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Altruism: Its Nature and Varieties ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

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157,098 braille cells · 167 embossed pages at 40×25 · 15 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠉⠕⠍⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠃⠑⠇⠊⠑⠧⠑⠀⠛⠁⠍⠃⠇⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠧⠊⠉⠑⠀⠍⠕⠎⠞⠀
⠇⠊⠅⠑⠇⠽⠀⠞⠕⠀⠺⠗⠑⠉⠅⠀⠉⠓⠁⠗⠁⠉⠞⠑⠗⠲⠀⠠⠁⠇⠇⠀⠋⠕⠗⠍⠎⠀⠕⠋
⠀⠧⠊⠉⠑⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠃⠁⠙⠀⠑⠝⠕⠥⠛⠓⠲⠀⠠⠊⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀⠎⠓⠕⠉⠅⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠕
⠀⠎⠑⠑⠀⠁⠀⠽⠕⠥⠝⠛⠀⠍⠁⠝⠀⠙⠗⠥⠝⠅⠲⠀⠠⠃⠥⠞⠀⠙⠗⠥⠝⠅⠑⠝⠝⠑⠎⠎
⠀⠛⠗⠕⠺⠎⠀⠎⠞⠑⠁⠙⠊⠇⠽⠀⠗⠁⠗⠑⠗⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠂⠀⠁⠋⠞⠑⠗⠀⠁⠇⠇⠂⠀⠁
⠀⠙⠗⠊⠝⠅⠑⠗⠀⠗⠑⠍⠁⠊⠝⠎⠀⠏⠗⠑⠞⠞⠽⠀⠍⠥⠉⠓⠀⠓⠊⠍⠎⠑⠇⠋⠀
⠺⠓⠑⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠊⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀⠕⠋⠋⠲⠀⠠⠊⠀⠓⠁⠧⠑⠀⠓⠁⠙⠀⠋⠗⠊⠑⠝⠙⠎
⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠎⠕⠗⠞⠀⠺⠓⠕⠀⠺⠓⠑⠝⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀⠊⠝⠀⠇⠊⠟⠥⠕⠗⠀
⠎⠓⠕⠺⠑⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠎⠁⠍⠑⠀⠊⠝⠞⠑⠗⠑⠎⠞⠀⠊⠝⠀⠺⠕⠗⠞⠓⠽⠀
⠞⠓⠊⠝⠛⠎⠀⠁⠎⠀⠕⠞⠓⠑⠗⠀⠍⠑⠝⠲⠀⠠⠃⠥⠞⠀⠺⠓⠑⠝⠀⠠⠊⠀⠎⠑⠑⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠛⠁⠍⠃⠇⠊⠝⠛⠀⠓⠁⠃⠊⠞⠀⠛⠑⠞⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠓⠕⠇⠙⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠀
⠽⠕⠥⠝⠛⠀⠍⠁⠝⠀⠠⠊⠀⠙⠑⠎⠏⠁⠊⠗⠀⠕⠋⠀⠓⠊⠍⠲⠀⠠⠋⠕⠗⠀
⠎⠑⠧⠑⠗⠁⠇⠀⠗⠑⠁⠎⠕⠝⠎⠀⠊⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀⠥⠝⠇⠊⠅⠑⠇⠽⠀⠓⠑⠀⠺⠊⠇⠇⠀
⠃⠑⠀⠛⠕⠕⠙⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠍⠥⠉⠓⠀⠞⠓⠑⠗⠑⠁⠋⠞⠑⠗⠲⠀⠠⠎⠑⠇⠙⠕⠍⠀
⠙⠕⠑⠎⠀⠁⠀⠧⠊⠉⠑⠀⠕⠗⠀⠧⠊⠗⠞⠥⠑⠀⠓⠁⠧⠑⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠁⠀⠎⠊⠝⠛⠇⠑
⠀⠗⠕⠕⠞⠲⠀⠠⠕⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠝⠑⠀⠓⠁⠝⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠛⠁⠍⠃⠇⠑⠗⠀
⠛⠊⠧⠑⠎⠀⠥⠏⠀⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠁⠇⠀⠍⠕⠙⠑⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠛⠥⠊⠙⠁⠝⠉⠑⠂⠀
⠉⠑⠁⠎⠑⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠉⠁⠇⠉⠥⠇⠁⠞⠑⠀⠉⠇⠑⠁⠗⠇⠽⠂⠀⠇⠊⠧⠑⠎⠀⠕⠝⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠥⠝⠑⠭⠏⠑⠉⠞⠑⠙⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠇⠕⠕⠅⠎⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠎⠕⠍⠑⠀
⠙⠑⠇⠊⠧⠑⠗⠁⠝⠉⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠙⠗⠕⠏⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠎⠅⠽⠲⠀⠠⠁⠀
⠓⠑⠉⠞⠊⠉⠀⠁⠝⠭⠊⠑⠞⠽⠀⠞⠁⠅⠑⠎⠀⠏⠕⠎⠎⠑⠎⠎⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠋⠀⠓⠊⠍⠀
⠁⠝⠙⠀⠙⠊⠎⠕⠗⠛⠁⠝⠊⠵⠑⠎⠀⠓⠊⠎⠀⠇⠊⠋⠑⠲⠀⠠⠃⠥⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑⠗⠑⠀
⠁⠗⠑⠀⠗⠑⠎⠥⠇⠞⠎⠀⠺⠕⠗⠎⠑⠀⠎⠞⠊⠇⠇⠲⠀⠠⠛⠁⠍⠃⠇⠊⠝⠛⠂⠀⠊⠝⠀
⠉⠕⠝⠞⠗⠁⠎⠞⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠓⠕⠝⠑⠎⠞⠀⠞⠗⠁⠙⠑⠂⠀⠁⠙⠍⠊⠞⠎⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀
⠁⠀⠎⠊⠝⠛⠇⠑⠀⠛⠁⠊⠝⠲⠀⠠⠊⠀⠉⠁⠝⠀⠛⠁⠊⠝⠀⠝⠕⠞⠓⠊⠝⠛⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.