a k9d ( p>tn]%ip 9    
place ( love4 ,or "o1 di/urb$ ov] !     
brea* ( affection1 may seek to repair x 
by acts ( g5]osity4 ,he may be lib]al 9 
grant+ 8 company1 8 fri5dly *e]1 to !   
slightly di/ant lov$ "o4 ,b t1 too1 is a
 slipp+ d[n4 ,! two are !n no long] 9   
equality4 ,p]fect love kn[s no giv+4    
,:at is !re to give8 ,all m9e is ?9e1   
all ?9e is m9e4 ,toge!r we %>e1 n give4 
,b z we deta* ourselves little by       
little1 ! old sep>ate self comes back & 
we h& some?+ across ! *asm4 ,h[ sad :5  
exub]ant love ?us decl9es into          
int5tional giv+1 alt]+ 8because x       
alt]ation f9ds & b5d+ ) ! remov] to     
remove06 ,b sadd] /ill is x :5 to =m]ly 
abundant love ! gu>d$ altruism ( mann]s 
succe$s & ea* is satisfi$ to treat ! o!r
 ) wat*ful polit5ess4 ,?is is ! la/     
/opp+-place be=e confess$ bankruptcy4   
7#e7 ,b is n love always op5 to repair  

?r\gh duty8 ,be+ ! highe/ embodim5t (   
morality x w\ld naturally seem peculi>ly
 alive to duty4 ,b ! v opposite is !    
case4 ,x has1 9 fact1 a /range av]sion  
to duty4 ,any suspicion t we are expect$
 to love a c]ta9 p]son ali5ates u f him4
 ,we _c =ce ourselves to love ev5 :5 we 
see x to be desirable2 nor c we expel   
love :5 we f9d x unreturn$ or unwor?y4  
,love insi/s on fre$om1 a c]ta9 abs5ce (
 con/ra9t1 ei!r f a p]son1 f            
circum/ance1 f collat]al advantages1 or 
ev5 f our own volition4 ,l giv+1 x      
recognizes no claim4 8,love is a pres5t 
to a mighty k+10 says ,h]b]t4 ,x _c be  
b\ght or sold4 ,b ?\gh s little         
submissive to obligation1 x is highly   
s5sitive to sugge/ion & unclamor\s      
appeal4 ,inde$1 x soon p]i%es :5 fre%   
sugge/ion is )held4 ,indirectly1 !re=e1 
& accept+ "t = an ally1 we c control    
love4 ,i h repeat$ly spok5 ( int5tion1  
rational guidance1 res\rceful c>e1 z    
necessities if we w\ld h a wise & la/+  
love4 ,^? :o compla9 ( its decay h      

g5]ally !mselves to blame4 ,!y h imag9$ 
x con/itut$ once = all &1 :ile !y w\ld  
be glad to h x cont9ue1 h tak5 little   
pa9s = t fre% r5ewal on :i* its life is 
/ak$4 8,keep on c\rt+10 said a sagaci\s 
"m to a "y bridegroom on 8 w$d+-day4 ,& 
:at has "h be5 said ( m>ital love       
applies also1 ) adaptations1 to ! love (
 ,god & ! love ( our fell[ m54 ,n[h]e w 
love submit to ! direct comm& ( duty4 ,b
 indirectly1 gradually1 ?r\gh sugge/ion 
& consid]ate modes ( approa*1 x is well 
)9 our control4 ,! ,gold5 ,rule1 bidd+ u
 love ,god & our neighbor1 is n a       
psy*ological blund]4  7#f7 ,h[ does     
fri5d%ip diff] f love8 ,l love1 x diff]s
 f p>tn]%ip ?r\gh hav+ an entirely      
p]sonal basis4 ,)9 its limits p>tn]%ip  
is z g5u9ely mutual z love itself1 b its
 mutuality ref]s to ends outside !      
p]sonal lives4 ,^! rema9 deta*$ &       
individual1 m]ely co-op]at+ = a "t to   
accompli% an ext]nal purpose4 ,9 bo?    
love & fri5d%ip ! p]sonalities m]ge4 ,_!
 int]e/s become id5tifi$1 s t "o ( !    

p>ties )\t ! o!r is b a fragm5t>y be+4  
,b fri5d%ip diff]s f love 9 ! degree (  
int5sity ( its emotion & 9 ! ext5t ( !  
tract ( life cov]$4 ,9 ^! respects x m  
ne>ly resembles lik+4 ,we all "k h[     
slight a fri5dly feel+ may be1 ev5 :5   
entirely g5u9e4 ,?is is because ( !     
well-recogniz$ limits ( fri5d%ip1 limits
 sometimes n>r[1 sometimes broad4 ,i    
take ,john = my fri5d on acc\nt ( 8 wit1
 ,james = 8 s*ol>%ip1 ,h5ry = discussion
 ( art1 ,*>les = !ology4 ,outside ^!    
matt]s we h little 9 common4 ,if ,i try 
to introduce ^! fri5ds to o!r sides (   
me1 ,i "k t our fri5d%ip w\ld be /ra9$4 
,love kn[s no su* limits4 ,9 x !re is no
 hold+ back4 ,!re ! m we give ! m we h4 
,n t 9 fri5d%ip we set up su* limits by 
our own volition1 z is done 9 p>tn]%ip4 
,! limits are +ra9$ 9 ! p]sons1 & beyond
 !m we "k x is futile to press4 ,:5 two 
natures h c]ta9 sides t fit1 to !       
advantage ( ea*1 a fri5d%ip spr+s up4 ,b
 h[ emb>rass+ :5 "s fri5d :om we greatly
 value has limitations :i* oblige u to  

pause & he1 n p]ceiv+ !m1 attributes to 
our adv]se w ! failure 9 full mutual    
accord6 ,because ( its n>r[ b\nds &     
because x is s\ght = individual ga91    
fri5d%ip is ( f> wid] curr5cy ?an love4 
,we make & drop our fri5d%ips )         
comp>ative ease1 h>dly f ! fir/ expect+ 
!m to be la/+4 ,b a love to :i* we      
contemplat$ an end1 ei!r 9 ext5t or     
duration1 w\ld be already end$4 ,!      
,greeks ju/ly eulogiz$ fri5d%ip z our   
be/ security 9 an unc]ta9 _w4 ,&1       
obvi\sly1 he is imprud5t :o does n      
surr\nd himself ) a protect+ b& (       
fri5ds4  ,let me1 9 clos+ ?is section1  
call att5tion to ^! v>ieties ( p]sonal  
contact1 all ( :i* are desirable4 ,we   
all ne$ a multitude ( acqua9tances1 c1  
inde$1 h>dly h too _m4 ,^! are p]sons ^:
 faces & names we "k1 ) some?+ ( _!     
occupations & hi/ory4 ,:ile we "k !m    
only on ! outside our impressions ( !m  
are favorable1 & _! nod1 smile1 or pass+
 greet+ bright5s ! mom5t & makes u feel 
at "o ) our species4 ,^! d n atta9 !    

rank ( fri5ds1 to :om we expose sections
 ( our lives1 9 ^: *>act]s we see       
admirable traits :i* are less develop$ 9
 ourselves1 & on :om we lean 9 times (  
d\bt1 tr\ble1 & ignorance4 ,su* /eady+  
fri5ds w n be a l>ge company & %\ld be  
*os5 delib]ately1 n ?r\gh juxtaposition1
 b on gr\nds ( m]it & adaptation to our 
ne$s4 ,clos] ?an ^!1 h[ev]1 %\ld come   
our intimates1 "o or two1 ^? to :om we  
give :ole-he>t$ love4 ,f su* an intimate
 we hide no?+1 n ev5 our faults4 ,to him
 we express our half-?\ghts1 make up our
 m9ds 9 company ) 81 f9d excell5ce easy 
9 8 pres5ce & yet1 to our daily         
a/oni%m5t1 see t he obta9s z mu* f u z  
we f him4 ,him we love4 ,he is ano!r    
self1 & all t is ours is 8 also4  ,su*1 
!n1 is love & su* its v>ieties & %ad+s4 
,p>t$ f mutuality1 altruism has little  
wor?4 ,only :]e love is1 :]e ! conjunct 
self has tak5 ! place ( ! sep>ate self1 
is altruism completely realiz$4 ,9 su*  
love morality atta9s its goal4          
,accord+ly1 9 e age ^? mo/ impassion$ = 

! =mation ( "* h exalt$ love z its      
c5tral pr9ciple4 ,! fir/ to p]ceive its 
importance & to beg9 an exploitation (  
its labyr9?s 0 ,plato4 ,to love he has  
d$icat$ ?ree ( 8 ,dialogues4 ,9 ! fir/ (
 !m1 ! delightful little piece call$    
,lysis1 he busies himself ) !           
contradictions ( love4 ,he does n seek  
to e/abli% a positive doctr9e4 ,no      
conclusion is rea*$1 b ! enigmatic "* ( 
love is br\ght out ) extraord9>y        
vividness4 ,! greate/ ( 8 love          
dialogues1 & "o :i* has pr(\ndly        
influ5c$ all subsequ5t ages1 is !       
,symposium1 beautifully translat$ by !  
poet ,%elley "u ! "n ( ,! ,banquet4     
,socrates & 8 fri5ds assembl+ "o ev5+1 x
 is propos$ t in/ead ( g5]al conv]sation
 !y %all talk on "s specific subject1 & 
love is select$4 ,"o speak] aft] ano!r  
reports :at he has se5 9 love--its      
dignity1 its heav5ly & e>?ly types1 its 
univ]sality z an und]ly+ pr9ciple (     
physical nature1 ! suppos$ orig9 ( !    
sep>ate self & its subsequ5t desire =   

completion1 love z ! organiz] ( human   
life4 ,!n ,socrates po9ts out h[ ! true 
significance ( love lies 9 its passion =
 p]fection & h[ x cont9ually sup]s$es   
its l[] =ms 9 ! int]e/ ( :at is l>g]4 ,!
 mo/ obscur+ ( ^! l[] =ms1 ! lea/       
reg>dful ( any?+ beyond itself1 is t    
in/9ctive passion betwe5 ! sexes :i*    
tries to monopolize ! "n ( love4        
,fri5d%ip is m intellig5t4 ,unities ( a 
/ill wid] & firm] k9d are disclos$ 9 !  
social1 arti/ic1 & sci5tific impulses4  
,^! are all prompt$ by love & foll[     
increas+ grades ( beauty4 ,religion1    
h[ev]1 alone reveals ! full significance
 ( ^! /ruggles t[>d conjunction2 = ,god 
is ! only complete :ol5ess1 & e endeavor
 to unite ) o!r ?+s or p]sons is b a    
bl9d seek+ aft] him4 ,love appe>s once m
 9 ! ,phdrus1 :]e its deep] implications
 are trac$ 9 connection ) rhetoric &    
g5]al philosophy4  ,at ! "t ( !         
,r5aissance ,m>cilius ,fic9us translat$ 
! ,symposium ( ,plato & c>ri$ its       
influ5ce into all ! lit]atures ( we/]n  

,europe4 ,edmund ,sp5s] reflects t      
influ5ce 9 8 two sup]b hymns 9 ,honor ( 
,love & 9 ,honor ( ,beauty4 ,a vivaci\s 
mod]n /atem5t ( ! anci5t doctr9e is t ( 
,r4 ,w4 ,em]son 9 8 ,essay on ,love2 &  
an amus+ disp>agem5t ( love1 z t :i*    
int]f]es ) ! com=ts & conv5i5ces ( !    
sep>ate self1 appe>s 9 ,bacon's ,essay  
on ,love4 ,x has be5 well said t any "o 
:o imag9es ,%akespe>e's plays 7 writt5  
by ,bacon %\ld read ?is essay & foll[ x 
) ,romeo & ,juliet4 ,( c\rse1 all !     
poets l+] 9 ! neighborhood ( love &     
decl>e x to be t :i* makes ! _w g r\nd4 
,"o ( !m1 ! mid-,victorian ,cov5try     
,patmore1 made himself its expositor &  
devot$ 8 entire product to ! sy/ematic  
analysis ( its e phase4 ,p]haps to      
height5 ! impression ( v]acity1 he has  
made ! v]se ( 8 e>ly volumes1 entitl$ ,!
 ,angel 9 ! ,h\se1 approa* z ne>ly z    
possible to prose1 :ile 8 lat] volume1  
,! ,unkn[n ,eros1 treats ! same matt] 9 
a s]ies ( raptur\s odes4 ,admir+ !m bo? 
z ,i d 9 an age :5 !y are bo? out (     

fa%ion1 ,i take up ,! ,angel 9 ! ,h\se  
:5 9 a psy*ological mood ,i am n di/urb$
 by absurdity1 & turn to ,! ,unkn[n     
,eros :5 my e> craves music & ,i welcome
 ! ,platonic madness4     ,,*apt] ,,vii 
,,ju/ice   ,be=e advanc+ fur!r x may be 
well to survey ! tangl$ gr\nd already   
trav]s$2 = 9 mutuality1 ! ?ird great    
section ( ,altruism1 ,i h n be5 able to 
employ ! simple treatm5t :i* ,mann]s &  
,giv+ receiv$4 ,! pr9ciple ?r\gh\t is   
precise & uni=m4 ,)9 a specifi$ field ! 
int]e/s ( two or m p]sons are to be     
acc\nt$ id5tical1 s t a d\ble ga9       
becomes possible1 altruism trans=m+     
itself into egoism & egoism into        
altruism4 ,?is is ! common pr9ciple :i* 
%apes e =m ( mutuality4 ,b ! ext5t ( !  
fields specifi$ diff]s s widely z to    
give rise to =ms ( v unlike moral value1
 :i* des]ve sep>ate exam9ation4  ,9 !   
field ( p>tn]%ip1 = example1 x is       
und]/ood t ! union w n cont9ue          
indef9itely & t x has be5 br\ght ab\t = 
atta9+ "s ext]nal end4 ,p>tn]%ip1       

b>ga9+1 volunt>y association w\ld n come
 into exi/5ce 7 x n = ! prospect (      
mutual ga94 ,if "o p>ty alone ga9s1 we  
see t "s unfairness has occurr$4 ,yet   
because 9 ^! unions mutuality is        
re/rict$ to a small gr\p & to !         
accompli%m5t ( ext]nal purposes1 !y (t5 
become eng9es = a selfi%ness m int5se   
?an _! sep>ate memb]s w\ld approve4 ,a  
popul> prov]b exagg]ates b little 9 say+
 t corporations h no s\ls4  ,b su*      
p]il\s re/rictions are unnecess>y4 ,!re 
c be mutuality )\t !m4 ,in/ead ( ref]r+ 
to an ext]nal end1 unions c be =m$ = an 
int]nal purpose4 ,! v lives &           
aspirations ( two p]sons may be jo9$4 ,t
 is unnecess>y 9 bus9ess relations4 ,i  
may dislike my p>tn] p]sonally1 yet     
judge x wise to id5tify my comm]cial    
int]e/s ) 84 ,:5 ,i make a pur*ase at a 
%op ,i d n inquire ab\t ! "* ( ! deal]4 
,) t ,i h no conc]n4 ,8 life is 81 m9e  
m9e4 ,our mutual relation t\*es only !  
value ( ! article pur*as$4 ,& some?+    
simil> is true ( our volunt>y           

associations4 ,i jo9 my political club 9
 ! hope ( fur!r+ public int]e/s2 b1 to  
tell ! tru?1 ,i am (t5 a%am$ ( my       
associates !re4 ,we h a common aim1 b   
p]sonally ,i w keep myself z cle> f my  
fell[ work]s z possible4 ,"u none ( !   
conditions :i* ,i h call$ p>tn]%ip d    
lives m]ge4 ,to ^! unions = def9able    
ends a t]m9ation is sometimes set1      
sometimes indef9itely anticipat$4  ,n[1 
9 ! case ( love1 ^! re/rictions are done
 away4 ,accord+ly ! :ole pr9ciple (     
mutuality comes out !re ) a lucidity1   
p[]1 & mov+ appeal :i* x _c possibly h 9
 ! briefly plann$ arrangem5ts ( trade4  
,= ?\gh love (t5 passes away1 no su*    
cessation is contemplat$4 ,! et]nal v[s 
( lov]s h always be5 a subject ( je/4   
,no d\bt limit$ m>riages h be5 propos$4 
,b ,i suspect if !y ev] come ab\t1 :at  
we mean by love w be omitt$4 ,x w\ld    
/rike mo/ ( u z absurd = me to ask ,m>y 
to jo9 me 9 id5tify+ our lives = a s+le 
ye>1 %>+ dur+ t "t our home1 our aims1  
our inmo/ ?\ghts1 b always int5d+ at !  

end ( t "t to g our sep>ate ways1 unable
 to say 8we40 ,ext]nal relations c be   
=m$1 dropp$1 & resum$1 ! p]sons involv$ 
rema9+ unaffect$4 ,t is n true ( int]ior
 relations4 ,^! fa%ion a new p]sonality 
to :i* old =ms ( morals1 ev5 old =ms (  
language1 no long] apply4 ,be=e advanc+ 
to expla9 z my f9al topic ! special     
modifications ( mutuality :i* fit x = a 
_w pr9ciple1 let me sum up ! :ole       
doctr9e ( love 9 "s maje/ic l9es        
attribut$ to ,%akespe>e4 ,9 #afja a     
curi\s book appe>$ call$ ,*e/]'s ,love's
 ,m>tyr1 conta9+ a poem to :i*          
,%akespe>e's "n 0 affix$4 ,?is s+le     
fact1 & ! unlikelihood t any "o else _h 
su* compulsive p[] ov] words1 are our   
only gr\nds = ?9k+ ,%akespe>e wrote !   
piece4 ,x is entitl$ 8,! ,phnix & !     
,turtle10 & allegorically describes !   
fun]al ( a pair ( m>ri$ lov]s1 ! man    
d5ot$ by ! turtle1 ! woman by ! phnix4  
,i quote only ! fun]al *ant1 omitt+ !   
picturesque introduction & ! solemn     
end+3      8,"h ! an!m do? comm5ce2     

,love & con/ancy is dead1     ,phnix & !
 turtle fl$     ,9 a mutual flame f     
!nce4      ,s !y lov$ z love 9 twa9     
,_h ! ess5ce b 9 "o4     ,two di/9cts1  
division none1     ,numb] !re 9 love 0  
sla94      ,he>ts remote1 yet n asund]1 
,di/ance1 & no space 0 se5     ',twixt !
 turtle & 8 que52     ,b 9 !m x 7 a     
wond]4      ,s betwe5 !m love did %9e   
,t ! turtle saw 8 "r     ,flam+ 9 !     
phnix' sight2     ,ei!r 0 ! o!r's m9e4  
,prop]ty 0 ?us appall$1     ,t ! self 0 
n ! same4     ,s+le nature's d\ble "n   
,nei!r two nor "o 0 call$4      ,reason1
 9 itself conf\nd$1     ,saw division   
gr[ toge!r4     ,to !mselves1 yet       
ei!r--nei!r1     ,simple 7 s well       
comp\nd$      ,t x cri$ h[ true a twa9  
,seeme? ?is concordant "o6     ,love ha?
 reason1 reason none1     ,if :at p>ts c
 s rema940  ,:at audacity ( ^w &        
precision ( ?\ght6 ,) :at accuracy !    
p>adoxes ( love are /at$6 8,to !mselves1
 yet ei!r--nei!r40 ,9 ! fir/ /anza !    
sacr$ ^w 8mutual0 is introduc$4 ,:]e    

else 9 our language is ! conjunct self s
 completely set =?8  ,yet we _c pause   
ev5 "h4 ,to make love a pr9ciple capable
 ( univ]sal application1 x w ne$ to be  
recon/itut$ &1 :ile reta9+ its          
mutuality1 to be /ripp$ ( sundry        
re/rictions4  ,= love is ev] selective4 
,x *ooses "o & leaves ano!r4 ,x is      
ex]cis$ only t[>d def9ite p]sons1 a     
little gr\p1 pref]ably two4 ,! small] ! 
numb] ! w>m] ! love4 ,b :at we are try+ 
to discov] is h[ altruism may p5etrate !
 :ole ( life1 organiz+ society & ! /ate4
 ,t 0 our ambiti\s ideal1 & love is n   
compreh5sive en\gh = x4 ,:5 we give     
ourselves up to ! s+le p]son or small   
gr\p fitt$ to receive our love1 w !re n 
be ! same dang] z appe>$ 9 ! discussion 
( p>tn]%ip1 t ! re/ ( ! _w w be %ut out8
 ,a pair ( lov]s is notori\sly unpleas+ 
to ev]ybody except !mselves4 ,9 t little
 _w ( !irs !y are s engross$ ) ! jo9t   
s]vice ( a common life t :at happ5s 9 ! 
ne$y _w beyond is h>dly notic$4 ,love ( 
?is sort is pretty f> remov$ f univ]sal 

altruism4  ,nor is ?is dang] conf9$ to !
 passion ( man = woman4 ,broad] types ( 
love %[ ! same exclusive absorption4    
,ea* memb] ( a h\sehold may be devot$ to
 ! re/ & f9d 8 own ga9 ?r\gh devotion to
 !irs4 ,"h love atta9s a peculi>ly      
beautiful mutuality4 ,b x is /ill       
circumscrib$4 ,! family becomes         
suffici5t = itself4 ,o!r families d n   
c\nt4 ,love has be5 selective &1 fix+   
its ardor on c]ta9 p]sons1 %uts out !   
re/4 ,ev5 ! love ( ,god & 8 *ildr5 may  
n>r[ itself to int]e/ 9 ^? only :o      
approa* him 9 ! same way z ourselves4   
,our religi\s sympa?y may n ext5d beyond
 our sect4 ,simil> p]ils beset national 
love or patriotism4  ,no d\bt 9 all ^!  
cases ! n>r[] field may provide tra9+ = 
! broad]2 b s long z love is selective &
 waits ^u p]sonal int]e/ x w be h>d     
press$ by condition+ accid5t4 ,rightly  
does ,sp5s] decl>e t = ! comb9ations (  
love ! />s' cons5t is necess>y4         
,circum/ance1 juxtaposition1 plays a    
l>ge "p at ! beg9n+ ( love4 ,! "o :o    

w\ld int]e/ me may n happ5 to come my   
way2 & ,i _c love "o :om ,i d n "k4     
,obta9+ su* k1 too1 ev5 9 reg>d to "o v 
ne>1 is unc]ta9 bus9ess4 ,i see "s "o :o
 calls out :at is be/ 9 me & am confid5t
 t jo9+ ) h] w br+ ab\t a glori\s life =
 u bo?4 ,b c ,i be sure8 ,an error 9    
e/imat+ w ru9 n me alone b h] too1 :om  
,i w\ld honor4 ,k1 an important         
condition ( love1 is h>d inde$ to obta94
 ,nor 9 reckon+ ! h9drances to love z a 
univ]sal pr9ciple c we pass by ! my/]ies
 ( temp]am5t4 ,_m a p]son h we kn[n to  
be lovable :om we c\ld nev] love4       
,peculi>ities ( inh]itance1 tra9+1      
habit1 in/9ctive feel+ 9 two p]sons1    
:ile n dim9i%+ _! wor?1 may r5d]        
hopeless _! adaptation to "o ano!r4     
,selective love1 !n1 hamp]$ by its ne$ (
 acqua9tance1 ne>ness1 & k1 c nev]      
become a univ]sal pr9ciple1 b9d+ mank9d 
toge!r4 ,x %[s1 h[ev]1 :at we want4     
,n[h]e else does altrui/ic f]vor atta9  
su* dep?4 ,b x lacks bread? & is        
possible only )9 n>r[ b\nds4 ,we h be5  

seek+ to ext5d mutuality1 ! d\ble ga91 !
 abolition ( bo? egoism & altruism1 f>  
beyond ^? b\nds & rea* a me?od by :i*   
mank9d z a :ole might engage 9 ! jo9t   
s]vice ( a common life4 ,su* an ideal   
w\ld pres]ve all *>act]i/ics ( love     
except its limitations4 ,b ! removal (  
^! w affect x s deeply z to oblige a new
 "n4 ,i call x ,ju/ice4  ,let u exam9e a
 case :]e mutuali/ic conduct %[s traits 
beyond ! rea* ( selective love4 ,i g to 
a %oemak] & ask = a pair ( %oes4 ,he h&s
 me a pair1 ,i pay 8 price1 & c>ry !m   
home4 ,z ,i come to we> !m1 ,i f9d !m   
admirably made4 ,!y give me great] com=t
 ?an ,i h ev] _h be=e & we> long]4 ,!   
lea!r appe>s to h be5 select$ ) c>e1 & e
 nail & /it* to h receiv$ att5tion4 ,i  
return to _! mak] & say3 8,t 0 a        
rem>kable pair ( %oes4 ,did y make !m   
specially = me8 ,p]haps y h kn[n me     
be=e1 h tak5 a fancy to me1 & s h be5   
will+ to put y\rself to all ?is tr\ble =
 my conv5i5ce4 ,t is ! way ) love4 ,x   
takes burd5s on itself to relieve       

ano!r40 ,h[ a/oni%$ ! deal] w\ld be at  
su* talk6 ,w\ld he n answ]3 8,i _h no   
?\ght ( y1 b ,i made ! %oes z well z ,i 
c\ld4 ,x is my bus9ess40 8,b10 ,i       
cont9ue1 8if y nev] "k to :om y\r %oes w
 g1 :y take su* pa9s80 8,because ,i mean
 to be true to my job & n %irk my "p 9 !
 ongo+ ( ! _w4 ,if ,i d bad "w somebody1
 ,i don't "k :o1 w suff]4 ,i mean to be 
a good %oemak]40 ,"h is pr(essional     
responsibility4 ,! man deals ju/ly ) 8  
unkn[n public4  ,& 9 su* pr(essional    
responsibility we pass f individual love
 to t noble public love :i* ,i h v5tur$ 
to call ,ju/ice4 ,love rema9s1 b x is n[
 univ]sal love1 love fre$ f selection & 
)\t ^? re/rictions ( k1 circum/ance1 &  
temp]am5t on :i* selection is bas$4 ,no 
d\bt 9 individual love !re is an        
intimacy & a weal? ( feel+ :i* ?is case 
has n4 ,b 9 x selfi%ness is also m      
pron\nc$4 ,kn[+ ,john well1 ,i am       
confid5t t 9 jo9+ my life ) 81 & ) 8    
only1 we %all bo? be enri*$4 ,b !       
%oemak] c>ries 8 bless+ to ! unkn[n &   

jo9s himself r ) ! public good4 ,he gets
 8 ga9 by giv+ ga9 to ^? :om he has nev]
 se54 ,x is true t ! transaction may be 
p>tly expla9$ on ! gr\nds already       
notic$4 ,an ex*ange has occurr$ by :i*  
buy] & sell] h alike pr(it$4 ,b some?+ m
 ?an calculation ( pr(it has gone into  
^! %oes4 ,!y w\ld h sold readily ) half 
! c>e4 ,b ?is man respect$ bus9ess      
/&>ds1 0 some?+ m ?an a trad]1 gave n by
 equival5t measure1 & 0 m conc]n$ ov]   
possible dang] to 8 cu/om]s ?an ov]     
extra labor = himself4 ,t is ! ess5ce ( 
pr(essionalism4 ,:ile frankly seek+     
mutual ga9 & decl9+ any?+ "o-sid$1 x    
ab&ons all ?\ght ( exact equival5ce1    
keep+ 9 ! =egr\nd /&>ds ( excell5ce     
approv$ by its gr\p & look+ to public   
s]vice4  ,or is !re 9 ! pr(essional man 
some?+ /ill deep] ?an ! *>act]i/ics j   
m5tion$1 some?+ ( :i* ^! are b !        
outgr[?8 ,! pr(essional man enjoys 8 "w 
& w\ld r d x ?an n4 ,_m ( u1 p]haps mo/1
 are driv5 to "w by ! ne$ to live4 ,we w
 d t "w fai?fully & n disappo9t ^? :o   

dep5d on u4 ,b we (t5 ?9k ( "w z toil1 d
 z little ( x z possible1 & f9d our     
enjoym5t q outside x4 ,days ( fre$om f t
 toil are eag]ly anticipat$4 ,h[ diff]5t
 is ! pr(essional _s6 ,x took up its "w 
orig9ally n z a task b z a *ance to     
gratify a p]sonal int]e/4 ,to foll[+ t  
int]e/ ?r\gh all its w9d+s its he>t has 
be5 giv54 ,?r\gh\t !re has be5 a passion
 = p]fection1 nev] realiz$1 nev] ab&on$4
 ,ea* day c>ries accompli%m5t =w>d &    
discloses wid] ranges into :i* skill    
might ext5d4 ,h>d%ip1 lack ( ga91       
failure to be recogniz$ are matt]s (    
sl5d] consequ5ce4 ,! "w itself is its   
own ri* rew>d4  ,su* is pr(essional     
responsibility at its be/4 ,x is        
responsibility to no individual1 n ev5 s
 mu* to ! g5]al public z to ! pr(ession 
*os54 ,p]haps we cat* ! _s mo/ readily  
among arti/s & s*ol>s1 :o prov]bially %[
 little reg>d = f9ancial results4 ,b ev5
 :]e reg>d = money is pat5t & necess>y1 
?is pr(essional _s is (t5 also pres5t4  
,i am ill & call a physician4 ,he comes 

to my b$side day by day1 /udies my case 
) elaborate c>e1 gives up l>ge am\nts ( 
preci\s "t to my :ims1 & nev] all[s 8   
moods to intrude1 s t on my recov]y ,i  
_c help say+3 8,:at a sympa!tic p]son y 
are6 ,i d n see h[ y c hold an int]e/ 9 
s _m p & feel _! afflictions z if !y 7  
y\r own40 ,su* a rem>k w\ld be z        
inadequate z if ,i _h said3 8,y h       
?or\ghly e>n$ y\r fee40 ,bo? w\ld be    
true1 & bo? w\ld po9t to motives :i*    
might rightly influ5ce him4 ,b into t   
complex motive w\ld g a ?ird factor m   
influ5tial /ill1 if he 0 a wor?y        
physician4 ,he c>es = ! heal+ art4 ,(   
c\rse he is unwill+ t ,i1 ?is individual
 p]son1 %\ld suff]4 ,b x is n ! 8me0    
elem5t nor ! money elem5t :i* made him  
take 8 tr\ble4 ,he w\ld h done ! same = 
a /rang]4 ,& ?is imp>tial attitude is1  
on ! :ole1 be/4 ,p]sonal sympa?y is (t5 
di/urb+4 ,let him coolly survey me z a  
case ( typhus fev]1 & ,i %all get 8 be/ 
s]vice4 ,?r\gh me he relieves suff]+1   
obta9s = himself a due income1 ga9s l>g]

 k ( disease & skill 9 combat+ x2 9     
%ort1 meets ! responsibilities ( an     
ardu\s & int]e/+ pr(ession4  ,"o may    
wond] :y ,i call ?is imp]sonal ext5sion 
( love ,ju/ice4 ,because ju/ice seeks to
 b5efit all1 b all alike4 ,x kn[s no    
p]sons1 or r x kn[s e "o z a p]son &    
insures ea* 8 %>e 9 ! common good4 ,all 
! altruism ( love is "h1 b )\t love's   
arbitr>y selection & limit$ int]e/4 ,we 
d wrong 9 ?9k+ ( ju/ice z *iefly conc]n$
 ) p5alties4 ,^! are incid5tal1 inflict$
 on ^? :o refuse to f9d _! ga9 9 ! ga9 (
 o!rs4 ,! ma9 "w ( ju/ice is its equal  
di/ribution ( advantage & its insi/5ce t
 ea* individual %all be fai?ful to :at  
he und]takes = ! b5efit ( all4 ,ju/ice  
is !re=e ?or\ghgo+ love1 its mutuality  
gu>d$1 rationaliz$1 /ripp$ ( p]sonal    
bias1 & br\ght ne> u ?r\gh ! av5ues (   
our special "w4  ,only we mu/ n conf9e !
 pr(essions to ! f\r usually reckon$3   
tea*+1 prea*+1 m$ic9e1 & ! law4 ,!      
pr(essional _s may vitalize "w ( e sort4
 ,"h is a poor man to :om few enjoym5ts 

are op51 :o goes out morn+ aft] morn+ to
 %ovel gravel or to engage 9 "s o!r     
labor equally un9t]e/+4 ,he e>ns 8 two  
or ?ree doll>s a day1 takes x home1 &   
h&s x to 8 slatt]nly wife4 ,once he 0   
drawn to h] by romantic love4 ,) h] he  
figur$ a real union1 ea* cont9ually     
happy 9 ! sight ( ! o!r & ea* day br++  
to bo? an inw>d joy4 ,he did n "k h]4   
,he _h nei!r ! opportunity nor ! ability
 to /udy h] temp]am5t & le>n :e!r x 0   
adju/able to 84 ,x prov$ n to be s4     
,*ildr5 came1 c>es increas$1 %e neglect$
 h]self1 h] home1 h] husb&4 ,!re 0 no   
long] any w>m? ( affection betwe5 !m4 ,b
 /ill he goes on work+ = h] unmurmur+ly4
 ,%e is a wife & "m1 he a husb& & fa!r4 
,to ^! relation%ips he w be fai?ful4 ,is
 n 8 a l>g] love ?an t ( ! c\rt%ip8 ,i d
 n see t we c say s4 ,b x is love ( a   
diff]5t sort & a v noble sort4 ,we call$
 love ! jo9t s]vice ( a common life4    
,?\gh %e no long] jo9s him1 he jo9s !   
community 9 ma9ta9+ ! family tie4 ,:at  
keeps him go+ is 8 pr(essional          

responsibility4 ,be+ a good husb& is !  
task assign$ him 9 ! g5]al division (   
labor4 ,he recognizes its ju/ice1       
controls 8 temp]1 & pati5tly meets !    
h>d%ip involv$4 ,i _c see h[ !re is less
 pr(essional responsibility "h ?an 9 !  
case ( ! %oemak] or physician4 ,inde$1  
:]ev] any "o is true to 8 specific task1
 puts 8 he>t into x1 works n = money    
alone nor ?r\gh int]e/ 9 a s+le         
individual1 b1 )\t calculat+ any        
equival5ce betwe5 :at he gives &        
receives1 /udies h[ he may mo/ fully    
p]=m ! "w to :i* he has be5 call$1 t man
 is exhibit+ pr(essional responsibility1
 honor+ love1 & exalt+ ju/ice 9 a way to
 des]ve pr(\nd rev]5ce4     ,,*apt]     
,,viii  ,,conclusion   ,love is s (t5   
proclaim$ z a social panacea t ,i h     
?\ght x well to subject x to a c>eful   
criticism & indicate its defects :5     
reg>d$ z a complete embodim5t (         
altruism4 ,"s ( ^? defects are          
incid5tal4 ,s9ce x is an affair ( human 
be+s x _c fail to %[ ! imp]fections     

*>act]i/ic ( su* wayw>d creatures4      
,seldom does ev5 m>riage1 love's be/    
opportunity1 atta9 t full mutuality :i* 
,i h eulogiz$4 ,self-ass]tion intrudes  
e>ly4 ,! int]e/s ( "o or ! o!r p>ty     
become pr$om9ant1 & mutuality gradually 
decl9es4 ,:5 ! simple-m9d$ man 0 told t 
9 m>riage two p]sons become "o1 he      
naturally en\gh ask$3 8,:i* "o80 ,yet if
 ! completely conjunct life is r>e1 x is
 preci\s z an ideal = direct+ conduct4  
,we (t5 speak ( love z some?+ we fall   
into4 ,r x is some?+ to be made1        
develop$1 /eadily approximat$4 ,! be/   
m>riages are accompli%$ works ( art1    
yield+ l>ge rew>ds ?r\gh all _!         
progressive /ages4 ,b love is ev]       
un/able4 ,unwat*$1 x slips d[n among !  
l[] =ms ( altruism4  ,^! defects ( love 
are1 h[ev]1 b incid5tal & su* z are     
common 9 all man's und]tak+s4 ,!re is   
no?+ 9 love :i* c r5d] x immune f human 
infirmity4 ,b !re are also 9 x c]ta9    
fundam5tal defects :i* prev5t x f becom+
 an organiz+ _w-pr9ciple4 ,at lea/ be=e 

x c weld individuals into societies &   
/ates x mu/ und]go l>ge trans=mation &  
appe> r z ju/ice ?an dome/ic affection4 
,= love is naturally selective &        
individual1 pick+ out "o & reject+      
ano!r4 ,x does n (f] its b\nty alike to 
all4 ,private altruism1 x might be      
call$1 s t x always seems indelicate to 
speak ( x 9 public4 ,x conc]ns only ^?  
imm$iately involv$ & only _! mo/        
intimate exp]i5ces4 ,f su* limitations x
 ne$s to be fre$ be=e x c become =mative
 ov] society4 ,all t is conjunctive 9 x 
mu/ be reta9$ & only its exclusions     
remov$4 ,9 ?is way g5]al ju/ice w       
supplem5t individual love4 ,all !       
v>ieties ( mutuality are alike 9 jo9+   
self-reg>d ) extra-reg>d4 ,!y diff] only
 9 ! ext5t ( t extra-reg>d4  ,9 my la/  
*apt] ,i began ! discussion ( t         
sup]p]sonal love :i* ,i call$ ,ju/ice4  
,x is conc]n$ ) functions r ?an         
individuals1 & love is ?us ext5d$ to a  
multitude :o /ill rema9 unkn[n4 ,to keep
 ! framework ( society /eady l>ge       

co-op]ation is requir$1 ea* ( its memb]s
 becom+ responsible = ! work+ ( "s "o   
among its _m functions & hav+ 8 own     
well-be+ b\nd up ) its4 ,to t function  
ea* is to devote himself z ! lov] does  
to 8 lady1 & ?r\gh x he s5ds 8          
b5efactions abroad to :oev] /&s 9 ne$4  
,su* is ! ideal ( pr(essional           
responsibility2 & :e!r se5 9 %oemak]1   
doctor1 or head ( a family1 x is some?+ 
( wid] scope & m g5]\s impulse ?an      
private love4  ,yet ev5 9 pr(essional   
responsibility an elem5t ( selection    
rema9s4 ,aft] /udy+ ! ne$s ( ! community
 ,i pick out :at "w ,i w d4 ,on "s s+le 
ne$ ,i fa/5--! ne$ ( settl+ qu>rels1 &  
,i become a lawy]2 ! ne$ ( in/ruction1 &
 ,i become a tea*]2 ! ne$s ( !          
breakfa/-table1 & ,i become a groc]4 ,9 
all ^! cases my s]vice is giv5 n to man 
z man1 b only to a section ( m51 to ^?  
:o are consci\s ( a c]ta9 specific ne$4 
,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to ext5d ju/ice  
&1 n conf9+ att5tion to wants already   
kn[n1 to endeavor to enl>ge ! :ole      

intellectual horizon ( our fell[s4 ,?us 
love becomes peculi>ly imp]sonal &      
creative4  ,= example1 :5 ,i become an  
arti/ or sci5tific man ,i d n "k        
precisely :at ,i %all contribute to !   
good ( ! public4 ,! public itself has   
exp]i5c$ no want ( ! w>es :i* ,i %all   
furni%4 ,9 devot+ myself to ! high]     
ma!matics ,i am pursu+ some?+ = :i* a   
practical application may nev] be f\nd4 
,b t unc]ta9ty %\ld n hold me back4 ,i  
"k t ! m9d ( man moves (f 9 t direction4
 ,i w foll[ & see h[ f> x c be press$4  
,^! inve/igations ,i am mak+ 9 a/ronomy 
are curi\s4 ,!y satisfy my passion =    
kn[+4 ,believ+ !y w satisfy t passion 9 
o!rs also1 ,i ask no m4 ,pass+ beyond ! 
imm$iate application ( my results1 ,i   
simply aim at develop+ p]sons m fully z 
p]sons1 s t _! capacity = k may be      
increas$4 ,j s does ! arti/ attempt to  
reveal aspects ( beauty hi!rto          
unp]ceiv$4 ,:5 he furni%es :at has be5  
done be=e1 :at m5 h le>n$ to enjoy & n[ 
dem&1 he is a pr(essional workman &     

belongs 9 ! prec$+ class4 ,b a true     
arti/ explores phases ( unackn[l$g$     
beauty4 ,hav+ himself se5 :at o!rs h n  
se51 he takes ! risk ( ann\nc+ x1 c]ta9 
t if x is compreh5d$ he w op5 m5's eyes 
to fre% enjoym5t4 ,rightly !re=e d we   
hold arti/s & sci5tific m5 9 high honor 
z enl>g]s ( humanity4 ,we see t altruism
 l !irs calls = risk & special          
dis9t]e/$ness4 ,!y are discov]]s1 go+   
out into wide l&s1 f> f sure :at w be   
f\nd !re1 b ready to sacrifice !mselves 
= possible human bett]m5t4 ,intellectual
 soldi]s1 we may call !m1 accept+ !     
risks ( d\btful battle4 ,!irs is a l(ty 
altruism1 & none ! less because success 
may br+ !m fame & =tune4  ,p]haps ,i    
/ra9 ! ^w ju/ice 9 apply+ x to !m1 yet  
!y z truly z ! pr(essional man d n pick 
out individuals z receiv]s ( _! b5efits4
 ,inde$1 t abs5ce ( p>ticul>ity s       
emphasiz$ 9 ju/ice goes to su* a degree 
) !m t _! "w seems to proce$ f ! _s (   
sci5ce or _s ( beauty r ?an f a p>ticul>
 p]son4 ,!y /rike u z transc5d+ _! age1 

_! own peculi>ities1 & to embody !      
conjunct self ( humanity4  ,/ill ano!r  
=m ( ju/ice1 or ( love1 :i* passes      
beyond ! individual1 is ! s]vice (      
in/itutions4 ,arti/s1 sci5tific &       
pr(essional m5 all foll[ int]e/s ( _!   
own1 believ+1 h[ev]1 t _! "w 9 ! long   
run w b5efit ! public4 ,b 9 ! s]vice (  
in/itutions n only does ! public receive
 a b5efit1 x fixes also :at our "w t[>d 
br++ x ab\t %all be4 ,p]sonal *oice1    
!re=e1 altoge!r disappe>s4 ,! action is 
conjunctive ?r\gh\t4 ,b to und]/& ?is   
d>k say+ we mu/ br+ cle>ly be=e our m9ds
 :at an in/itution is4 ,x is a l>ge t]m 
:i* we are apt to all[ to fill out a big
 gap 9 our k4  ,i mean by in/itutions ^?
 fairly p]man5t relations betwe5 p]sons 
:i* pa/ exp]i5ce has e/abli%$ = !       
promotion ( human welf>e & successive   
g5]ations h approv$4 ,ev] s9ce          
civilization began m5 h be5 exp]im5t+ h[
 to live toge!r mo/ helpfully4 ,!       
results1 te/$ by ! induction ( ages1    
become ! inh]it$ habits ( individuals & 

! in/itutions ( society4 ,ma9ta9$ ?r\gh 
pass+ ye>s1 criticis$1 readju/$ to meet 
m fully ! ne$s !y 7 int5d$ to fulfil1 !y
 furni% ea* ( u a work+ capital z soon z
 we ent] ! _w4 ,we are n oblig$ to      
decide 9 *ildhood :e!r to h ?ree meals a
 day1 :e!r man's dress %all diff] f     
woman's1 :e!r to h provision made = our 
in/ruction1 wor%ip1 settlem5t ( qu>rels1
 safety on ! /reet4 ,^! matt]s 7        
consid]$ be=e we 7 born1 & judgm5ts ab\t
 !m =m our mo/ preci\s inh]itance4 ,x is
 a v]itable bank /ock ( exp]i5ce on :i* 
to draw = our support4 ,we accept x all 
z a ?+ ( c\rse at fir/1 !n beg9 to      
scrut9ize x1 ask+ h[ f> ^! p>ticul>     
in/itutions save social friction1 op5   
av5ues = enl>g$ activity1 & h[ f> t :i* 
once s]v$ ^! ends s]ves !m no m4  ,su*  
in/itutions are int5d$ = ! g5]al good4  
,by id5tify+ ourselves ) !m we bo? %>e 9
 t good & ex]cise an imp>tial love =    
mank9d4 ,= ^! h an influ5ce ov] m5      
unequall$ by any o!r ag5cy4 ,!y fa%ion u
 9 our unconsci\s ye>s & c>ry =w>d our  

purposes 9 ye>s ( discretion4 ,to       
compreh5d _! consolidat$ wisdom & con=m 
ourselves to x w be our *ief means (    
s]v+ our fell[ m52 to neglect or weak5  
!m ?r\gh individual caprice is to be an 
enemy ( society4 ,only we mu/           
discrim9ate 9 our modes ( /r5g!n+4 ,an  
in/itution is n prov$ good by ! b>e fact
 ( its exi/5ce4 ,p]haps ! presumption   
%\ld be 9 its favor1 = x c\ld h>dly get 
itself e/abli%$ if injuri\s4 ,b its     
orig9al adaptation to human wants is    
un/able1 & /r5g!n+ x w really mean fitt+
 x m neatly to pres5t circum/ances4 ,to 
ma9ta9 its outw>d =m :5 x no long] s]ves
 its purpose is to be unfai?ful to x4   
,con/ructive criticism is con/antly     
requir$ if in/itutions are to be kept   
sweet & :olesome4 ,only x %\ld be borne 
9 m9d t *anges 9 ! framework ( society c
 be/ come ab\t sl[ly & only at ! desire 
( l>ge gr\ps ( ^? affect$4 ,presumptu\s1
 inde$1 is he :o w attempt to /& outside
 any ( our fundam5tal in/itutions4 ,!   
sett+ up ( 8 individual w aga9/ ! g5]al 

w proves him no true sociali/4 ,he %\ld 
rememb] t s9ce ev]ybody is wis] ?an     
anybody 8 fir/ bus9ess is to con=m to ! 
in/itutions into :i* he is born1 !n to  
/udy elaborately _! mean+1 & f9ally to  
p]suade 8 fell[s to jo9 9 readju/+ !m ) 
a view to _! m effective work+4 ,our    
love = our fell[ m5 is %[n ea* day 9 our
 ma9t5ance1 critical /udy1 & re=m ( !   
social in/itutions ar\nd u4 ,!y survive 
only ?r\gh our con/ant approval1 are too
 important to be neglect$ or lightly set
 aside1 & too liable to decay to be left
 uncriticis$4  ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t   
in/itutions are ( _m grades (           
importance4 ,"s are fundam5tal1 z !     
family1 prop]ty1 democracy2 o!rs are    
local & individual1 z ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1
 ,bo/on1 ! ,episcopal ,*ur*1 !          
,democratic ,p>ty4 ,z !y become n>r[]   
our acceptance ( !m *anges its "*1      
affectionate loyalty play+ a l>g] "p1   
dutiful ob$i5ce less4 ,a memb] ( a      
college1 = example1 comes to ?9k ( x    
almo/ z a p]son1 symboliz$ 9 ,alma      

,mat]1 & gives to x ! lov+ devotion he  
w\ld feel = a rev]$ fri5d4 ,memb]s (    
in/itutions s individual are apt to take
 _! memb]%ip z some?+ l a p]sonal tru/ &
 to pride !mselves on fidelity to x4 ,b 
because su* in/itutions are ( limit$    
range & n applicable to all mank9d1     
failure 9 allegiance to !m is g5]ally   
reg>d$ n z a moral lapse1 b z an error (
 judgm5t4  ,su* are "s ( ! aspects (    
ju/ice1 ! imp>tial love ( our fell[ m54 
,:5 we are comm&$ to love our neighbor z
 ourself1 we _c excuse ourselves by say+
 t love does n move by comm& b takes its
 own way accord+ to individual          
temp]am5t4 ,ev5 ( ! simpl] =ms ( love   
?is is only p>tially true2 wisdom1      
purpose1 & pati5ce be+ also ess5tials ( 
p]man5ce ev5 9 our private loves4 ,b t  
public love to :i* we are summon$ is no 
m]e emotion1 aris+ bl9dly & pass+ ) !   
mood4 ,x is ! rational acceptance ( our 
place 9 a social organization :]e all   
are dep5d5t on ea*4 ,a good synonym =   
:at ,i h call$ ju/ice w\ld be           

public-m9d$ness4  ,& 9 ?is ext5d$ &     
sup]p]sonal love altruism atta9s its    
fulle/ & /eadie/ expression4 ,b s does  
egoism1 too4 ,t ab/ract egoism1 x is    
true1 :i* seeks its own ga9 reg>dless ( 
t ( o!rs1 is subm]g$4 ,x 0 always       
fictiti\s1 & rapidly conduct$ him :o    
pursu$ x to empt9ess4 ,b t conjunct     
self1 ! p]son con/itut$ ?r\gh relations1
 f9ds 9 ?is ju/icial love 8 l>ge        
opportunity4 ,9 l mann] ! ab/ract &     
s5tim5tal alt]1 figur$ z t              
uncriticisable idol to :i* individual   
int]e/s mu/ daily be (f]$ up1 is ov]?r[n
 & %[n to h reality only 9 ! degree 9   
:i* x fo/]s p]sonal life4 ,socialism :i*
 does n promote individuality1          
individuality :i* does n t5d t[>d an    
ev]-complet] social consci\sness1 are   
alike delusive4 ,ea* mu/ f9d its        
ju/ification 9 ! s]vice x is able to    
r5d] to its pret5d$ foe4 ,pure gifts1 to
 individuals or ! /ate1 are rightly     
objects ( suspicion4 ,only :5 transmut$ 
by mutuality c !y be kept free f ta9t4  

,su* at lea/ is ! doctr9e ( ?is book4 ,9
 x !re is no?+ new4 ,vaguely1 wav]+ly1 &
 ) b a half und]/&+1 ,i believe x has   
ev] guid$ ! be/ endeavors ( mank9d4 ,i h
 only hop$ to drag x into cle>] light by
 a novel sort ( approa*4 ,! dang]s ( t  
mode ( approa* ,i readily see & wi% my  
read]s also to see4 ,z a p$agogue ,i h  
torn ap>t ?+s :i* belong toge!r & h     
sep>ately exhibit$ our protective1      
g5]\s1 & id5tify+ impulses z            
successively diff]5t aspects ( !        
altrui/ic life4 ,9 ?is way we tea*]s are
 oblig$ to proce$1 pick+ to pieces a    
concrete :ole1 ev5 :5 our aim is to %[  
:ol5ess4 ,b my read]s w n be s simple z 
to imag9e t ?+s occur 9 exp]i5ce s      
disjo9t$ z on my pages4 ,life is m      
closely compact$ ?an our expositions4   
,high] /ages & l[] move =w>d toge!r1    
assi/+ "o ano!r4 ,! disp>agem5ts :i* ,i 
put on ! l[] v>ieties ( altruism ^!     
des]ve only s f> z !y are deta*$ f !    
high]4 ,9 conjunction1 ! high] altruisms
 ennoble ! l[] & are !mselves enri*$ &  

div]sifi$ by :atev] inf]ior /ages !y    
absorb4 ,among ! +r$i5ts ( "* none c    
safely be ?r[n away4 ,we /udy e?ics     
m]ely to f9d a place :]e ea* may be     
helpful to all4     ,transcrib]'s ,notes
   ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7  
reta9$2 occurr5ces ( inconsi/5t         
hyph5ation h n be5 *ang$4