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Altruism: Its Nature and Varieties ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

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157,098 braille cells · 167 embossed pages at 40×25 · 15 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠕⠃⠇⠊⠛⠑⠀⠥⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠏⠁⠥⠎⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠓⠑⠂⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀
⠏⠑⠗⠉⠑⠊⠧⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠓⠑⠍⠂⠀⠁⠞⠞⠗⠊⠃⠥⠞⠑⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀
⠁⠙⠧⠑⠗⠎⠑⠀⠺⠊⠇⠇⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠁⠊⠇⠥⠗⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀⠋⠥⠇⠇⠀⠍⠥⠞⠥⠁⠇⠀
⠁⠉⠉⠕⠗⠙⠖⠀⠠⠃⠑⠉⠁⠥⠎⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠊⠞⠎⠀⠝⠁⠗⠗⠕⠺⠀⠃⠕⠥⠝⠙⠎⠀
⠁⠝⠙⠀⠃⠑⠉⠁⠥⠎⠑⠀⠊⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀⠎⠕⠥⠛⠓⠞⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠊⠝⠙⠊⠧⠊⠙⠥⠁⠇⠀
⠛⠁⠊⠝⠂⠀⠋⠗⠊⠑⠝⠙⠎⠓⠊⠏⠀⠊⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠋⠁⠗⠀⠺⠊⠙⠑⠗⠀
⠉⠥⠗⠗⠑⠝⠉⠽⠀⠞⠓⠁⠝⠀⠇⠕⠧⠑⠲⠀⠠⠺⠑⠀⠍⠁⠅⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠙⠗⠕⠏⠀
⠕⠥⠗⠀⠋⠗⠊⠑⠝⠙⠎⠓⠊⠏⠎⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠉⠕⠍⠏⠁⠗⠁⠞⠊⠧⠑⠀⠑⠁⠎⠑⠂⠀
⠓⠁⠗⠙⠇⠽⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠊⠗⠎⠞⠀⠑⠭⠏⠑⠉⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠓⠑⠍⠀⠞⠕⠀
⠃⠑⠀⠇⠁⠎⠞⠊⠝⠛⠲⠀⠠⠃⠥⠞⠀⠁⠀⠇⠕⠧⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠺⠑⠀
⠉⠕⠝⠞⠑⠍⠏⠇⠁⠞⠑⠙⠀⠁⠝⠀⠑⠝⠙⠂⠀⠑⠊⠞⠓⠑⠗⠀⠊⠝⠀⠑⠭⠞⠑⠝⠞⠀⠕⠗
⠀⠙⠥⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠺⠕⠥⠇⠙⠀⠃⠑⠀⠁⠇⠗⠑⠁⠙⠽⠀⠑⠝⠙⠑⠙⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠠⠛⠗⠑⠑⠅⠎⠀⠚⠥⠎⠞⠇⠽⠀⠑⠥⠇⠕⠛⠊⠵⠑⠙⠀⠋⠗⠊⠑⠝⠙⠎⠓⠊⠏⠀⠁⠎⠀
⠕⠥⠗⠀⠃⠑⠎⠞⠀⠎⠑⠉⠥⠗⠊⠞⠽⠀⠊⠝⠀⠁⠝⠀⠥⠝⠉⠑⠗⠞⠁⠊⠝⠀⠺⠕⠗⠇⠙⠲
⠀⠠⠁⠝⠙⠂⠀⠕⠃⠧⠊⠕⠥⠎⠇⠽⠂⠀⠓⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠊⠍⠏⠗⠥⠙⠑⠝⠞⠀⠺⠓⠕⠀
⠙⠕⠑⠎⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀⠎⠥⠗⠗⠕⠥⠝⠙⠀⠓⠊⠍⠎⠑⠇⠋⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠁⠀
⠏⠗⠕⠞⠑⠉⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠃⠁⠝⠙⠀⠕⠋⠀⠋⠗⠊⠑⠝⠙⠎⠲⠀⠀⠠⠇⠑⠞⠀⠍⠑⠂⠀⠊⠝
⠀⠉⠇⠕⠎⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠎⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠉⠁⠇⠇⠀⠁⠞⠞⠑⠝⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠞⠕
⠀⠞⠓⠑⠎⠑⠀⠧⠁⠗⠊⠑⠞⠊⠑⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠏⠑⠗⠎⠕⠝⠁⠇⠀⠉⠕⠝⠞⠁⠉⠞⠂⠀
⠁⠇⠇⠀⠕⠋⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠙⠑⠎⠊⠗⠁⠃⠇⠑⠲⠀⠠⠺⠑⠀⠁⠇⠇⠀⠝⠑⠑⠙
⠀⠁⠀⠍⠥⠇⠞⠊⠞⠥⠙⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠉⠟⠥⠁⠊⠝⠞⠁⠝⠉⠑⠎⠂⠀⠉⠁⠝⠂⠀
⠊⠝⠙⠑⠑⠙⠂⠀⠓⠁⠗⠙⠇⠽⠀⠓⠁⠧⠑⠀⠞⠕⠕⠀⠍⠁⠝⠽⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠎⠑⠀⠁⠗⠑
⠀⠏⠑⠗⠎⠕⠝⠎⠀⠺⠓⠕⠎⠑⠀⠋⠁⠉⠑⠎⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠝⠁⠍⠑⠎⠀⠺⠑⠀⠅⠝⠕⠺⠂⠀
⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠎⠕⠍⠑⠞⠓⠊⠝⠛⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠊⠗⠀⠕⠉⠉⠥⠏⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠓⠊⠎⠞⠕⠗⠽⠲⠀⠠⠺⠓⠊⠇⠑⠀⠺⠑⠀⠅⠝⠕⠺⠀⠞⠓⠑⠍⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠕⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.