Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Engineering & Technology / On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures / Braille

On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

633,884 braille cells · 669 embossed pages at 40×25 · 71 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠺⠓⠕⠇⠑⠂⠀⠊⠞⠀⠏⠕⠎⠎⠑⠎⠎⠑⠎⠀⠀⠉⠕⠝⠎⠊⠙⠑⠗⠁⠃⠇⠑⠀
⠏⠑⠗⠍⠁⠝⠑⠝⠉⠑⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠊⠗⠕⠝⠲⠀⠠⠁⠀⠏⠗⠕⠏⠕⠗⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠍⠑⠞⠁⠇⠀⠊⠎⠀⠺⠁⠎⠞⠑⠙⠀⠃⠽⠀⠕⠭⠊⠙⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠊⠝⠀⠀
⠎⠍⠁⠇⠇⠀⠝⠁⠊⠇⠎⠂⠀⠊⠝⠀⠋⠊⠝⠑⠀⠺⠊⠗⠑⠆⠀⠃⠽⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠺⠑⠁⠗⠀
⠕⠋⠀⠞⠕⠕⠇⠎⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠞⠊⠗⠑⠀⠀⠕⠋⠀⠺⠓⠑⠑⠇⠎⠂⠀
⠁⠝⠙⠀⠃⠽⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠕⠗⠍⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠋⠀⠎⠕⠍⠑⠀⠙⠽⠑⠎⠒⠀⠃⠥⠞⠀
⠍⠥⠉⠓⠂⠀⠃⠕⠞⠓⠀⠕⠋⠀⠀⠉⠁⠎⠞⠤⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠺⠗⠕⠥⠛⠓⠞⠤⠊⠗⠕⠝⠂⠀⠗⠑⠞⠥⠗⠝⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠥⠎⠑⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠇⠑⠁⠙⠀
⠊⠎⠀⠺⠁⠎⠞⠑⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀⠛⠗⠑⠁⠞⠀⠟⠥⠁⠝⠞⠊⠞⠊⠑⠎⠲⠀⠠⠎⠕⠍⠑⠀
⠏⠕⠗⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠊⠎⠀⠥⠎⠑⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀⠏⠊⠏⠑⠎⠀
⠁⠝⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀⠎⠓⠑⠑⠞⠎⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠉⠕⠧⠑⠗⠊⠝⠛⠀⠗⠕⠕⠋⠎⠀⠗⠑⠞⠥⠗⠝⠎
⠀⠀⠞⠕⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠍⠑⠇⠞⠊⠝⠛⠤⠏⠕⠞⠆⠀⠃⠥⠞⠀⠇⠁⠗⠛⠑⠀
⠟⠥⠁⠝⠞⠊⠞⠊⠑⠎⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠉⠕⠝⠎⠥⠍⠑⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠕⠗⠍⠀⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠎⠍⠁⠇⠇⠀⠎⠓⠕⠞⠂⠀⠕⠗⠀⠎⠕⠍⠑⠞⠊⠍⠑⠎⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠍⠥⠎⠅⠑⠞⠀⠃⠁⠇⠇⠎⠂⠀⠇⠊⠞⠓⠁⠗⠛⠑⠂⠀⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠗⠑⠙⠀⠇⠑⠁⠙⠂⠀
⠋⠕⠗⠀⠺⠓⠊⠞⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠗⠑⠙⠀⠏⠁⠊⠝⠞⠎⠂⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀
⠛⠇⠁⠎⠎⠤⠍⠁⠅⠊⠝⠛⠂⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠀⠛⠇⠁⠵⠊⠝⠛⠀⠏⠕⠞⠞⠑⠗⠽⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠋⠕⠗⠀⠎⠥⠛⠁⠗⠀⠕⠋⠀⠇⠑⠁⠙⠀⠶⠁⠉⠑⠞⠁⠞⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠇⠑⠁⠙⠶⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠠⠎⠊⠇⠧⠑⠗⠀⠊⠎⠀⠗⠁⠞⠓⠑⠗⠀⠁⠀⠏⠑⠗⠍⠁⠝⠑⠝⠞⠀⠍⠑⠞⠁⠇⠲⠀
⠠⠎⠕⠍⠑⠀⠏⠕⠗⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠊⠎⠀⠉⠕⠝⠎⠥⠍⠑⠙⠀⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠺⠑⠁⠗⠀
⠕⠋⠀⠉⠕⠊⠝⠂⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠕⠋⠀⠎⠊⠇⠧⠑⠗⠀⠏⠇⠁⠞⠑⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠁⠀
⠏⠕⠗⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠊⠝⠀⠀⠎⠊⠇⠧⠑⠗⠊⠝⠛⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠑⠍⠃⠗⠕⠊⠙⠑⠗⠊⠝⠛⠲⠀
⠠⠞⠊⠝⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠓⠊⠑⠋⠀⠺⠁⠎⠞⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠍⠑⠞⠁⠇⠀
⠁⠗⠊⠎⠑⠎⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠞⠊⠝⠝⠑⠙⠀⠊⠗⠕⠝⠆⠀⠀⠎⠕⠍⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠇⠕⠎⠞⠀
⠊⠝⠀⠎⠕⠇⠙⠑⠗⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀⠎⠕⠇⠥⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.