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Altruism: Its Nature and Varieties ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

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157,098 braille cells · 167 embossed pages at 40×25 · 15 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠙⠊⠗⠑⠉⠞⠀⠉⠕⠍⠍⠁⠝⠙⠀⠕⠋⠀⠙⠥⠞⠽⠲⠀⠠⠃⠥⠞⠀⠊⠝⠙⠊⠗⠑⠉⠞⠇⠽⠂
⠀⠛⠗⠁⠙⠥⠁⠇⠇⠽⠂⠀⠞⠓⠗⠕⠥⠛⠓⠀⠎⠥⠛⠛⠑⠎⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠉⠕⠝⠎⠊⠙⠑⠗⠁⠞⠑⠀⠍⠕⠙⠑⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠏⠏⠗⠕⠁⠉⠓⠂⠀⠊⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀
⠺⠑⠇⠇⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠊⠝⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀⠉⠕⠝⠞⠗⠕⠇⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠛⠕⠇⠙⠑⠝⠀
⠠⠗⠥⠇⠑⠂⠀⠃⠊⠙⠙⠊⠝⠛⠀⠥⠎⠀⠇⠕⠧⠑⠀⠠⠛⠕⠙⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀
⠝⠑⠊⠛⠓⠃⠕⠗⠂⠀⠊⠎⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀⠁⠀⠏⠎⠽⠉⠓⠕⠇⠕⠛⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀
⠃⠇⠥⠝⠙⠑⠗⠲⠀⠀⠶⠼⠋⠶⠀⠠⠓⠕⠺⠀⠙⠕⠑⠎⠀⠋⠗⠊⠑⠝⠙⠎⠓⠊⠏⠀
⠙⠊⠋⠋⠑⠗⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠇⠕⠧⠑⠦⠀⠠⠇⠊⠅⠑⠀⠇⠕⠧⠑⠂⠀⠊⠞⠀⠙⠊⠋⠋⠑⠗⠎
⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠏⠁⠗⠞⠝⠑⠗⠎⠓⠊⠏⠀⠞⠓⠗⠕⠥⠛⠓⠀⠓⠁⠧⠊⠝⠛⠀⠁⠝⠀
⠑⠝⠞⠊⠗⠑⠇⠽⠀⠏⠑⠗⠎⠕⠝⠁⠇⠀⠃⠁⠎⠊⠎⠲⠀⠠⠺⠊⠞⠓⠊⠝⠀⠊⠞⠎⠀
⠇⠊⠍⠊⠞⠎⠀⠏⠁⠗⠞⠝⠑⠗⠎⠓⠊⠏⠀⠊⠎⠀⠁⠎⠀⠛⠑⠝⠥⠊⠝⠑⠇⠽⠀
⠍⠥⠞⠥⠁⠇⠀⠁⠎⠀⠇⠕⠧⠑⠀⠊⠞⠎⠑⠇⠋⠂⠀⠃⠥⠞⠀⠊⠞⠎⠀⠍⠥⠞⠥⠁⠇⠊⠞⠽
⠀⠗⠑⠋⠑⠗⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠑⠝⠙⠎⠀⠕⠥⠞⠎⠊⠙⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠏⠑⠗⠎⠕⠝⠁⠇⠀
⠇⠊⠧⠑⠎⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠎⠑⠀⠗⠑⠍⠁⠊⠝⠀⠙⠑⠞⠁⠉⠓⠑⠙⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠊⠝⠙⠊⠧⠊⠙⠥⠁⠇⠂⠀⠍⠑⠗⠑⠇⠽⠀⠉⠕⠤⠕⠏⠑⠗⠁⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠁⠀
⠞⠊⠍⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠁⠉⠉⠕⠍⠏⠇⠊⠎⠓⠀⠁⠝⠀⠑⠭⠞⠑⠗⠝⠁⠇⠀⠏⠥⠗⠏⠕⠎⠑⠲⠀
⠠⠊⠝⠀⠃⠕⠞⠓⠀⠇⠕⠧⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠋⠗⠊⠑⠝⠙⠎⠓⠊⠏⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠏⠑⠗⠎⠕⠝⠁⠇⠊⠞⠊⠑⠎⠀⠍⠑⠗⠛⠑⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠊⠗⠀⠊⠝⠞⠑⠗⠑⠎⠞⠎⠀
⠃⠑⠉⠕⠍⠑⠀⠊⠙⠑⠝⠞⠊⠋⠊⠑⠙⠂⠀⠎⠕⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠕⠝⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠏⠁⠗⠞⠊⠑⠎⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠕⠥⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠞⠓⠑⠗⠀⠊⠎⠀⠃⠥⠞⠀⠁⠀
⠋⠗⠁⠛⠍⠑⠝⠞⠁⠗⠽⠀⠃⠑⠊⠝⠛⠲⠀⠀⠠⠃⠥⠞⠀⠋⠗⠊⠑⠝⠙⠎⠓⠊⠏⠀
⠙⠊⠋⠋⠑⠗⠎⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠇⠕⠧⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠙⠑⠛⠗⠑⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠊⠝⠞⠑⠝⠎⠊⠞⠽⠀⠕⠋⠀⠊⠞⠎⠀⠑⠍⠕⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠑⠭⠞⠑⠝⠞⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠞⠗⠁⠉⠞⠀⠕⠋⠀⠇⠊⠋⠑⠀⠉⠕⠧⠑⠗⠑⠙⠲⠀⠠⠊⠝
⠀⠞⠓⠑⠎⠑⠀⠗⠑⠎⠏⠑⠉⠞⠎⠀⠊⠞⠀⠍⠕⠗⠑⠀⠝⠑⠁⠗⠇⠽⠀⠗⠑⠎⠑⠍⠃⠇⠑⠎

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.