,v]4#aj_/jd_/ja99;,,end99 ,?is etext 0 produc$ by ,*>les ,ald>ondo ,ald>ondoyahoo4com ,on ! ,economy ( ,ma*9]y & ,manufactures by ,*>les ,babbage #ahcb ,preface ,! pres5t volume may be consid]$ z "o ( ! consequ5ces t h result$ f ! calculat+ eng9e1 ! con/ruction ( :i* ,i h be5 s long sup]9t5d+4 ,hav+ be5 induc$1 dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 to visit a consid]able numb] ( work%ops & factories1 bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t1 = ! purpose ( endeav\r+ to make myself acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s res\rces ( me*anical art1 ,i 0 ins5sibly l$ to apply to !m ^? pr9ciples ( g5]alization to :i* my o!r pursuits _h naturally giv5 rise4 ,! increas$ numb] ( curi\s processes & int]e/+ facts :i* ?us came "u my att5tion1 z well z ( ! reflections :i* !y sugge/$1 induc$ me to believe t ! publication ( "s ( !m might be ( use to p]sons :o propose to be/[ _! att5tion on ^? enquiries :i* ,i h only incid5tally consid]$4 ,) ?is view x 0 my int5tion to h deliv]$ ! pres5t "w 9 ! =m ( a c\rse ( lectures at ,cambridge2 an int5tion :i* ,i 0 subsequ5tly induc$ to alt]4 ,! sub/ance ( a consid]able portion ( x has1 h[ev]1 appe>$ among ! prelim9>y *apt]s ( ! me*anical "p ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,metropolitana4 ,i h n attempt$ to (f] a complete enum]ation ( all ! me*anical pr9ciples :i* regulate ! application ( ma*9]y to arts & manufactures1 b ,i h endeav\r$ to pres5t to ! read] ^? :i* /ruck me z ! mo/ important1 ei!r = und]/&+ ! actions ( ma*9es1 or = enabl+ ! memory to classify & arrange ! facts connect$ ) _! employm5t4 ,/ill less h ,i attempt$ to exam9e all ! difficult que/ions ( political economy :i* are intimately connect$ ) su* enquiries4 ,x 0 impossible n to trace or to imag9e1 among ! wide v>iety ( facts pres5t$ to me1 "s pr9ciples :i* seem$ to p]vade _m e/abli%m5ts2 & hav+ =m$ su* conjectures1 ! desire to refute or to v]ify !m1 gave an additional int]e/ to ! pursuit4 ,sev]al ( ! pr9ciples :i* ,i h propos$1 appe> to me to h be5 unnotic$ be=e4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case ) respect to ! explanation ,i h giv5 ( ! division ( lab\r2 b fur!r enquiry satisfi$ me t ,i _h be5 anticipat$ by ,m4 ,gioja1 & x is probable t additional rese>* w\ld enable me to trace mo/ ( ! o!r pr9ciples1 :i* ,i _h ?\ght orig9al1 to previ\s writ]s1 to ^: m]it ,i may p]haps be unju/1 f my want ( acqua9tance ) ! hi/orical bran* ( ! subject4 ,! tru? h[ev] ( ! pr9ciples ,i h /at$1 is ( mu* m importance ?an _! orig92 & ! utility ( an enquiry into !m1 & ( e/abli%+ o!rs m correct1 if ^! %\ld be errone\s1 c sc>cely admit ( a d\bt4 ,! difficulty ( und]/&+ ! processes ( manufactures has un=tunately be5 greatly ov]rat$4 ,to exam9e !m ) ! eye ( a manufactur]1 s z to be able to direct o!rs to repeat !m1 does und\bt$ly require mu* skill & previ\s acqua9tance ) ! subject2 b m]ely to appreh5d _! g5]al pr9ciples & mutual relations1 is )9 ! p[] ( almo/ e p]son possess+ a tol]able education4 ,^? :o possess rank 9 a manufactur+ c\ntry1 c sc>cely be excus$ if !y are entirely ignorant ( pr9ciples1 ^: developm5t has produc$ its greatness4 ,! possessors ( weal? c sc>cely be indiff]5t to processes :i*1 ne>ly or remotely h be5 ! f]tile s\rce ( _! possessions4 ,^? :o enjoy leisure c sc>cely f9d a m int]e/+ & in/ructive pursuit ?an ! exam9ation ( ! work%ops ( _! own c\ntry1 :i* conta9 )9 !m a ri* m9e ( k1 too g5]ally neglect$ by ! weal?i] classes4 ,x has be5 my endeav\r1 z mu* z possible1 to avoid all te*nical t]ms1 & to describe1 9 concise language1 ! arts ,i h _h occasion to discuss4 ,9 t\*+ on ! m ab/ract pr9ciples ( political economy1 aft] %ortly /at+ ! reasons on :i* !y are f\nd$1 ,i h endeav\r$ to support !m by facts & anecdotes2 s t :il/ "y p]sons might be amus$ & in/ruct$ by ! illu/rations1 ^? ( m advanc$ judgem5t may f9d subject = m$itation 9 ! g5]al conclusions to :i* !y po9t4 ,i 0 anxi\s to support ! pr9ciples :i* ,i h advocat$ by ! obs]vations ( o!rs1 & 9 ?is respect ,i f\nd myself peculi>ly =tunate4 ,! reports ( committees ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ^u v>i\s bran*es ( comm]ce & manufactures1 & ! evid5ce :i* !y h at diff]5t p]iods publi%$ on ^? subjects1 teem ) in=mation ( ! mo/ important k9d1 r5d]$ d\bly valuable by ! circum/ances "u :i* x has be5 collect$4 ,f ^! s\rces ,i h freely tak51 & ,i h d]iv$ "s additional confid5ce f ! support !y h af=d$ to my views4 99 ,*>les ,babbage ,dorset ,/reet ,man*e/] ,squ>e #h ,june1 #ahcb 99,footnote3 ,i am happy to avail myself ( ?is occasion ( express+ my obligations to ! ,"r ,hon4 ,mann]s ,sutton1 ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = copies ( a consid]able collection ( ^? reports4 ,preface to ! ,second ,edition ,9 two mon?s f ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is volume1 ?ree ?\s& copies 7 9 ! h&s ( ! public4 ,v little 0 sp5t 9 adv]tisem5ts2 ! booksell]s1 in/ead ( aid+1 imp$$ its sale2 99 x =m$ no "p ( any popul> s]ies & yet ! public1 9 a few weeks1 pur*as$ ! :ole edition4 ,"s small "p ( ?is success1 p]haps1 0 due to ! popul> exposition ( ^? curi\s processes :i* are c>ri$ on 9 our work%ops1 & to ! endeav\r to take a %ort view ( ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* direct ! manufactories ( ! c\ntry4 ,b ! *ief reason 0 ! comm&+ attraction ( ! subject1 & ! increas+ desire to become acqua9t$ ) ! pursuits & int]e/s ( t portion ( ! p :i* has rec5tly acquir$ s l>ge an accession ( political influ5ce4 99,footnote3 ,i _h good evid5ce ( ?is fact f v>i\s qu>t]s2 & be+ desir\s ( v]ify+ x1 ,i myself appli$ = a copy at ! %op ( a booksell] ( respectability1 :o is probably n aw>e t he refus$ to procure "o ev5 = its au?or4 ,a great] degree ( att5tion ?an ,i _h expect$ has be5 excit$ by :at ,i h /at$ 9 ! fir/ edition1 respect+ ! ',book-trade'4 ,until ,i _h comm5c$ ! *apt]1 ',on ! sep>ate co/ ( ea* process ( a manufacture'1 ,i _h no int5tion ( allud+ to t subject3 b ! read] w p]ceive t ,i h ?r\gh\t ?is volume1 :]ev] ,i c\ld1 employ$ z illu/rations1 objects ( easy access to ! read]2 &1 9 accordance ) t pr9ciple1 ,i select$ ! volume itself4 ,:5 ,i arriv$ at ! *apt]1 ',on comb9ations ( ma/]s aga9/ ! public'1 ,i 0 induc$1 = ! same reason1 to expose a comb9ation connect$ ) lit]ature1 :i*1 9 my op9ion1 is bo? morally & politically wrong4 ,i ent]$ ^u ?is enquiry )\t ! slighte/ feel+ ( ho/ility to t trade1 nor h ,i any wi% unfav\rable to x2 b ,i ?9k a complete re=m 9 its sy/em w\ld add to its usefulness & respectability4 ,z ! subject ( t *apt] has be5 mu* discuss$1 ,i h ?\ght x "r to take a view ( ! v>i\s argum5ts :i* h be5 advanc$1 & to (f] my own op9ion respect+ _! validity--& !re ,i %\ld h left ! subject1 cont5t to all[ my g5]al "* to plead = me aga9/ ins9uations respect+ my motives--b z ! rem>ks ( "s ( my critics affect ! "* ( ano!r p]son1 ,i ?9k x b j to /ate circum/ances :i* w cle>ly disprove !m4 ,mr ,fell[es1 ( ,ludgate ,/reet1 :o _h previ\sly be5 ! publi%] ( "s o!r volumes = me1 _h und]tak5 ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( ! pres5t "w4 ,a %ort "t previ\s to its completion1 ,i ?\ght x "r to call 8 att5tion to ! *apt] 9 :i* ! book-trade is discuss$2 ) ! view bo? ( mak+ him acqua9t$ ) :at ,i _h /at$1 & also ( avail+ myself ( 8 k 9 correct+ any accid5tal error z to ! facts4 ,mr ,fell[es1 'diff]+ f me entirely respect+ ! conclusions ,i _h arriv$ at'1 !n decl9$ ! publication ( ! volume4 ,if ,i _h !n *os5 to apply to "s ( ^? o!r booksell]s1 ^: names appe> 9 ! ,committee ( ',! ,trade'1 x is probable t !y also w\ld h decl9$ ! (fice ( publi%+ = me2 &1 _h my object be5 to make a case aga9/ ! trade1 su* a c\rse w\ld h assi/$ me4 ,b ,i _h no su* feel+2 & hav+ procur$ a complete copy ( ! :ole "w1 ,i call$ ) x on ,mr ,knight1 ( ,pall ,mall ,ea/1 :om until t day ,i _h nev] se51 & ) :om ,i _h nev] previ\sly _h ! slighte/ communication4 ,i left ! book 9 ,mr ,knight's h&s1 ) a reque/ t1 :5 he _h read x1 ,i might be in=m$ :e!r he w\ld und]take ! publication ( x2 & ?is he cons5t$ to d4 ,mr ,knight1 !re=e1 is s f> f be+ responsible = a s+le op9ion 9 ! pres5t volume1 t he saw x only1 = a %ort "t1 a few days previ\s to its publication4 ,x has be5 object$ to me1 t ,i h expos$ too freely ! secrets ( trade4 ,! only real secrets ( trade are indu/ry1 integrity1 & k3 to ! possessors ( ^! no exposure c be injuri\s2 & !y nev] fail to produce respect & weal?4 ,! alt]ations 9 ! pres5t edition are s frequ5t1 t ,i f\nd x impossible to comprise !m 9 a supplem5t4 ,b ! ?ree new *apt]s1 ',on money z a m$ium ( ex*ange'2 ',on a new sy/em ( manufactur+'2 & ',on ! effect ( ma*9]y 9 r$uc+ ! dem& = lab\r'2 w %ortly be pr9t$ sep>ately1 = ! use ( ! pur*as]s ( ! fir/ edition4 ,i am incl9$ to atta* "s importance to ! new sy/em ( manufactur+2 & v5ture to ?r[ x out ) ! hope ( its receiv+ a full discussion among ^? :o are mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,i believe t "s su* sy/em ( conduct+ manufactories w\ld greatly increase ! productive p[]s ( any c\ntry adopt+ x2 & t our own possesses mu* great] facilities = its application ?an o!r c\ntries1 9 ! great] intellig5ce & sup]ior education ( ! work+ classes4 ,! sy/em w\ld naturally comm5ce 9 "s l>ge t[n1 by ! union ( "s ( ! mo/ prud5t & active workm52 & _! example1 if successful1 w\ld be foll[$ by o!rs4 ,! small capitali/ w\ld next jo9 !m1 & su* factories w\ld g on increas+ until competition compell$ ! l>ge capitali/ to adopt ! same sy/em2 &1 ultimately1 ! :ole faculties ( e man engag$ 9 manufacture w\ld be conc5trat$ ^u "o object--! art ( produc+ a good article at ! l[e/ possible co/--:il/ ! moral effect on t class ( ! population w\ld be useful 9 ! highe/ degree1 s9ce x w\ld r5d] "* ( f> great] value to ! workman ?an x is at pres5t4 ,to "o criticism :i* has be5 made1 ?is volume is p]fectly op54 ,i h dismiss$ ! important subject ( ! pat5t-laws 9 a few l9es4 ,! subject pres5ts1 9 my op9ion1 great difficulties1 & ,i h be5 unwill+ to write ^u x1 because ,i d n see my way4 ,i w only "h adv]t to "o difficulty4 ,:at con/itutes an inv5tion8 ,few simple me*anical contrivances are new2 & mo/ comb9ations may be view$ z species1 & class$ "u g5]a ( m or less g5]ality2 & may1 9 consequ5ce1 be pron\nc$ old or new1 accord+ to ! me*anical k ( ! p]son :o gives 8 op9ion4 ,"s ( my critics h amus$ _! read]s ) ! wildness ( ! s*emes ,i h occasionally ?r[n out2 & ,i myself h sometimes smil$ along ) !m4 ,p]haps x 7 wis] = pres5t reputation to (f] no?+ b pr(\ndly m$itat$ plans1 b ,i d n ?9k k w be mo/ advanc$ by t c\rse2 su* sp>ks may k9dle ! en]gies ( o!r m9ds m fav\rably circum/anc$ = pursu+ ! enquiries4 ,?us ,i h n[ v5tur$ to give "s speculations on ! mode ( bl[+ furnaces = smelt+ iron2 & ev5 suppos+ !m to be vision>y1 x is ( "s importance ?us to call ! att5tion ( a l>ge population1 engag$ 9 "o ( our mo/ ext5sive manufactures1 to ! s+ul> fact1 t f\r-fif?s ( ! /eam p[] us$ to bl[ _! furnaces actually cools !m4 ,i h collect$1 ) "s pa9s1 ! criticisms99 on ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 & h avail$ myself ( mu* in=mation :i* has be5 communicat$ to me by my fri5ds1 = ! improvem5t ( ! pres5t volume4 ,if ,i h succe$$ 9 express+ :at ,i _h to expla9 ) p]spicuity1 ,i am aw>e t mu* ( ?is cle>ness is due to my fri5d1 ,dr ,fitton1 to :om bo? ! pres5t & ! =m] edition are indebt$ = su* an exam9ation & correction1 z an au?or himself has v r>ely ! p[] to be/[4 99,footnote3 ,sev]al ( ^! h probably escap$ me1 & ,i %all feel indebt$ to any "o :o w in=m my publi%] ( any future rem>ks4 #bb ,novemb]1 #ahcb4 ,section ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,! object ( ! pres5t volume is to po9t out ! effects & ! advantages :i* arise f ! use ( tools & ma*9es2--to endeav\r to classify _! modes ( action2--& to trace bo? ! causes & ! consequ5ces ( apply+ ma*9]y to sup]s$e ! skill & p[] ( ! human arm4 ,a view ( ! me*anical "p ( ! subject w1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 occupy our att5tion1 & to ?is ! fir/ section ( ! "w w be devot$4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ! section w conta9 "s rem>ks on ! g5]al s\rces f :5ce ! advantages ( ma*9]y are d]iv$1 & ! succe$+ n9e *apt]s w conta9 a detail$ exam9ation ( pr9ciples ( a less g5]al "*4 ,! elev5? *apt] conta9s num]\s subdivisions1 & is important f ! ext5sive classification x af=ds ( ! arts 9 :i* copy+ is s l>gely employ$4 ,! twelf? *apt]1 :i* completes ! fir/ section1 conta9s a few sugge/ions = ! assi/ance ( ^? :o propose visit+ manufactories4 ,! second section1 aft] an introductory *apt] on ! diff]5ce betwe5 mak+ & manufactur+1 w conta91 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s1 a discussion ( _m ( ! que/ions :i* relate to ! political economy ( ! subject4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! dome/ic arrangem5t1 or int]ior economy ( factories1 0 s int]wov5 ) ! m g5]al que/ions1 t x 0 deem$ unadvisable to sep>ate ! two subjects4 ,! conclud+ *apt] ( ?is section1 & ( ! "w itself1 relates to ! future prospects ( manufactures1 z aris+ f ! application ( sci5ce4 ,*apt] #a ,s\rces ( ! ,advantages aris+ f ,ma*9]y & ,manufactures #a4 ,!re exi/s1 p]haps1 no s+le circum/ance :i* di/+ui%es our c\ntry m rem>kably f all o!rs1 ?an ! va/ ext5t & p]fection to :i* we h c>ri$ ! contrivance ( tools & ma*9es = =m+ ^? conv5i5ces ( :i* s l>ge a quantity is consum$ by almo/ e class ( ! community4 ,! am\nt ( pati5t ?\ght1 ( repeat$ exp]im5t1 ( happy ex]tion ( g5ius1 by :i* our manufactures h be5 creat$ & c>ri$ to _! pres5t excell5ce1 is sc>cely to be imag9$4 ,if we look ar\nd ! rooms we inhabit1 or ?r\gh ^? /oreh\ses ( e conv5i5ce1 ( e luxury t man c desire1 :i* deck ! cr[d$ /reets ( our l>g] cities1 we %all f9d 9 ! hi/ory ( ea* article1 ( e fabric1 a s]ies ( failures :i* h gradually l$ ! way to excell5ce2 & we %all notice1 9 ! art ( mak+ ev5 ! mo/ insignificant ( !m1 processes calculat$ to excite our admiration by _! simplicity1 or to rivet our att5tion by _! unlook$-= results4 #b4 ,! accumulation ( skill & sci5ce :i* has be5 direct$ to dim9i% ! difficulty ( produc+ manufactur$ goods1 has n be5 b5eficial to t c\ntry alone 9 :i* x is conc5trat$2 di/ant k+doms h p>ticipat$ 9 its advantages4 ,! luxuri\s natives ( ! ,ea/17#a997 & ! rud] inhabitants ( ! ,african des]t are alike indebt$ to our looms4 ,! produce ( our factories has prec$$ ev5 our mo/ ent]pris+ travell]s47#b997 ,! cotton ( ,india is convey$ by ,briti% %ips r\nd half our planet1 to be wov5 by ,briti% skill 9 ! factories ( ,lanca%ire3 x is aga9 set 9 motion by ,briti% capital2 &1 transport$ to ! v pla9s :]eon x grew1 is repur*as$ by ! lords ( ! soil :i* gave x bir?1 at a *eap] price ?an t at :i* _! co>s] ma*9]y enables !m to manufacture x !mselves47#c997 #c4 ,! l>ge proportion ( ! population ( ?is c\ntry1 :o are engag$ 9 manufactures1 appe>s f ! foll[+ table d$uc$ f a /atem5t 9 an ,essay on ! ,di/ribution ( ,weal?1 by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,jones3 ,= e hundr$ p]sons employ$ 9 agriculture1 !re are3 ,agriculturi/s ,non-agriculturi/s ,9 ,b5gal #ajj #be ,9 ,italy #ajj #ca ,9 ,france #ajj #ej ,9 ,engl& #ajj #bjj ,! fact t ! proportion ( non-agricultural to agricultural p]sons is cont9ually increas+1 appe>s bo? f ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons ^u ,manufactur]s' ,employm5t1 ,july1 #ahcj1 & f ! /ill lat] evid5ce ( ! la/ c5sus2 f :i* docum5t ! annex$ table ( ! increase ( population 9 our great manufactur+ t[ns1 has be5 d$uc$4 ,increase ( population p] c5t ,names ( places #ahja-aa #ahaa-ba #ahba-ca ,total ,man*e/] #bb #dj #dg #aea ,glasg[ #cj #df #ch #afa ,liv]pool7#d997 #bf #ca #dd #ach ,nott+ham #ai #ah #be #ge ,birm+ham #af #bd #cc #ij ,great ,brita9 #ad4b #ae4g #ae4e #eb4e ,?us1 9 ?ree p]iods ( t5 ye>s1 dur+ ea* ( :i* ! g5]al population ( ! c\ntry has increas$ ab\t #ae p] c5t1 or ab\t #eb p] c5t ^u ! :ole p]iod ( ?irty ye>s1 ! population ( ^! t[ns has1 on ! av]age1 increas$ #acb p] c5t4 ,aft] ?is /atem5t1 !re requires no fur!r argum5t to demon/rate ! va/ importance to ! well-be+ ( ?is c\ntry1 ( mak+ ! int]e/s ( its manufactur]s well und]/ood & att5d$ to4 #d4 ,! advantages :i* are d]iv$ f ma*9]y & manufactures seem to arise pr9cipally f ?ree s\rces3 ,! addition :i* !y make to human p[]4 ,! economy !y produce ( human "t4 ,! conv]sion ( sub/ances app>5tly common & wor?less into valuable products4 #e4 ,( additions to human p[]4 ,) respect to ! fir/ ( ^! causes1 ! =ces d]iv$ f w9d1 f wat]1 & f /eam1 pres5t !mselves to ! m9d ( e "o2 ^! are1 9 fact1 additions to human p[]1 & w be consid]$ 9 a future page3 !re are1 h[ev]1 o!r s\rces ( its increase1 by :i* ! animal =ce ( ! individual is itself made to act ) f> great] ?an its unassi/$ p[]2 & to ^! we %all at pres5t conf9e our obs]vations4 ,! con/ruction ( palaces1 ( temples1 & ( tombs1 seems to h occupi$ ! e>lie/ att5tion ( nations j ent]+ on ! c>e] ( civilization2 & ! enorm\s blocks ( /one mov$ f _! native repositories to m9i/] to ! gr&eur or piety ( ! build]s1 h rema9$ to excite ! a/oni%m5t ( _! po/]ity1 long aft] ! purposes ( _m ( ^! records1 z well z ! names ( _! f\nd]s1 h be5 =gott54 ,! diff]5t degrees ( =ce necess>y to move ^! pond]\s masses1 w h v>i$ accord+ to ! me*anical k ( ! p employ$ 9 _! transport2 & t ! ext5t ( p[] requir$ = ?is purpose is widely diff]5t "u diff]5t circum/ances1 w appe> f ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 :i* is relat$ by ,m4 ,rondelet1 ,sur ,l',art de ,batir4 ,a block ( squ>$ /one 0 tak5 = ! subject ( exp]im5t3 #a4 ,weight ( /one #ajhj lbs #b4 ,9 ord] to drag ?is /one along ! floor ( ! qu>ry1 r\ghly *isell$1 x requir$ a =ce equal to #geh lbs #c4 ,! same /one dragg$ ov] a floor ( planks requir$ #feb lbs #d4 ,! same /one plac$ on a plat=m ( wood1 & dragg$ ov] a floor ( planks1 requir$ #fjf lbs #e4 ,aft] soap+ ! two surfaces ( wood :i* slid ov] ea* o!r1 x requir$ #ahb lbs #f4 ,! same /one 0 n[ plac$ ^u roll]s ( ?ree in*es diamet]1 :5 x requir$ to put x 9 motion along ! floor ( ! qu>ry #cd lbs #g4 ,to drag x by ^! roll]s ov] a wood5 floor #bh lbs #h4 ,:5 ! /one 0 m\nt$ on a wood5 plat=m1 & ! same roll]s plac$ betwe5 t & a plank floor1 x requir$ #bb lbs ,f ?is exp]im5t x results1 t ! =ce necess>y to move a /one along ,"p ( its weight ,! r\ghly *isell$ floor ( its qu>ry is ne>ly #b_/c ,along a wood5 floor #c_/e ,by wood ^u wood #e_/i ,if ! wood5 surfaces are soap$ #a_/f ,) roll]s on ! floor ( ! qu>ry #a_/cb ,on roll]s on wood #a_/dj ,on roll]s betwe5 wood #a_/ej ,at ea* increase ( k1 z well z on ! contrivance ( e new tool1 human lab\r becomes abridg$4 ,! man :o contriv$ roll]s1 inv5t$ a tool by :i* 8 p[] 0 qu9tupl$4 ,! workman :o fir/ sugge/$ ! employm5t ( soap or grease1 0 imm$iately enabl$ to move1 )\t ex]t+ a great] ef=t1 m ?an ?ree times ! weight he c\ld be=e47#e997 #f4 ,! economy ( human "t is ! next advantage ( ma*9]y 9 manufactures4 ,s ext5sive & important is ?is effect1 t we might1 if we 7 incl9$ to g5]alize1 embrace almo/ all ! advantages "u ?is s+le head3 b ! elucidation ( pr9ciples ( less ext5t w contribute m readily to a k ( ! subject2 &1 z num]\s examples w be pres5t$ to ! read] 9 ! ensu+ pages1 we %all re/rict our illu/rations ^u ?is po9t4 ,z an example ( ! economy ( "t1 ! use ( gunp[d] 9 bla/+ rocks may be notic$4 ,sev]al p\nds ( p[d] may be pur*as$ = a sum acquir$ by a few days' lab\r3 yet :5 ?is is employ$ = ! purpose allud$ to1 effects are frequ5tly produc$ :i* c\ld n1 ev5 ) ! be/ tools1 be accompli%$ by o!r means 9 less ?an _m mon?s4 ,! dim5sions ( "o ( ! blocks ( lime/one extract$ f ! qu>ries work$ = ! =mation ( ! breakwat] at ,plym\? 7 #bf #a_/b ft long1 #ac ft wide1 & #af ft deep4 ,?is mass1 conta9+ above #d1hjj cubic feet1 & weigh+ ab\t #djj tons1 0 bla/$ ?ree times4 ,two *>ges ( #ej lbs ea* 7 successively explod$ 9 a hole #ac feet deep1 ! bore be+ #c in*es at top & #b #a_/b in*es at bottom3 #ajj lbs ( p[d] 7 aft]w>ds explod$ 9 ! r5t =m$ by ^? op]ations4 ,ea* p\nd ( gunp[d] sep>at$ f ! rock two tons ( matt]1 or ne>ly #d1ejj times its own weight4 ,! exp5se ( ! p[d] 0 ,l #f1 or ne>ly #g #a_/b;d4 p] lb3 ! bor+ occupi$ two m5 dur+ a day & a half1 & co/ ab\t #is42 & ! value ( ! produce 01 at t "t1 ab\t ,l #de4 #g4 ,! simple contrivance ( t9 tubes = speak+ ?r\gh1 communicat+ betwe5 diff]5t ap>tm5ts1 by :i* ! directions ( ! sup]9t5d5t are in/antly convey$ to ! remote/ p>ts ( an e/abli%m5t1 produces a consid]able economy ( "t4 ,x is employ$ 9 ! %ops & manufactories 9 ,london1 & might ) advantage be us$ 9 dome/ic e/abli%m5ts1 p>ticul>ly 9 l>ge h\ses1 9 convey+ ord]s f ! nurs]y to ! kit*51 or f ! h\se to ! /able4 ,its conv5i5ce arises n m]ely f sav+ ! s]vant or workman useless j\rneys to receive directions1 b f reliev+ ! ma/] himself f t indisposition to give tr\ble1 :i* frequ5tly induces him to =ego a trifl+ want1 :5 he kn[s t 8 att5dant mu/ m\nt sev]al flights ( /airs to asc]ta9 8 wi%es1 &1 aft] desc5d+1 mu/ m\nt aga9 to supply !m4 ,! di/ance to :i* su* a mode ( communication c be ext5d$1 does n appe> to h be5 asc]ta9$1 & w\ld be an int]e/+ subject = enquiry4 ,admitt+ x to be possible betwe5 ,london & ,liv]pool1 ab\t sev5te5 m9utes w\ld elapse be=e ! words spok5 at "o end w\ld rea* ! o!r extremity ( ! pipe4 #h4 ,! art ( us+ ! diamond = cutt+ glass has und]gone1 )9 a few ye>s1 a v important improvem5t4 ,a glazi]'s appr5tice1 :5 us+ a diamond set 9 a conical f]rule1 z 0 always ! practice ab\t tw5ty ye>s s9ce1 f\nd great difficulty 9 acquir+ ! art ( us+ x ) c]ta9ty2 &1 at ! end ( a sev5 ye>s' appr5tice%ip1 _m 7 f\nd b indiff]5tly skill$ 9 its employm5t4 ,?is arose f ! difficulty ( f9d+ ! precise angle at :i* ! diamond cuts1 & ( guid+ x along ! glass at ! prop] incl9ation :5 t angle is f\nd4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! "t consum$ & ( ! glass de/roy$ 9 acquir+ ! art ( cutt+ glass1 may n[ be sav$ by ! use ( an improv$ tool4 ,! gem is set 9 a small piece ( squ>$ brass ) its edges ne>ly p>allel to "o side ( ! squ>e4 ,a p]son skill$ 9 its use n[ files away ! brass on "o side until1 by trial1 he f9ds t ! diamond w make a clean cut1 :5 guid$ by keep+ ?is edge press$ aga9/ a rul]4 ,! diamond & its m\nt+ are n[ atta*$ to a /ick l a p5cil1 by means ( a swivel all[+ a small angul> motion4 ,?us1 ev5 ! beg9n] at once applies ! cutt+ edge at ! prop] angle1 by press+ ! side ( ! brass aga9/ a rul]2 & ev5 ?\gh ! "p he holds 9 8 h& %\ld deviate a little f ! requir$ angle1 x communicates no irregul>ity to ! position ( ! diamond1 :i* r>ely fails to d its (fice :5 ?us employ$4 ,! relative h>dness ( ! diamond1 9 diff]5t directions1 is a s+ul> fact4 ,an exp]i5c$ workman1 on ^: judgem5t ,i c rely1 in=m$ me t he has se5 a diamond gr\nd ) diamond p[d] on a ca/-iron mill = ?ree h\rs )\t its be+ at all worn1 b t1 on *ang+ its direction ) respect to ! gr9d+ surface1 ! same edge 0 gr\nd away4 #i4 ,employm5t ( mat]ials ( little value4 ,! sk9s us$ by ! goldbeat] are produc$ f ! (fal ( animals4 ,! ho(s ( horses & cattle1 & o!r horny refuse1 are employ$ 9 ! production ( ! prussiate ( pota%1 t beautiful1 yell[1 cry/alliz$ salt1 :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! %ops ( "s ( our *emi/s4 ,! worn-out saucepans & t9w>e ( our kit*5s1 :5 beyond ! rea* ( ! t9k]'s art1 are n utt]ly wor?less4 ,we sometimes meet c>ts load$ ) old t9 kettles & worn-out iron coal-skuttles trav]s+ our /reets4 ,^! h n yet complet$ _! useful c\rse2 ! less corrod$ p>ts are cut into /rips1 pun*$ ) small holes1 & v>ni%$ ) a co>se black v>ni% = ! use ( ! trunk-mak]1 :o protects ! edges & angles ( 8 boxes ) !m2 ! rema9d] are convey$ to ! manufactur+ *emi/s 9 ! outskirts ( ! t[n1 :o employ !m 9 comb9ation ) pyroligne\s acid1 9 mak+ a black die = ! use ( calico pr9t]s4 #aj4 ,( tools4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a tool & a ma*9e is n capable ( v precise di/9ction2 nor is x necess>y1 9 a popul> explanation ( ^? t]ms1 to limit v /rictly _! acceptation4 ,a tool is usually m simple ?an a ma*9e2 x is g5]ally us$ ) ! h&1 :il/ a ma*9e is frequ5tly mov$ by animal or /eam p[]4 ,! simpl] ma*9es are (t5 m]ely "o or m tools plac$ 9 a frame1 & act$ on by a mov+ p[]4 ,9 po9t+ out ! advantages ( tools1 we %all comm5ce ) "s ( ! simple/4 #aa4 ,to arrange tw5ty ?\s& ne$les ?r[n promiscu\sly into a box1 mix$ & entangl$ 9 e possible direction1 9 su* a =m t !y %all be all p>allel to ea* o!r1 w\ld1 at fir/ sight1 appe> a mo/ t$i\s occupation2 9 fact1 if ea* ne$le 7 to be sep>at$ individually1 _m h\rs mu/ be consum$ 9 ! process4 ,yet ?is is an op]ation :i* mu/ be p]=m$ _m times 9 ! manufacture ( ne$les2 & x is accompli%$ 9 a few m9utes by a v simple tool2 no?+ m be+ requisite ?an a small flat tray ( %eet iron1 slightly concave at ! bottom4 ,9 ?is ! ne$les are plac$1 & %ak5 9 a peculi> mann]1 by ?r[+ !m up a v little1 & giv+ at ! same "t a slight longitud9al motion to ! tray4 ,! %ape ( ! ne$les assi/s _! arrangem5t2 = if two ne$les cross ea* o!r 7unless1 :i* is exce$+ly improbable1 !y happ5 to be precisely balanc$71 !y w1 :5 !y fall on ! bottom ( ! tray1 t5d to place !mselves side by side1 & ! holl[ =m ( ! tray assi/s ?is disposition4 ,z !y h no projection 9 any "p to imp$e ?is t5d5cy1 or to entangle ea* o!r1 !y are1 by cont9ually %ak+1 arrang$ l5g?wise1 9 ?ree or f\r m9utes4 ,! direction ( ! %ake is n[ *ang$1 ! ne$les are b little ?r[n up1 b ! tray is %ak5 endways2 ! result ( :i* is1 t 9 a m9ute or two ! ne$les :i* 7 previ\sly arrang$ endways become heap$ up 9 a wall1 ) _! ends aga9/ ! extremity ( ! tray4 ,!y are !n remov$1 by hundr$s at a "t1 ) a broad iron spatula1 on :i* !y are reta9$ by ! =ef+] ( ! left h&4 ,z ?is p>allel arrangem5t ( ! ne$les mu/ be repeat$ _m times1 if a *eap & exp$iti\s me?od _h n be5 devis$1 ! exp5se ( ! manufacture w\ld h be5 consid]ably enhanc$4 #ab4 ,ano!r process 9 ! art ( mak+ ne$les furni%es an example ( "o ( ! simple/ contrivances :i* c come "u ! d5om9ation ( a tool4 ,aft] ! ne$les h be5 arrang$ 9 ! mann] j describ$1 x is necess>y to sep>ate !m into two p>cels1 9 ord] t _! po9ts may be all 9 "o direction4 ,?is is usually done by wom5 & *ildr54 ,! ne$les are plac$ sideways 9 a heap1 on a table1 9 front ( ea* op]ator1 j z !y are arrang$ by ! process above describ$4 ,f five to t5 are roll$ t[>ds ?is p]son ) ! =ef+] ( ! left h&2 ?is sep>ates !m a v small space f ea* o!r1 & ea* 9 its turn is pu%$ l5g?wise to ! "r or to ! left1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! po9t4 ,?is is ! usual process1 & 9 x e ne$le passes individually "u ! f+] ( ! op]ator4 ,a small alt]ation exp$ites ! process consid]ably3 ! *ild puts on ! =ef+] ( its "r h& a small clo? cap or f+]/all1 & roll+ out ( ! heap f six to twelve ne$les1 he keeps !m d[n by ! =ef+] ( ! left h&1 :il/ he presses ! =ef+] ( ! "r h& g5tly aga9/ _! ends3 ^? :i* h ! po9ts t[>ds ! "r h& /ick into ! f+]/all2 & ! *ild1 remov+ ! f+] ( ! left h&1 slightly raises ! ne$les /ick+ into ! clo?1 & !n pu%es !m t[>ds ! left side4 ,^? ne$les :i* _h _! eyes on ! "r h& d n /ick into ! f+] cov]1 & are pu%$ to ! heap on ! "r side be=e ! repetition ( ?is process4 ,by means ( ?is simple contrivance ea* movem5t ( ! f+]1 f "o side to ! o!r1 c>ries five or six ne$les to _! prop] heap2 :]eas1 9 ! =m] me?od1 frequ5tly only "o 0 mov$1 & r>ely m ?an two or ?ree 7 transport$ at "o movem5t to _! place4 #ac4 ,v>i\s op]ations occur 9 ! arts 9 :i* ! assi/ance ( an additional h& w\ld be a great conv5i5ce to ! workman1 & 9 ^! cases tools or ma*9es ( ! simple/ /ructure come to our aid3 vices ( diff]5t =ms1 9 :i* ! mat]ial to be wr\ght is firmly grasp$ by screws1 are ( ?is k9d1 & are us$ 9 almo/ e work%op2 b a m /rik+ example may be f\nd 9 ! trade ( ! nail-mak]4 ,"s k9ds ( nails1 su* z ^? us$ = def5d+ ! soles ( co>se %oes1 call$ hobnails1 require a p>ticul> =m ( ! head1 :i* is made by ! /roke ( a die4 ,! workman holds "o end ( ! rod ( iron out ( :i* he =ms ! nails 9 8 left h&2 ) 8 "r h& he hamm]s ! r$-hot end ( x into a po9t1 & cutt+ ! prop] l5g? almo/ (f1 b5ds x ne>ly at a "r angle4 ,he puts ?is into a hole 9 a small /ake-iron imm$iately "u a hamm] :i* is connect$ ) a treadle1 & has a die sunk 9 its surface correspond+ to ! int5d$ =m ( ! head2 & hav+ giv5 "o "p ( ! =m to ! head ) ! small hamm] 9 8 h&1 he moves ! treadle ) 8 foot1 dis5gages ! o!r hamm]1 & completes ! figure ( ! head2 ! return+ /roke produc$ by ! movem5t ( ! treadle /rik+ ! f9i%$ nail out ( ! hole 9 :i* x 0 reta9$4 ,)\t ?is sub/itution ( 8 foot = ano!r h&1 ! workman w\ld1 probably1 be oblig$ to heat ! nails twice ov]4 #ad4 ,ano!r1 ?\gh =tunately a less g5]al sub/itution ( tools = human h&s1 is us$ to assi/ ! lab\r ( ^? :o are depriv$ by nature1 or by accid5t1 ( "s ( _! limbs4 ,^? :o h _h an opportunity ( exam9+ ! beautiful contrivances = ! manufacture ( %oes by ma*9]y1 :i* we owe to ! f]tile inv5tion ( ,mr ,brunel1 mu/ h notic$ _m in/ances 9 :i* ! workm5 7 enabl$ to execute _! task ) precision1 al?\gh lab\r+ "u ! disadvantages ( ! loss ( an arm or leg4 ,a simil> in/ance occurs at ,liv]pool1 9 ! ,in/itution = ! ,bl9d1 :]e a ma*9e is us$ by ^? afflict$ ) bl9dness1 = weav+ sa%-l9es2 x is said to h be5 ! inv5tion ( a p]son suff]+ "u t calamity4 ,o!r examples might be m5tion$ ( contrivances = ! use1 ! amusem5t1 or ! in/ruction ( ! weal?i] classes1 :o lab\r "u ! same natural disadvantages4 ,^! triumphs ( skill & +5uity des]ve a d\ble portion ( our admiration :5 appli$ to mitigate ! sev]ity ( natural or accid5tal mis=tune2 :5 !y supply ! ri* ) occupation & k2 :5 !y relieve ! poor f ! additional evils ( pov]ty & want4 #ae4 ,division ( ! objects ( ma*9]y4 ,!re exi/s a natural1 al?\gh1 9 po9t ( numb]1 a v unequal division among/ ma*9es3 !y may be class$ z2 fir/1 ^? :i* are employ$ to produce p[]1 & z1 secondly1 ^? :i* are int5d$ m]ely to transmit =ce & execute "w4 ,! fir/ ( ^! divisions is ( great importance1 & is v limit$ 9 ! v>iety ( its species1 al?\gh "s ( ^? species consi/ ( num]\s individuals4 ,( t class ( me*anical ag5ts by :i* motion is transmitt$--! lev]1 ! pulley1 ! w$ge1 & _m o!rs-- x has be5 demon/rat$1 t no p[] is ga9$ by _! use1 h[ev] comb9$4 ,:atev] =ce is appli$ at "o po9t c only be ex]t$ at "s o!r1 dim9i%$ by friction & o!r incid5tal causes2 & x has be5 fur!r prov$1 t :atev] is ga9$ 9 ! rapidity ( execution is comp5sat$ by ! necessity ( ex]t+ additional =ce4 ,^! two pr9ciples1 long s9ce plac$ beyond ! rea* ( d\bt1 _c be too con/antly borne 9 m9d4 ,b 9 limit+ our attempts to ?+s :i* are possible1 we are /ill1 z we hope to %ew1 possess$ ( a field ( inexhau/ible rese>*1 & ( advantages d]iv$ f me*anical skill1 :i* h b j begun to ex]cise _! influ5ce on our arts1 & may be pursu$ )\t limit contribut+ to ! improvem5t1 ! weal?1 & ! happ9ess ( our race4 #af4 ,( ^? ma*9es by :i* we produce p[]1 x may be obs]v$1 t al?\gh !y are to u imm5se acquisitions1 yet 9 reg>d to two ( ! s\rces ( ?is p[]--! =ce ( w9d & ( wat]--we m]ely make use ( bodies 9 a /ate ( motion by nature2 we *ange ! directions ( _! movem5t 9 ord] to r5d] !m subs]vi5t to our purposes1 b we nei!r add to nor dim9i% ! quantity ( motion 9 exi/5ce4 ,:5 we expose ! sails ( a w9dmill obliquely to ! gale1 we *eck ! velocity ( a small portion ( ! atmosph]e1 & conv]t its own rectil9e> motion into "o ( rotation 9 ! sails2 we ?us *ange ! direction ( =ce1 b we create no p[]4 ,! same may be obs]v$ ) reg>d to ! sails ( a vessel2 ! quantity ( motion giv5 by !m is precisely ! same z t :i* is de/roy$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,if we avail ourselves ( a desc5d+ /ream to turn a wat]-:eel1 we are appropriat+ a p[] :i* nature may appe>1 at fir/ sight1 to be uselessly & irrecov]ably wa/+1 b :i*1 ^u due exam9ation1 we %all f9d %e is ev] rega9+ by o!r processes4 ,! fluid :i* is fall+ f a high] to a l[] level1 c>ries ) x ! velocity due to its revolution ) ! e>? at a great] di/ance f its c5tre4 ,x w !re=e accel]ate1 al?\gh to an almo/ inf9itesimal ext5t1 ! e>?'s daily rotation4 ,! sum ( all ^! increm5ts ( velocity1 aris+ f ! desc5t ( all ! fall+ wat]s on ! e>?'s surface1 w\ld 9 "t become p]ceptible1 did n nature1 by ! process ( evaporation1 convey ! wat]s back to _! s\rces2 & ?us aga91 by remov+ matt] to a great] di/ance f ! c5tre1 de/roy ! velocity g5]at$ by its previ\s approa*4 #ag4 ,! =ce ( vap\r is ano!r f]tile s\rce ( mov+ p[]2 b ev5 9 ?is case x _c be ma9ta9$ t p[] is creat$4 ,wat] is conv]t$ into ela/ic vap\r by ! combu/ion ( fuel4 ,! *emical *anges :i* ?us take place are con/antly increas+ ! atmosph]e by l>ge quantities ( c>bonic acid & o!r gases noxi\s to animal life4 ,! means by :i* nature decomposes ^! elem5ts1 or reconv]ts !m into a solid =m1 are n suffici5tly kn[n3 b if ! end c\ld be accompli%$ by me*anical =ce1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! p[] necess>y to produce x w\ld at lea/ equal t :i* 0 g5]at$ by ! orig9al combu/ion4 ,man1 !re=e1 does n create p[]2 b1 avail+ himself ( 8 k ( nature's my/]ies1 he applies 8 tal5ts to div]t+ a small & limit$ portion ( h] en]gies to 8 own wants3 &1 :e!r he employs ! regulat$ action ( /eam1 or ! m rapid & trem5d\s effects ( gunp[d]1 he is only produc+ on a small scale compositions & decompositions :i* nature is incessantly at "w 9 rev]s+1 = ! re/oration ( t equilibrium :i* we _c d\bt is con/antly ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ev5 ! remote/ limits ( our sy/em4 ,! op]ations ( man p>ticipate 9 ! "* ( _! au?or2 !y are dim9utive1 b en]getic dur+ ! %ort p]iod ( _! exi/5ce3 :il/ ^? ( nature1 act+ ov] va/ spaces1 & unlimit$ by "t1 are ev] pursu+ _! sil5t & resi/less c>e]4 #ah4 ,9 /at+ ! broad pr9ciple1 t all comb9ations ( me*anical art c only augm5t ! =ce communicat$ to ! ma*9e at ! exp5se ( ! "t employ$ 9 produc+ ! effect1 x might1 p]haps1 be imag9$1 t ! assi/ance d]iv$ f su* contrivances is small4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 by no means ! case3 s9ce ! almo/ unlimit$ v>iety !y af=d1 enables u to ex]t to ! greate/ advantage :atev] =ce we employ4 ,!re is1 x is true1 a limit beyond :i* x is impossible to r$uce ! p[] necess>y to produce any giv5 effect1 b x v seldom happ5s t ! me?ods fir/ employ$ at all approa* t limit4 ,9 divid+ ! knott$ root ( a tree = fuel1 h[ v diff]5t w be ! "t consum$1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! tool made use (6 ,! hat*et1 or ! adze1 w divide x into small p>ts1 b w consume a l>ge portion ( ! workman's "t4 ,! saw w answ] ! same purpose m quickly & m effectually4 ,?is1 9 its turn1 is sup]s$$ by ! w$ge1 :i* r5ds x 9 a /ill %ort] "t4 ,if ! circum/ances are fav\rable1 & ! workman skilful1 ! "t & exp5se may be /ill fur!r r$uc$ by ! use ( a small quantity ( gunp[d] explod$ 9 holes judici\sly plac$ 9 ! block4 #ai4 ,:5 a mass ( matt] is to be remov$ a c]ta9 =ce mu/ be exp5d$2 & ^u ! prop] economy ( ?is =ce ! price ( transport w dep5d4 ,a c\ntry mu/1 h[ev]1 h rea*$ a high degree ( civilization be=e x w h approa*$ ! limit ( ?is economy4 ,! cotton ( ,java is convey$ 9 junks to ! coa/ ( ,*9a2 b f ! se$ n be+ previ\sly sep>at$1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! weight ?us c>ri$ is n cotton4 ,?is might1 p]haps1 be ju/ifi$ 9 ,java by ! want ( ma*9]y to sep>ate ! se$1 or by ! relative co/ ( ! op]ation 9 ! two c\ntries4 ,b ! cotton itself1 z pack$ by ! ,*9ese1 occupies ?ree times ! bulk ( an equal quantity %ipp$ by ,europeans = _! own m>kets4 ,?us ! freight ( a giv5 quantity ( cotton co/s ! ,*9ese ne>ly twelve times ! price to :i*1 by a prop] att5tion to me*anical me?ods1 x might be r$uc$4 99 ,,notes3 #a4 ',! ,b&ana h&k]*iefs manufactur$ at ,glasg[ h long sup]s$$ ! g5u9e ones1 & are n[ consum$ 9 l>ge quantities bo? by ! natives & ,*9ese4' ,craw=d's ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 vol4 iii1 p4 #eje4 #b4 ',capta9 ,clapp]ton1 :5 on a visit at ! c\rt ( ! ,sultan ,bello1 /ates1 t 'provisions 7 regul>ly s5t me f ! sultan's table on pewt] di%es ) ! ,london /amp2 & ,i ev5 _h a piece ( meat s]v$ up on a :ite wa%-h& bas9 ( ,engli% manufacture4' ,clapp]ton's ,j\rney1 p4 #hh4 #c4 ,at ,calicut1 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies 7:5ce ! cotton clo? call$ calico d]ives its "n71 ! price ( lab\r is "o-sev5? ( t 9 ,engl&1 yet ! m>ket is suppli$ f ,briti% looms4 #d4 ,liv]pool1 ?\gh n itself a manufactur+ t[n1 has be5 plac$ 9 ?is li/1 f its connection ) ,man*e/]1 ( :i* x is ! port4 #e4 ,s s5sible are ! effects ( grease 9 dim9i%+ friction1 t ! driv]s ( sl$ges 9 ,am/]dam1 on :i* heavy goods are transport$1 c>ry 9 _! h& a rope soak$ 9 tall[1 :i* !y ?r[ d[n f "t to "t be=e ! sl$ge1 9 ord] t1 by pass+ ov] ! rope1 x may become greas$4 ,*apt] #b ,accumulat+ ,p[] #bj4 ,:5ev] ! "w to be done requires m =ce = its execution ?an c be g5]at$ 9 ! "t necess>y = its completion1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to "s me*anical me?od ( pres]v+ & cond5s+ a "p ( ! p[] ex]t$ previ\sly to ! comm5cem5t ( ! process4 ,?is is mo/ frequ5tly accompli%$ by a fly-:eel1 :i* is 9 fact no?+ m ?an a :eel hav+ a v heavy rim1 s t ! great] "p ( its weight is ne> ! circumf]5ce4 ,x requires great p[] appli$ = "s "t to put ?is into rapid motion2 b :5 mov+ ) consid]able velocity1 ! effects are exce$+ly p[]ful1 if its =ce be conc5trat$ ^u a small object4 ,9 "s ( ! iron works :]e ! p[] ( ! /eam-eng9e is a little too small = ! roll]s :i* x drives1 x is usual to set ! eng9e at "w a %ort "t be=e ! r$-hot iron is ready to be remov$ f ! furnace to ! roll]s1 & to all[ x to "w ) great rapidity until ! fly has acquir$ a velocity r al>m+ to ^? unus$ to su* e/abli%m5ts4 ,on pass+ ! s(t5$ mass ( iron ?r\gh ! fir/ groove1 ! eng9e receives a great & v p]ceptible *eck2 & its spe$ is dim9i%$ at ! next & at ea* succe$+ passage1 until ! iron b> is r$uc$ to su* a size t ! ord9>y p[] ( ! eng9e is suffici5t to roll x4 #ba4 ,! p[]ful effect ( a l>ge fly:eel :5 its =ce c be conc5trat$ on a po9t1 0 curi\sly illu/rat$ at "o ( ! l>ge/ ( our manufactories4 ,! proprietor 0 %ew+ to a fri5d ! me?od ( pun*+ holes 9 iron plates = ! boil]s ( /eam-eng9es4 ,he held 9 8 h& a piece ( %eet-iron ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 :i* he plac$ "u ! pun*4 ,obs]v+1 aft] sev]al holes _h be5 made1 t ! pun* made its p]=ations m & m sl[ly1 he call$ to ! eng9e-man to "k :at made ! eng9e "w s sluggi%ly1 :5 x 0 f\nd t ! fly:eel & pun*+ app>atus _h be5 deta*$ f ! /eam-eng9e j at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 exp]im5t4 #bb4 ,ano!r mode ( accumulat+ p[] arises f lift+ a weight & !n all[+ x to fall4 ,a man1 ev5 ) a heavy hamm]1 might /rike repeat$ bl[s ^u ! head ( a pile )\t produc+ any effect4 ,b if he raises a mu* heavi] hamm] to a mu* great] height1 its fall1 ?\gh f> less frequ5tly repeat$1 w produce ! desir$ effect4 ,:5 a small bl[ is giv5 to a l>ge mass ( matt]1 z to a pile1 ! imp]fect ela/icity ( ! mat]ial causes a small loss ( mom5tum 9 ! transmission ( ! motion f ea* p>ticle to ! succe$+ "o2 &1 !re=e1 x may happ5 t ! :ole =ce communicat$ %all be de/roy$ be=e x rea*es ! opposite extremity4 #bc4 ,! p[] accumulat$ )9 a small space by gunp[d] is well kn[n2 &1 ?\gh n /rictly an illu/ration ( ! subject discuss$ 9 ?is *apt]1 "s ( its effects1 "u peculi> circum/ances1 are s s+ul>1 t an attempt to expla9 !m may p]haps be excus$4 ,if a gun is load$ ) ball x w n kick s mu* z :5 load$ ) small %ot2 & among/ diff]5t k9ds ( %ot1 t :i* is ! smalle/1 causes ! greate/ recoil aga9/ ! %\ld]4 ,a gun load$ ) a quantity ( s&1 equal 9 weight to a *>ge ( snipe-%ot1 kicks /ill m4 ,if1 9 load+1 a space is left betwe5 ! wadd+ & ! *>ge1 ! gun ei!r recoils viol5tly1 or bur/s4 ,if ! muzzle ( a gun has accid5tally be5 /uck into ! gr\nd1 s z to be /opp$ up ) clay1 or ev5 ) sn[1 or if x be fir$ ) its muzzle plung$ into wat]1 ! almo/ c]ta9 result is t x bur/s4 ,! ultimate cause ( ^! app>5tly inconsi/5t effects is1 t e =ce requires "t to produce its effect2 & if ! "t requisite = ! ela/ic vap\r )9 to =ce out ! sides ( ! b>rel1 is less ?an t 9 :i* ! cond5sation ( ! air ne> ! wadd+ is convey$ 9 suffici5t =ce to drive ! imp$im5t f ! muzzle1 !n ! b>rel mu/ bur/4 ,if sometimes happ5s t ^! two =ces are s ne>ly balanc$ t ! b>rel only swells2 ! ob/acle giv+ way be=e ! gun is actually bur/4 ,! correctness ( ?is explanation w appe> by trac+ /ep by /ep ! circum/ances :i* arise on dis*>g+ a gun load$ ) p[d] conf9$ by a cyl9drical piece ( wadd+1 & hav+ its muzzle fill$ ) clay1 or "s o!r sub/ance hav+ a mod]ate degree ( resi/ance4 ,9 ?is case ! fir/ effect ( ! explosion is to produce an enorm\s pressure on ev]y?+ conf9+ x1 & to advance ! wadd+ ?r\gh a v small space4 ,"h let u consid] x z at re/ = a mom5t1 & exam9e its condition4 ,! portion ( air 9 imm$iate contact ) ! wadd+ is cond5s$2 & if ! wadd+ 7 to rema9 at re/1 ! air ?r\gh\t ! tube w\ld soon acquire a uni=m d5sity4 ,b ?is w\ld require a small int]val ( "t2 = ! cond5sation next ! wadd+ w\ld travel ) ! velocity ( s\nd to ! o!r end1 f :5ce1 be+ reflect$ back1 a s]ies ( waves w\ld be g5]at$1 :i*1 aid$ by ! friction ( ! tube1 w\ld ultimately de/roy ! motion4 ,b until ! fir/ wave rea*es ! imp$im5t at ! muzzle1 ! air c ex]t no pressure aga9/ x4 ,n[ if ! velocity communicat$ to ! wadd+ is v mu* great] ?an t ( s\nd1 ! cond5sation ( ! air imm$iately 9 advance ( x may be v great be=e ! resi/ance transmitt$ to ! muzzle is at all consid]able2 9 :i* case ! mutual repulsion ( ! p>ticles ( air s compress$1 w (f] an absolute b>ri] to ! advance ( ! wadd+47#a997 ,if ?is explanation be correct1 ! additional recoil1 :5 a gun is load$ ) small %ot or s&1 may arise 9 "s measure f ! cond5sation ( ! air conta9$ betwe5 _! p>ticles2 b *iefly f ! velocity communicat$ by ! explosion to ^? p>ticles ( ! sub/ances 9 imm$iate contact ) ! p[d] be+ great] ?an t ) :i* a wave c be transmitt$ ?r\gh !m4 ,x also af=ds a reason = ! success ( a me?od ( bla/+ rocks by fill+ ! upp] "p ( ! hole above ! p[d] ) s&1 in/ead ( clay ramm$ h>d4 ,t ! de/ruction ( ! gun b>rel does n arise f ! prop]ty possess$ by fluids1 & 9 "s measure also by s& & small %ot1 ( press+ equally 9 all directions1 & ?us ex]t+ a =ce aga9/ a l>ge portion ( ! int]ior surface1 seems to be prov$ by a circum/ance m5tion$ by ,le ,vaillant & o!r travell]s1 t1 = ! purpose ( tak+ birds )\t injur+ _! plumage1 !y fill$ ! b>rel ( _! f[l+ pieces ) wat]1 in/ead ( load+ !m ) a *>ge ( %ot4 #bd4 ,! same reason+ expla9s a curi\s ph5om5on :i* occurs 9 fir+ a /ill m p[]fully explosive sub/ance4 ,if we put a small quantity ( fulm9at+ silv] ^u ! face ( an anvil1 & /rike x slightly ) a hamm]1 x explodes2 b in/ead ( break+ ei!r ! hamm] or ! anvil1 x is f\nd t t "p ( ! face ( ea* 9 contact ) ! fulm9at+ silv] is damag$4 ,9 ?is case ! velocity communicat$ by ! ela/ic matt] dis5gag$ may be great] ?an ! velocity ( a wave trav]s+ /eel2 s t ! p>ticles at ! surface are driv5 by ! explosion s ne> to ^? next adjac5t1 t :5 ! compell+ =ce is remov$1 ! repulsion ( ! p>ticles )9 ! mass drives back ^? ne>] to ! surface1 ) su* =ce1 t !y pass beyond ! limits ( attraction1 & are sep>at$ 9 ! %ape ( p[d]4 #be4 i7 ,! success ( ! exp]im5t ( fir+ a tall[ c&le ?r\gh a deal bo>d1 w\ld be expla9$ 9 ! same mann]1 by suppos+ ! velocity ( a wave propagat$ ?r\gh deal to be great] ?an t ( a wave pass+ ?r\gh tall[4 #be4 ii7 ,! boil] ( a /eam-eng9e sometimes bur/s ev5 dur+ ! escape ( /eam ?r\gh ! safety-valve4 ,if ! wat] 9 ! boil] is ?r[n ^u any "p :i* happ5s to be r$ hot1 ! /eam =m$ 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( t "p exp&s ) great] velocity ?an t ) :i* a wave c be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! less heat$ /eam2 consequ5tly "o p>ticle is urg$ aga9/ ! next1 & an almo/ inv9cible ob/acle is =m$1 9 ! same mann] z describ$ 9 ! case ( ! dis*>ge ( a gun4 ,if ! safety-valve is clos$1 x may reta9 ! pressure ?us creat$ = a %ort "t1 & ev5 :5 x is op5 ! escape may n be suffici5tly rapid to remove all imp$im5t2 !re may !re=e exi/ mom5t>ily )9 ! boil] pressures ( v>i\s =ce1 v>y+ f t :i* c j lift ! safety-valve up to t :i* is suffici5t1 if ex]t$ dur+ an extremely small space ( "t1 to te> op5 ! boil] itself4 #bf4 ,?is reason+ ought1 h[ev]1 to be admitt$ ) caution2 & p]haps "s inducem5t to exam9e x c>efully may be pres5t$ by trac+ x to extreme cases4 ,x w\ld seem1 b ?is is n a necess>y consequ5ce1 t a gun might be made s long1 t x w\ld bur/ al?\gh no ob/acle fill$ up its muzzle4 ,x %\ld also foll[ t if1 aft] ! gun is *>g$1 ! air 7 extract$ f ! b>rel1 ?\gh ! muzzle be !n left clos$1 ! gun ought n to bur/4 ,x w\ld also seem to foll[ f ! pr9ciple ( ! explanation1 t a body might be project$ 9 air1 or o!r ela/ic resi/+ m$ium1 ) su* =ce t1 aft] advanc+ a v %ort space x %\ld return 9 ! same direction 9 :i* x 0 project$4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,see ,poisson's rem>ks1 ,ecole ,polytec4 ,cahi]1 xxi1 p4 #aia4 ,*apt] #c ,regulat+ ,p[] #bg4 ,uni=mity & /ead9ess 9 ! rate at :i* ma*9]y works1 are ess5tial bo? = its effect & its duration4 ,! fir/ illu/ration :i* pres5ts itself is t beautiful contrivance1 ! gov]nor ( ! /eam-eng9e1 :i* mu/ imm$iately occur to all :o are famili> ) t admirable eng9e4 ,:]ev] ! increas$ spe$ ( ! eng9e w\ld lead to injuri\s or dang]\s consequ5ces1 ?is is appli$2 & x is equally ! regulator ( ! wat]-:eel :i* drives a sp9n+-j5ny1 or ( ! w9dmills :i* dra9 our f5s4 ,9 ! docky>d at ,*a?am1 ! desc5d+ motion ( a l>ge plat=m1 on :i* timb] is rais$1 is regulat$ by a gov]nor2 b z ! weight is v consid]able1 ! velocity ( ?is gov]nor is /ill fur!r *eck$ by caus+ its motion to take place 9 wat]4 #bh4 ,ano!r v beautiful contrivance = regulat+ ! numb] ( /rokes made by a /eam-eng9e1 is us$ 9 ,cornwall3 x is call$ ! cat>act1 & dep5ds on ! "t requir$ to fill a vessel plung$ 9 wat]1 ! op5+ ( ! valve ?r\gh :i* ! fluid is admitt$ be+ adju/able at ! w ( ! eng9e-man4 #bi4 ,! regul>ity ( ! supply ( fuel to ! fire "u ! boil]s ( /eam-eng9es is ano!r mode ( contribut+ to ! uni=mity ( _! rate1 & also economizes ! consumption ( coal4 ,sev]al pat5ts h be5 tak5 out = me?ods ( regulat+ ?is supply3 ! g5]al pr9ciple be+ to make ! eng9e supply ! fire ) small quantities ( fuel at regul> int]vals by means ( a hopp]1 & to make x dim9i% ?is supply :5 ! eng9e works too quickly4 ,"o ( ! incid5tal advantages ( ?is plan is1 t by ?r[+ on a v small quantity ( coal at a "t1 ! smoke is almo/ entirely consum$4 ,! damp]s ( a%pits & *imneys are also1 9 "s cases1 connect$ ) ma*9es 9 ord] to regulate _! spe$4 #cj4 ,ano!r contrivance = regulat+ ! effect ( ma*9]y consi/s 9 a vane or fly1 ( little weight1 b pres5t+ a l>ge surface4 ,?is revolves rapidly1 & soon acquires a uni=m rate1 :i* x _c greatly exce$1 because any addition to its velocity produces a mu* great] addition to ! resi/ance x meets ) f ! air4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! /rokes on ! bell ( a clock is regulat$ 9 ?is way1 & ! fly is s contriv$1 t ! int]val may be alt]$ by pres5t+ ! arms ( x m or less obliquely to ! direction 9 :i* !y move4 ,?is k9d ( fly1 or vane1 is g5]ally us$ 9 ! small] k9ds ( me*anism1 &1 unlike ! heavy fly1 x is a de/roy] in/ead ( a pres]v] ( =ce4 ,x is ! regulator us$ 9 musical boxes1 & 9 almo/ all me*anical toys4 #ca4 ,! action ( a fly1 or vane1 sugge/s ! pr9ciple ( an in/rum5t = measur+ ! altitude ( m\nta9s1 :i* p]haps des]ves a trial1 s9ce1 if x succe$ only tol]ably1 x w =m a mu* m portable in/rum5t ?an ! b>omet]4 ,x is well kn[n t ! b>omet] indicates ! weight ( a column ( ! atmosph]e above x1 ^: base is equal to ! bore ( ! tube4 ,x is also kn[n t ! d5sity ( ! air adjac5t to ! in/rum5t w dep5d bo? on ! weight ( air above x1 & on ! heat ( ! air at t place4 ,if1 !re=e1 we c measure ! d5sity ( ! air1 & its temp]ature1 ! height ( a column ( m]cury :i* x w\ld support 9 ! b>omet] c be f\nd by calculation4 ,n[ ! !rmomet] gives in=mation respect+ ! temp]ature ( ! air imm$iately2 & its d5sity might be asc]ta9$ by means ( a wat* & a small in/rum5t1 9 :i* ! numb] ( turns made by a vane mov$ by a con/ant =ce1 %\ld be regi/]$4 ,! less d5se ! air 9 :i* ! vane revolves1 ! great] w be ! numb] ( its revolutions 9 a giv5 "t3 & tables c\ld be =m$ f exp]im5ts 9 p>tially exhau/$ vessels1 aid$ by calculation1 f :i*1 if ! temp]ature ( ! air1 & ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! vane are giv51 ! correspond+ height ( ! b>omet] might be f\nd47#a997 ,,notes3 #a4 ,to p]sons :o may be incl9$ to exp]im5t ^u ?is or any o!r in/rum5t1 ,i w\ld beg to sugge/ ! p]usal ( ! section ',on ! art ( ,obs]v+'1 ,obs]vations on ! ,decl9e ( ,sci5ce 9 ,engl&1 p4 #agj1 ,fell[es1 #ahbh4 ,*apt] #d ,increase & ,dim9ution ( ,velocity #cb4 ,! fatigue produc$ on ! muscles ( ! human frame does n altoge!r dep5d on ! actual =ce employ$ 9 ea* ef=t1 b p>tly on ! frequ5cy ) :i* x is ex]t$4 ,! ex]tion necess>y to accompli% e op]ation consi/s ( two p>ts3 "o ( ^! is ! exp5diture ( =ce :i* is necess>y to drive ! tool or in/rum5t2 & ! o!r is ! ef=t requir$ = ! motion ( "s limb ( ! animal produc+ ! action4 ,9 driv+ a nail into a piece ( wood1 "o ( ^! is lift+ ! hamm]1 & propell+ its head aga9/ ! nail2 ! o!r is1 rais+ ! arm itself1 & mov+ x 9 ord] to use ! hamm]4 ,if ! weight ( ! hamm] is consid]able1 ! =m] "p w cause ! greate/ portion ( ! ex]tion4 ,if ! hamm] is light1 ! ex]tion ( rais+ ! arm w produce ! greate/ "p ( ! fatigue4 ,x does !re=e happ51 t op]ations requir+ v trifl+ =ce1 if frequ5tly repeat$1 w tire m effectually ?an m labori\s "w4 ,!re is also a degree ( rapidity beyond :i* ! action ( ! muscles _c be press$4 #cc4 ,! mo/ advantage\s load = a port] :o c>ries wood up /airs on 8 %\ld]s1 has be5 inve/igat$ by ,m4 ,c\lomb2 b he f\nd f exp]im5t t a man walk+ up /airs )\t any load1 & rais+ 8 burd5 by means ( 8 own weight 9 desc5d+1 c\ld d z mu* "w 9 "o day1 z f\r m5 employ$ 9 ! ord9>y way ) ! mo/ fav\rable load4 #cd4 ,! proportion betwe5 ! velocity ) :i* m5 or animals move1 & ! weights !y c>ry1 is a matt] ( consid]able importance1 p>ticul>ly 9 milit>y affairs4 ,x is also ( great importance = ! economy ( lab\r1 to adju/ ! weight ( t "p ( ! animal's body :i* is mov$1 ! weight ( ! tool x urges1 & ! frequ5cy ( repetition ( ^! ef=ts1 s z to produce ! greate/ effect4 ,an in/ance ( ! sav+ ( "t by mak+ ! same motion ( ! arm execute two op]ations in/ead ( "o1 occurs 9 ! simple art ( mak+ ! tags ( bootlaces3 ^! tags are =m$ out ( v ?91 t9n$1 %eet-iron1 & 7 =m]ly cut out ( long /rips ( t mat]ial into pieces ( su* a bread? t :5 b5t r\nd !y j enclos$ ! lace4 ,two pieces ( /eel h rec5tly be5 fix$ to ! side ( ! %e>s1 by :i* ea* piece ( t9n$-iron z soon z x is cut is b5t into a semi-cyl9drical =m4 ,! additional p[] requir$ = ?is op]ation is almo/ imp]ceptible1 & x is execut$ by ! same motion ( ! arm :i* produces ! cut4 ,! "w is usually p]=m$ by wom5 & *ildr52 & ) ! improv$ tool m ?an ?ree times ! quantity ( tags is produc$ 9 a giv5 "t47#a997 #ce4 ,:5ev] ! "w is itself light1 x becomes necess>y1 9 ord] to economize "t1 to increase ! velocity4 ,twi/+ ! fibres ( wool by ! f+]s w\ld be a mo/ t$i\s op]ation3 9 ! common sp9n+-:eel ! velocity ( ! foot is mod]ate1 b by a v simple contrivance t ( ! ?read is mo/ rapid4 ,a piece ( catgut pass+ r\nd a l>ge :eel1 & !n r\nd a small sp9dle1 effects ?is *ange4 ,?is contrivance is common to a multitude ( ma*9es1 "s ( !m v simple4 ,9 l>ge %ops = ! retail ( rib&s1 x is necess>y at %ort int]vals to 'take /ock'1 t is1 to measure & rew9d e piece ( rib&1 an op]ation :i*1 ev5 ) ?is mode ( %ort5+ x1 is suffici5tly tiresome1 b )\t x w\ld be almo/ impossible f its exp5se4 ,! small balls ( sew+ cotton1 s *eap & s beautifully w\nd1 are =m$ by a ma*9e on ! same pr9ciple1 & b a few /eps m complicat$4 #cf4 ,9 turn+ f ! small] in/rum5ts 9 frequ5t use to ! l>g] & m important ma*9es1 ! economy aris+ f ! increase ( velocity becomes m /rik+4 ,9 conv]t+ ca/ into wr\ght-iron1 a mass ( metal1 ( ab\t a hundr$weight1 is heat$ almo/ to :ite heat1 & plac$ "u a heavy hamm] mov$ by wat] or /eam p[]4 ,?is is rais$ by a projection on a revolv+ axis2 & if ! hamm] d]iv$ its mom5tum only f ! space ?r\gh :i* x fell1 x w\ld require a consid]ably great] "t to give a bl[4 ,b z x is important t ! s(t5$ mass ( r$-hot iron %\ld receive z _m bl[s z possible be=e x cools1 ! =m ( ! cam or projection on ! axis is su*1 t ! hamm]1 in/ead ( be+ lift$ to a small height1 is ?r[n up ) a j]k1 & almo/ ! in/ant aft] x /rikes aga9/ a l>ge beam1 :i* acts z a p[]ful spr+1 & drives x d[n on ! iron ) su* velocity t by ^! means ab\t d\ble ! numb] ( /rokes c be made 9 a giv5 "t4 ,9 ! small] tilt-hamm]s1 ?is is c>ri$ /ill fur!r by /rik+ ! tail ( ! tilt-hamm] =cibly aga9/ a small /eel anvil1 x reb\nds ) su* velocity1 t f ?ree to five hundr$ /rokes are made 9 a m9ute4 ,9 ! manufacture ( an*ors1 an art 9 :i* a simil> contrivance is ( /ill great] importance1 x has only be5 rec5tly appli$4 #cg4 ,9 ! manufacture ( scy!s1 ! l5g? ( ! blade r5d]s x necess>y t ! workman %\ld move readily1 s z to br+ e "p ( x on ! anvil 9 quick succession4 ,?is is effect$ by plac+ him 9 a seat susp5d$ by ropes f ! ceil+3 s t he is enabl$1 ) little bodily ex]tion1 to v>y 8 di/ance1 by press+ 8 feet aga9/ ! block :i* supports ! anvil1 or aga9/ ! floor4 #ch4 ,an increase ( velocity is sometimes necess>y to r5d] op]ations possible3 ?us a p]son may skate ) great rapidity ov] ice :i* w\ld n support 8 weight if he mov$ ov] x m sl[ly4 ,?is arises f ! fact1 t "t is requisite = produc+ ! fracture ( ! ice3 z soon z ! weight ( ! skat] beg9s to act on any po9t1 ! ice1 support$ by ! wat]1 b5ds sl[ly "u him2 b if ! skat]'s velocity is consid]able1 he has pass$ (f f ! spot :i* 0 load$ be=e ! b5d+ has rea*$ ! po9t :i* w\ld cause ! ice to break4 #ci4 ,an effect n v diff]5t f ?is might take place if v great velocity 7 communicat$ to boats4 ,let u suppose a flatbottom$ boat1 ^: b[ =ms an incl9$ plane ) ! bottom1 at re/ 9 /ill wat]4 ,if we imag9e "s v great =ce sudd5ly to propel ?is boat1 ! incl9ation ( ! plane at ! =ep>t w\ld cause x to rise 9 ! wat]2 & if ! =ce 7 excessive1 x might ev5 rise out ( ! wat]1 & advance1 by a s]ies ( leaps1 l a piece ( slate or an oy/] %ell1 ?r[n z a 'duck & drake'4 ,if ! =ce 7 n suffici5t to pull ! boat out ( ! wat]1 b 7 j en\gh to br+ its bottom to ! surface1 x w\ld be c>ri$ along ) a k9d ( glid+ motion ) great rapidity2 = at e po9t ( its c\rse x w\ld require a c]ta9 "t be=e1 x c\ld s9k to its usual draft ( wat]2 b be=e t "t _h elaps$1 x w\ld h advanc$ to ano!r po9t1 & consequ5tly h be5 rais$ by ! reaction ( ! wat] on ! incl9$ plane at its =ep>t4 #dj4 ,! same fact1 t bodies mov+ ) great velocity h n "t to ex]t ! full effect ( _! weight1 seems to expla9 a circum/ance :i* appe>s to be v unacc\ntable4 ,x sometimes happ5s t :5 foot-pass5g]s are knock$ d[n by c>riages1 ! :eels pass ov] !m ) sc>cely any injury1 ?\gh1 if ! weight ( ! c>riage _h re/$ on _! body1 ev5 = a few seconds1 x w\ld h cru%$ !m to dea?4 ,if ! view above tak5 is correct1 ! injury 9 su* circum/ances w *iefly happ5 to t "p ( ! body :i* is /ruck by ! advanc+ :eel4 #da4 ,an op]ation 9 :i* rapidity is ( ess5tial importance is 9 br++ ! produce ( m9es up to ! surface4 ,! %afts ?r\gh :i* ! produce is rais$ are sunk at a v great exp5se1 & x is1 ( c\rse1 desirable to s9k z few ( !m z possible4 ,! matt] to be extract$ is !re=e rais$ by /eam-eng9es ) consid]able velocity1 & )\t ?is _m ( our m9es c\ld n be work$ ) pr(it4 #db4 ,! effect ( great velocity 9 modify+ ! =m ( a cohesive sub/ance is beautifully %[n 9 ! process = mak+ w9d[ glass1 t]m$ fla%+1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ op]ations 9 our dome/ic arts4 ,a workman hav+ dipp$ 8 iron tube into ! glass pot1 & load$ x ) sev]al p\nds ( ! melt$ metal1 bl[s out a l>ge globe1 :i* is connect$ ) 8 rod by a %ort ?ick holl[ neck4 ,ano!r workman n[ fixes to ! globe imm$iately opposite to its neck1 an iron rod1 ! extremity ( :i* has be5 dipp$ 9 ! melt$ glass2 & :5 ?is is firmly atta*$1 a few drops ( wat] sep>ate ! neck ( ! globe f ! iron tube4 ,! rod ) ! globe atta*$ to x is n[ held at ! m\? ( a gl[+ furnace3 & by turn+ ! rod ! globe is made to revolve sl[ly1 s z to be uni=mly expos$ to ! heat3 ! fir/ effect ( ?is s(t5+ is to make ! glass contract ^u itself & to enl>ge ! op5+ ( ! neck4 ,z ! s(t5+ proce$s1 ! globe is turn$ m quickly on its axis1 & :5 v s(t & almo/ inc&esc5t1 x is remov$ f ! fire1 & ! velocity ( rotation be+ /ill cont9ually increas$1 ! op5+ enl>ges f ! effect ( ! c5trifugal =ce1 at fir/ gradually1 until at la/ ! m\? sudd5ly exp&s or fla%es out into "o l>ge circul> %eet ( r$ hot glass4 ,! neck ( ! orig9al globe1 :i* is to become ! out] "p ( ! %eet1 is left ?ick to admit ( ?is expansion1 & =ms ! edge ( ! circul> plate ( glass1 :i* is call$ a ,table4 ,! c5tre pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a ?ick boss or prom95ce1 call$ ! ,bull's-eye1 at ! "p by :i* x 0 atta*$ to ! iron rod4 #dc4 ,! mo/ frequ5t reason = employ+ contrivances = dim9i%+ velocity1 arises f ! necessity ( ov]com+ great resi/ances ) small p[]4 ,sy/ems ( pulleys1 ! crane1 & _m o!r illu/rations1 might also be adduc$ "h z examples2 b !y belong m appropriately to "s ( ! o!r causes :i* we h assign$ = ! advantages ( ma*9]y4 ,! common smoke-jack is an in/rum5t 9 :i* ! velocity communicat$ is too great = ! purpose requir$1 & x is transmitt$ ?r\gh :eels :i* r$uce x to a m mod]ate rate4 #dd4 ,telegraphs are ma*9es = convey+ in=mation ov] ext5sive l9es ) great rapidity4 ,!y h g5]ally be5 e/abli%$ = ! purposes ( transmitt+ in=mation dur+ w>1 b ! increas+ wants ( man w probably soon r5d] !m subs]vi5t to m peaceful objects4 ,a few ye>s s9ce ! telegraph convey$ to ,p>is in=mation ( ! discov]y ( a comet1 by ,m4 ,gamb>t1 at ,m>seilles3 ! message arriv$ dur+ a sitt+ ( ! ,fr5* ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 & 0 s5t 9 a note f ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior to ,laplace1 ! ,presid5t1 :o receiv$ x :il/ ! writ] ( ^! l9es 0 sitt+ by 8 side4 ,! object 9 ?is in/ance 01 to give ! e>lie/ publicity to ! fact1 & to assure to ,m4 ,gamb>t ! title ( its fir/ discov]]4 ,at ,liv]pool a sy/em ( signals is e/abli%$ = ! purposes ( comm]ce1 s t ea* m]*ant c communicate ) 8 own vessel long be=e %e arrives 9 ! port4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,see ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 #ahbf4 ,*apt] #e ,ext5d+ ! ,"t ( ,action ( ,=ces #de4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ common & mo/ useful ( ! employm5ts ( ma*9]y4 ,! half m9ute :i* we daily devote to ! w9d+-up ( our wat*es is an ex]tion ( lab\r almo/ ins5sible2 yet1 by ! aid ( a few :eels1 its effect is spread ov] ! :ole tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 our clocks1 ?is ext5sion ( ! "t ( action ( ! orig9al =ce impress$ is c>ri$ /ill fur!r2 ! bett] k9d usually require w9d+ up once 9 eight days1 & "s are occasionally made to cont9ue 9 action dur+ a mon?1 or ev5 a ye>4 ,ano!r famili> illu/ration may be notic$ 9 our dome/ic furniture3 ! common jack by :i* our meat is roa/$1 is a contrivance to enable ! cook 9 a few m9utes to ex]t a =ce :i* ! ma*9e retails out dur+ ! succe$+ h\r 9 turn+ ! load$ spit2 ?us enabl+ h] to be/[ h] undivid$ att5tion on ! o!r important duties ( h] vocation4 ,a great numb] ( automatons & me*anical toys mov$ by spr+s1 may be class$ "u ?is division4 #df4 ,a small mov+ p[]1 9 ! %ape ( a jack or a spr+ ) a tra9 ( :eels1 is (t5 ( great conv5i5ce to ! exp]im5tal philosoph]1 & has be5 us$ ) advantage 9 magnetic & electric exp]im5ts :]e ! rotation ( a disk ( metal or o!r body is necess>y1 ?us all[+ to ! enquir] ! unimp$$ use ( bo? 8 h&s4 ,a vane connect$ by a tra9 ( :eels1 & set 9 motion by a heavy weight1 has also1 on "s occasions1 be5 employ$ 9 *emical processes1 to keep a solution 9 a /ate ( agitation4 ,ano!r object to :i* a simil> app>atus may be appli$1 is ! poli%+ ( small specim5s ( m9]als = optical exp]im5ts4 ,*apt] #f ,sav+ "t 9 ,natural ,op]ations #dg4 ,! process ( tann+ w furni% u ) a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! p[] ( ma*9]y 9 accel]at+ c]ta9 processes 9 :i* natural op]ations h a pr9cipal effect4 ,! object ( ?is art is to comb9e a c]ta9 pr9ciple call$ tann+ ) e p>ticle ( ! sk9 to be tann$4 ,?is1 9 ! ord9>y process1 is accompli%$ by all[+ ! sk9s to soak 9 pits conta9+ a solution ( tann+ matt]3 !y rema9 9 ! pits six1 twelve1 or eighte5 mon?s2 & 9 "s in/ances 7if ! hides are v ?ick71 !y are expos$ to ! op]ation = two ye>s1 or ev5 dur+ a long] p]iod4 ,?is l5g? ( "t is app>5tly requir$ 9 ord] to all[ ! tann+ matt] to p5etrate into ! int]ior ( a ?ick hide4 ,! improv$ process consi/s 9 plac+ ! hides ) ! solution ( tan 9 close vessels1 & !n exhau/+ ! air4 ,! effect is to )draw any air :i* may be conta9$ 9 ! pores ( ! hides1 & to aid capill>y attraction by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 9 =c+ ! tan into ! int]ior ( ! sk9s4 ,! effect ( ! additional =ce ?us br\ght into action c be equal only to "o atmosph]e1 b a fur!r improvem5t has be5 made3 ! vessel conta9+ ! hides is1 aft] exhau/ion1 fill$ up ) a solution ( tan2 a small additional quantity is !n inject$ ) a =c+-pump4 ,by ^! means any degree ( pressure may be giv5 :i* ! conta9+ vessel is capable ( support+2 & x has be5 f\nd t1 by employ+ su* a me?od1 ! ?icke/ hides may be tann$ 9 six weeks or two mon?s4 #dh4 ,! same process ( injection might be appli$ to impregnate timb] ) t>1 or any o!r sub/ance capable ( pres]v+ x f decay1 & if x 7 n too exp5sive1 ! deal floors ( h\ses might ?us be impregnat$ ) alum9e or o!r sub/ances1 :i* w\ld r5d] !m mu* less liable to be accid5tally set on fire4 ,9 "s cases x might be useful to impregnate woods ) res9s1 v>ni%1 or oil2 & wood saturat$ ) oil might1 9 "s in/ances1 be usefully employ$ 9 ma*9]y = giv+ a con/ant1 b v m9ute supply ( t fluid to iron or /eel1 aga9/ :i* x is work$4 ,"s idea ( ! quantity ( matt] :i* c be inject$ into wood by great pressure1 may be =m$1 f consid]+ ! fact /at$ by ,mr ,scoresby1 respect+ an accid5t :i* occurr$ to a boat ( "o ( our :al+-%ips4 ,! h>poon hav+ be5 /ruck into ! fi%1 ! :ale 9 ?is in/ance1 div$ directly d[n1 & c>ri$ ! boat along ) him4 ,on return+ to ! surface ! animal 0 kill$1 b ! boat1 in/ead ( ris+1 0 f\nd susp5d$ b5ea? ! :ale by ! rope ( ! h>poon2 & on draw+ x up1 e "p ( ! wood 0 f\nd to be s completely saturat$ ) wat] z to s9k imm$iately to ! bottom4 #di4 ,! op]ation ( blea*+ l95 9 ! op5 air is "o = :i* consid]able "t is necess>y2 & al?\gh x does n require mu* lab\r1 yet1 f ! risk ( damage & ( robb]y f long exposure1 a mode ( %ort5+ ! process 0 highly desirable4 ,! me?od n[ practis$1 al?\gh n me*anical1 is su* a rem>kable in/ance ( ! application ( sci5ce to ! practical purposes ( manufactures1 t 9 m5tion+ ! advantages d]iv$ f %ort5+ natural op]ations1 x w\ld h be5 sc>cely p>donable to h omitt$ all allusion to ! beautiful application ( *lor9e1 9 comb9ation ) lime1 to ! art ( blea*+4 #ej4 ,ano!r in/ance m /rictly me*anical occurs 9 "s c\ntries :]e fuel is exp5sive1 & ! heat ( ! sun is n suffici5t to evaporate ! wat] f br9e spr+s4 ,! wat] is fir/ pump$ up to a res]voir1 & !n all[$ to fall 9 small /reams ?r\gh faggots4 ,?us x becomes divid$2 &1 pres5t+ a l>ge surface1 evaporation is facilitat$1 & !4 br9e :i* is collect$ 9 ! vessels bel[ ! faggots is /rong] ?an t :i* 0 pump$ up4 ,aft] ?us gett+ rid ( a l>ge "p ( ! wat]1 ! rema9+ portion is driv5 (f by boil+4 ,! success ( ?is process dep5ds on ! condition ( ! atmosph]e ) respect to moi/ure4 ,if ! air1 at ! "t ! br9e falls ?r\gh ! faggots1 holds 9 solution z mu* moi/ure z x c conta9 9 an invisible /ate1 no m c be absorb$ f ! salt wat]1 & ! lab\r exp5d$ 9 pump+ is entirely wa/$4 ,! /ate ( ! air1 z to dryness1 is !re=e an important consid]ation 9 fix+ ! "t :5 ?is op]ation is to be p]=m$2 & an att5tive exam9ation ( its /ate1 by means ( ! hygromet]1 might be productive ( "s economy ( lab\r4 #ea4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 :]e wood is sc>ce1 ! evaporation ( salt wat] is c>ri$ on by a l>ge collection ( ropes :i* are /ret*$ p]p5dicul>ly4 ,9 pass+ d[n ! ropes1 ! wat] deposits ! sulphate ( lime :i* x held 9 solution1 & gradually incru/s !m1 s t 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty ye>s1 :5 !y are ne>ly rott51 !y are /ill su/a9$ by ! surr\nd+ incru/ation1 ?us pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a va/ collection ( small columns4 #eb4 ,among/ natural op]ations p]petually alt]+ ! surface ( our globe1 !re are "s :i* x w\ld be advantage\s to accel]ate4 ,! we>+ d[n ( ! rocks :i* imp$e ! rapids ( navigable riv]s1 is "o ( ?is class4 ,a v beautiful process = accompli%+ ?is object has be5 employ$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,a boat is plac$ at ! bottom ( ! rapid1 & kept 9 its position by a long rope :i* is firmly fix$ on ! bank ( ! riv] ne> ! top4 ,an axis1 hav+ a :eel simil> to ! paddle-:eel ( a /eamboat fix$ at ea* end ( x1 is plac$ across ! boat2 s t ! two :eels & _! connect+ axis %all revolve rapidly1 be+ driv5 by ! =ce ( ! pass+ curr5t4 ,let u n[ imag9e sev]al beams ( wood %od ) po9t$ iron fix$ at ! ends ( /rong lev]s1 project+ beyond ! b[ ( ! boat1 z 9 ! annex$ repres5tation4 ,if ^! lev]s are at lib]ty to move up & d[n1 & if "o or m project+ pieces1 call$ cams1 are fix$ on ! axis opposite to ! end ( ea* lev]1 ! action ( ! /ream ^u ! :eels w keep up a p]petual succession ( bl[s4 ,! %>p-po9t$ %oe /rik+ ^u ! rock at ! bottom1 w cont9ually deta* small pieces1 :i* ! /ream w imm$iately c>ry (f4 ,?us1 by ! m]e action ( ! riv] itself1 a con/ant & mo/ effectual sy/em ( p\nd+ ! rock at its bottom is e/abli%$4 ,a s+le workman may1 by ! aid ( a rudd]1 direct ! boat to any requir$ "p ( ! /ream2 & :5 x is necess>y to move up ! rapid1 z ! *annel is cut1 he c easily cause ! boat to advance by means ( a cap/an4 #ec4 ,:5 ! object ( ! ma*9]y j describ$ has be5 accompli%$1 & ! *annel is suffici5tly deep1 a slight alt]ation conv]ts ! app>atus to ano!r purpose almo/ equally advantage\s4 ,! /amp]s & ! project+ pieces on ! axis are remov$1 & a b>rel ( wood or metal1 surr\nd+ "p ( ! axis1 & capable1 at pleasure1 ( be+ connect$ )1 or disconnect$ f ! axis itself1 is sub/itut$4 ,! rope :i* hi!rto fa/5$ ! boat1 is n[ fix$ to ?is b>rel2 & if ! b>rel is loose ^u ! axis1 ! paddle-:eel makes ! axis only revolve1 & ! boat rema9s 9 its place3 b ! mom5t ! axis is atta*$ to its surr\nd+ b>rel1 ?is beg9s to turn1 & w9d+ up ! rope1 ! boat is gradually drawn up aga9/ ! /ream2 & may be employ$ z a k9d ( tug-boat = vessels :i* h occasion to asc5d ! rapid4 ,:5 ! tug-boat rea*es ! summit ! b>rel is releas$ f ! axis1 & friction be+ appli$ to mod]ate its velocity1 ! boat is all[$ to desc5d4 #ed4 ,clocks occupy a v high place among/ in/rum5ts by means ( :i* human "t is economiz$3 & _! multiplication 9 conspicu\s places 9 l>ge t[ns is att5d$ ) _m advantages4 ,_! position1 nev]!less1 9 ,london1 is (t5 v ill *os52 & ! usual place1 halfway up on a high /eeple1 9 ! mid/ ( n>r[ /reets1 9 a cr[d$ city1 is v unfav\rable1 unless ! *ur* happ5 to /& out f ! h\ses :i* =m ! /reet4 ,! mo/ eligible situation = a clock is1 t x %\ld project consid]ably into ! /reet at "s elevation1 ) a dial-plate on ea* side1 l t :i* belong$ to ! old *ur* ( ,/ ,dun/an1 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 s t pass5g]s 9 bo? directions w\ld h _! att5tion direct$ to ! h\r4 #ee4 ,a simil> rem>k applies1 ) mu* great] =ce1 to ! pres5t defective mode ( in=m+ ! public ( ! position ( ! receiv+ h\ses = ! twop5ny & g5]al po/4 ,9 ! l[e/ corn] ( ! w9d[ ( "s attractive %op is f\nd a small slit1 ) a brass plate indicat+ its important (fice s obscurely t x seems to be an object r to prev5t its be+ conspicu\s4 ,no /rik+ sign assi/s ! anxi\s enquir]1 :o1 z ! mom5ts rapidly pass :i* prec$e ! h\r ( clos+1 torm5ts ! pass5g] ) 8 enquiries = ! ne>e/ po/-(fice4 ,he rea*es x1 p]haps1 j z x is clos$2 & mu/ !n ei!r ha/5 to a di/ant "p ( ! t[n 9 ord] to procure ! admission ( 8 lett]s or give up ! idea ( =w>d+ !m by t po/2 & ?us1 if !y are =eign lett]s1 he may lose1 p]haps1 a week or a =tnight by wait+ = ! next packet4 ,! inconv5i5ce 9 ?is & 9 "s o!r cases1 is ( p]petual & ev]yday occurr5ce2 & ?\gh1 9 ! great] "p ( ! individual cases1 x may be ( trifl+ mom5t1 ! sum ( all ^! produces an am\nt1 :i* x is always wor?y ( ! gov]nm5t ( a l>ge & active population to att5d to4 ,! rem$y is simple & obvi\s3 x w\ld only be necess>y1 at ea* lett]-box1 to h a light frame ( iron project+ f ! h\se ov] ! pavem5t1 & c>ry+ ! lett]s ,g4 ,p41 or ,t4 ,p41 or any o!r di/9ctive sign4 ,all private signs are at pres5t v prop]ly prohibit$ f project+ into ! /reet3 ! pass5g]1 !re=e1 w\ld at once "k :]e to direct 8 att5tion1 9 ord] to discov] a po/-(fice2 & ^? lett]-boxes :i* occurr$ 9 ! great ?or\ghf>es c\ld n fail to be g5]ally kn[n4 ,*apt] #g ,ex]t+ ,=ces ,too ,great = ,human ,p[]1 & ,execut+ ,op]ations ,too ,delicate = ,human ,t\* #ef4 ,x requires "s skill & a consid]able app>atus to enable _m m5 to ex]t _! :ole =ce at a giv5 po9t2 & :5 ?is numb] am\nts to hundr$s or to ?\s&s1 additional difficulties pres5t !mselves4 ,if t5 ?\s& m5 7 hir$ to act simultane\sly1 x w\ld be exce$+ly difficult to discov] :e!r ea* ex]t$ 8 :ole =ce1 & consequ5tly1 to be assur$ t ea* man did ! duty = :i* he 0 paid4 ,& if /ill l>g] bodies ( m5 or animals 7 necess>y1 n only w\ld ! difficulty ( direct+ !m become great]1 b ! exp5se w\ld increase f ! necessity ( transport+ food = _! subsi/5ce4 ,! difficulty ( enabl+ a l>ge numb] ( m5 to ex]t _! =ce at ! same in/ant ( "t has be5 almo/ obviat$ by ! use ( s\nd4 ,! :i/le ( ! boatswa9 p]=ms ?is s]vice on bo>d %ips2 & 9 remov+1 by manual =ce1 ! va/ mass ( granite1 weigh+ above #a1djj tons1 on :i* ! eque/rian figure ( ,pet] ! ,great is plac$ at ,/ ,pet]sburgh1 a drumm] 0 always /ation$ on its summit to give ! signal = ! unit$ ef=ts ( ! workm54 ,an anci5t ,egyptian draw+ 0 discov]$ a few ye>s s9ce1 by ,*ampollion1 9 :i* a multitude ( m5 appe>$ h>ness$ to a huge block ( /one1 on ! top ( :i* /ood a s+le individual ) 8 h&s rais$ above 8 head1 app>5tly 9 ! act ( clapp+ !m1 = ! purpose ( insur+ ! ex]tion ( _! comb9$ =ce at ! same mom5t ( "t4 #eg4 ,9 m9es1 x is sometimes necess>y to raise or l[] great weights by cap/ans requir+ ! =ce ( m ?an "o hundr$ m54 ,^! "w ^u ! surface2 b ! directions mu/ be communicat$ f bel[1 p]haps f ! dep? ( two hundr$ fa?oms4 ,?is communication1 h[ev]1 is accompli%$ ) ease & c]ta9ty by signals3 ! usual app>atus is a k9d ( clapp] plac$ on ! surface close to ! cap/an1 s t e man may he>1 & put 9 motion f bel[ by a rope pass+ up ! %aft4 ,at ,:eal ,fri5d%ip m9e 9 ,cornwall1 a diff]5t contrivance is employ$3 !re is 9 t m9e an incl9$ plane1 pass+ und]gr\nd ab\t two-?irds ( a mile 9 l5g?4 ,signals are communicat$ by a cont9u\s rod ( metal1 :i* be+ /ruck bel[1 ! bl[ is di/9ctly he>d on ! surface4 #eh4 ,9 all our l>g] manufactories num]\s in/ances occur ( ! application ( ! p[] ( /eam to ov]come resi/ances :i* x w\ld require f> great] exp5se to surm\nt by means ( animal lab\r4 ,! twi/+ ( ! l>ge/ cables1 ! roll+1 hamm]+1 & cutt+ l>ge masses ( iron1 ! dra9+ ( our m9es1 all require enorm\s ex]tions ( physical =ce cont9u$ = consid]able p]iods ( "t4 ,o!r means are _h rec\rse to :5 ! =ce requir$ is great1 & ! space ?r\gh :i* x is to act is small4 ,! hydraulic press ( ,bramah c1 by ! ex]tion ( "o man1 produce a pressure ( #a1ejj atmosph]es2 & ) su* an in/rum5t a holl[ cyl9d] ( wr\ght iron ?ree in*es ?ick has be5 bur/4 ,9 rivett+ toge!r ! iron plates1 out ( :i* /eam-eng9e boil]s are made1 x is necess>y to produce z close a jo9t z possible4 ,?is is accompli%$ by us+ ! rivets r$-hot3 :ile !y are 9 t /ate ! two plates ( iron are rivett$ toge!r1 & ! contraction :i* ! rivet und]goes 9 cool+ draws !m toge!r ) a =ce :i* is only limit$ by ! t5acity ( ! metal ( :i* ! rivet itself is made4 #ei4 ,x is n alone 9 ! great] op]ations ( ! eng9e] or ! manufactur]1 t ^? va/ p[]s :i* man has call$ into action1 9 avail+ himself ( ! ag5cy ( /eam1 are fully develop$4 ,:]ev] ! individual op]ation dem&+ little =ce = its own p]=mance is to be multipli$ 9 almo/ endless repetition1 comm5surate p[] is requir$4 ,x is ! same 'giant arm' :i* twi/s '! l>ge/ cable'1 t sp9s f ! cotton plant an 'almo/ gossam] ?read'4 ,ob$i5t to ! h& :i* call$ into action its resi/less p[]s1 x cont5ds ) ! ocean & ! /orm1 & rides triumphant ?r\gh dang]s & difficulties unattempt$ by ! old] modes ( navigation4 ,x is ! same eng9e t1 9 its m regulat$ action1 weaves ! canvas x may "o day sup]s$e1 or1 ) almo/ fairy f+]s1 entw9es ! me%es ( ! mo/ delicate fabric t adorns ! female =m47#a997 #fj4 ,! ,fif? ,report ( ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! ,holyhead ,roads furni%es ample pro( ( ! great sup]iority ( /eam vessels4 ,! foll[+ extracts are tak5 f ! evid5ce ( ,capta9 ,rog]s1 ! comm&] ( "o ( ! packets3 ,"q4 ,are y n p]fectly satisfi$1 f ! exp]i5ce y h _h1 t ! /eam vessel y comm& is capable ( p]=m+ :at no sail+ vessel c d8 ,answ]4 ,yes4 ,"q4 ,dur+ y\r passage f ,graves5d to ! ,d[ns1 c\ld any squ>e-rigg$ vessel1 f a fir/-rate d[n to a sloop ( w>1 h p]=m$ ! voyage y did 9 ! "t y did x 9 ! /eamboat8 ,answ]4 ,no3 x 0 impossible4 ,9 ! ,d[ns we pass$ sev]al ,indiam51 & #aej sail !re t c\ld n move d[n ! *annel3 & at ! back ( ,dung5ess we pass$ #abj m4 ,"q4 ,at ! "t y p]=m$ t voyage1 ) ! wea!r y h describ$1 f ! ,d[ns to ,mil=d1 if t wea!r _h cont9u$ twelve mon?s1 w\ld any squ>e-rigg$ vessel h p]=m$ x8 ,answ]4 ,!y w\ld h be5 a long "t ab\t x3 probably1 w\ld h be5 weeks in/ead ( days4 ,a sail+ vessel w\ld n h beat up to ,mil=d1 z we did1 9 twelve mon?s4 #fa4 ,! process ( pr9t+ on ! silv] pap]1 :i* is necess>y = bank-notes1 is att5d$ ) "s inconv5i5ce1 f ! necessity ( damp+ ! pap] previ\sly to tak+ ! impression4 ,x 0 difficult to d ?is uni=mly & 9 ! old process ( dipp+ a p>cel ( sev]al %eets toge!r into a vessel ( wat]1 ! outside %eets becom+ mu* m wet ?an ! o!rs1 7 v apt to be torn4 ,a me?od has be5 adopt$ at ! ,bank ( ,irel& :i* obviates ?is inconv5i5ce4 ,! :ole quantity ( pap] to be damp$ is plac$ 9 a close vessel f :i* ! air is exhau/$2 wat] is !n admitt$1 & e leaf is completely wett$2 ! pap] is !n remov$ to a press1 & all ! sup]flu\s moi/ure is squeez$ out4 #fb4 ,! op]ation ( pulv]iz+ solid sub/ances & ( sep>at+ ! p[d]s ( v>i\s degrees ( f95ess1 is common 9 ! arts3 & z ! be/ graduat$ sift+ fails 9 effect+ ?is sep>ation ) suffici5t delicacy1 rec\rse is _h to susp5sion 9 a fluid m$ium4 ,! sub/ance :5 r$uc$ by gr9d+ to ! f9e/ p[d] is agitat$ 9 wat] :i* is !n drawn (f3 ! co>se/ portion ( ! susp5d$ matt] fir/ subsides1 & t :i* requires ! longe/ "t to fall d[n is ! f9e/4 ,9 ?is mann] ev5 em]y p[d]1 a sub/ance ( great d5sity1 is sep>at$ into ! v>i\s degrees ( f95ess :i* are requir$4 ,fl9ts1 aft] be+ burn$ & gr\nd1 are susp5d$ 9 wat]1 9 ord] to mix !m intimately ) clay1 :i* is also susp5d$ 9 ! same fluid = ! =mation ( porcela94 ,! wat] is !n 9 "p evaporat$ by heat1 & ! pla/ic comp\nd1 out ( :i* our mo/ beautiful porcela9 is =m$1 rema9s4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 & "o :i* requires fur!r exam9ation ?an x has yet receiv$1 t1 if ?is mixture be suff]$ to rema9 long at re/ be=e x is work$ up1 x becomes useless2 = x is !n f\nd t ! silex1 :i* at fir/ 0 uni=mly mix$1 becomes aggregat$ toge!r 9 small lumps4 ,?is p>allel to ! =mation ( fl9ts 9 ! *alk /rata des]ves att5tion47#b997 #fc4 ,! sl[ness ) :i* p[d]s subside1 dep5ds p>tly on ! specific gravity ( ! sub/ance1 & p>tly on ! magnitude ( ! p>ticles !mselves4 ,bodies1 9 fall+ ?r\gh a resi/+ m$ium1 aft] a c]ta9 "t acquire a uni=m velocity1 :i* is call$ _! t]m9al velocity1 ) :i* !y cont9ue to desc5d3 :5 ! p>ticles are v small1 & ! m$ium d5se1 z wat]1 ?is t]m9al velocity is soon arriv$ at4 ,"s ( ! f9] p[d]s ev5 ( em]y require sev]al h\rs to subside ?r\gh a few feet ( wat]1 & ! mud pump$ up into our ci/]ns by "s ( ! wat] companies is susp5d$ dur+ a /ill long] "t4 ,^! facts furni% u ) "s idea ( ! great ext5t ov] :i* deposits ( riv] mud may be spread2 = if ! mud ( any riv] ^: wat]s ent] ! ,gulf ,/ream1 s9k ?r\gh "o foot 9 an h\r1 x might be c>ri$ by t /ream #a1ejj miles be=e x _h sunk to ! dep? ( #fjj or #gjj feet4 #fd4 ,a numb] ( small filam5ts ( cotton project f ev5 ! be/ spun ?read1 & :5 ?is ?read is wov5 into musl9 !y injure its appe>ance4 ,to cut ^! (f sep>ately is q impossible1 b !y are easily remov$ by pass+ ! musl9 rapidly ov] a cyl9d] ( iron kept at a dull r$ heat3 ! "t dur+ :i* ea* portion ( ! musl9 is 9 contact ) ! r$-hot iron is too %ort to heat x to ! burn+ po9t2 b ! filam5ts be+ mu* f9]1 & be+ press$ close to ! hot metal1 are burnt4 ,! removal ( ^! filam5ts f pat5t net is /ill m necess>y = its p]fection4 ,! net is pass$ at a mod]ate velocity ?r\gh a flame ( gas issu+ f a v long & n>r[ slit4 ,imm$iately above ! flame a long funnel is fix$1 :i* is connect$ ) a l>ge air-pump work$ by a /eam-eng9e4 ,! flame is ?us drawn =cibly ?r\gh ! net1 & all ! filam5ts on bo? sides ( x are burn$ (f at "o op]ation4 ,previ\sly to ?is application ( ! air-pump1 ! net act+ 9 ! same way1 al?\gh n to ! same ext5t1 z ! wire-gauze 9 ,davy's safety lamp1 cool$ d[n ! flame s z to prev5t ! combu/ion ( ! filam5ts on ! upp] side3 ! air-pump by quick5+ ! curr5t ( ignit$ gas1 removes ?is inconv5i5ce4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,! importance & div]sifi$ applications ( ! /eam eng9e 7 mo/ ably en=c$ 9 ! spee*es made at a public meet+ held 7,june #ahbd7 = ! purpose ( propos+ ! erection ( a monum5t to ! memory ( ,james ,watt2 ^! 7 subsequ5tly pr9t$4 #b4 ,"s obs]vations on ! subject1 by ,dr ,fitton1 occur 9 ! app5dix to ,capta9 ,k+'s ,survey ( ! ,coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cig4 ,london1 #ahbf4 ,*apt] #h ,regi/]+ ,op]ations #fe4 ,"o great advantage :i* we may d]ive f ma*9]y is f ! *eck :i* x af=ds aga9/ ! inatt5tion1 ! idl5ess1 or ! di%one/y ( human ag5ts4 ,few occupations are m we>isome ?an c\nt+ a s]ies ( repetitions ( ! same fact2 ! numb] ( paces we walk af=ds a tol]ably good measure ( di/ance pass$ ov]1 b ! value ( ?is is mu* enhanc$ by possess+ an in/rum5t1 ! p$omet]1 :i* w c\nt = u ! numb] ( /eps we h made4 ,a piece ( me*anism ( ?is k9d is sometimes appli$ to c\nt ! numb] ( turns made by ! :eel ( a c>riage1 & ?us to indicate ! di/ance travell$3 an in/rum5t1 simil> 9 its object1 b diff]+ 9 its con/ruction1 has be5 us$ = c\nt+ ! numb] ( /rokes made by a /eam-eng9e1 & ! numb] ( co9s /ruck 9 a press4 ,"o ( ! simple/ in/rum5ts = c\nt+ any s]ies ( op]ations1 0 contriv$ by ,mr ,donk947#a997 #ff4 ,ano!r in/rum5t = regi/]+ is us$ 9 "s e/abli%m5ts = cal5d]+ & emboss+4 ,_m hundr$ ?\s& y>ds ( calicoes & /uffs und]go ^! op]ations weekly2 & z ! price paid = ! process is small1 ! value ( ! "t sp5t 9 measur+ !m w\ld be> a consid]able proportion to ! pr(it4 ,a ma*9e has1 !re=e1 be5 contriv$ = measur+ & regi/]+ ! l5g? ( ! goods z !y pass rapidly ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! op]ator1 by :i* all *ance ( errone\s c\nt+ is avoid$4 #fg4 ,p]haps ! mo/ useful contrivance ( ?is k9d1 is "o = asc]ta9+ ! vigilance ( a wat*man4 ,x is a piece ( me*anism connect$ ) a clock plac$ 9 an ap>tm5t to :i* ! wat*man has n access2 b he is ord]$ to pull a /r+ situat$ 9 a c]ta9 "p ( 8 r\nd once 9 e h\r4 ,! in/rum5t1 aptly call$ a tell-tale1 in=ms ! own] :e!r ! man has miss$ any1 & :at h\rs dur+ ! night4 #fh4 ,x is (t5 ( great importance1 bo? = regulations ( excise z well z = ! int]e/ ( ! proprietor1 to "k ! quantity ( spirits or ( o!r liquors :i* h be5 drawn (f by ^? p]sons :o are all[$ to h access to ! vessels dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! inspectors or pr9cipals4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by a peculi> k9d ( /op-cock--:i* w1 at ea* op5+1 dis*>ge only a c]ta9 measure ( fluid ! numb] ( times ! cock has be5 turn$ be+ regi/]$ by a c\nt+ app>atus accessible only to ! ma/]4 #fi4 ,! "t & lab\r consum$ 9 gaug+ ! cont5ts ( casks p>tly fill$1 has l$ to an improvem5t :i*1 by ! simple/ means1 obviates a consid]able inconv5i5ce1 & enables any p]son to read (f1 on a scale1 ! numb] ( gallons conta9$ 9 any vessel1 z readily z he does ! degree ( heat indicat$ by 8 !rmomet]4 ,a small /op-cock connects ! bottom ( ! cask ) a glass tube ( n>r[ bore fix$ to a scale on ! side ( ! cask1 & ris+ a little above its top4 ,! plug ( ! cock may be turn$ into ?ree positions3 9 ! fir/1 x cuts (f all communication ) ! cask3 9 ! second1 x op5s a communication betwe5 ! cask & ! glass tube3 &1 9 ! ?ird4 ,x cuts (f ! connection betwe5 ! cask & ! tube1 & op5s a communication betwe5 ! tube & any vessel held b5ea? ! cock to receive its cont5ts4 ,! scale ( ! tube is graduat$ by p\r+ into ! cask successive quantities ( wat]1 :ile ! communication betwe5 ! cask & ! tube is op54 ,l9es are !n drawn on ! scale opposite ! places 9 ! tube to :i* ! wat] rises at ea* addition1 & ! scale be+ ?us =m$ by actual measurem5t17#b997 ! cont5ts ( ea* cask are kn[n by inspection1 & ! t$i\s process ( gaug+ is altoge!r disp5s$ )4 ,o!r advantages accrue f ?is simple contrivance1 9 ! great economy ( "t :i* x introduces 9 mak+ mixtures ( diff]5t spirits1 9 tak+ /ock1 & 9 receiv+ _s f ! di/ill]4 #gj4 ,! gas-met]1 by :i* ! quantity ( gas us$ by ea* consum] is asc]ta9$1 is ano!r in/rum5t ( ?is k9d4 ,!y are ( v>i\s =ms1 b all ( !m int5d$ to regi/] ! numb] ( cubic feet ( gas :i* has be5 deliv]$4 ,x is v desirable t ^! met]s %\ld be obta9able at a mod]ate price1 & t e consum] %\ld employ !m2 because1 by mak+ ea* pur*as] pay only = :at he consumes1 & by prev5t+ t extravagant wa/e ( gas :i* we frequ5tly obs]ve1 ! manufactur] ( gas w be enabl$ to make an equal pr(it at a dim9i%$ price to ! consum]4 #ga4 ,! sale ( wat] by ! diff]5t companies 9 ,london1 might also1 ) advantage1 be regulat$ by a met]4 ,if su* a sy/em 7 adopt$1 mu* wat] :i* is n[ all[$ to run to wa/e w\ld be sav$1 & an unju/ inequality betwe5 ! rates *>g$ on diff]5t h\ses by ! same company be avoid$4 #gb4 ,ano!r mo/ important object to :i* a met] might be appli$1 w\ld be to regi/] ! quantity ( wat] pass+ into ! boil]s ( /eam-eng9es4 ,)\t ?is1 our k ( ! quantity evaporat$ by diff]5t boil]s1 & ) fireplaces ( diff]5t con/ructions1 z well z our e/imation ( ! duty ( /eam-eng9es1 mu/ evid5tly be imp]fect4 #gc4 ,ano!r purpose to :i* ma*9]y = regi/]+ op]ations is appli$ ) mu* advantage is ! det]m9ation ( ! av]age effect ( natural or artificial ag5ts4 ,! mean height ( ! b>omet]1 = example1 is asc]ta9$ by not+ its height at a c]ta9 numb] ( int]vals dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! m ^! int]vals are contract$1 ! m correctly w ! mean be asc]ta9$2 b ! true mean ought to be influ5c$ by ea* mom5t>y *ange :i* has occurr$4 ,clocks h be5 propos$ & made ) ?is object1 by :i* a %eet ( pap] is mov$1 sl[ly & uni=mly1 be=e a p5cil fix$ to a float ^u ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! cup ( ! b>omet]4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] propos$1 sev]al ye>s ago to susp5d a b>omet]1 & sw+ x z a p5dulum4 ,! v>iations 9 ! atmosph]e w\ld ?us alt] ! c5tre ( oscillation1 & ! comp>ison ( su* an in/rum5t ) a good clock1 w\ld enable u to asc]ta9 ! mean altitude ( ! b>omet] dur+ any int]val ( ! obs]v]'s abs5ce47#c997 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ & regi/]+ ! quantity ( ra91 0 inv5t$ by ,mr ,john ,taylor1 & describ$ by him 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e4 ,x consi/s ( an app>atus 9 :i* a vessel t receives ! ra9 fall+ into ! res]voir tilts ov] z soon z x is full1 & !n pres5ts ano!r simil> vessel to be fill$1 :i* 9 l mann]1 :5 full1 tilts ! =m] "o back aga94 ,! numb] ( times ^! vessels are empti$ is regi/]$ by a tra9 ( :eels2 & ?us1 )\t ! pres5ce ( ! obs]v]1 ! quantity ( ra9 fall+ dur+ a :ole ye> may be measur$ & record$4 ,in/rum5ts might also be contriv$ to det]m9e ! av]age =ce ( traction ( horses--( ! w9d--( a /ream or ( any irregul> & fluctuat+ ef=t ( animal or o!r natural =ce4 #gd4 ,clocks & wat*es may be consid]$ z in/rum5ts = regi/]+ ! numb] ( vibrations p]=m$ by a p5dulum or a balance4 ,! me*anism by :i* ^! numb]s are c\nt$ is te*nically call$ a scapem5t4 ,x is n easy to describe3 b ! v>i\s contrivances :i* h be5 adopt$ = ?is purpose1 are among/ ! mo/ int]e/+ & mo/ +5i\s to :i* me*anical sci5ce has giv5 bir?4 ,work+ models1 on an enl>g$ scale1 are almo/ necess>y to make _! action und]/ood by ! unle>n$ read]2 &1 un=tunately1 ^! are n (t5 to be met )4 ,a v f9e collection ( su* models exi/s among/ ! collection ( in/rum5ts at ! ,univ]sity ( ,prague4 ,in/rum5ts ( ?is k9d h be5 made to ext5d _! action ov] consid]able p]iods ( "t1 & to regi/] n m]ely ! h\r ( ! day1 b ! days ( ! week1 ( ! mon?1 ( ! ye>1 & also to indicate ! occurr5ce ( sev]al a/ronomical ph5om5a4 ,repeat+ clocks & wat*es may be consid]$ z in/rum5ts = regi/]+ "t1 :i* communicate _! in=mation only :5 ! own] requires x1 by pull+ a /r+1 or by "s simil> application4 ,an app>atus has rec5tly be5 appli$ to wat*es1 by :i* ! h& :i* indicates seconds leaves a small dot ( ink on ! dial-plate :5ev] a c]ta9 /op or det5t is pu%$ 94 ,?us1 :il/ ! eye is att5tively fix$ on ! ph5om5on to be obs]v$1 ! f+] regi/]s on ! face ( ! wat*-dial ! comm5cem5t & ! end ( its appe>ance4 #ge4 ,sev]al in/rum5ts h be5 contriv$ = awak5+ ! att5tion ( ! obs]v] at times previ\sly fix$ ^u4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( al>ums connect$ ) clocks & wat*es are ( ?is k9d4 ,9 "s in/ances x is desirable to be able to set !m s z to give notice at _m successive & di/ant po9ts ( "t1 su* z ^? ( ! arrival ( giv5 />s on ! m]idian4 ,a clock ( ?is k9d is us$ at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi*4 #gf4 ,an e>?quake is a ph5om5on ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce1 & s int]e/+1 bo? f its fe>ful deva/ations z well z f its connection ) geological !ories1 t x becomes important to possess an in/rum5t :i* %all1 if possible1 indicate ! direction ( ! %ock1 z well z its int5sity4 ,an obs]vation made a few ye>s s9ce at ,odessa1 aft] an e>?quake :i* happ5$ dur+ ! night1 sugge/s a simple in/rum5t by :i* ! direction ( ! %ock may be det]m9$4 ,a glass vase1 p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 /ood on ! table ( a room 9 a h\se at ,odessa2 &1 f ! coldness ( ! glass1 ! inn] "p ( ! vessel above ! wat] 0 coat$ ) dew4 ,sev]al v p]ceptible %ocks ( an e>?quake happ5$ betwe5 ?ree & f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+2 & :5 ! obs]v] got up1 he rem>k$ t ! dew 0 bru%$ (f at two opposite sides ( ! glass by a wave :i* ! e>?quake _h caus$ 9 ! wat]4 ,! l9e jo9+ ! two highe/ po9ts ( ?is wave 01 ( c\rse1 t 9 :i* ! %ock travell$4 ,?is circum/ance1 :i* 0 accid5tally notic$ by an eng9e] at ,odessa17#d997 sugge/s ! plan ( keep+1 9 c\ntries subject to e>?quakes1 glass vessels p>tly fill$ ) treacle1 or "s unctu\s fluid1 s t :5 any lat]al motion is communicat$ to !m f ! e>?1 ! adhesion ( ! liquid to ! glass %all enable ! obs]v]1 aft] "s int]val ( "t1 to det]m9e ! direction ( ! %ock4 ,9 ord] to obta9 "s measure ( ! v]tical oscillation ( ! e>?1 a weight might be atta*$ to a spiral spr+1 or a p5dulum might be su/a9$ 9 a horizontal position1 & a slid+ index be mov$ by ei!r ( !m1 s t ! extreme deviations %\ld be indicat$ by x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n give ev5 ! comp>ative measure accurately1 because a diff]5ce 9 ! velocity ( ! ris+ or fall+ ( ! e>?'s surface w\ld affect ! in/rum5t4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 #ahai1 p4 #aaf4 #b4 ,! contrivance is due to ,mr ,h5cky1 ( ,high ,holborn1 9 ^: e/abli%m5t x is 9 con/ant use4 #c4 ,ab\t sev5 or eight ye>s s9ce1 )\t be+ aw>e ( ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s proposal4 ,i adapt$ a b>omet]1 z a p5dulum1 to ! works ( a common eight day clock3 x rema9$ 9 my libr>y = sev]al mon?s1 b ,i h mislaid ! obs]vations :i* 7 made4 #d4 ,memoires de l',academie des ,sci5ces de ,pet]sburgh1 #f;e s]ie1 tom4 i4 p4 #d4 ,*apt] #i ,economy ( ! ,mat]ials ,employ$ #gg4 ,! precision ) :i* all op]ations by ma*9]y are execut$1 & ! exact simil>ity ( ! articles ?us made1 produce a degree ( economy 9 ! consumption ( ! raw mat]ial :i* is1 9 "s cases1 ( great importance4 ,! e>lie/ mode ( cutt+ ! trunk ( a tree into planks1 0 by ! use ( ! hat*et or ! adze4 ,x might1 p]haps1 be fir/ split into ?ree or f\r portions1 & !n ea* portion 0 r$uc$ to a uni=m surface by ^? in/rum5ts4 ,) su* means ! quantity ( plank produc$ w\ld probably n equal ! quantity ( ! raw mat]ial wa/$ by ! process3 &1 if ! planks 7 ?91 w\ld c]ta9ly fall f> %ort ( x4 ,an improv$ tool1 completely rev]ses ! case3 9 conv]t+ a tree into ?ick planks1 ! saw causes a wa/e ( a v small fractional "p2 & ev5 9 r$uc+ x to planks ( only an in* 9 ?ickness1 does n wa/e m ?an an eigh? "p ( ! raw mat]ial4 ,:5 ! ?ickness ( ! plank is /ill fur!r r$uc$1 z is ! case 9 cutt+ wood = v5e]+1 ! quantity ( mat]ial de/roy$ aga9 beg9s to be> a consid]able proportion to t :i* is us$2 & h5ce circul> saws1 hav+ a v ?9 blade1 h be5 employ$ = su* purposes4 ,9 ord] to economize /ill fur!r ! m valuable woods1 ,mr ,brunel contriv$ a ma*9e :i*1 by a sy/em ( blades1 cut (f ! v5e] 9 a cont9u\s %av+1 ?us r5d]+ ! :ole ( ! piece ( timb] available4 #gh4 ,! rapid improvem5ts :i* h tak5 place 9 ! pr9t+ press dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 af=d ano!r in/ance ( sav+ 9 ! mat]ials consum$1 :i* has be5 well asc]ta9$ by measurem5t1 & is int]e/+ f its connection ) lit]ature4 ,9 ! old me?od ( ink+ type1 by l>ge hemisph]ical balls /uff$ & cov]$ ) lea!r1 ! pr9t]1 aft] tak+ a small portion ( ink f ! ink-block1 0 cont9ually roll+ ! balls 9 v>i\s directions aga9/ ea* o!r1 9 ord] t a ?9 lay] ( ink might be uni=mly spread ov] _! surface4 ,?is he aga9 transf]r$ to ! type by a k9d ( roll+ action4 ,9 su* a process1 ev5 admitt+ consid]able skill 9 ! op]ator1 x c\ld n fail to happ5 t a l>ge quantity ( ink %\ld get ne> ! edges ( ! balls1 :i*1 n be+ transf]r$ to ! type1 became h>d & useless1 & 0 tak5 (f 9 ! =m ( a ?ick black cru/4 ,ano!r inconv5i5ce also arose--! quantity ( ink spread on ! block n be+ regulat$ by measure1 & ! numb] & direction ( ! transits ( ! ink+-balls ov] ea* o!r dep5d+ on ! w ( ! op]ator1 & be+ consequ5tly irregul>1 x 0 impossible to place on ! type a uni=m lay] ( ink1 ( ! quantity exactly suffici5t = ! impression4 ,! introduction ( cyl9drical roll]s ( an ela/ic sub/ance1 =m$ by ! mixture ( glue & treacle1 sup]s$$ ! ink+-balls1 & produc$ consid]able sav+ 9 ! consumption ( ink3 b ! mo/ p]fect economy 0 only to be produc$ by me*anism4 ,:5 pr9t+-presses1 mov$ by ! p[] ( /eam1 7 introduc$1 ! action ( ^! roll]s 0 f\nd to be well adapt$ to _! p]=mance2 & a res]voir ( ink 0 =m$1 f :i* a roll] regul>ly ab/ract$ a small quantity at ea* impression4 ,f ?ree to five o!r roll]s spread ?is portion uni=mly ov] a slab 7by mo/ +5i\s contrivances v>i$ 9 almo/ ea* k9d ( press71 & ano!r travell+ roll]1 hav+ f$ itself on ! slab1 pass$ & repass$ ov] ! type j be=e x gave ! impression to ! pap]4 ,9 ord] to %ew t ?is plan ( ink+ puts ! prop] quantity ( ink ^u ! type1 we mu/ prove1 fir/--t ! quantity is n too little3 ?is w\ld soon h be5 discov]$ f ! compla9ts ( ! public & ! booksell]s2 &1 secondly t x is n too great4 ,?is latt] po9t 0 satisfactorily e/abli%$ by an exp]im5t4 ,a few h\rs aft] "o side ( a %eet ( pap] has be5 pr9t$ ^u1 ! ink is suffici5tly dry to all[ x to receive ! impression ^u ! o!r2 &1 z consid]able pressure is made use (1 ! tympan on :i* ! side fir/ pr9t$ is laid1 is gu>d$ f soil+ x by a %eet ( pap] call$ ! set-(f %eet4 ,?is pap] receives1 9 succession1 e %eet ( ! "w to be pr9t$1 acquir+ f !m m or less ( ! ink1 accord+ to _! dryness1 or ! quantity ^u !m4 ,x 0 necess>y 9 ! =m] process1 aft] ab\t "o hundr$ impressions1 to *ange ?is set-(f %eet1 :i* !n became too mu* soil$ = fur!r use4 ,9 ! new me?od ( pr9t+ by ma*9]y1 no su* %eet is us$1 b a blanket is employ$ z its sub/itute2 ?is does n require *ang+ above once 9 five ?\s& impressions1 & in/ances h occurr$ ( its rema9+ suffici5tly clean = tw5ty ?\s&4 ,"h1 !n1 is a pro( t ! quantity ( sup]flu\s ink put ^u ! pap] 9 ma*9e-pr9t+ is s small1 t1 if multipli$ by five ?\s&1 & 9 "s in/ances ev5 by tw5ty ?\s&1 x is only suffici5t to r5d] useless a s+le piece ( clean clo?47#a997 ,! foll[+ 7 ! results ( an accurate exp]im5t ^u ! effect ( ! process j describ$1 made at "o ( ! l>ge/ pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ! metropolis47#b997 ,two hundr$ reams ( pap] 7 pr9t$ (f1 ! old me?od ( ink+ ) balls be+ employ$2 two hundr$ reams ( ! same pap]1 & = ! same book1 7 !n pr9t$ (f 9 ! presses :i* ink$ _! own type4 ,! consumption ( ink by ! ma*9e 0 to t by ! balls z f\r to n9e1 or r less ?an "o-half4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,9 ! v be/ k9d ( pr9t+1 x is necess>y1 9 ! old me?od1 to *ange ! set-(f %eet once 9 twelve times4 ,9 pr9t+ ! same k9d ( "w by ma*9]y1 ! blanket is *ang$ once 9 #bjjj4 #b4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 made at ! e/abli%m5t ( ,mr ,cl[es1 9 ,/am=d ,/reet4 ,*apt] #aj ,( ! ,id5tity ( ! ,"w ,:5 ,x is ( ! ,same ,k9d1 & its ,accuracy :5 ( ,diff]5t ,k9ds #gi4 ,no?+ is m rem>kable1 & yet less unexpect$1 ?an ! p]fect id5tity ( ?+s manufactur$ by ! same tool4 ,if ! top ( a circul> box is to be made to fit ov] ! l[] "p1 x may be done 9 ! la! by gradually advanc+ ! tool ( ! slid+-re/2 ! prop] degree ( tightness betwe5 ! box & its lid be+ f\nd by trial4 ,aft] ?is adju/m5t1 if a ?\s& boxes are made1 no additional c>e is requir$2 ! tool is always c>ri$ up to ! /op1 & ea* box w be equally adapt$ to e lid4 ,! same id5tity p]vades all ! arts ( pr9t+2 ! impressions f ! same block1 or ! same copp]plate1 h a simil>ity :i* no lab\r c\ld produce by h&4 ,! m9ute/ traces are transf]r$ to all ! impressions1 & no omission c arise f ! inatt5tion or unskilfulness ( ! op]ator4 ,! /eel pun*1 ) :i* ! c>dwadd+ = a f[l+-piece is cut1 if x once p]=m its (fice ) accuracy1 con/antly reproduces ! same exact circle4 #hj4 ,! accuracy ) :i* ma*9]y executes its "w is1 p]haps1 "o ( its mo/ important advantages3 x may1 h[ev]1 be cont5d$1 t a consid]able portion ( ?is advantage may be resolv$ into sav+ ( "t2 = x g5]ally happ5s1 t any improvem5t 9 tools increases ! quantity ( "w done 9 a giv5 "t4 ,)\t tools1 t is1 by ! m]e ef=ts ( ! human h&1 !re are1 und\bt$ly1 multitudes ( ?+s :i* x w\ld be impossible to make4 ,add to ! human h& ! rude/ cutt+ in/rum5t1 & its p[]s are enl>g$3 ! fabrication ( _m ?+s !n becomes easy1 & t ( o!rs possible ) great lab\r4 ,add ! saw to ! knife or ! hat*et1 & o!r works become possible1 & a new c\rse ( difficult op]ations is br\ght into view1 :il/ _m ( ! =m] are r5d]$ easy4 ,?is obs]vation is applicable ev5 to ! mo/ p]fect tools or ma*9es4 ,x w\ld be possible = a v skilful workman1 ) files & poli%+ sub/ances1 to =m a cyl9d] out ( a piece ( /eel2 b ! "t :i* ?is w\ld require w\ld be s consid]able1 & ! numb] ( failures w\ld probably be s great1 t = all practical purposes su* a mode ( produc+ a /eel cyl9d] might be said to be impossible4 ,! same process by ! aid ( ! la! & ! slid+-re/ is ! ev]yday employm5t ( hundr$s ( workm54 #ha4 ,( all ! op]ations ( me*anical art1 t ( turn+ is ! mo/ p]fect4 ,if two surfaces are work$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 :atev] may h be5 _! figure at ! comm5cem5t1 !re exi/s a t5d5cy 9 !m bo? to become portions ( sph]es4 ,ei!r ( !m may become convex1 & ! o!r concave1 ) v>i\s degrees ( curvature4 ,a plane surface is ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 convexity & concavity1 & is mo/ difficult to hit2 x is m easy to make a good circle ?an to produce a /raight l9e4 ,a simil> difficulty takes place 9 figur+ specula = telescopes2 ! p>abola is ! surface :i* sep>ates ! hyp]bolic f ! elliptic figure1 & is ! mo/ difficult to =m4 ,if a sp9dle1 n cyl9drical at its end1 be press$ into a hole n circul>1 & kept con/antly turn+1 !re is a t5d5cy 9 ^! two bodies s situat$ to become conical1 or to h circul> sections4 ,if a triangul>-po9t$ piece ( iron be work$ r\nd 9 a circul> hole ! edges w gradually we>1 & x w become conical4 ,^! facts1 if !y d n expla91 at lea/ illu/rate ! pr9ciples on :i* ! excell5ce ( "w =m$ 9 ! la! dep5ds4 ,*apt] #aa ,( ,copy+ #hb4 ,! two la/-m5tion$ s\rces ( excell5ce 9 ! "w produc$ by ma*9]y dep5d on a pr9ciple :i* p]vades a v l>ge portion ( all manufactures1 & is "o ^u :i* ! *eapness ( ! articles produc$ seems greatly to dep5d4 ,! pr9ciple allud$ to is t ( copy+1 tak5 9 its mo/ ext5sive s5se4 ,almo/ unlimit$ pa9s are1 9 "s in/ances1 be/[$ on ! orig9al1 f :i* a s]ies ( copies is to be produc$2 & ! l>g] ! numb] ( ^! copies1 ! m c>e & pa9s c ! manufactur] af=d to lavi% ^u ! orig9al4 ,x may ?us happ51 t ! in/rum5t or tool actually produc+ ! "w1 %all co/ five or ev5 t5 ?\s& times ! price ( ea* individual specim5 ( its p[]4 ,z ! sy/em ( copy+ is ( s mu* importance1 & ( su* ext5sive use 9 ! arts1 x w be conv5i5t to classify a consid]able numb] ( ^? processes 9 :i* x is employ$4 ,! foll[+ enum]ation h[ev] is n (f]$ z a complete li/2 & ! explanations are re/rict$ to ! %orte/ possible detail :i* is consi/5t ) a due reg>d to mak+ ! subject intelligible4 ,op]ations ( copy+ are effect$ "u ! foll[+ circum/ances3 by pr9t+ f cavities by /amp+ by pr9t+ f surface by pun*+ by ca/+ ) elongation by m\ld+ ) alt]$ dim5sions ,( pr9t+ f cavities #hc4 ,! art ( pr9t+1 9 all its num]\s dep>tm5ts1 is ess5tially an art ( copy+4 ,"u its two great divisions1 pr9t+ f holl[ l9es1 z 9 copp]plate1 & pr9t+ f surface1 z 9 block pr9t+1 are compris$ num]\s arts4 #hd4 ,copp]plate pr9t+4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! copies are made by transf]r+ to pap]1 by means ( pressure1 a ?ick ink1 f ! holl[s & l9es cut 9 ! copp]4 ,an arti/ w sometimes exhau/ ! lab\r ( "o or two ye>s ^u engrav+ a plate1 :i* w n1 9 "s cases furni% above five hundr$ copies 9 a /ate ( p]fection4 #he4 ,engrav+s on /eel4 ,?is art is l t ( engrav+ on copp]1 except t ! numb] ( copies is f> less limit$4 ,a bank-note engrav$ z a copp]plate1 w n give above ?ree ?\s& impressions )\t a s5sible det]ioration4 ,two impressions ( a bank-note engrav$ on /eel 7 exam9$ by "o ( our mo/ em95t arti/s17#a997 :o f\nd x difficult to pron\nce ) any confid5ce1 :i* 0 ! e>lie/ impression4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a pro( f among/ ! fir/ ?\s&1 ! o!r 0 tak5 aft] betwe5 sev5ty & eighty ?\s& _h be5 pr9t$ (f4 #hf4 ,music pr9t+4 ,music is usually pr9t$ f pewt] plates1 on :i* ! *>act]s h be5 impress$ by /eel pun*es4 ,! metal be+ mu* s(t] ?an copp]1 is liable to scrat*es1 :i* deta9 a small portion ( ! ink4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! dirty appe>ance ( pr9t$ music4 ,a new process has rec5tly be5 inv5t$ by ,mr ,c[p]1 by :i* ?is inconv5i5ce w be avoid$4 ,! improv$ me?od1 :i* give %>pness to ! *>act]s1 is /ill an art ( copy+2 b x is effect$ by surface pr9t+1 ne>ly 9 ! same mann] z calico-pr9t+ f blocks1 to be describ$ h]eaft]1 #if4 ,! me?od ( pr9t+ music f pewt] plates1 al?\gh by f> ! mo/ frequ5tly made use (1 is n ! only "o employ$1 = music is occasionally pr9t$ f /one4 ,sometimes also x is pr9t$ ) moveable type2 & occasionally ! musical *>act]s are pr9t$ on ! pap]1 & ! l9es pr9t$ aft]w>ds4 ,specim5s ( bo? ^! latt] modes ( music-pr9t+ may be se5 9 ! spl5did collection ( impressions f ! types ( ! press ( ,bodoni at ,p>ma3 b not)/&+ ! great c>e be/[$ on ! execution ( t "w1 ! p]petual int]ruption ( cont9uity 9 ! l9es1 aris+ f ! use ( moveable types1 :5 ! *>act]s & l9es are pr9t$ at ! same "t1 is app>5t4 #hg4 ,calico pr9t+ f cyl9d]s4 ,_m ( ! patt]ns on pr9t$ calicos are copies by pr9t+ f copp] cyl9d]s ab\t f\r or five in*es 9 diamet]1 on :i* ! desir$ patt]n has be5 previ\sly engrav$4 ,"o portion ( ! cyl9d]s is expos$ to ! ink1 :il/ an ela/ic scrap] ( v ?9 /eel1 by be+ press$ =cibly aga9/ ano!r "p1 removes all sup]flu\s ink f ! surface previ\sly to its rea*+ ! clo?4 ,a piece ( calico tw5ty-eight y>ds 9 l5g? rolls ?r\gh ?is press1 & is pr9t$ 9 f\r or five m9utes4 #hh4 ,pr9t+ f p]=at$ %eets ( metal1 or /5cill+4 ,v ?9 brass is sometimes p]=at$ 9 ! =m ( lett]s1 usually ^? ( a "n2 ?is is plac$ on any sub/ance :i* x is requir$ to m>k1 & a bru% dipp$ 9 "s pa9t is pass$ ov] ! brass4 ,^? p>ts :i* are cut away admit ! pa9t4 & ?us a copy ( ! "n appe>s on ! sub/ance bel[4 ,?is me?od1 :i* af=ds r a co>se copy1 is sometimes us$ = pap] ) :i* rooms are cov]$1 & m especially = ! bord]s4 ,if a portion be requir$ to mat* an old patt]n1 ?is is1 p]haps ! mo/ economical way ( produc+ x4 #hi4 ,col\r$ impressions ( leaves ^u pap] may be made by a k9d ( surface pr9t+4 ,su* leaves are *os5 z h consid]able inequalities3 ! elevat$ p>ts ( ^! are cov]$1 by means ( an ink+ ball1 ) a mixture ( "s pigm5t gr\nd up 9 l9se$ oil2 ! leaf is !n plac$ betwe5 two %eets ( pap]1 & be+ g5tly press$1 ! impression f ! elevat$ p>ts on ea* side appe> on ! correspond+ %eets ( pap]4 #ij4 ,! beautiful r$ cotton h&k]*iefs dy$ at ,glasg[ h _! patt]n giv5 to !m by a process simil> to /5cill+1 except t in/ead ( pr9t+ f a patt]n1 ! rev]se op]ation t ( dis*>g+ a "p ( ! col\r f a clo? already dy$--is p]=m$4 ,a numb] ( h&k]*iefs are press$ ) v great =ce betwe5 two plates ( metal1 :i* are simil>ly p]=at$ ) r\nd or loz5ge-%ap$ holes1 accord+ to ! int5d$ patt]n4 ,! upp] plate ( metal is surr\nd$ by a rim1 & a fluid :i* has ! prop]ty ( dis*>g+ ! r$ dye is p\r$ ^u t plate4 ,?is liquid passes ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! metal1 & also ?r\gh ! calico2 b1 ow+ to ! great pressure opposite all ! p>ts ( ! plates n cut away1 x does n spread itself beyond ! patt]n4 ,aft] ?is1 ! h&k]*iefs are wa%$1 & ! patt]n ( ea* is a copy ( ! p]=ations 9 ! metal-plate us$ 9 ! process4 ,ano!r mode by :i* a patt]n is =m$ by dis*>g+ col\r f a previ\sly dy$ clo?1 is to pr9t on x a patt]n ) pa/e2 !n1 pass+ x into ! dy+-vat1 x comes out dy$ ( "o uni=m col\r4 ,b ! pa/e has protect$ ! fibres ( ! cotton f ! action ( ! dye or mordant2 & :5 ! clo? s dy$ is well wa%$1 ! pa/e is dissolv$1 & leaves uncol\r$ all ^? p>ts ( ! clo? to :i* x 0 appli$4 ,pr9t+ f surface #ia4 ,?is second dep>tm5t ( pr9t+ is ( m frequ5t application 9 ! arts ?an t :i* has j be5 consid]$4 #ib4 ,pr9t+ f wood5 blocks4 ,a block ( box wood is1 9 ?is in/ance1 ! sub/ance out ( :i* ! patt]n is =m$3 ! design be+ sket*$ ^u x1 ! workman cuts away ) %>p tools e "p except ! l9es to be repres5t$ 9 ! impression4 ,?is is exactly ! rev]se ( ! process ( engrav+ on copp]1 9 :i* e l9e to be repres5t$ is cut away4 ,! ink1 in/ead ( fill+ ! cavities cut 9 ! wood1 is spread ^u ! surface :i* rema9s1 & is !nce transf]r$ to ! pap]4 #ic4 ,pr9t+ f moveable types4 ,?is is ! mo/ important 9 its influ5ce ( all ! arts ( copy+4 ,x possesses a s+ul> peculi>ity1 9 ! imm5se subdivision ( ! p>ts t =m ! patt]n4 ,aft] t patt]n has furni%$ ?\s&s ( copies1 ! same individual elem5ts may be arrang$ aga9 & aga9 9 o!r =ms1 & ?us supply multitudes ( orig9als1 f ea* ( :i* ?\s&s ( _! copi$ impressions may fl[4 ,x also possesses ?is advantage1 t woodcuts may be us$ along ) ! lett]press1 & impressions tak5 f bo? at ! same op]ation4 #id4 ,pr9t+ f /]eotype4 ,?is mode ( produc+ copies is v simil> to ! prec$+4 ,!re are two modes by :i* /]eotype plates are produc$4 ,9 t mo/ g5]ally adopt$ a m\ld is tak5 9 pla/] f ! moveable types1 & 9 ?is ! /]eotype plate is ca/4 ,ano!r me?od has be5 employ$ 9 ,france3 in/ead ( compos+ ! "w 9 moveable type1 x 0 set up 9 moveable copp] matrices2 ea* matrix be+ 9 fact a piece ( copp] ( ! same size z ! type1 & hav+ ! impression ( ! lett] sunk into its surface in/ead ( project+ 9 relief4 ,a /]eotype plate may1 x is evid5t1 be obta9$ at once f ?is arrangem5t ( matrices4 ,! objection to ! plan is ! great exp5se ( keep+ s l>ge a collection ( matrices4 ,z ! orig9al composition does n readily admit ( *ange1 /]eotype plates c only be appli$ ) advantage to cases :]e an extraord9>y numb] ( copies are dem&$1 or :]e ! "w consi/s ( figures1 & x is ( great importance to ensure accuracy4 ,trifl+ alt]ations may1 h[ev]1 be made 9 x f "t to "t2 & ?us ma!matical tables may1 by ! gradual extirpation ( error1 at la/ become p]fect4 ,?is mode ( produc+ copies possesses1 9 common ) t by moveable types1 ! advantage ( admitt+ ! use ( woodcuts3 ! copy ( ! woodcut 9 ! /]eotype plate be+ equally p]fect4 ) t ( ! moveable type4 ,?is union is ( consid]able importance1 & _c be accompli%$ ) engrav+s on copp]4 #ie4 ,lett]+ books4 ,! gilt lett]s on ! backs ( books are =m$ by plac+ a piece ( gold leaf ^u ! lea!r1 & press+ ^u x brass lett]s previ\sly heat$3 ^! cause ! gold imm$iately "u !m to adh]e to ! lea!r1 :il/ ! re/ ( ! metal is easily bru%$ away4 ,:5 a great numb] ( copies ( ! same volume are to be lett]$1 x is f\nd to be *eap] to h a brass patt]n cut ) ! :ole ( ! prop] title3 ?is is plac$ 9 a press1 & be+ kept hot1 ! cov]s1 ea* hav+ a small bit ( leaf-gold plac$ 9 ! prop] position1 are successively br\ght "u ! brass1 & /amp$4 ,! lett]+ at ! back ( ! volume 9 ! read]'s h& 0 execut$ 9 ?is mann]4 #if4 ,calico pr9t+ f blocks4 ,?is is a mode ( copy+1 by surface pr9t+1 f ! ends ( small pieces ( copp] wire1 ( v>i\s =ms1 fix$ into a block ( wood4 ,!y are all ( "o uni=m height1 ab\t ! eigh? "p ( an in* above ! surface ( ! wood1 & are arrang$ by ! mak] into any requir$ patt]n4 ,if ! block be plac$ ^u a piece ( f9e wooll5 clo?1 on :i* ink ( any col\r has be5 uni=mly spread1 ! project+ copp] wires receive a portion1 :i* !y give up :5 appli$ to ! calico to be pr9t$4 ,by ! =m] me?od ( pr9t+ on calico1 only "o col\r c\ld be us$2 b by ?is plan1 aft] ! fl[] ( a rose1 = example1 has be5 pr9t$ ) "o set ( blocks1 ! leaves may be pr9t$ ( ano!r col\r by a diff]5t set4 #ig4 ,pr9t+ oilclo?4 ,aft] ! canvas1 :i* =ms ! basis ( oilclo?1 has be5 cov]$ ) pa9t ( "o uni=m t9t1 ! rema9d] ( ! processes :i* x passes ?r\gh1 are a s]ies ( copy+s by surface pr9t+1 f patt]ns =m$ ^u wood5 blocks v simil> to ^? employ$ by ! calico pr9t]4 ,ea* col\r requir+ a di/9ct set ( blocks1 ^? oilclo?s ) ! greate/ v>iety ( col\rs are mo/ exp5sive4 ,!re are sev]al o!r v>ieties ( pr9t+ :i* we %all briefly notice z arts ( copy+2 :i*1 al?\gh n /rictly surface pr9t+1 yet are m alli$ to x ?an t f copp]plates4 #ih4 ,lett] copy+4 ,9 "o ( ! modes ( p]=m+ ?is process1 a %eet ( v ?9 pap] is damp$1 & plac$ ^u ! writ+ to be copi$4 ,! two pap]s are !n pass$ ?r\gh a roll+ press1 & a portion ( ! ink f "o pap] is transf]r$ to ! o!r4 ,! writ+ is1 ( c\rse1 rev]s$ by ?is process2 b ! pap] to :i* x is transf]r$ be+ ?91 ! *>act]s are se5 ?r\gh x on ! o!r side1 9 _! prop] position4 ,ano!r common mode ( copy+ lett]s is by plac+ a %eet ( pap] cov]$ on bo? sides ) a sub/ance prep>$ f lamp-black1 betwe5 a %eet ( ?9 pap] & ! pap] on :i* ! lett] to be despat*$ is to be writt54 ,if ! upp] or ?9 %eet be writt5 ^u ) any h>d po9t$ sub/ance1 ! ^w writt5 ) ?is /yle w be impress$ f ! black pap] ^u bo? ^? adjo9+ x4 ,! transluc5cy ( ! upp] %eet1 :i* is reta9$ by ! writ]1 is 9 ?is in/ance necess>y to r5d] legible ! writ+ :i* is on ! back ( ! pap]4 ,bo? ^! arts are v limit$ 9 _! ext5t1 ! =m] af=d+ two or ?ree1 ! latt] f two to p]haps t5 or fifte5 copies at ! same "t4 #ii4 ,pr9t+ on *9a4 ,?is is an art ( copy+ :i* is c>ri$ to a v great ext5t4 ,z ! surfaces to :i* ! impression is to be convey$ are (t5 curv$1 & sometimes ev5 flut$1 ! ink1 or pa9t1 is fir/ transf]r$ f ! copp] to "s flexible sub/ance1 su* z pap]1 or an ela/ic comp\nd ( glue & treacle4 ,x is almo/ imm$iately convey$ f ?is to ! unbak$ biscuit1 to :i* x m readily adh]es4 #ajj4 ,li?ographic pr9t+4 ,?is is ano!r mode ( produc+ copies 9 almo/ unlimit$ numb]4 ,! orig9al :i* supplies ! copies is a draw+ made on a /one ( a slightly por\s nature1 ! ink employ$ = trac+ x is made ( su* greasy mat]ials t :5 wat] is p\r$ ov] ! /one x %all n wet ! l9es ( ! draw+4 ,:5 a roll] cov]$ ) pr9t+ ink1 :i* is ( an oily nature1 is pass$ ov] ! /one previ\sly wett$1 ! wat] prev5ts ?is ink f adh]+ to ! uncov]$ portions2 :il/ ! ink us$ 9 ! draw+ is ( su* a nature t ! pr9t+ ink adh]es to x4 ,9 ?is /ate1 if a %eet ( pap] be plac$ ^u ! /one1 & !n pass$ "u a press1 ! pr9t+ ink w be transf]r$ to ! pap]1 leav+ ! ink us$ 9 ! draw+ /ill adh]+ to ! /one4 #aja4 ,!re is "o application ( li?ographic pr9t+ :i* does n appe> to h receiv$ suffici5t att5tion1 & p]haps fur!r exp]im5ts are necess>y to br+ x to p]fection4 ,x is ! repr9t+ ( works :i* h j arriv$ f o!r c\ntries4 ,a few ye>s ago "o ( ! ,p>is newspap]s 0 repr9t$ at ,brussels z soon z x arriv$ by means ( li?ography4 ,:il/ ! ink is yet fre%1 ?is may easily be accompli%$3 x is only necess>y to place "o copy ( ! newspap] on a li?ographic /one2 & by means ( great pressure appli$ to x 9 a roll+ press1 a suffici5t quantity ( ! pr9t+ ink w be transf]r$ to ! /one4 ,by simil> means1 ! o!r side ( ! newspap] may be copi$ on ano!r /one1 & ^! /ones w !n furni% impressions 9 ! usual way4 ,if pr9t+ f /one c\ld be r$uc$ to ! same price p] ?\s& z t f moveable types1 ?is process might be adopt$ ) great advantage = ! supply ( works = ! use ( di/ant c\ntries possess+ ! same language4 ,= a s+le copy might be pr9t$ (f ) transf] ink1 & ?us an ,engli% "w1 = example1 might be publi%$ 9 ,am]ica f /one1 :il/ ! orig9al1 pr9t$ f moveable types1 made its appe>ance on ! same day 9 ,engl&4 #ajb4 ,x is mu* to be wi%$ t su* a me?od 7 applicable to ! repr9t+ ( facsimiles ( old & sc>ce books4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld require ! sacrifice ( two copies1 s9ce a leaf mu/ be de/roy$ = ea* page4 ,su* a me?od ( reproduc+ a small impression ( an old "w1 is peculi>ly applicable to ma!matical tables1 ! sett+ up ( :i* 9 type is always exp5sive & liable to error1 b h[ long ink w cont9ue to be transf]able to /one1 f pap] on :i* x has be5 pr9t$1 mu/ be det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,! de/ruction ( ! greasy or oily portion ( ! ink 9 ! "* ( old books1 seems to pres5t ! greate/ imp$im5t2 if "o con/itu5t only ( ! ink 7 remov$ by "t1 x might p]haps be hop$1 t *emical means w\ld ultimately be discov]$ = re/or+ x3 b if ?is be unsuccessful1 an attempt might be made to discov] "s sub/ance hav+ a /rong aff9ity = ! c>bon ( ! ink :i* rema9s on ! pap]1 & v little = ! pap] itself47#b997 #ajc4 ,li?ographic pr9ts h occasionally be5 execut$ 9 col\rs4 ,9 su* in/ances a sep>ate /one seems to h be5 requir$ = ea* col\r1 & consid]able c>e1 or v good me*anism1 mu/ h be5 employ$ to adju/ ! pap] to ea* /one4 ,if any two k9ds ( ink %\ld be discov]$ mutually inadhesive1 "o /one might be employ$ = two inks2 or if ! ink+-roll] = ! second & subsequ5t col\rs _h portions cut away correspond+ to ^? p>ts ( ! /one ink$ by ! previ\s ones1 !n sev]al col\rs might be pr9t$ f ! same /one3 b ^! pr9ciples d n appe> to promise mu*1 except = co>se subjects4 #ajd4 ,regi/] pr9t+4 ,x is sometimes ?\ght necess>y to pr9t f a wood5 block1 or /]eotype plate1 ! same patt]n rev]s$ ^u ! opposite side ( ! pap]4 ,! effect ( ?is1 :i* is te*nically call$ ,regi/] pr9t+1 is to make x appe> z if ! ink _h p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! pap]1 & r5d]$ ! patt]n visible on ! o!r side4 ,if ! subject *os5 conta9s _m f9e l9es1 x seems at fir/ sight extremely difficult to effect s exact a sup] position ( ! two patt]ns1 on opposite sides ( ! same piece ( pap]1 t x %all be impossible to detect ! slighte/ deviation2 yet ! process is extremely simple4 ,! block :i* gives ! impression is always accurately br\ght d[n to ! same place by means ( a h+e2 ?is spot is cov]$ by a piece ( ?9 lea!r /ret*$ ov] x2 ! block is n[ ink$1 & be+ br\ght d[n to its place1 gives an impression ( ! patt]n to ! lea!r3 x is !n turn$ back2 & be+ ink$ a second "t1 ! pap] int5d$ to be pr9t$ is plac$ ^u ! lea!r1 :5 ! block aga9 desc5d+1 ! upp] surface ( ! pap] is pr9t$ f ! block1 & its und]surface takes up ! impression f ! lea!r4 ,x is evid5t t ! p]fection ( ?is mode ( pr9t+ dep5ds 9 a great measure on f9d+ "s s(t sub/ance l lea!r1 :i* w take z mu* ink z x ought f ! block1 & :i* w give x up mo/ completely to pap]4 ,impressions ?us obta9$ are usually fa9t] on ! l[] side2 & 9 ord] 9 "s measure to rem$y ?is defect1 r m ink is put on ! block at ! fir/ ?an at ! second impression4 ,( copy+ by ca/+ #aje4 ,! art ( ca/+1 by p\r+ sub/ances 9 a fluid /ate into a m\ld :i* reta9s !m until !y become solid1 is ess5tially an art ( copy+2 ! =m ( ! ?+ produc$ dep5d+ entirely ^u t ( ! patt]n f :i* x 0 =m$4 #ajf4 ,( ca/+ iron & o!r metals4--,patt]ns ( wood or metal made f draw+s are ! orig9als f :i* ! m\lds = ca/+ are made3 s t1 9 fact1 ! ca/+ itself is a copy ( ! m\ld2 & ! m\ld is a copy ( ! patt]n4 ,9 ca/+s ( iron & metals = ! co>s] purposes1 &1 if !y are aft]w>ds to be work$ ev5 = ! f9] ma*9es1 ! exact resemblance among/ ! ?+s produc$1 :i* takes place 9 _m ( ! arts to :i* we h allud$1 is n effect$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 nor is ?is necess>y4 ,z ! metals %r9k 9 cool+1 ! patt]n is made l>g] ?an ! int5d$ copy2 & 9 extricat+ x f ! s& 9 :i* x is m\ld$1 "s little diff]5ce w occur 9 ! size ( ! cavity :i* x leaves4 ,9 small] works :]e accuracy is m requisite1 & :]e few or no aft] op]ations are to be p]=m$1 a m\ld ( metal is employ$ :i* has be5 =m$ ) consid]able c>e4 ,?us1 9 ca/+ bullets1 :i* ought to be p]fectly sph]ical & smoo?1 an iron in/rum5t is us$1 9 :i* a cavity has be5 cut & c>efully gr\nd2 &1 9 ord] to obviate ! contraction 9 cool+1 a jet is left :i* may supply ! defici5cy ( metal aris+ f t cause1 & :i* is aft]w>ds cut (f4 ,! lead5 toys = *ildr5 are ca/ 9 brass m\lds :i* op51 & 9 :i* h be5 grav$ or *isell$ ! figures int5d$ to be produc$4 #ajg4 ,a v beautiful mode ( repres5t+ small bran*es ( ! mo/ delicate vegetable productions 9 bronze has be5 employ$ by ,mr ,*antrey4 ,a small /rip ( a fir-tree1 a bran* ( holly1 a curl$ leaf ( broccoli1 or any o!r vegetable production1 is susp5d$ by "o end 9 a small cyl9d] ( pap] :i* is plac$ = support )9 a simil>ly =m$ t9 case4 ,! f9e/ riv] silt1 c>efully sep>at$ f all ! co>s] p>ticles1 & mix$ ) wat]1 s z to h ! consi/5cy ( cream1 is p\r$ into ! pap] cyl9d] by small portions at a "t1 c>efully %ak+ ! plant a little aft] ea* addition1 9 ord] t its leaves may be cov]$1 & t no bubbles ( air may be left4 ,! plant & its m\ld are n[ all[$ to dry1 & ! yield+ nature ( ! pap] all[s ! loamy coat+ to %r9k f ! outside4 ,:5 ?is is dry x is surr\nd$ by a co>s] sub/ance2 &1 f9ally1 we h ! twig ) all its leaves emb$d$ 9 a p]fect m\ld4 ,?is m\ld is c>efully dri$1 & !n gradually heat$ to a r$ heat4 ,at ! ends ( "s ( ! leaves or %oots1 wires h be5 left to af=d airholes by _! removal1 & 9 ?is /ate ( /rong ignition a /ream ( air is direct$ into ! hole =m$ by ! end ( ! bran*4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! wood & leaves :i* _h be5 turn$ into *>coal by ! fire1 are n[ conv]t$ into c>bonic acid by ! curr5t ( air2 &1 aft] "s "t1 ! :ole ( ! solid matt] ( :i* ! plant consi/$ is completely remov$1 leav+ a holl[ m\ld1 be>+ on its int]ior all ! m9ute/ traces ( its late vegetable occupant4 ,:5 ?is process is complet$1 ! m\ld be+ /ill kept at ne>ly a r$ heat1 receives ! fluid metal1 :i*1 by its weight1 ei!r drives ! v small quantity ( air1 :i* at t high temp]ature rema9s beh9d1 out ?r\gh ! airholes1 or compresses x into ! pores ( v por\s sub/ance ( :i* ! m\ld is =m$4 #ajh4 ,:5 ! =m ( ! object int5d$ to be ca/ is su* t ! patt]n _c be extricat$ f its m\ld ( s& or pla/]1 x becomes necess>y to make ! patt]n ) wax1 or "s o!r easily fusible sub/ance4 ,! s& or pla/] is m\ld$ r\nd ?is patt]n1 &1 by ! application ( heat1 ! wax is extricat$ ?r\gh an op5+ left purposely = its escape4 #aji4 ,x is (t5 desirable to asc]ta9 ! =m ( ! int]nal cavities1 inhabit$ by mollusc\s animals1 su* z ^? ( spiral %ells1 & ( ! v>i\s corals4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by fill+ !m ) fusible metal1 & dissolv+ ! sub/ance ( ! %ell by muriatic acid2 ?us a metallic solid w rema9 :i* exactly fill$ all ! cavities4 ,if su* =ms are requir$ 9 silv]1 or any o!r difficulty fusible metal1 ! %ells may be fill$ ) wax or res91 !n dissolv$ away2 & ! rema9+ wax5 =m may s]ve z ! patt]n f :i* a pla/] m\ld may be made = ca/+ ! metal4 ,"s nicety w be requir$ 9 ^! op]ations2 & p]haps ! m9ut] cavities c only be fill$ "u an exhau/$ receiv]4 #aaj4 ,ca/+ 9 pla/]4 ,?is is a mode ( copy+ appli$ to a v>iety ( purposes3 to produce accurate repres5tations ( ! human =m--( /atues--or ( r>e fossils--to :i* latt] purpose x has lately be5 appli$ ) great advantage4 ,9 all ca/+1 ! fir/ process is to make ! m\ld2 & pla/] is ! sub/ance :i* is almo/ always employ$ = ! purpose4 ,! prop]ty :i* x possesses ( rema9+ = a %ort "t 9 a /ate ( fluidity1 r5d]s x admirably adapt$ to ?is object1 & adhesion1 ev5 to an orig9al ( pla/]1 is effectually prev5t$ by oil+ ! surface on :i* x is p\r$4 ,! m\ld =m$ r\nd ! subject :i* is copi$1 remov$ 9 sep>ate pieces & !n reunit$1 is t 9 :i* ! copy is ca/4 ,?is process gives additional utility & value to ! f9e/ works ( art4 ,! /ud5ts ( ! ,academy at ,v5ice are ?us enabl$ to admire ! sculptur$ figures ( ,eg9a1 pres]v$ 9 ! gall]y at ,muni*2 z well z ! m>bles ( ! ,p>!non1 ! pride ( our own ,museum4 ,ca/s 9 pla/] ( ! ,elg9 m>bles adorn _m ( ! academies ( ! ,cont95t2 & ! lib]al employm5t ( su* pres5ts af=ds u an inexp5sive & p]man5t s\rce ( popul>ity4 #aaa4 ,ca/+ 9 wax4 ,?is mode ( copy+1 aid$ by prop] col\r+1 (f]s ! mo/ successful imitations ( _m objects ( natural hi/ory1 & gives an air ( reality to !m :i* might deceive ev5 ! mo/ in/ruct$4 ,num]\s figures ( rem>kable p]sons1 hav+ ! face & h&s =m$ 9 wax1 h be5 exhibit$ at v>i\s times2 & ! resemblances h1 9 "s in/ances be5 mo/ /rik+4 ,b :oev] w\ld see ! art ( copy+ 9 wax c>ri$ to ! highe/ p]fection1 %\ld exam9e ! beautiful collection ( fruit at ! h\se ( ! ,horticultural ,society2 ! model ( ! magnific5t fl[] ( ! new g5us ,rafflesia--! wax5 models ( ! int]nal p>ts ( ! human body :i* adorn ! anatomical gall]y ( ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes at ,p>is1 & ! ,museum at ,flor5ce--or ! collection ( morbid anatomy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna4 ,! art ( imitation by wax does n usually af=d ! multitude ( copies :i* fl[ f _m simil> op]ations4 ,?is numb] is *eck$ by ! subsequ5t /ages ( ! process1 :i*1 ceas+ to h ! "* ( copy+ by a tool or patt]n1 become consequ5tly m exp5sive4 ,9 ea* individual production1 =m alone is giv5 by ca/+2 ! col\r+ mu/ be ! "w ( ! p5cil1 guid$ by ! skill ( ! arti/4 ,( copy+ by m\ld+ #aab4 ,?is me?od ( produc+ multitudes ( individuals hav+ an exact resemblance to ea* o!r 9 ext]nal %ape1 is adopt$ v widely 9 ! arts4 ,! sub/ances employ$ are1 ei!r naturally or by artificial prep>ation1 9 a s(t or pla/ic /ate2 !y are !n compress$ by me*anical =ce1 sometimes assi/$ by heat1 into a m\ld ( ! requir$ =m4 #aac4 ,( bricks & tiles4 ,an oblong box ( wood fitt+ ^u a bottom fix$ to ! brickmak]'s b5*1 is ! m\ld f :i* e brick is =m$4 ,a portion ( ! pla/ic mixture ( :i* ! bricks consi/ is made ready by less skilful h&s3 ! workman fir/ spr9kles a little s& into ! m\ld1 & !n ?r[s ! clay into x ) "s =ce2 at ! same "t rapidly work+ x ) 8 f+]s1 s z to make x completely close up to ! corn]s4 ,he next scrapes (f1 ) a wett$ /ick1 ! sup]flu\s clay1 & %akes ! new-=m$ brick dext]\sly out ( its m\ld ^u a piece ( bo>d1 on :i* x is remov$ by ano!r workman to ! place appo9t$ = dry+ x4 ,a v skilful m\ld] has occasionally1 9 a long summ]'s day1 deliv]$ f t5 to elev5 ?\s& bricks2 b a fair av]age day's "w is f five to six ?\s&4 ,tiles ( v>i\s k9ds & =ms are made ( f9] mat]ials1 b by ! same sy/em ( m\ld+4 ,among ! ru9s ( ! city ( ,g\r1 ! anci5t capital ( ,b5gal1 bricks are f\nd hav+ project+ ornam5ts 9 high relief3 ^! appe> to h be5 =m$ 9 a m\ld1 & subsequ5tly glaz$ ) a col\r$ glaze4 ,9 ,g]many1 also1 brickwork has be5 execut$ ) v>i\s ornam5ts4 ,! cornice ( ! *ur* ( ,/ ,/ephano1 at ,b]l91 is made ( l>ge blocks ( brick m\ld$ into ! =m requir$ by ! ar*itect4 ,at ! e/abli%m5t ( ,messrs ,cubitt1 9 ,gray's ,inn ,lane1 vases1 cornices1 & highly ornam5t$ capitals ( columns are ?us =m$ :i* rival /one itself 9 ela/icity1 h>dness1 & durability4 #aad4 ,( emboss$ *9a4 ,_m ( ! =ms giv5 to ^? beautiful specim5s ( e>!nw>e :i* con/itute ! equipage ( our breakfa/ & our d9n]-tables1 _c be execut$ 9 ! la! ( ! pott]4 ,! emboss$ ornam5ts on ! edges ( ! plates1 _! polygonal %ape1 ! flut$ surface ( _m ( ! vases1 w\ld all be difficult & co/ly ( execution by ! h&2 b !y become easy & comp>atively *eap1 :5 made by press+ ! s(t mat]ial out ( :i* !y are =m$ into a h>d m\ld4 ,! c>e & skill be/[$ on ! prep>ation ( t m\ld are repaid by ! multitude x produces4 ,9 _m ( ! works ( ! *9a manufactory1 "o "p only ( ! article is m\ld$2 ! upp] surface ( ! plate1 = example1 :il/ ! "u side is figur$ by ! la!4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! h&le1 or only a few ornam5ts1 are m\ld$1 & ! body ( ! "w is turn$4 #aae4 ,glass seals4 ,! process ( engrav+ ^u gems requires consid]able "t & skill4 ,! seals ?us produc$ c !re=e nev] become common4 ,imitations1 h[ev]1 h be5 made ( v>i\s degrees ( resemblance4 ,! col\r :i* is giv5 to glass is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ successful "p ( ! imitation4 ,a small cyl9drical rod ( col\r$ glass is heat$ 9 ! flame ( a bl[pipe1 until ! extremity becomes s(t4 ,! op]ator !n p9*es x betwe5 ! ends ( a pair ( nipp]s1 :i* are =m$ ( brass1 & on "o side ( :i* ! device int5d$ = ! seal has be5 c>v$ 9 relief4 ,:5 ! m\ld has be5 well f9i%$ & c>e is tak5 9 heat+ ! glass prop]ly1 ! seals ?us produc$ are n bad imitations2 & by ?is sy/em ( copy+ !y are s multipli$1 t ! m ord9>y k9ds are sold at ,birm+ham = ?ree p5ce a doz54 #aaf4 ,squ>e glass bottles4 ,! r\nd =ms :i* are usually giv5 to vessels ( glass are readily produc$ by ! expansion ( ! air ) :i* !y are bl[n4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y 9 _m cases to make bottles ( a squ>e =m1 & ea* capable ( hold+ exactly ! same quantity ( fluid4 ,x is also frequ5tly desirable to h impr9t$ on !m ! "n ( ! mak] ( ! m$ic9e or o!r liquid !y are de/9$ to conta94 ,a m\ld ( iron1 or ( copp]1 is provid$ ( ! int5d$ size1 on ! inside ( :i* are engrav$ ! names requir$4 ,?is m\ld1 :i* is us$ 9 a hot /ate1 op5s into two p>ts1 to all[ ! ins]tion ( ! r\nd1 unf9i%$ bottle1 :i* is plac$ 9 x 9 a v s(t /ate be=e x is remov$ f ! end ( ! iron tube ) :i* x 0 bl[n4 ,! m\ld is n[ clos$1 & ! glass is =c$ aga9/ its sides1 by bl[+ /rongly into ! bottle4 #aag4 ,wood5 snuff boxes4 ,snuff boxes ornam5t$ ) devices1 9 imitation ( c>v$ "w or ( rose eng9e turn+1 are sold at a price :i* proves t !y are only imitations4 ,! wood1 or horn1 out ( :i* !y are =m$1 is s(t5$ by long boil+ 9 wat]1 & :il/ 9 ?is /ate x is =c$ into m\lds ( iron1 or /eel1 on :i* are cut ! requisite patt]ns1 :]e x rema9s expos$ to great pressure until x is dry4 #aah4 ,horn knife h&les & umbrella h&les4 ,! prop]ty :i* horn possesses ( becom+ s(t by ! action ( wat] & ( heat1 fits x = _m useful purposes4 ,x is press$ into m\lds1 & becomes emboss$ ) figures 9 relief1 adapt$ to ! objects to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,if curv$1 x may be /raight5$2 or if /raight1 x may be b5t into any =ms :i* ornam5t or utility may require2 & by ! use ( ! m\ld ^! =ms may be multipli$ 9 endless v>iety4 ,! common] sorts ( knives1 ! crook$ h&les = umbrellas1 & a multitude ( o!r articles to :i* horn is appli$1 atte/ ! *eapness :i* ! art ( copy+ gives to ! ?+s =m$ ( ?is mat]ial4 #aai4 ,m\ld+ tortoise-%ell4 ,! same pr9ciple is appli$ to ?+s =m$ out ( ! %ell ( ! turtle1 or ! l& tortoise4 ,f ! greatly sup]ior price ( ! raw mat]ial1 ?is pr9ciple ( copy+ is1 h[ev]1 m r>ely employ$ ^u x2 & ! few c>v+s :i* are dem&$1 are usually p]=m$ by h&4 #abj4 ,tobacco-pipe mak+4 ,?is simple art is almo/ entirely "o ( copy+4 ,! m\lds are =m$ ( iron1 9 two p>ts1 ea* embrac+ "o half ( ! /em2 ! l9e ( junction ( ^! p>ts may g5]ally be obs]v$ runn+ l5g?wise f "o end ( ! pipe to ! o!r4 ,! hole pass+ to ! b[l is =m$ by ?ru/+ a long wire ?r\gh ! clay be=e x is enclos$ 9 ! m\ld4 ,"s ( ! m\lds h figures1 or names1 sunk 9 ! inside1 :i* give a correspond+ figure 9 relief ^u ! f9i%$ pipe4 #aba4 ,emboss+ ^u calico4 ,calicoes ( "o col\r1 b emboss$ all ov] ) rais$ patt]ns1 ?\gh n mu* worn 9 ?is c\ntry1 are 9 great dem& 9 sev]al =eign m>kets4 ,?is appe>ance is produc$ by pass+ !m betwe5 roll]s1 on "o ( :i* is figur$ 9 intaglio ! patt]n to be transf]r$ to ! calico4 ,! sub/ance ( ! clo? is press$ v =cibly into ! cavities ?us =m$1 & reta9s its patt]n aft] consid]able use4 ,! wat]$ appe>ance 9 ! cov] ( ! volume 9 ! read]'s h&s is produc$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,a cyl9d] ( gun-metal1 on :i* ! design ( ! wat]+ is previ\sly cut1 is press$ by screws aga9/ ano!r cyl9d]1 =m$ out ( pieces ( br[n pap] :i* h be5 /rongly compress$ toge!r & accurately turn$4 ,! two cyl9d]s are made to revolve rapidly1 ! pap] "o be+ slightly damp$1 &1 aft] a few m9utes1 x takes an impression f ! upp] or metal "o4 ,! glaz$ calico is n[ pass$ betwe5 ! roll]s1 its glossy surface be+ 9 contact ) ! metal cyl9d]1 :i* is kept hot by a heat$ iron enclos$ )9 x4 ,calicoes are sometimes wat]$ by plac+ two pieces on ea* o!r 9 su* a position t ! longitud9al ?reads ( ! "o are at "r angles to ^? ( ! o!r1 & compress+ !m 9 ?is /ate betwe5 flat roll]s4 ,! ?reads ( ! "o piece produce ind5tations 9 ^? ( ! o!r1 b !y are n s deep z :5 produc$ by ! =m] me?od4 #abb4 ,emboss+ ^u lea!r4 ,?is art ( copy+ f patt]ns previ\sly engrav$ on /eel roll]s is 9 mo/ respects simil> to ! prec$+4 ,! lea!r is =c$ into ! cavities1 & ! p>ts :i* are n opposite to any cavity are p[]fully cond5s$ betwe5 ! roll]s4 #abc4 ,swag+4 ,?is is an art ( copy+ practis$ by ! smi?4 ,9 ord] to fa%ion 8 iron & /eel into ! v>i\s =ms dem&$ by 8 cu/om]s1 he has small blocks ( /eel into :i* are sunk cavities ( diff]5t %apes2 ^! are call$ swages1 & are g5]ally 9 pairs4 ,?us if he wants a r\nd bolt1 t]m9at+ 9 a cyl9drical head ( l>g] diamet]1 & hav+ "o or m project+ rims1 he uses a correspond+ swag+ tool2 & hav+ heat$ ! end ( 8 iron rod1 & ?ick5$ x by /rik+ ! end 9 ! direction ( ! axis 7:i* is te*nically call$ upsett+71 he places its head ^u "o "p ( ! lage2 & :il/ an assi/ant holds ! o!r "p on ! top ( ! hot iron1 he /rikes x sev]al times ) 8 hamm]1 occasionally turn+ ! head "o qu>t] r\nd4 ,! heat$ iron is ?us =c$ by ! bl[s to assume ! =m ( ! m\ld into :i* x is impress$4 #abd4 ,engrav+ by pressure4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful examples ( ! art ( copy+ c>ri$ to an almo/ unlimit$ ext5t2 & ! delicacy ) :i* x c be execut$1 & ! precision ) :i* ! f9e/ traces ( ! grav+ tool c be transf]r$ f /eel to copp]1 or ev5 f h>d /eel to s(t /eel1 is mo/ unexpect$4 ,we are indebt$ to ,mr ,p]k9s = mo/ ( ! contrivances :i* h br\ght ?is art at once almo/ to p]fection4 ,an engrav+ is fir/ made ^u s(t /eel1 :i* is h>d5$ by a peculi> process )\t 9 ! lea/ injur+ its delicacy4 ,a cyl9d] ( s(t /eel1 press$ ) great =ce aga9/ ! h>d5$ /eel engrav+1 is n[ made to roll v sl[ly backw>d & =w>d ov] x1 ?us receiv+ ! design1 b 9 relief4 ,! cyl9d] is 9 its turn h>d5$ )\t injury41 & if x be sl[ly roll$ to & fro ) /rong pressure on successive plates ( copp]1 x w impr9t on a ?\s& ( !m a p]fect facsimile ( ! orig9al /eel engrav+ f :i* x 0 made4 ,?us ! numb] ( copies producible f ! same design may be multipli$ a ?\s&-fold4 ,b ev5 ?is is v f> %ort ( ! limits to :i* ! process may be ext5d$4 ,! h>d5$ /eel roll]1 be>+ ! design ^u x 9 relief may be employ$ to make a few ( its fir/ impressions ^u plates ( s(t /eel1 & ^! be+ h>d5$ become ! repres5tatives ( ! orig9al engrav+1 & may 9 _! turn be made ! p>5ts ( o!r roll]s1 ea* g5]at+ copp]plates l _! prototype4 ,! possible ext5t to :i* facsimiles ( "o orig9al engrav+ may ?us be multipli$1 almo/ conf\nds ! imag9ation1 & appe>s to be = all practical purposes unlimit$4 ,?is beautiful art 0 fir/ propos$ by ,mr ,p]k9s = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! =g]y ( bank notes a matt] ( great difficulty2 & !re are two pr9ciples :i* peculi>ly adapt x to t object3 fir/1 ! p]fect id5tity ( all ! impressions1 s t any v>iation 9 ! m9ute/ l9e w\ld at once cause detection2 secondly1 t ! orig9al plates may be =m$ by ! unit$ lab\rs ( sev]al arti/s mo/ em95t 9 _! respective dep>tm5ts2 = z only "o orig9al ( ea* design is necess>y1 ! exp5se1 ev5 ( ! mo/ elaborate engrav+1 w be trifl+1 comp>$ ) ! multitude ( copies produc$ f x4 #abe4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t ! pr9ciple ( copy+ itself furni%es an exp$i5t = imitat+ any engrav+ or pr9t$ patt]n1 h[ev] complicat$2 & ?us pres5ts a difficulty :i* none ( ! s*emes devis$ = ! prev5tion ( =g]y appe> to h yet effectually obviat$4 ,9 attempt+ to imitate ! mo/ p]fect banknote1 ! fir/ process w\ld be to place x ) ! pr9t$ side d[nw>ds ^u a /one or o!r sub/ance1 on :i*1 by pass+ x ?r\gh a roll+-press1 x might be firmly fix$4 ,! next object w\ld be to discov] "s solv5t :i* %\ld dissolve ! pap]1 b nei!r affect ! pr9t+-ink1 nor injure ! /one or sub/ance to :i* x is atta*$4 ,wat] does n seem to d ?is effectually1 & p]haps weak alkal9e or acid solutions w\ld be tri$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is c\ld be fully accompli%$1 & if ! /one or o!r sub/ance1 us$ to reta9 ! impression1 _h ^? prop]ties :i* enable u to pr9t f x1 innum]able facsimiles ( ! note might obvi\sly be made1 & ! imitation w\ld be complete4 ,porcela9 biscuit1 :i* has rec5tly be5 us$ ) a black lead p5cil = memor&um books1 seems 9 "s measure adapt$ = su* trials1 s9ce its porosity may be dim9i%$ to any requir$ ext5t by regulat+ ! dilution ( ! glaz+4 #abf4 ,gold & silv] m\ld+4 ,_m ( ! m\ld+s us$ by jewell]s consi/ ( ?9 slips ( metal1 :i* h receiv$ _! =m by pass+ betwe5 /eel roll]s1 on :i* ! patt]n is emboss$ or engrav$2 ?us tak+ a succession ( copies ( ! devices int5d$4 #abg4 ,ornam5tal pap]s4 ,%eets ( pap] col\r$ or cov]$ ) gold or silv] leaf1 & emboss$ ) v>i\s patt]ns1 are us$ = cov]+ books1 & = _m ornam5tal purposes4 ,! figures ^u ^! are produc$ by ! same process1 t ( pass+ ! %eets ( pap] betwe5 engrav$ roll]s4 ,( copy+ by /amp+ #abh4 ,?is mode ( copy+ is ext5sively employ$ 9 ! arts4 ,x is g5]ally execut$ by means ( l>ge presses work$ ) a screw & heavy fly:eel4 ,! mat]ials on :i* ! copies are impress$ are mo/ frequ5tly metals1 & ! process is sometimes execut$ :5 !y are hot1 & 9 "o case :5 ! metal is 9 a /ate betwe5 solidity & fluidity4 #abi4 ,co9s & m$als4 ,! :ole ( ! co9s :i* circulate z money are produc$ by ?is mode ( copy+4 ,! screw presses are ei!r work$ by manual lab\r1 by wat]1 or by /eam p[]4 ,! m9t :i* 0 s5t a few ye>s s9ce to ,calcutta 0 capable ( co9+ #bjj1jjj pieces a day4 ,m$als1 :i* usually h _! figures 9 high] relief ?an co9s1 are produc$ by simil> means2 b a s+le bl[ is r>ely suffici5t to br+ !m to p]fection1 & ! compression ( ! metal :i* arises f ! fir/ bl[ r5d]s x too h>d to receive _m subsequ5t bl[s )\t injury to ! die4 ,x is !re=e1 aft] be+ /ruck1 remov$ to a furnace1 9 :i* x is c>efully heat$ r$-hot & anneal$1 aft] :i* op]ation x is aga9 plac$ betwe5 ! dies1 & receives additional bl[s4 ,= m$als1 on :i* ! figures are v prom95t1 ^! processes mu/ be repeat$ _m times4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ m$als hi!rto /ruck und]w5t !m ne>ly a hundr$ times be=e x 0 complet$4 #acj4 ,ornam5ts = milit>y acc\trem5ts1 & furniture4 ,^! are usually ( brass1 & are /amp$ up out ( solid or %eet brass by plac+ x betwe5 dies1 & all[+ a heavy weight to drop ^u ! upp] die f a height ( f five to fifte5 feet4 #aca4 ,buttons & nail heads4 ,buttons emboss$ ) cre/s or o!r devices are produc$ by ! same means2 & "s ( ^? :i* are pla9 receive _! hemisph]ical =m f ! dies 9 :i* !y are /ruck4 ,! heads ( sev]al k9ds ( nails :i* are portions ( sph]es1 or polyh$rons1 are also =m$ by ^! means4 #acb4 ,( a process = copy+1 call$ 9 ,france cli*ee4 ,?is curi\s me?od ( copy+ by /amp+ is appli$ to m$als1 & 9 "s cases to =m+ /]eotype plates4 ,!re exi/s a range ( temp]ature previ\s to ! melt+ po9t ( sev]al ( ! alloys ( lead1 t91 & antimony1 9 :i* ! comp\nd is nei!r solid1 nor yet fluid4 ,9 ?is k9d ( pa/y /ate x is plac$ 9 a box "u a die1 :i* desc5ds ^u x ) consid]able =ce4 ,! bl[ drives ! metal into ! f9e/ l9es ( ! die1 & ! coldness ( ! latt] imm$iately solidifies ! :ole mass4 ,a quantity ( ! half-melt$ metal is scatt]$ 9 all directions by ! bl[1 & is reta9$ by ! sides ( ! box 9 :i* ! process is c>ri$ on4 ,! "w ?us produc$ is admirable = its %>pness1 b has n ! f9i%$ =m ( a piece j leav+ ! co9+-press3 ! sides are ragg$1 & x mu/ be trimm$1 & its ?ickness equaliz$ 9 ! la!4 ,( copy+ by pun*+ #acc4 ,?is mode ( copy+ consi/s 9 driv+ a /eel pun* ?r\gh ! sub/ance to be cut1 ei!r by a bl[ or by pressure4 ,9 "s cases ! object is to copy ! ap]ture1 & ! sub/ance sep>at$ f ! plate is reject$2 9 o!r cases ! small pieces cut out are ! objects ( ! workman's lab\r4 #acd4 ,pun*+ iron plate = boil]s4 ,! /eel pun* us$ = ?is purpose is f ?ree-eigh?s to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & drives out a circul> disk f a plate ( iron f "o-qu>t] to five eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 #ace4 ,pun*+ t9n$ iron4 ,! ornam5tal patt]ns ( op5 "w :i* decorate ! t9n$ & japann$ w>es 9 g5]al use1 are r>ely pun*$ by ! workman :o makes !m4 ,9 ,london ! art ( pun*+ out ^! patt]ns 9 screw-presses is c>ri$ on z a sep>ate trade2 & l>ge quantities ( %eet t9 are ?us p]=at$ = cull5d]s1 w9e-/ra9]s1 bord]s ( wait]s1 & o!r simil> purposes4 ,! p]fection & ! precision to :i* ! art has be5 c>ri$ are rem>kable4 ,%eets ( copp]1 too1 are pun*$ ) small holes ab\t ! hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 9 su* multitudes t m ( ! %eet metal is remov$ ?an rema9s beh9d2 & plates ( t9 h be5 p]=at$ ) above ?ree ?\s& holes 9 ea* squ>e in*4 #acf4 ,! inlaid plates ( brass & rosewood1 call$ buhl "w1 :i* ornam5t our furniture1 are1 9 "s in/ances1 =m$ by pun*+2 b 9 ?is case1 bo? ! p>ts cut out1 & ^? :i* rema91 are 9 _m cases employ$4 ,9 ! rema9+ illu/rations ( ! art ( copy+ by pun*+1 ! "p made use ( is t :i* is pun*$ out4 #acg4 ,c>ds = guns4 ,! sub/itution ( a circul> disk ( ?9 c>d in/ead ( pap]1 = reta9+ 9 its place ! *>ge ( a f[l+-piece1 is att5d$ ) consid]able advantage4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ( little avail1 unless an easy me?od 0 contriv$ ( produc+ an unlimit$ numb] ( c>ds1 ea* exactly fitt+ ! bore ( ! b>rel4 ,! small /eel tool us$ = ?is purpose cuts out innum]able circles simil> to its cutt+ end1 ea* ( :i* precisely fills ! b>rel = :i* x 0 design$4 #ach4 ,ornam5ts ( gilt pap]4 ,! gold5 />s1 leaves1 & o!r devices1 sold 9 %ops = ! purpose ( ornam5t+ articles made ( pap] & pa/ebo>d1 & o!r fancy works1 are cut by pun*es ( v>i\s =ms out ( %eets ( gilt pap]4 #aci4 ,/eel *a9s4 ,! *a9 us$ 9 connect+ ! ma9spr+ & fusee 9 wat*es & clocks1 is compos$ ( small pieces ( %eet /eel1 & x is ( great importance t ea* ( ^! pieces %\ld be ( exactly ! same size4 ,! l9ks are ( two sorts2 "o ( !m consi/+ ( a s+le oblong piece ( /eel ) two holes 9 x1 & ! o!r =m$ by connect+ two ( ! same pieces ( /eel1 plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r1 & at a small di/ance ap>t1 by two rivets4 ,! two k9ds ( l9ks occur alt]nately 9 ! *a93 ea* end ( ! s+le pieces be+ plac$ betwe5 ! ends ( two o!rs1 & connect$ ) !m by a rivet pass+ ?r\gh all ?ree4 ,if ! rivet holes 9 ! pieces = ! d\ble l9ks are n precisely at equal di/ances1 ! *a9 w n be /raight1 & w1 consequ5tly1 be unfit = its purpose4 ,copy+ ) elongation #adj4 ,9 ?is species ( copy+ !re exi/s b little resemblance betwe5 ! copy & ! orig9al4 ,x is ! cross-section only ( ! ?+ produc$ :i* is simil> to ! tool ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,:5 ! sub/ances to be op]at$ ^u are h>d1 !y mu/ frequ5tly pass 9 succession ?r\gh sev]al holes1 & x is 9 "s cases necess>y to anneal !m at int]vals4 #ada4 ,wire draw+4 ,! metal to be conv]t$ into wire is made ( a cyl9drical =m1 & drawn =cibly ?r\gh circul> holes 9 plates ( /eel3 at ea* passage x becomes small]4 &1 :5 f9i%$1 its section at any po9t is a precise copy ( ! la/ hole ?r\gh :i* x pass$4 ,^u ! l>g] k9ds ( wire1 f9e l9es may sometimes be trac$1 runn+ longitud9ally4 ^! arise f slight imp]fections 9 ! holes ( ! draw-plates4 ,= _m purposes ( ! arts1 wire1 ! section ( :i* is squ>e or half r\nd1 is requir$3 ! same me?od ( mak+ x is pursu$1 except t ! holes ?r\gh :i* x is drawn are 9 su* cases !mselves squ>e1 or half-r\nd1 or ( :atev] o!r =m ! wire is requir$ to be4 ,a species ( wire is made1 ! section ( :i* resembles a /> ) f six to twelve rays2 ?is is call$ p9ion wire1 & is us$ by ! clockmak]s4 ,!y file away all ! rays f a %ort piece1 except f ab\t half an in* ne> "o end3 ?is becomes a p9ion = a clock2 & ! leaves or tee? are already burni%$ & f9i%$1 f hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! draw-plate4 #adb4 ,tube draw+4 ,! art ( =m+ tubes ( uni=m diamet] is ne>ly simil> 9 its mode ( execution to wire draw+4 ,! %eet brass is b5t r\nd & sold]$ s z to =m a holl[ cyl9d]2 & if ! diamet] outside is t :i* is requir$ to be uni=m1 x is drawn ?r\gh a succession ( holes1 z 9 wire draw+3 ,if ! inside diamet] is to be uni=m1 a succession ( /eel cyl9d]s1 call$ triblets1 are drawn ?r\gh ! brass tube4 ,9 mak+ tubes = telescopes1 x is necess>y t bo? ! inside & outside %\ld be uni=m4 ,a /eel triblet1 !re=e1 is fir/ pass$ into ! tube1 :i* is !n drawn ?r\gh a succession ( holes1 until ! outside diamet] is r$uc$ to ! requir$ size4 ,! metal ( :i* ! tube is =m$ is cond5s$ betwe5 ^! holes & ! /eel cyl9d] )92 & :5 ! latt] is )drawn ! int]nal surface appe>s poli%$4 ,! brass tube is consid]ably ext5d$ by ?is process1 sometimes ev5 to d\ble its fir/ l5g?4 #adc4 ,lead5 pipes4 ,lead5 pipes = ! conveyance ( wat] 7 =m]ly made by ca/+2 b x has be5 f\nd t !y c be made bo? *eap] & bett] by draw+ !m ?r\gh holes 9 ! mann] la/ describ$4 ,a cyl9d] ( lead1 ( five or six in*es 9 diamet] & ab\t two feet long1 is ca/ ) a small hole ?r\gh its axis1 & an iron triblet ( ab\t fifte5 feet 9 l5g? is =c$ into ! hole4 ,x is !n drawn ?r\gh a s]ies ( holes1 until ! lead is ext5d$ ^u ! triblet f "o end to ! o!r1 & is ( ! prop] ?ickness 9 proportion to ! size ( ! pipe4 #add4 ,iron roll+4 ,:5 cyl9d]s ( iron ( great] ?ickness ?an wire are requir$1 !y are =m$ by pass+ wr\ght iron betwe5 roll]s1 ea* ( :i* has sunk 9 x a semi-cyl9drical groove2 & z su* roll]s r>ely t\* accurately1 a longitud9al l9e w usually be obs]v$ 9 ! cyl9d]s s manufactur$4 ,b> iron is ?us %ap$ into all ! v>i\s =ms ( r\nd1 squ>e1 half-r\nd1 oval1 etc4 9 :i* x occurs 9 comm]ce4 ,a p>ticul> species ( m\ld+ is ?us made1 :i* resembles1 9 its section1 t "p ( ! frame ( a w9d[ :i* sep>ates two adjac5t panes ( glass4 ,be+ mu* /rong] ?an wood1 x c be consid]ably r$uc$ 9 ?ickness1 & consequ5tly (f]s less ob/ruction to ! light2 x is mu* us$ = skylights4 #ade4 ,x is sometimes requir$ t ! iron ?us produc$ %\ld n be ( uni=m ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,?is is ! case 9 b>s = railroads1 :]e great] dep? is requir$ t[>ds ! middle ( ! rail :i* is at ! greate/ di/ance f ! supports4 ,?is =m is produc$ by cutt+ ! groove 9 ! roll]s deep] at ^? p>ts :]e additional /r5g? is requir$1 s t ! holl[ :i* surr\nds ! roll] w\ld1 if x c\ld be unw\nd1 be a m\ld ( ! %ape ! iron is int5d$ to fit4 #adf4 ,v]micelli4 ,! v>i\s =ms into :i* ?is pa/e is made are giv5 by =c+ x ?r\gh holes 9 t9 plate4 ,x passes ?r\gh !m1 & appe>s on ! o!r side 9 long /r+s4 ,! cook makes use ( ! same me?od 9 prep>+ butt] & ornam5tal pa/ry = ! table1 & ! confection] 9 =m+ cyl9drical loz5ges ( v>i\s composition4 ,( copy+ ) alt]$ dim5sions #adg4 ,( ! p5tagraph4 ,?is mode ( copy+ is *iefly us$ = draw+s or maps3 ! in/rum5t is simple2 &1 al?\gh usually employ$ 9 r$uc+1 is capable ( enl>g+ ! size ( ! copy4 ,an automaton figure1 exhibit$ 9 ,london a %ort "t s9ce1 :i* drew pr(iles ( its visitors1 0 regulat$ by a me*anism on ?is pr9ciple4 ,a small ap]ture 9 ! wall1 opposite ! seat 9 :i* ! p]son is plac$ ^: pr(ile is tak51 conceals a cam]a lucida1 :i* is plac$ 9 an adjo9+ ap>tm5t3 & an assi/ant1 by mov+ a po9t1 connect$ by a p5tagraph ) ! h& ( ! automaton1 ov] ! outl9e ( ! head1 causes ! figure to trace a correspond+ pr(ile4 #adh4 ,by turn+4 ,! art ( turn+ might p]haps itself be class$ among/ ! arts ( copy+4 ,a /eel axis1 call$ a m&ril1 hav+ a pulley atta*$ to ! middle ( x1 is support$ at "o end ei!r by a conical po9t1 or by a cyl9drical coll>1 & at ! o!r end by ano!r coll>1 ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,! extremity :i* projects beyond ?is la/ coll> is =m$ into a screw1 by :i* v>i\s in/rum5ts1 call$ *ucks1 c be atta*$ to x4 ,^! *ucks are int5d$ to hold ! v>i\s mat]ials to be submitt$ to ! op]ation ( turn+1 & h a great v>iety ( =ms4 ,! m&ril ) ! *uck is made to revolve by a /rap :i* passes ov] ! pulley t is atta*$ to x1 & likewise ov] a l>g] :eel mov$ ei!r by ! foot1 or by its connection ) /eam or wat] p[]4 ,all "w :i* is execut$ on a m&ril p>takes 9 "s measure ( ! irregul>ities 9 ! =m ( t m&ril2 & ! p]fect circul>ity ( section :i* ought to exi/ 9 e "p ( ! "w1 c only be ensur$ by an equal accuracy 9 ! m&ril & its coll>4 #adi4 ,rose eng9e turn+4 ,?is elegant art dep5ds 9 a great measure on copy+4 ,circul> plates ( metal call$ rosettes1 hav+ v>i\s ind5tations on ! surfaces & edges1 are fix$ on ! m&ril1 :i* admits ( a movem5t ei!r end-wise or lat]ally3 a fix$ ob/acle call$ ! 't\*'1 aga9/ :i* ! rosettes are press$ by a spr+1 obliges ! m&ril to foll[ _! ind5tations1 & ?us causes ! cutt+ tool to trace out ! same patt]n on ! "w4 ,! di/ance ( ! cutt+ tool f ! c5tre be+ usually less ?an ! radius ( ! rosette1 causes ! copy to be mu* dim9i%$4 #aej4 ,copy+ dies4 ,a la! has be5 long kn[n 9 ,france1 & rec5tly be5 us$ at ! ,engli% m9t = copy+ dies4 ,a blunt po9t is c>ri$ by a v sl[ spiral movem5t successively ov] e "p ( ! die to be copi$1 & is press$ by a weight into all ! cavities2 :ile a cutt+ po9t connect$ ) x by ! ma*9e trav]ses ! face ( a piece ( s(t /eel1 9 :i* x cuts ! device ( ! orig9al die on ! same or on a dim9i%$ scale4 ,! degree ( excell5ce ( ! copy increases 9 proportion z x is small] ?an ! orig9al4 ,! die ( a cr[n-piece w furni% by copy a v tol]able die = a sixp5ce4 ,b ! *ief use to be expect$ f ?is la! is to prep>e all ! co>s] p>ts1 & leave only ! f9] & m expressive l9es = ! skill & g5ius ( ! arti/4 #aea4 ,%oe-la/ mak+ eng9e4 ,an in/rum5t n v unlike 9 pr9ciple 0 propos$ = ! purpose ( mak+ %oe la/s4 ,a patt]n la/ ( a %oe = ! "r foot 0 plac$ 9 "o "p ( ! app>atus1 & :5 ! ma*9e 0 mov$1 two pieces ( wood1 plac$ 9 ano!r "p :i* _h be5 previ\sly adju/$ by screws1 7 cut into la/s great] or less ?an ! orig9al1 z 0 desir$2 & al?\gh ! patt]n 0 = ! "r foot1 "o ( ! la/s 0 = ! left1 an effect :i* 0 produc$ by m]ely int]pos+ a :eel :i* rev]s$ ! motion betwe5 ! two pieces ( wood to be cut into la/s4 #aeb4 ,eng9e = copy+ bu/s4 ,_m ye>s s9ce1 ! late ,mr ,watt amus$ himself ) con/ruct+ an eng9e to produce copies ( bu/s or /atues1 ei!r ( ! same size z ! orig9al1 or 9 a dim9i%$ proportion4 ,! sub/ances on :i* he op]at$ 7 v>i\s1 & "s ( ! results 7 %ewn to 8 fri5ds1 b ! me*anism by :i* !y 7 made has nev] be5 describ$4 ,m rec5tly1 ,mr ,hawk9s1 :o1 ne>ly at ! same "t1 _h also contriv$ a simil> ma*9e1 has plac$ x 9 ! h&s ( an arti/1 :o has made copies 9 ivory f a v>iety ( bu/s4 ,! art ( multiply+ 9 diff]5t sizes ! figures ( ! sculptor1 aid$ by t ( r5d]+ _! acquisition *eap ?r\gh ! art ( ca/+1 promises to give additional value to 8 productions1 & to diffuse m widely ! pleasure aris+ f _! possession4 #aec4 ,screw cutt+4 ,:5 ?is op]ation is p]=m$ 9 ! la! by means ( a screw ^u ! m&ril1 x is ess5tially an art ( copy+1 b x is only ! numb] ( ?reads 9 a giv5 l5g? :i* is copi$2 ! =m ( ! ?read1 & l5g? z well z ! diamet] ( ! screw to be cut1 are entirely indep5d5t ( ^? f :i* ! copy is made4 ,!re is ano!r me?od ( cutt+ screws 9 a la! by means ( "o patt]n screw1 :i*1 be+ connect$ by :eels ) ! m&ril1 guides ! cutt+ po9t4 ,9 ?is process1 unless ! "t ( revolution ( ! m&ril is ! same z t ( ! screw :i* guides ! cutt+ po9t1 ! numb] ( ?reads 9 a giv5 l5g? w be diff]5t4 ,if ! m&ril move quick] ?an ! cutt+ po9t1 ! screw :i* is produc$ w be f9] ?an ! orig9al2 if x move sl[]1 ! copy w be m co>se ?an ! orig9al4 ,! screw ?us g5]at$ may be f9] or co>s]-- x may be l>g] or small] 9 diamet]--x may h ! same or a great] numb] ( ?reads ?an t f :i* x is copi$2 yet all ! defects :i* exi/ 9 ! orig9al w be accurately transmitt$1 "u ! modifi$ circum/ances1 to e individual g5]at$ f x4 #aed4 ,pr9t+ f copp] plates ) alt]$ dim5sions4 ,"s v s+ul> specim5s ( an art ( copy+1 n yet made public1 7 br\ght f ,p>is a few ye>s s9ce4 ,a wat*mak] 9 t city1 ( ! "n ( ,gonord1 _h contriv$ a me?od by :i* he c\ld take f ! same copp]plate impressions ( diff]5t sizes1 ei!r l>g] or small] ?an ! orig9al design4 ,hav+ procur$ f\r impressions ( a p>rot1 surr\nd$ by a circle1 execut$ 9 ?is mann]1 ,i %ew$ !m to ! late ,mr ,l[ry1 an engrav] equally di/+ui%$ = 8 skill1 & = ! _m me*anical contrivances ) :i* he enri*$ 8 art4 ,! relative dim5sions ( ! sev]al impressions 7 #e4e1 #f4c1 #h4d1 #ae4j1 s t ! l>ge/ 0 ne>ly ?ree times ! l9e> size ( ! smalle/2 & ,mr ,l[ry assur$ me1 t he 0 unable to detect any l9es 9 "o :i* _h n correspond+ l9es 9 ! o!rs4 ,!re appe>$ to be a diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( ink1 b none 9 ! traces ( ! engrav+2 &1 f ! g5]al appe>ance1 x 0 conjectur$ t ! l>ge/ b "o 0 ! orig9al impression f ! copp]plate4 ,! means by :i* ?is s+ul> op]ation 0 execut$ h n be5 publi%$2 b two conjectures 7 =m$ at ! "t :i* m]it notice4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ! arti/ 0 9 possession ( "s me?od ( transf]r+ ! ink f ! l9es ( a copp]plate to ! surface ( "s fluid1 & ( retransf]r+ ! impression f ! fluid to pap]4 ,if ?is c\ld be accompli%$1 ! pr9t w\ld1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be ( exactly ! same size z ! copp] f :i* x 0 d]iv$2 b if ! fluid 7 conta9$ 9 a vessel hav+ ! =m ( an inv]t$ cone1 ) a small ap]ture at ! bottom1 ! liquid might be l[]$ or rais$ 9 ! vessel by gradual ab/raction or addition ?r\gh ! apex ( ! cone2 9 ?is case1 ! surface to :i* ! pr9t+-ink adh]$ w\ld dim9i% or enl>ge1 & 9 ?is alt]$ /ate ! impression might be retransf]r$ to pap]4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 t ?is conjectural explanation is liable to v consid]able difficulties2 =1 al?\gh ! conv]se op]ation ( tak+ an impression f a liquid surface has a p>allel 9 ! art ( m>bl+ pap]1 ! possibility ( transf]r+ ! ink f ! copp] to ! fluid requires to be prov$4 ,ano!r & m plausible explanation is f\nd$ on ! ela/ic nature ( ! comp\nd ( glue & treacle1 a sub/ance already 9 use 9 transf]r+ engrav+s to e>!nw>e4 ,x is conjectur$1 t an impression f ! copp]plate is tak5 ^u a l>ge %eet ( ?is composition2 t ?is %eet is !n /ret*$ 9 bo? directions1 & t ! ink ?us exp&$ is transf]r$ to pap]4 ,if ! copy is requir$ to be small] ?an ! orig9al1 ! ela/ic sub/ance mu/ fir/ be /ret*$1 & !n receive ! impression f ! copp]plate3 on remov+ ! t5sion x w contract1 & ?us r$uce ! size ( ! design4 ,x is possible t "o transf] may n 9 all cases suffice2 z ! ext5sibility ( ! composition ( glue & treacle1 al?\gh consid]able1 is /ill limit$4 ,p]haps %eets ( ,india rubb] ( uni=m texture & ?ickness1 may be f\nd to answ] bett] ?an ?is composition2 or possibly ! ink might be transf]r$ f ! copp] plate to ! surface ( a bottle ( ?is gum1 :i* bottle might1 aft] be+ exp&$ by =c+ air into x1 give up ! enl>g$ impression to pap]4 ,z x w\ld require consid]able "t to produce impressions 9 ?is mann]1 & !re might arise "s difficulty 9 mak+ !m all ( precisely ! same size1 ! process might be r5d]$ m c]ta9 & exp$iti\s by p]=m+ t "p ( ! op]ation :i* dep5ds on ! enl>gem5t or dim9ution ( ! design only once2 &1 in/ead ( pr9t+ f ! s(t sub/ance4 transf]r+ ! design f x to /one3 ?us a consid]able portion ( ! "w w\ld be r$uc$ to an art already well kn[n1 t ( li?ography4 ,?is idea receives "s confirmation f ! fact1 t 9 ano!r set ( specim5s1 consi/+ ( a map ( ,/ ,pet]sburgh1 ( sev]al sizes1 a v %ort l9e1 evid5tly an accid5tal defect1 occurs 9 all ! impressions ( "o p>ticul> size1 b n 9 any ( a diff]5t size4 #aee4 ,ma*9e to produce engrav+ f m$als4 ,an in/rum5t 0 contriv$1 a long "t ago1 & is describ$ 9 ! ,manuel de ,t\rneur1 by :i* copp]plate engrav+s are produc$ f m$als & o!r objects 9 relief4 ,! m$al & ! copp] are fix$ on two slid+ plates at "r angles to ea* o!r1 s connect$ t1 :5 ! plate on :i* ! m$al is fix$ is rais$ v]tically by a screw1 ! slide hold+ ! copp]plate is advanc$ by an equal quantity 9 ! horizontal direction4 ,! m$al is fix$ on ! v]tical slide ) its face t[>ds ! copp]plate1 & a little above x4 ,a b>1 t]m9at+ at "o end 9 a trac+ po9t1 & at ! o!r 9 a %ort arm1 at "r angles to ! b>1 & hold+ a diamond po9t1 is plac$ horizontally above ! copp]2 s t ! trac+ po9t %all t\* ! m$al to :i* ! b> is p]p5dicul>1 & ! diamond po9t %all t\* ! copp]plate to :i* ! arm is p]p5dicul>4 ,"u ?is arrangem5t1 ! b> be+ suppos$ to move p>allel to itself1 & consequ5tly to ! copp]1 if ! trac+ po9t pass ov] a flat "p ( ! m$al1 ! diamond po9t w draw a /raight l9e ( equal l5g? ^u ! copp]2 b1 if ! trac+ po9t pass ov] any project+ "p ( ! m$al1 ! deviation f ! /raight l9e by ! diamond po9t1 w be exactly equal to ! elevation ( ! correspond+ po9t ( ! m$al above ! re/ ( ! surface4 ,?us1 by ! transit ( ?is trac+ po9t ov] any l9e ^u ! m$al1 ! diamond w draw ^u ! copp] a section ( ! m$al ?r\gh t l9e4 ,a screw is atta*$ to ! app>atus1 s t if ! m$al be rais$ a v small quantity by ! screw1 ! copp]plate w be advanc$ by ! same quantity1 & ?us a new l9e ( section may be drawn3 &1 by cont9u+ ?is process1 ! s]ies ( sectional l9es on ! copp] produces ! repres5tation ( ! m$al on a plane3 ! outl9e & ! =m ( ! figure aris+ f ! s9uosities ( ! l9es1 & f _! great] or less proximity4 ,! effect ( ?is k9d ( engrav+ is v /rik+2 & 9 "s specim5s gives a high degree ( app>5t relief4 ,x has be5 practis$ on plate glass1 & is !n additionally curi\s f ! circum/ance ( ! f9e l9es trac$ by ! diamond be+ invisible1 except 9 c]ta9 lights4 ,f ?is description1 x w h be5 se5 t ! engrav+ on copp] mu/ be di/ort$2 t is to say1 t ! projection on ! copp] _c be ! same z t :i* arises f a p]p5dicul> projection ( ea* po9t ( ! m$al ^u a plane p>allel to itself4 ,! position ( ! prom95t p>ts w be m alt]$ ?an t ( ! less elevat$2 & ! great] ! relief ( ! m$al ! m di/ort$ w be its engrav$ repres5tation4 ,mr ,john ,bate1 son ( ,mr ,bate1 ( ! ,p\ltry1 has contriv$ an improv$ ma*9e1 = :i* he has tak5 a pat5t1 9 :i* ?is s\rce ( di/ortion is rem$i$4 ,! head1 9 ! title page ( ! pres5t volume1 is copi$ f a m$al ( ,rog] ,bacon1 :i* =ms "o ( a s]ies ( m$als ( em95t m51 /ruck at ! ,royal ,m9t at ,muni*1 & is ! fir/ ( ! publi%$ productions ( ?is new art47#c997 ,! inconv5i5ce :i* arises f too high a relief 9 ! m$al1 or 9 ! bu/1 might be rem$i$ by "s me*anical contrivance1 by :i* ! deviation ( ! diamond po9t f ! "r l9e 7:i* x w\ld describe :5 ! trac+ po9t trav]ses a plane71 w\ld be made proportional n to ! elevation ( ! correspond+ po9t above ! plane ( ! m$al1 b to its elevation above "s o!r p>allel plane remov$ to a fit di/ance beh9d x4 ,?us bu/s & /atues might be r$uc$ to any requir$ degree ( relief4 #aef4 ,! ma*9e j describ$ naturally sugge/s o!r views :i* seem to des]ve "s consid]ation1 &1 p]haps1 "s exp]im5t4 ,if a m$al 7 plac$ "u ! trac+ po9t ( a p5tagraph1 an engrav+ tool sub/itut$ = ! p5cil1 & a copp]plate 9 ! place ( ! pap]2 & if1 by "s me*anism1 ! trac+ po9t1 :i* slides 9 a v]tical plane1 c\ld1 z x is c>ri$ ov] ! diff]5t elevations ( ! m$al1 increase or dim9i% ! dep? ( ! engrav$ l9e proportionally to ! actual height ( ! correspond+ po9t on ! m$al1 !n an engrav+ w\ld be produc$1 free at lea/ f any di/ortion1 al?\gh x might be liable to objections ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,if1 by any simil> contrivance1 in/ead ( l9es1 we c\ld make on ea* po9t ( ! copp] a dot1 v>y+ 9 size or dep? ) ! altitude ( ! correspond+ po9t ( ! m$al above its plane1 ?an a new species ( engrav+ w\ld be produc$3 & ! v>iety ( ^! might aga9 be increas$1 by caus+ ! grav+ po9t to describe v small circles1 ( diamet]s1 v>y+ ) ! height ( ! po9t on ! m$al above a giv5 plane2 or by mak+ ! grav+ tool consi/ ( ?ree equidi/ant po9ts1 ^: di/ance increas$ or dim9i%$ accord+ to "s det]m9ate law1 dep5d5t on ! elevation ( ! po9t repres5t$ above ! plane ( ! m$al4 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 be difficult to imag9e ! effects ( "s ( ^! k9ds ( engrav+2 b !y w\ld all possess1 9 common1 ! prop]ty ( be+ projections1 by p>allel l9es1 ( ! objects repres5t$1 & ! int5sity ( ! %ade ( ! ink w\ld ei!r v>y accord+ to "s function ( ! di/ance ( ! po9t repres5t$ f "s giv5 plane1 or x w\ld be a little modifi$ by ! di/ances f ! same plane ( a few ( ! imm$iately contigu\s po9ts4 #aeg4 ,! sy/em ( %ad+ maps by means ( l9es ( equal altitude above ! sea be>s "s analogy to ?is mode ( repres5t+ m$als1 & if appli$ to !m w\ld produce a diff]5t species ( engrav$ resemblance4 ,! projections on ! plane ( ! m$al1 ( ! section ( an imag9>y plane1 plac$ at successive di/ances above x1 ) ! m$al itself1 w\ld produce a lik5ess ( ! figure on ! m$al1 9 :i* all ! incl9$ p>ts ( x w\ld be d>k 9 proportion to _! incl9ation4 ,o!r species ( engrav+ might be conceiv$ by sub/itut+1 in/ead ( ! imag9>y plane1 an imag9>y sph]e or o!r solid1 int]sect+ ! figure 9 ! m$al4 #aeh4 ,lace made by cat]pill>s4 ,a mo/ extraord9>y species ( manufacture1 :i* is 9 a slight degree connect$ ) copy+1 has be5 contriv$ by an (fic] ( eng9e]s resid+ at ,muni*4 ,x consi/s ( lace1 & veils1 ) op5 patt]ns 9 !m1 made entirely by cat]pill>s4 ,! foll[+ is ! mode ( proce$+ adopt$3 he makes a pa/e ( ! leaves ( ! plant1 :i* is ! usual food ( ! species ( cat]pill>7#d997 he employs1 & spreads x ?9ly ov] a /one1 or o!r flat sub/ance4 ,he !n1 ) a camel-hair p5cil dipp$ 9 olive oil1 draws ^u ! coat+ ( pa/e ! patt]n he wi%es ! insects to leave op54 ,?is /one is !n plac$ 9 an incl9$ position1 & a numb] ( ! cat]pill>s are plac$ at ! bottom4 ,a peculi> species is *os51 :i* sp9s a /rong web2 & ! animals comm5c+ at ! bottom1 eat & sp9 _! way up to ! top1 c>efully avoid+ e "p t\*$ by ! oil1 b dev\r+ all ! re/ ( ! pa/e4 ,! extreme lightness ( ^! veils1 comb9$ ) "s /r5g?1 is truly surpris+4 ,"o ( !m1 measur+ tw5ty-six & a half in*es by sev5te5 in*es1 weigh$ only #a4ea gra9s2 a degree ( lightness :i* w appe> m /rongly by contra/ ) o!r fabrics4 ,"o squ>e y>d ( ! sub/ance ( :i* ^! veils are made weighs #d #a_/c gra9s1 :il/ "o squ>e y>d ( silk gauze weighs #acg gra9s1 & "o squ>e y>d ( ! f9e/ pat5t net weighs #bfb #a_/b gra9s4 ,! ladies' col\r$ musl9 dresses1 m5tion$ 9 ! table subjo9$1 co/ t5 %ill+s p] dress1 & ea* weigh six ounces2 ! cotton f :i* !y are made weigh+ ne>ly six & two-n9? ounces avoirdupois weight4 ,weight ( "o squ>e y>d ( ea* ( ! foll[+ articles7#e997 ,weight ( ,weight cotton us$ ,value f9i%$ ( 9 wak+ p] y>d "o squ>e "o squ>e ,description ( goods measure y>d y>d s4 d4 ,troy gra9s ,troy gra9s ,cat]pill> veils -- #d #a_/c -- ,silk gauze #c-d wide #a #j #acg -- ,f9e/ pat5t net -- #bfb #a_/b -- ,f9e cambric musl9 -- #eea -- #f-d?s jaconet musl9 #b #j #fac #fgj ,ladies' col\r$ musl9 dresses #c #j #ghh #hge #f-d?s cambric #a #b #igb #ajfi #i-h?s calico #j #i #ihh #ajhe #a_/b-y>d nanke5 #j #h #bbdj #bdcb #aei4 ,?is enum]ation1 :i* is f> f complete1 ( ! arts 9 :i* copy+ is ! f\ndation1 may be t]m9at$ ) an example :i* has long be5 "u ! eye ( ! read]2 al?\gh few1 p]haps1 are aw>e ( ! numb] ( repeat$ copy+s ( :i* ^! v pages are ! subject4 #a4 ,!y are copies1 by pr9t+1 f /]eotype plates4 #b4 ,^! /]eotype plates are copi$1 by ! art ( ca/+1 f m\lds =m$ ( pla/] ( ,p>is4 #c4 ,^! m\lds are !mselves copi$ by ca/+ ! pla/] 9 a liquid /ate ^u ! moveable types set up by ! compositor4 ,x is "h t ! union ( ! intellectual & ! me*anical dep>tm5ts takes place4 ,! my/]ies1 h[ev]1 ( an au?or's copy+1 =m no "p ( our enquiry1 al?\gh x may be fairly rem>k$1 t1 9 num]\s in/ances1 ! m5tal f> eclipses ! me*anical copyi/4 #d4 ,^! moveable types1 ! ob$i5t mess5g]s ( ! mo/ opposite ?\ghts1 ! mo/ conflict+ !ories1 are !mselves copies by ca/+ f m\lds ( copp] call$ matrices4 #e4 ,! l[] "p ( ^? matrices1 be>+ ! impressions ( ! lett]s or *>act]s1 are copies1 by pun*+1 f /eel pun*es on :i* ! same *>act]s exi/ 9 relief4 #f4 ,^! /eel pun*es are n !mselves entirely exempt$ f ! great pr9ciple ( art4 ,_m ( ! cavities :i* exi/ 9 !m1 su* z ^? 9 ! middle ( ! pun*es = ! lett]s a1 b1 d1 e1 g1 etc41 are produc$ f o!r /eel pun*es 9 :i* ^! p>ts are 9 relief4 ,we h ?us trac$ ?r\gh six successive /ages ( copy+ ! me*anical art ( pr9t+ f /]eotype plates3 ! pr9ciple ( copy+ contribut+ 9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( manufacture1 to ! uni=mity & ! *eapness ( ! "w produc$4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,! late ,mr ,l[ry4 #b4 ,i posses a li?ographic repr9t ( a page ( a table1 :i* appe>s1 f ! f ( ! type1 to h be5 sev]al ye>s old4 #c4 ,! con/ruction ( ! engrav+ becomes evid5t on exam9+ x ) a l5s ( suffici5t p[] to %[ ! cont9uity ( ! l9es4 #d4 ,! ,phala5a p>dilla1 :i* fe$s on ! ,prunus padus4 #e4 ,"s ( ^! weights & measures are calculat$ f a /atem5t 9 ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ,pr9t$ ,cotton ,goods2 & ! wid?s ( ! pieces !re giv5 are presum$ to be ! real wid?s1 n ^? by :i* !y are call$ 9 ! retail %ops4 ,*apt] #ab ,on ! ,me?od ( ,obs]v+ ,manufactories #afj4 ,hav+ n[ review$ ! me*anical pr9ciples :i* regulate ! successful application ( me*anical sci5ce to great e/abli%m5ts = ! production ( manufactur$ goods1 x rema9s = u to sugge/ a few enquiries1 & to (f] a few obs]vations1 to ^? :om an enlight5$ curiosity may lead to exam9e ! factories ( ?is or ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! rem>k--t x is important to commit to writ+ all in=mation z soon z possible aft] x is receiv$1 especially :5 numb]s are conc]n$--applies to almo/ all enquiries4 ,x is frequ5tly impossible to d ?is at ! "t ( visit+ an e/abli%m5t1 al?\gh n ! slighte/ jeal\sy may exi/2 ! m]e act ( writ+ in=mation z x is communicat$ orally1 is a great int]ruption to ! exam9ation ( ma*9]y4 ,9 su* cases1 !re=e1 x is advisable to h prep>$ be=eh& ! que/ions to be ask$1 & to leave blanks = ! answ]s1 :i* may be quickly ins]t$1 z1 9 a multitude ( cases1 !y are m]ely numb]s4 ,^? :o h n tri$ ?is plan w be surpris$ at ! quantity ( in=mation :i* may1 ?r\gh its means1 be acquir$1 ev5 by a %ort exam9ation4 ,ea* manufacture requires its own li/ ( que/ions1 :i* w be bett] drawn up aft] ! fir/ visit4 ,! foll[+ outl9e1 :i* is v g5]ally applicable1 may suffice = an illu/ration2 & to save "t1 x may be conv5i5t to h x pr9t$2 & to b9d up1 9 ! =m ( a pocket-book1 a hundr$ copies ( ! skeleton =ms = processes1 ) ab\t tw5ty ( ! g5]al enquiries4 ,,g5]al ,,enquiries ,outl9es ( a description ( any ( ! me*anical arts ought to conta9 in=mation on ! foll[+ po9ts ,brief sket* ( its hi/ory1 p>ticul>ly ! date ( its inv5tion1 & ( its introduction into ,engl&4 ,%ort ref]5ce to ! previ\s /ates ?r\gh :i* ! mat]ial employ$ has pass$3 ! places :5ce x is procur$3 ! price ( a giv5 quantity4 ,! v>i\s processes mu/ n[ be describ$ successively accord+ to ! plan :i* w be giv5 9 7#afa72 aft] :i* ! foll[+ in=mation %\ld be giv54 ,are v>i\s k9ds ( ! same article made 9 "o e/abli%m5t1 or at diff]5t ones1 & are !re diff]5ces 9 ! processes8 ,to :at defects are ! goods liable8 ,:at sub/itutes or adult]ations are us$8 ,:at wa/e is all[$ by ! ma/]8 ,:at te/s are !re ( ! goodness ( ! manufactur$ articles8 ,! weight ( a giv5 quantity1 or numb]1 & a comp>ison ) t ( ! raw mat]ial8 ,! :olesale price at ! manufactory8 7,l s4 d47 p] 7 7 ,! usual retail price8 7,l s4 d47 ,:o provide tools8 ,ma/]1 or m58 ,:o repair tools8 ,ma/]1 or m58 ,:at is ! exp5se ( ! ma*9]y8 ,:at is ! annual we> & te>1 & :at its duration8 ,is !re any p>ticul> trade = mak+ x8 ,:]e8 ,is x made & repair$ at ! manufactory8 ,9 any manufactory visit$1 /ate ! numb] 7 7 ( processes2 & ( ! p]sons employ$ 9 ea* process2 & ! quantity ( manufactur$ produce4 ,:at quantity is made annually 9 ,great ,brita98 ,is ! capital inve/$ 9 manufactories l>ge or small8 ,m5tion ! pr9cipal seats ( ?is manufacture 9 ,engl&2 & if x fl\ri%es abroad1 ! places :]e x is e/abli%$4 ,! duty1 excise4 or b\nty1 if any1 %\ld be /at$1 & any alt]ations 9 pa/ ye>s2 & also ! am\nt export$ or import$ = a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,:e!r ! same article1 b ( sup]ior1 equal1 or inf]ior make1 is import$8 ,does ! manufactur] export1 or sell1 to a middleman1 :o supplies ! m]*ant8 ,to :at c\ntries is x *iefly s5t8 & 9 :at goods are ! returns made8 #afa4 ,ea* process requires a sep>ate skeleton1 & ! foll[+ outl9e w be suffici5t = _m diff]5t manufactories3 ,process 7 7 ,manufacture 7 7 ,place 7 7 ,"n 7 7 date #ahc ,! mode ( execut+ x1 ) sket*es ( ! tools or ma*9e if necess>y4 ,! numb] ( p]sons necess>y to att5d ! ma*9e4 ,are ! op]atives1 m5 7 7 wom51 7 7 or *ildr58 7 7 ,if mix$1 :at are ! proportions8 ,:at is ! pay ( ea*8 7s4 d47 7s4 d4 7 7s4 d47 p] 7 7 ,:at numb] 7 7 ( h\rs d !y "w p] day8 ,is x usual1 or necess>y1 to "w night & day )\t /opp+8 ,is ! lab\r p]=m$ by piece--or by day-"w8 ,:o provide tools8 ,ma/]1 or m58 ,:o repair tools8 ,ma/]1 or m58 ,:at degree ( skill is requir$1 & h[ _m ye>s' 7 7 appr5tice%ip8 ,! numb] ( times 7 7 ! op]ation is repeat$ p] day or p] h\r8 ,! numb] ( failures 7 7 9 a ?\s&8 ,:e!r ! workm5 or ! ma/] loses by ! brok5 or damag$ articles8 ,:at is done ) !m8 ,if ! same process is repeat$ sev]al times1 /ate ! dim9ution or increase ( measure1 & ! loss1 if any1 at ea* repetition4 #afb4 ,9 ?is skeleton1 ! answ]s to ! que/ions are 9 "s cases pr9t$1 z ,:o repair ! tools8--,ma/]s1 ,m52 9 ord] t ! prop] answ] may be und]l9$ ) a p5cil4 ,9 fill+ up ! answ]s :i* require numb]s1 "s c>e %\ld be tak53 = in/ance1 if ! obs]v] /&s ) 8 wat* 9 8 h& be=e a p]son head+ a p91 ! workman w almo/ c]ta9ly increase 8 spe$1 & ! e/imate w be too l>ge4 ,a mu* bett] av]age w result f enquir+ :at quantity is consid]$ a fair day's "w4 ,:5 ?is _c be asc]ta9$1 ! numb] ( op]ations p]=m$ 9 a giv5 "t may frequ5tly be c\nt$ :5 ! workman is q unconsci\s t any p]son is obs]v+ him4 ,?us ! s\nd made by ! motion ( a loom may enable ! obs]v] to c\nt ! numb] ( /rokes p] m9ute1 ev5 ?\gh he is outside ! build+ 9 :i* x is conta9$4 ,m4 ,c\lomb1 :o _h great exp]i5ce 9 mak+ su* obs]vations1 cautions ^? :o may repeat 8 exp]im5ts aga9/ be+ deceiv$ by su* circum/ances3 ',je prie' 7says he7 'ceux qui v\dront les repet]1 s'ils n'ont pas le temps de mesur] les resultats apres plusi]s j\rs d'un travail cont9u1 d'obs]v] les ouvri]s a diff]5tes reprises dans la j\rnee1 sans qu'ils sa*5t qu'ils sont obs]ves4 ,l'on ne peut trop av]tir combi5 l'on risque de se tromp] en calculant1 soit la vitesse1 soit le temps effectif du travail1 d'apres une obs]vation de quelques m9utes4' ,memoires de l',in/itut4 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdg4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 t 9 a s]ies ( answ]s to su* que/ions1 !re are "s :i*1 al?\gh giv5 directly1 may also be d$uc$ by a %ort calculation f o!rs t are giv5 or kn[n2 & advantage %\ld always be tak5 ( ^! v]ifications1 9 ord] to confirm ! accuracy ( ! /atem5ts2 or1 9 case !y are discordant1 to correct ! app>5t anomalies4 ,9 putt+ li/s ( que/ions into ! h&s ( a p]son und]tak+ to give in=mation ^u any subject1 x is 9 "s cases desirable to h an e/imate ( ! s\ndness ( 8 judgem5t4 ,! que/ions c frequ5tly be s %ap$1 t "s ( !m may indirectly dep5d on o!rs2 & "o or two may be ins]t$ ^: answ]s c be obta9$ by o!r me?ods3 nor is ?is process )\t its advantages 9 enabl+ u to det]m9e ! value ( our own judgem5t4 ,! habit ( =m+ an e/imate ( ! magnitude ( any object or ! frequ5cy ( any occurr5ce1 imm$iately previ\s to our apply+ to x measure or numb]1 t5ds mat]ially to fix ! att5tion & to improve ! judgem5t4 ,section ,,ii ,on ! dome/ic & political economy ( manufactures ,*apt] #ac ,di/9ction ,betwe5 ,mak+ & ,manufactur+ #afc4 ,! economical pr9ciples :i* regulate ! application ( ma*9]y1 & :i* gov]n ! int]ior ( all our great factories1 are q z ess5tial to ! prosp]ity ( a great comm]cial c\ntry1 z are ^? me*anical pr9ciples1 ! op]ation ( :i* has be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,! fir/ object ( e p]son :o attempts to make any article ( consumption1 is1 or ought to be1 to produce x 9 a p]fect =m2 b 9 ord] to secure to himself ! greate/ & mo/ p]man5t pr(it1 he mu/ endeav\r1 by e means 9 8 p[]1 to r5d] ! new luxury or want :i* he has creat$1 *eap to ^? :o consume x4 ,! l>g] numb] ( pur*as]s ?us obta9$ w1 9 "s measure1 secure him f ! caprices ( fa%ion1 :il/ x furni%es a f> great] am\nt ( pr(it1 al?\gh ! contribution ( ea* individual is dim9i%$4 ,! importance ( collect+ data1 = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! manufactur] to asc]ta9 h[ _m additional cu/om]s he w acquire by a giv5 r$uction 9 ! price ( ! article he makes1 _c be too /rongly press$ ^u ! att5tion ( ^? :o employ !mselves 9 /ati/ical enquiries4 ,9 "s ranks ( society1 no dim9ution ( price c br+ =w>d a great additional numb] ( cu/om]s2 :il/1 among/ o!r classes1 a v small r$uction w s enl>ge ! sale1 z to yield a consid]able increase ( pr(it4 ,mat]ials calculat$ to assi/ 9 =m+ a table ( ! numb]s ( p]sons :o possess incomes ( diff]5t am\nt1 occur 9 ! #ad? ,report ( ! ,commission]s ( ,rev5ue ,inquiry1 :i* includes a /atem5t ( ! am\nt ( p]sonal prop]ty prov$ at ! legacy (fice dur+ "o ye>2 ! numb] ( ! v>i\s classes ( te/ators2 & an acc\nt ( ! numb] ( p]sons receiv+ divid5ds f fund$ prop]ty1 di/ribut$ into classes4 ,su* a table1 =m$ ev5 approximately1 & exhibit$ 9 ! =m ( a curve1 might be ( s]vice4 #afd4 ,a consid]able diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ! t]ms mak+ & manufactur+4 ,! =m] ref]s to ! production ( a small1 ! latt] to t ( a v l>ge numb] ( individuals2 & ! diff]5ce is well illu/rat$ 9 ! evid5ce1 giv5 be=e ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 on ! ,export ( ,tools & ,ma*9]y4 ,on t occasion ,mr ,maudslay /at$1 t he _h be5 appli$ to by ! ,navy ,bo>d to make iron tanks = %ips1 & t he 0 r unwill+ to d s1 z he consid]$ x to be out ( 8 l9e ( bus9ess2 h[ev]1 he und]took to make "o z a trial4 ,! holes = ! rivets 7 pun*$ by h&-pun*+ ) presses1 & ! #afhj holes :i* ea* tank requir$ co/ sev5 %ill+s4 ,! ,navy ,bo>d1 :o requir$ a l>ge numb]1 propos$ t he %\ld supply =ty tanks a week = _m mon?s4 ,! magnitude ( ! ord] made x wor? 8 :ile to comm5ce manufacture1 & to make tools = ! express bus9ess4 ,mr ,maudslay !re=e (f]$1 if ! ,bo>d w\ld give him an ord] = two ?\s& tanks1 to supply !m at ! rate ( eighty p] week4 ,! ord] 0 giv53 he made tools1 by :i* ! exp5se ( pun*+ ! rivet-holes ( ea* tank 0 r$uc$ f sev5 %ill+s to n9ep5ce2 he suppli$ n9ety-eight tanks a week = six mon?s1 & ! price *>g$ = ea* 0 r$uc$ f sev5te5 p\nds to fifte54 #afe4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! mak] ( an article wi% to become a manufactur]1 9 ! m ext5d$ s5se ( ! t]m1 he mu/ att5d to o!r pr9ciples besides ^? me*anical ones on :i* ! successful execution ( 8 "w dep5ds2 & he mu/ c>efully arrange ! :ole sy/em ( 8 factory 9 su* a mann]1 t ! article he sells to ! public may be produc$ at z small a co/ z possible4 ,%\ld he n be actuat$ at fir/ by motives s remote1 he w1 9 e highly civiliz$ c\ntry1 be compell$1 by ! p[]ful /imulus ( competition1 to att5d to ! pr9ciples ( ! dome/ic economy ( manufactures4 ,at e r$uction 9 price ( ! commodity he makes1 he w be driv5 to seek comp5sation 9 a sav+ ( exp5se 9 "s ( ! processes2 & 8 +5uity w be %>p5$ 9 ?is enquiry by ! hope ( be+ able 9 8 turn to und]sell 8 rivals4 ,! b5efit ( ! improvem5ts ?us eng5d]$ is1 = a %ort "t1 conf9$ to ^? f ^: +5uity !y d]ive _! orig92 b :5 a suffici5t exp]i5ce has prov$ _! value1 !y become g5]ally adopt$1 until 9 _! turn !y are sup]s$$ by o!r m economical me?ods4 ,*apt] #ad ,( ,money z a ,m$ium ( ,ex*ange #aff4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( societies ! int]*ange ( ! few commodities requir$ 0 conduct$ by b>t]1 b z soon z _! wants became m v>i$ & ext5sive1 ! necessity ( hav+ "s common measure ( ! value ( all commodities-- itself capable ( subdivision--became app>5t3 ?us money 0 introduc$4 ,9 "s c\ntries %ells h be5 employ$ = ?is purpose2 b civiliz$ nations h1 by common cons5t1 adopt$ ! preci\s metals47#a997 ,! sov]eign p[] has1 9 mo/ c\ntries1 assum$ ! "r ( co9+2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! "r ( /amp+ ) di/+ui%+ m>ks1 pieces ( metal hav+ c]ta9 =ms & weights & a c]ta9 degree ( f95ess3 ! m>ks becom+ a gu>antee1 to ! p among/ :om ! money circulates1 t ea* piece is ( ! requir$ weight & quality4 ,! exp5se ( manufactur+ gold into co91 & t ( ! loss aris+ f we>1 z well z ( int]e/ on ! capital inve/$ 9 x1 mu/ ei!r be defray$ by ! ,/ate1 or be comp5sat$ by a small r$uction 9 its weight1 & is a f> less co/ to ! nation ?an ! loss ( "t & inconv5i5ce :i* w\ld arise f a sy/em ( ex*ange or b>t]4 #afg4 ,^! co9s are liable to two inconv5i5ces3 !y may be manufactur$ privately by individuals1 ( ! same quality1 & simil>ly /amp$2 or imitations may be made ( inf]ior metal1 or ( dim9i%$ weight4 ,! fir/ ( ^! inconv5i5ces w\ld be easily rem$i$ by mak+ ! curr5t value ( ! co9 ne>ly equal to t ( ! same weight ( ! metal2 & ! second w\ld be obviat$ by ! caution ( individuals 9 exam9+ ! ext]nal *>act]s ( ea* co91 & p>tly by ! puni%m5t inflict$ by ! ,/ate on ! p]petrators ( su* frauds4 #afh4 ,! subdivisions ( money v>y 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & mu* "t may be lo/ by an inconv5i5t sy/em ( division4 ,! effect is felt 9 keep+ ext5sive acc\nts1 & p>ticul>ly 9 calculat+ ! int]e/ on loans1 or ! disc\nt ^u bills ( ex*ange4 ,! decimal sy/em is ! be/ adapt$ to facilitate all su* calculations2 & x becomes an int]e/+ "q to consid] :e!r our own curr5cy might n be conv]t$ into "o decimally divid$4 ,! great /ep1 t ( aboli%+ ! gu9ea1 has already be5 tak5 )\t any inconv5i5ce1 & b little is n[ requir$ to r5d] ! *ange complete4 #afi4 ,if1 :5ev] x becomes necess>y to call 9 ! half-cr[ns1 a new co9 ( ! value ( two %ill+s 7 issu$1 :i* %\ld be call$ by "s "n imply+ a unit 7a pr9ce1 = in/ance71 we %\ld h ! t5? "p ( a sov]eign4 ,a few ye>s aft]1 :5 ! public 7 famili> ) ?is co91 x might be divid$ into "o hundr$ in/ead ( n9ety-six f>?+s2 & x w\ld !n consi/ ( tw5ty-five p5ce1 ea* ( :i* w\ld be f\r p] c5t4 less 9 value ?an ! =m] p5ny4 ,! %ill+s & six-p5ces be+ !n )drawn f circulation1 _! place might be suppli$ ) silv] co9s ea* wor? five ( ! new p5ce1 & by o!rs ( t5-p5ce1 & ( twop5ce halfp5ny2 ! latt] co91 hav+ a di/9ct "n1 w\ld be ! t5? "p ( a pr9ce4 #agj4 ,! v>i\s manufactur$ commodities1 & ! v>i\s prop]ty possess$ by ! inhabitants ( a c\ntry1 all become measur$ by ! /&>d ?us introduc$4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! value ( gold is itself v>iable2 & t1 l all o!r commodities1 its price dep5ds on ! ext5t ( ! dem& comp>$ ) t ( ! supply4 #aga4 ,z transactions multiply1 & ! sums to be paid become l>ge1 ! actual transf] ( ! preci\s metals f "o individual to ano!r is att5d$ ) inconv5i5ce & difficulty1 & x is f\nd m conv5i5t to sub/itute writt5 promises to pay on dem& specifi$ quantities ( gold4 ,^! promises are call$ bank-notes2 & :5 ! p]son or body issu+ !m is kn[n to be able to fulfil ! pl$ge1 ! note w circulate = a long "t be=e x gets into ! h&s ( any p]son :o may wi% to make use ( ! gold x repres5ts4 ,^! pap] repres5tatives supply ! place ( a c]ta9 quantity ( gold2 &1 be+ mu* *eap]1 a l>ge portion ( ! exp5se ( a metallic circulation is sav$ by _! employm5t4 #agb4 ,z comm]cial transactions increase1 ! transf] ( bank-notes is1 to a consid]able ext5t1 sup]s$$ by %ort] processes4 ,banks are e/abli%$1 into :i* all monies are paid1 & out ( :i* all paym5ts are made1 ?r\gh writt5 ord]s call$ *ecks1 drawn by ^? :o keep acc\nts ) !m4 ,9 a l>ge capital1 ea* bank receives1 ?r\gh its num]\s cu/om]s1 *ecks payable by e o!r2 & if cl]ks 7 s5t r\nd to receive ! am\nt 9 banknotes due f ea*1 x w\ld occupy mu* "t1 & be att5d$ ) "s risk & inconv5i5ce4 #agc4 ,cle>+ h\se4 ,9 ,london ?is is avoid$1 by mak+ all *ecks paid 9 to bank]s pass ?r\gh :at is te*nically call$ ,! ,cle>+ ,h\se4 ,9 a l>ge room 9 ,lomb>d ,/reet1 ab\t ?irty cl]ks f ! sev]al ,london bank]s take _! /ations1 9 alphabetical ord]1 at desks plac$ r\nd ! room2 ea* hav+ a small op5 box by 8 side1 & ! "n ( ! firm to :i* he belongs 9 l>ge *>act]s on ! wall above 8 head4 ,f "t to "t o!r cl]ks f e h\se ent] ! room1 &1 pass+ along1 drop into ! box ! *ecks due by t firm to ! h\se f :i* ?is di/ributor is s5t4 ,! cl]k at ! table ent]s ! am\nt ( ! sev]al *ecks 9 a book previ\sly prep>$1 "u ! "n ( ! bank to :i* !y are respectively due4 ,f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon is ! late/ h\r to :i* ! boxes are op5 to receive *ecks2 & at a few m9utes be=e t "t1 "s signs ( increas$ activity beg9 to appe> 9 ?is previ\sly quiet & bus9ess-l sc5e4 ,num]\s cl]ks !n arrive1 anxi\s to di/ribute1 up to ! late/ possible mom5t1 ! *ecks :i* h be5 paid into ! h\ses ( _! employ]s4 ,at f\r o'clock all ! boxes are remov$1 & ea* cl]k adds up ! am\nt ( ! *ecks put into 8 box & payable by 8 own to o!r h\ses4 ,he also receives ano!r book f 8 own h\se1 conta9+ ! am\nts ( ! *ecks :i* _! di/ribut+ cl]k has put into ! box ( e o!r bank]4 ,hav+ comp>$ ^!1 he writes out ! balances due to or f 8 own h\se1 opposite ! "n ( ea* ( ! o!r banks2 & hav+ v]ifi$ ?is /atem5t by a comp>ison ) ! simil> li/ made by ! cl]ks ( ^? h\ses1 he s5ds to 8 own bank ! g5]al balance result+ f ?is %eet1 ! am\nt ( :i*1 if x is due f t to o!r h\ses1 is s5t back 9 bank-notes4 ,at five o'clock ! ,inspector takes 8 seat2 :5 ea* cl]k1 :o has ^u ! result ( all ! transactions a balance to pay to v>i\s o!r h\ses1 pays x to ! inspector1 :o gives a ticket = ! am\nt4 ,! cl]ks ( ^? h\ses to :om money is due1 !n receive ! sev]al sums f ! inspector1 :o takes f !m a ticket = ! am\nt4 ,?us ! :ole ( ^! paym5ts are made by a d\ble sy/em ( balance1 a v small am\nt ( bank-notes pass+ f h& to h&1 & sc>cely any co94 #agd4 ,x is difficult to =m a satisfactory e/imate ( ! sums :i* daily pass ?r\gh ?is op]ation3 !y fluctuate f two millions to p]haps fifte54 ,ab\t two millions & a half may possibly be consid]$ z some?+ l an av]age1 requir+ = its adju/m5t1 p]haps1 ,l#bjj1jjj 9 bank notes & ,l#bj 9 specie4 ,by an agreem5t betwe5 ! diff]5t bank]s1 all *ecks :i* h ! "n ( any firm writt5 across !m mu/ pass ?r\gh ! cle>+ h\se3 consequ5tly1 if any su* *eck %\ld be lo/1 ! firm on :i* x is drawn w\ld refuse to pay x at ! c\nt]2 a circum/ance :i* adds greatly to ! conv5i5ce ( comm]ce4 ,! advantage ( ?is sy/em is su*1 t two meet+s a day h be5 rec5tly e/abli%$--"o at twelve1 ! o!r at ?ree o'clock2 b ! paym5t ( balances takes place once only1 at five o'clock4 ,if all ! private banks kept acc\nts ) ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 x w\ld be possible to c>ry on ! :ole ( ^! transactions ) a /ill small] quantity ( circulat+ m$ium4 #age4 ,9 reflect+ on ! facility ) :i* ^! va/ transactions are accompli%$--suppos+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t !y =m only ! f\r? "p ( ! daily transactions ( ! :ole community--x is impossible n to be /ruck ) ! importance ( int]f]+ z little z possible ) _! natural adju/m5t4 ,ea* paym5t indicates a transf] ( prop]ty made = ! b5efit ( bo? p>ties2 & if x 7 possible1 :i* x is n1 to place1 by legal or o!r means1 "s imp$im5t 9 ! way :i* only am\nt$ to "o-eigh? p] c5t1 su* a species ( friction w\ld produce a useless exp5diture ( ne>ly f\r millions annually3 a circum/ance :i* is des]v+ ! att5tion ( ^? :o d\bt ! good policy ( ! exp5se incurr$ by us+ ! preci\s metals = "o portion ( ! curr5cy ( ! c\ntry4 #agf4 ,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s diff]5ces betwe5 a metallic & a pap] circulation is1 t ! co9 c nev]1 by any panic or national dang]1 be r$uc$ bel[ ! value ( bullion 9 o!r civiliz$ c\ntries2 :il/ a pap] curr5cy may1 f ! action ( su* causes1 totally lose its value4 ,bo? metallic & pap] money1 x is true1 may be depreciat$1 b ) v diff]5t effects4 #a4 ,depreciation ( co94 ,! /ate may issue co9 ( ! same nom9al value1 b conta9+ only half ! orig9al quantity ( gold1 mix$ ) "s *eap alloy2 b e piece s issu$ be>s ab\t ) x int]nal evid5ce ( ! am\nt ( ! depreciation3 x is n necess>y t e successive proprietor %\ld analyse ! new co92 b a few hav+ done s1 its intr9sic wor? becomes publicly kn[n4 ,( c\rse ! co9 previ\sly 9 circulation is n[ m valuable z bullion1 & quickly disappe>s4 ,all future pur*ases adju/ !mselves to ! new /&>d1 & prices are quickly d\bl$2 b all pa/ contracts also are vitiat$1 & all p]sons to :om money is ow+1 if compell$ to receive paym5t 9 ! new co91 are robb$ ( "o-half ( _! debt1 :i* is confiscat$ = ! b5efit ( ! debtor4 #b4 ,depreciation ( pap]4 ,! depreciation ( pap] money foll[s a diff]5t c\rse4 ,if1 by any act ( ! ,gov]nm5t pap] is orda9$ to be a legal t5d] = debts1 &1 at ! same "t1 ceases to be ex*angeable = co91 ^? :o h occasion to pur*ase ( =eign]s1 :o are n compell$ to take ! notes1 w make "s ( _! paym5ts 9 gold2 & if ! issue ( pap]1 un*eck$ by ! p[] ( dem&+ ! gold x repres5ts1 be cont9u$1 ! :ole ( ! co9 w soon disappe>4 ,b ! public1 :o are oblig$ to take ! notes1 are unable1 by any int]nal evid5ce1 to detect ! ext5t ( _! depreciation2 x v>ies ) ! am\nt 9 circulation1 & may g on till ! notes %all be wor? little m ?an ! pap] on :i* !y are pr9t$4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t e cr$itor is suff]+ to an ext5t :i* he _c measure2 & e b>ga9 is r5d]$ unc]ta9 9 its advantage1 by ! cont9ually *ang+ value ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x is conduct$4 ,?is calamit\s c\rse has actually be5 run 9 sev]al c\ntries3 9 ,france1 x rea*$ ne>ly its extreme limit dur+ ! exi/5ce ( assignats4 ,we h ourselves exp]i5c$ "s portion ( ! mis]y x creates2 b by a return to s\nd] pr9ciples1 h happily escap$ ! de/ruction & ru9 :i* always att5ds ! completion ( t c>e]4 #agg4 ,e p]son 9 a civiliz$ c\ntry requires1 accord+ to 8 /ation 9 life1 ! use ( a c]ta9 quantity ( money1 to make ! ord9>y pur*ases ( ! articles :i* he consumes4 ,! same individual pieces ( co91 x is true1 circulate aga9 & aga91 9 ! same di/rict3 ! id5tical piece ( silv]1 receiv$ by ! workman on ,saturday night1 pass+ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! but*]1 ! bak]1 & ! small tradesman1 is1 p]haps1 giv5 by ! latt] to ! manufactur] 9 ex*ange = 8 *eck1 & is aga9 paid into ! h&s ( ! workman at ! end ( ! succe$+ week4 ,any defici5cy 9 ?is supply ( money is att5d$ ) consid]able inconv5i5ce to all p>ties4 ,if x be only 9 ! small] co9s1 ! fir/ effect is a difficulty 9 procur+ small *ange2 !n a disposition 9 ! %opkeep]s to refuse *ange unless a pur*ase to a c]ta9 am\nt be made2 &1 f9ally1 a premium 9 money w be giv5 = *ang+ ! l>g] d5om9ations ( co94 ,?us money itself v>ies 9 price1 :5 measur$ by o!r money 9 l>g] masses3 & ?is effect takes place :e!r ! circulat+ m$ium is metallic or ( pap]4 ,^! effects h con/antly occurr$1 & p>ticul>ly dur+ ! late w>2 &1 9 ord] to relieve x1 silv] tok5s = v>i\s sums 7 issu$ by ! ,bank ( ,engl&4 ,! inconv5i5ce & loss aris+ f a defici5cy ( small money fall ) greate/ weight on ! classes ^: means are lea/2 = ! weal?i] buy]s c readily procure cr$it = _! small pur*ases1 until _! bill am\nts to "o ( ! l>g] co9s4 #agh4 ,z money1 :5 kept 9 a draw]1 produces no?+1 few p1 9 any situation ( life1 w keep1 ei!r 9 co9 or 9 notes1 m ?an is imm$iately necess>y = _! use2 :51 !re=e1 !re are no pr(itable modes ( employ+ money1 a sup]abundance ( pap] w return to ! s\rce f :5ce x issu$1 & an excess ( co9 w be conv]t$ into bullion & export$4 #agi4 ,s9ce ! wor? ( all prop]ty is measur$ by money1 x is obvi\sly conducive to ! g5]al welf>e ( ! community1 t fluctuations 9 its value %\ld be r5d]$ z small & z gradual z possible4 ,! evils :i* result f sudd5 *anges 9 ! value ( money w p]haps become m s5sible1 if we trace _! effects 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,assum+1 z we are q at lib]ty to d1 an extreme case1 let u suppose ?ree p]sons1 ea* possess+ a hundr$ p\nds3 "o ( ^!1 a wid[ advanc$ 9 ye>s1 & :o1 by ! advice ( h] fri5ds1 pur*ases ) t sum an annuity ( tw5ty p\nds a ye> dur+ h] life3 & let ! two o!rs be workm51 :o1 by indu/ry & economy1 h ea* sav$ a hundr$ p\nds out ( _! wages2 bo? ^! latt] p]sons propos+ to procure ma*9es = cal5d]+1 & to comm5ce t bus9ess4 ,"o ( ^! inve/s 8 money 9 a sav+s' bank2 int5d+ to make 8 own cal5d]+ ma*9e1 & calculat+ t he %all exp5d tw5ty p\nds 9 mat]ials1 & ! rema9+ eighty 9 support+ himself & 9 pay+ ! workm5 :o assi/ him 9 con/ruct+ x4 ,! o!r workman1 meet+ ) a ma*9e :i* he c buy = two hundr$ p\nds1 agrees to pay = x a hundr$ p\nds imm$iately1 & ! rema9d] at ! end ( a twelvemon?4 ,let u n[ imag9e "s alt]ation to take place 9 ! curr5cy1 by :i* x is depreciat$ "o-half3 prices soon adju/ !mselves to ! new circum/ances1 & ! annuity ( ! wid[1 ?\gh nom9ally ( ! same am\nt1 w1 9 reality1 pur*ase only half ! quantity ( ! necess>ies ( life :i* x did be=e4 ,! workman :o _h plac$ 8 money 9 ! sav+s' bank1 hav+ p]haps pur*as$ t5 p\nds' wor? ( mat]ials1 & exp5d$ t5 p\nds 9 lab\r appli$ to !m1 n[ f9ds himself1 by ?is alt]ation 9 ! curr5cy1 possess$ nom9ally ( eighty p\nds1 b 9 reality ( a sum :i* w pur*ase only half ! lab\r & mat]ials requir$ to f9i% 8 ma*9e2 & he c nei!r complete x1 f want ( capital1 nor dispose ( :at he has already done 9 its unf9i%$ /ate = ! price x has co/ him4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! o!r workman1 :o _h incurr$ a debt ( a hundr$ p\nds 9 ord] to complete ! pur*ase ( 8 cal5d]+ ma*9e1 f9ds t ! paym5ts he receives = cal5d]+1 h1 l all o!r prices1 d\bl$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! depreciation ( ! curr5cy2 & he has !re=e1 9 fact1 obta9$ 8 ma*9e = "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds4 ,?us1 )\t any fault or imprud5ce1 & ow+ to circum/ances ov] :i* !y h no control1 ! wid[ is r$uc$ almo/ to />ve2 "o workman is oblig$ to r5\nce1 = sev]al ye>s1 8 hope ( becom+ a ma/]2 & ano!r1 )\t any sup]ior indu/ry or skill1 b 9 fact1 f hav+ made1 ) ref]5ce to 8 circum/ances1 r an imprud5t b>ga91 f9ds himself unexpect$ly reliev$ f half 8 debt1 & ! possessor ( a valuable s\rce ( pr(it2 :il/ ! =m] own] ( ! ma*9e1 if he also has inve/$ ! money aris+ f its sale 9 ! sav+s' bank1 f9ds 8 prop]ty sudd5ly r$uc$ "o-half4 #ahj4 ,^! evils1 to a great] or less ext5t1 att5d e *ange 9 ! value ( ! curr5cy2 & ! importance ( pres]v+ x z f> z possible unalt]$ 9 value1 _c be too /rongly impress$ ^u all classes ( ! community4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,9 ,russia plat9um has be5 employ$ = co92 & x possesses a peculi>ity :i* des]ves notice4 ,plat9um _c be melt$ 9 our furnaces1 & is *iefly valuable 9 comm]ce :5 9 ! %ape ( +ots1 f :i* x may be =g$ into useful =ms4 ,b :5 a piece ( plat9um is cut into two p>ts1 x _c easily be reunit$ except by means ( a *emical process1 9 :i* bo? p>ts are dissolv$ 9 an acid4 ,h5ce1 :5 plat9um co9 is too abundant1 x _c1 l gold1 be r$uc$ into masses by melt+1 b mu/ pass ?r\gh an exp5sive process to r5d] x useful4 ,*apt] #ae ,on ! ,influ5ce ( ,v]ification on ,price #aha4 ,! money price ( an article at any giv5 p]iod is usually /at$ to dep5d ^u ! proportion betwe5 ! supply & ! dem&4 ,! av]age price ( ! same article dur+ a long p]iod1 is said to dep5d1 ultimately1 on ! p[] ( produc+ & sell+ x ) ! ord9>y pr(its ( capital4 ,b ^! pr9ciples1 al?\gh true 9 _! g5]al s5se1 are yet s (t5 modifi$ by ! influ5ce ( o!rs1 t x becomes necess>y to exam9e a little into ! di/urb+ =ces4 #ahb4 ,) respect to ! fir/ ( ^! propositions1 x may be obs]v$1 t ! co/ ( any article to ! pur*as] includes1 besides ! ratio ( ! supply to ! dem&1 ano!r elem5t1 :i*1 ?\gh (t5 ( little importance1 is1 9 _m cases1 ( great consequ5ce4 ,! co/1 to ! pur*as]1 is ! price he pays = any article1 add$ to ! co/ ( v]ify+ ! fact ( its hav+ t degree ( goodness = :i* he contracts4 ,9 "s cases ! goodness ( ! article is evid5t on m]e inspection3 & 9 ^? cases !re is n mu* diff]5ce ( price at diff]5t %ops4 ,! goodness ( loaf sug>1 = in/ance1 c be disc]n$ almo/ at a glance2 & ! consequ5ce is1 t ! price is s uni=m1 & ! pr(it ^u x s small1 t no groc] is at all anxi\s to sell x2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 tea1 ( :i* x is exce$+ly difficult to judge1 & :i* c be adult]at$ by mixture s z to deceive ! skill ev5 ( a practis$ eye1 has a great v>iety ( diff]5t prices1 & is t article :i* e groc] is mo/ anxi\s to sell to 8 cu/om]s4 ,! difficulty & exp5se ( v]ification are1 9 "s in/ances1 s great1 z to ju/ify ! deviation f well-e/abli%$ pr9ciples4 ,?us x is a g5]al maxim t ,gov]nm5t c pur*ase any article at a *eap] rate ?an t at :i* !y c manufacture x !mselves4 ,b x has nev]!less be5 consid]$ m economical to build ext5sive fl\r-mills 7su* are ^? at ,dept=d71 & to gr9d _! own corn1 ?an to v]ify ea* sack ( pur*as$ fl\r1 & to employ p]sons 9 devis+ me?ods ( detect+ ! new modes ( adult]ation :i* might be cont9ually resort$ to4 #ahc4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1 a mode ( prep>+ old clov] & trefoil se$s by a process call$ doctor+1 became s preval5t z to excite ! att5tion ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,x appe>$ 9 evid5ce be=e a committee1 t ! old se$ ( ! :ite clov] 0 doctor$ by fir/ wett+ x slightly1 & !n dry+ x ) ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur1 & t ! r$ clov] se$ _h its col\r improv$ by %ak+ x 9 a sack ) a small quantity ( indigo2 b ?is be+ detect$ aft] a "t1 ! doctors !n us$ a prep>ation ( logwood1 f9$ by a little copp]as1 & sometimes by v]digris2 ?us at once improv+ ! appe>ance ( ! old se$1 & dim9i%+1 if n de/roy+1 its vegetative p[] already enfeebl$ by age4 ,suppos+ no injury _h result$ to good se$ s prep>$1 x 0 prov$ t f ! improv$ appe>ance1 ! m>ket price w\ld be enhanc$ by ?is process f five to tw5ty-five %ill+s a hundr$ weight4 ,b ! greate/ evil arose f ! circum/ance ( ^! processes r5d]+ old & wor?less se$ equal 9 appe>ance to ! be/4 ,"o witness _h tri$ "s doctor$ se$1 & f\nd t n above "o gra9 9 a hundr$ grew1 & t ^? :i* did vegetate di$ away aft]w>ds2 :il/ ab\t eighty or n9ety p] c5t ( good se$ usually gr[s4 ,! se$ s treat$ 0 sold to retail deal]s 9 ! c\ntry1 :o ( c\rse endeav\r$ to pur*ase at ! *eape/ rate1 & f !m x got into ! h&s ( ! f>m]s2 nei!r ( ^! classes be+ capable ( di/+ui%+ ! fraudul5t f ! g5u9e se$4 ,_m cultivators1 9 consequ5ce1 dim9i%$ _! consumption ( ! article2 & o!rs 7 oblig$ to pay a high] price to ^? :o _h skill to di/+ui% ! mix$ se$1 & :o _h integrity & "* to prev5t !m f deal+ 9 x4 #ahd4 ,9 ! ,iri% flax trade1 a simil> example ( ! high price paid = v]ification occurs4 ,x is /at$ 9 ! report ( ! committee1 ,t ! natural excell5t quality ( ,iri% flax1 z contra/$ ) =eign or ,briti%1 has be5 admitt$4 ,yet f ! evid5ce be=e t committee x appe>s t ,iri% flax sells1 9 ! m>ket1 f #a;d4 to #b;d4 p] p\nd less ?an o!r flax ( equal or inf]ior quality4 ,"p ( ?is diff]5ce ( price arises f neglig5ce 9 its prep>ation1 b a "p also f ! exp5se ( asc]ta9+ t ea* p>cel is free f useless matt] to add to its weight3 ?is appe>s f ! evid5ce ( ,mr ,j4 ,corry1 :o 01 dur+ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 ,secret>y to ! ,iri% ,l95-,bo>d3-- ,! own]s ( ! flax1 :o are almo/ always p 9 ! l[] classes ( life1 believe t !y c be/ advance _! own int]e/s by impos+ on ! buy]s4 ,flax be+ sold by weight1 v>i\s exp$i5ts are us$ to increase x2 & e exp$i5t is injuri\s1 p>ticul>ly ! damp+ ( x2 a v common practice1 :i* makes ! flax aft]w>ds heat4 ,! inside ( e bundle 7& ! bundles all v>y 9 bulk7 is (t5 full ( pebbles1 or dirt ( v>i\s k9ds1 to increase ! weight4 ,9 ?is /ate x is pur*as$1 & export$ to ,great ,brita94 ,! natural quality ( ,iri% flax is admitt$ to be n inf]ior to t produc$ by any =eign c\ntry2 & yet ! flax ( e =eign c\ntry1 import$ into ,great ,brita91 obta9s a pref]5ce among/ ! pur*as]s1 because ! =eign flax is br\ght to ! ,briti% m>ket 9 a clean] & m regul> /ate4 ,! ext5t & value ( ! sales ( =eign flax 9 ,great ,brita9 c be se5 by ref]5ce to ! public acc\nts2 & ,i am induc$ to believe1 t ,irel&1 by an adequate ext5sion ( h] flax tillage1 & hav+ h] flax m>kets br\ght "u good regulations1 c\ld1 )\t encroa*+ 9 ! lea/ degree ^u ! quantity necess>y = h] home consumption1 supply ! :ole ( ! dem& ( ! ,briti% m>ket1 to ! exclusion ( ! =eign]s4 #ahe4 ,! lace trade af=ds o!r examples2 &1 9 enquir+ into ! compla9ts made to ! ,h\se ( ,commons by ! framework knitt]s1 ! committee obs]ve1 t1 ,x is s+ul> t ! grievance mo/ compla9$ ( "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 %\ld1 9 ! pres5t improv$ /ate ( ! trade1 be ! same grievance :i* is n[ mo/ compla9$ (3 = x appe>s1 by ! evid5ce giv5 be=e y\r committee1 t all ! witnesses attribute ! decay ( ! trade m to ! mak+ ( fraudul5t & bad articles1 ?an to ! w>1 or to any o!r cause4 ,& x is %ewn by ! evid5ce1 t a k9d ( lace call$ s+le-press 0 manufactur$1 :i*1 al?\gh good to ! eye1 became ne>ly spoil$ 9 wa%+ by ! slipp+ ( ! ?reads2 t n "o p]son 9 a ?\s& c\ld di/+ui% ! diff]5ce betwe5 s+le-press & d\ble-press lace2 & t1 ev5 workm5 & manufactur]s 7 oblig$ to employ a magnify+ glass = t purpose2 & t1 9 ano!r simil> article1 call$ w>p lace1 su* aid 0 ess5tial4 ,x 0 also /at$ by "o witness1 t ,! trade _h n yet ceas$1 except+ 9 ^? places :]e ! fraud _h be5 discov]$2 & f ^? places no ord]s are n[ s5t = any sort ( ,nott+ham lace1 ! cr$it be+ totally ru9$4 #ahf4 ,9 ! /ock+ trade simil> frauds h be5 practis$4 ,x appe>$ 9 evid5ce1 t /ock+s 7 made ( uni=m wid? f ! knee d[n to ! ankle1 & be+ wett$ & /ret*$ on frames at ! calf1 !y reta9$ _! %ape :5 dry1 b t ! pur*as] c\ld n discov] ! fraud until1 aft] ! fir/ wa%+1 ! /ock+s hung l bags ab\t 8 ankles4 #ahg4 ,9 ! wat* trade ! practice ( deceit1 9 =g+ ! m>ks & names ( respectable mak]s1 has be5 c>ri$ to a great ext5t bo? by natives & =eign]s2 & ! effect ^u our export trade has be5 mo/ injuri\s1 z ! foll[+ extract f ! evid5ce be=e a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons w prove3-- ,"q4 ,h[ long h y be5 9 ! trade8 ,answ]4 ,ne>ly ?irty ye>s4 ,"q4 ,! trade is at pres5t mu* depress$8 ,answ]4 ,yes1 sadly4 ,"q4 ,:at is y\r op9ion ( ! cause ( t di/ress8 ,answ]4 ,i ?9k x is ow+ to a numb] ( wat*es t h be5 made s exce$+ly bad t !y w h>dly look at !m 9 ! =eign m>kets2 all ) a h&some outside %[1 & ! works h>dly fit = any?+4 ,"q4 ,d y mean to say1 t all ! wat*es made 9 ?is c\ntry are ( t description8 ,answ]4 ,no2 only a numb] :i* are made up by "s ( ! ,jews1 & o!r l[ manufactur]s4 ,i recollect some?+ ( ! sort ye>s ago1 ( a fall(f ( ! ,ea/ ,india "w1 ow+ to !re be+ a numb] ( h&some-look+ wat*es s5t out1 = in/ance1 ) h&s on & figures1 z if !y %ew$ seconds1 & _h n any "w regul> to %ew ! seconds3 ! h& w5t r\nd1 b x 0 n regul>4 ,"q4 ,!y _h no p]fect movem5ts8 ,answ]4 ,no1 !y _h n2 t 0 a long "t s9ce1 & we _h n any ,ea/ ,india "w = a long "t aft]w>ds4 ,9 ! home m>ket1 inf]ior b %[y wat*es are made at a *eap rate1 :i* are n w>rant$ by ! mak] to g above half an h\r2 ab\t ! "t occupi$ by ! ,jew p$l> 9 delud+ 8 c\ntry cu/om]4 #ahh4 ,! practice1 9 retail l95-drap]s' %ops1 ( call+ c]ta9 articles y>d wide :5 ! real wid? is p]haps1 only sev5-eigh?s or ?ree-qu>t]s1 arose at fir/ f fraud1 :i* be+ detect$1 cu/om 0 plead$ 9 its def5ce3 b ! result is1 t ! v5d] is con/antly oblig$ to measure ! wid? ( 8 goods 9 ! cu/om]'s pres5ce4 ,9 all ^! in/ances ! object ( ! sell] is to get a high] price ?an 8 goods w\ld really produce if _! quality 7 kn[n2 & ! pur*as]1 if n himself a skilful judge 7:i* r>ely happ5s to be ! case71 mu/ pay "s p]son1 9 ! %ape ( an additional money price1 :o has skill to di/+ui%1 & integrity to furni%1 articles ( ! quality agre$ on4 ,b z ! confid5ce ( p]sons 9 _! own judgem5t is usually great1 l>ge numb]s w always flock to ! *eap deal]1 :o ?us1 attract+ _m cu/om]s f ! hone/ tradesman1 obliges him to *>ge a high] price = 8 judgem5t & "* ?an1 )\t su* competition1 he c\ld af=d to d4 #ahi4 ,!re are few ?+s :i* ! public are less able to judge ( ?an ! quality ( drugs2 & :5 ^! are comp\nd$ into m$ic9es x is sc>cely possible1 ev5 = m$ical m51 to decide :e!r pure or adult]at$ +r$i5ts h be5 employ$4 ,?is circum/ance1 concurr+ ) ! pres5t injudici\s mode ( pay+ = m$ical assi/ance1 has produc$ a curi\s effect on ! price ( m$ic9es4 ,apo!c>ies1 in/ead ( be+ paid = _! s]vices & skill1 are remun]at$ by be+ all[$ to place a high *>ge ^u _! m$ic9es1 :i* are confess$ly ( v small pecuni>y value4 ,! effect ( su* a sy/em is an inducem5t to prescribe m m$ic9e ?an is necess>y2 & 9 fact1 ev5 ) ! pres5t *>ges1 ! apo!c>y1 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$1 _c be fairly remun]at$ unless ! pati5t ei!r takes1 or pays =1 m physic ?an he really requires4 ,! app>5t extravagance ( ! *>ge ( eighte5 p5ce = a two-ounce phial7#a997 ( m$ic9e1 is obvi\s to _m :o d n reflect on ! fact t a great "p ( ! *>ge is1 9 reality1 paym5t = ! ex]cise ( pr(essional skill4 ,z ! same *>ge is made by ! apo!c>y1 :e!r he att5ds ! pati5t or m]ely prep>es ! prescription ( a physician1 ! *emi/ & druggi/ soon (f]$ to furni% ! same commodity at a greatly dim9i%$ price4 ,b ! eighte5 p5ce *>g$ by ! apo!c>y might h be5 fairly divid$ into two p>ts1 ?ree p5ce = m$ic9e & bottle1 & fifte5 p5ce = att5dance4 ,! *emi/1 !re=e1 :o nev] att5ds 8 cu/om]s1 if he *>ges only a %ill+ = ! same m$ic9e1 realizes a pr(it ( #bjj or #cjj p] c5t ^u its value4 ,?is enorm\s pr(it has call$ into exi/5ce a multitude ( competitors2 & 9 ?is in/ance ! impossibility ( v]ify+ has1 9 a great measure1 c\nt]act$ ! b5eficial effects ( competition4 ,! g5]al adult]ation ( drugs1 ev5 at ! extremely high price at :i* !y are retail$ z m$ic9e1 enables ^? :o are suppos$ to sell !m 9 an unadult]at$ /ate to make l>ge pr(its1 :il/ ! same evil frequ5tly disappo9ts ! expectation1 & defeats ! skill1 ( ! mo/ em95t physician4 ,x is difficult to po9t out a rem$y = ?is evil )\t sugge/+ an almo/ total *ange 9 ! sy/em ( m$ical practice4 ,if ! apo!c>y 7 to *>ge = 8 visits1 & to r$uce 8 m$ic9es to "o-f\r? or "o-fif? ( _! pres5t price1 he w\ld /ill h an int]e/ 9 procur+ ! be/ drugs1 = ! sake ( 8 own reputation or skill4 ,or if ! m$ical att5dant1 :o is paid m highly = 8 "t1 7 to h sev]al pupils1 he might himself supply ! m$ic9es )\t a specific *>ge1 & 8 pupils w\ld d]ive improvem5t f comp\nd+ !m1 z well z f exam9+ ! purity ( ! drugs he w\ld pur*ase4 ,! public w\ld ga9 sev]al advantages by ?is arrangem5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w\ld be greatly = ! int]e/ ( ! m$ical practition] to h ! be/ drugs2 x w\ld be 9 8 int]e/ also n to give m physic ?an ne$ful2 & x w\ld enable him1 ?r\gh "s ( 8 m advanc$ pupils1 to wat* m frequ5tly ! *anges ( any malady4 #aij4 ,!re are _m articles ( h>dw>e :i* x is impossible = ! pur*as] to v]ify at ! "t ( pur*ase1 or ev5 aft]w>ds1 )\t defac+ !m4 ,plat$ h>ness & coa* furniture may be adduc$ z examples3 ^! are usually ( wr\ght iron cov]$ ) silv]1 ow+ _! /r5g? to ! "o & a c]ta9 degree ( p]man5t beauty to ! o!r metal4 ,bo? qualities are1 occasionally1 mu* impair$ by sub/itut+ ca/- = wr\ght-iron1 & by plat+ ) s(t sold] 7t9 & lead7 in/ead ( ) h>d sold] 7silv] & brass74 ,! loss ( /r5g? is ! greate/ evil 9 ?is case2 = ca/ iron1 ?\gh made = ?is purpose m t\gh ?an usual by c>eful anneal+1 is /ill mu* weak] ?an wr\ght-iron1 & s]i\s accid5ts (t5 arise f h>ness giv+ way4 ,9 plat+ ) s(t sold]1 a v ?9 plate ( silv] is made to cov] ! iron1 b x is easily deta*$1 p>ticul>ly by a l[ degree ( heat4 ,h>d sold]+ gives a bett] coat ( silv]1 :i* is v firmly atta*$1 & is n easily injur$ unless by a v high degree ( heat4 ,! inf]ior c be made to look ne>ly z well z ! bett] article1 & ! pur*as] c sc>cely discov] ! diff]5ce )\t cutt+ into x4 #aia4 ,! pr9ciple t price1 at any mom5t1 is dep5d5t on ! relation ( ! supply to ! dem&1 is true to ! full ext5t only :5 ! :ole supply is 9 ! h&s ( a v l>ge numb] ( small hold]s1 & ! dem& is caus$ by ! wants ( ano!r set ( p]sons1 ea* ( :om requires only a v small quantity4 ,& ! reason appe>s to be1 t x is only 9 su* circum/ances t a uni=m av]age c be /ruck betwe5 ! feel+s1 ! passions1 ! prejudices1 ! op9ions1 & ! k1 ( bo? p>ties4 ,if ! supply1 or pres5t /ock 9 h&1 be entirely 9 ! possession ( "o p]son1 he w naturally endeav\r to put su* a price ^u x z %all produce by its sale ! greate/ quantity ( money2 b he w be guid$ 9 ?is e/imate ( ! price at :i* he w sell1 bo? by ! k t increas$ price w cause a dim9i%$ consumption1 & by ! desire to realize 8 pr(it be=e a new supply %all rea* ! m>ket f "s o!r qu>t]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! same /ock is 9 ! h&s ( sev]al deal]s1 !re w be an imm$iate competition betwe5 !m1 aris+ p>tly f _! diff]5t views ( ! duration ( ! pres5t /ate ( supply1 & p>tly f _! own peculi> circum/ances ) respect to ! employm5t ( _! capital4 #aib4 ,! exp5se ( asc]ta9+ t ! price *>g$ is t :i* is legally due is sometimes consid]able4 ,! inconv5i5ce :i* ?is v]ification produces 9 ! case ( p>cels s5t by coa*es is v great4 ,! "t lo/ 9 recov]+ an ov]*>ge g5]ally am\nts to s _m times ! value ( ! sum recov]$1 t x is b r>ely resort$ to4 ,x seems wor?y ( consid]ation :e!r x w\ld n be a conv5i5ce to ! public if gov]nm5t 7 to und]take ! g5]al conveyance ( p>cels some:at on ! same sy/em ) t on :i* ! po/ is n[ conduct$4 ,! c]ta9ty ( _! deliv]y1 & ! abs5ce ( all attempt at ov]*>ge1 w\ld r5d] ! prohibition ( rival c>ri]s unnecess>y4 ,p]haps an exp]im5t might be made on ?is subject by enl>g+ ! weight all[$ to be s5t by ! two-p5ny po/1 & by convey+ works 9 %eets by ! g5]al po/4 ,?is latt] sugge/ion w\ld be ( great importance to lit]ature1 & consequ5tly to ! circulation ( k4 ,z ! po/-(fice regulations /& at pres5t1 x con/antly happ5s t p]sons :o h an ext5sive reputation = sci5ce1 receive by po/1 f =eign c\ntries1 works1 or p>ts ( works1 = :i* !y are oblig$ to pay a mo/ extravagant rate ( po/age1 or else refuse to take 9 "s int]e/+ communication4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many1 pr9t$ %eets ( pap] are =w>d$ by po/ at a v mod]ate exp5se1 & x is fit t ! sci5ce & lit]ature ( ,engl& %\ld be equally fav\r$4 #aic4 ,x is important1 if possible1 always to connect ! "n ( ! workman ) ! "w he has execut$3 ?is secures = him ! cr$it or ! blame he may ju/ly des]ve2 & dim9i%es1 9 "s cases1 ! necessity ( v]ification4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is is c>ri$ 9 lit]>y works1 publi%$ 9 ,am]ica1 is rem>kable4 ,9 ! translation ( ! ,mecanique ,cele/e by ,mr ,b[dit*1 n m]ely ! "n ( ! pr9t]1 b also ^? ( ! compositors1 are m5tion$ 9 ! "w4 #aid4 ,aga91 if ! commodity itself is ( a p]i%able nature1 su*1 = example1 z a c>go ( ice import$ into ! port ( ,london f ,norway a few summ]s s9ce1 !n "t w supply ! place ( competition2 &1 :e!r ! article is 9 ! possession ( "o or ( _m p]sons1 x w sc>cely rea* a monopoly price4 ,! hi/ory ( cajeput oil dur+ ! la/ few mon?s1 (f]s a curi\s illu/ration ( ! effect ( op9ion ^u price4 ,9 ,july ( la/ ye>1 #ahca1 cajeput oil 0 sold1 exclusive ( duty1 at #g d4 p] ounce4 ,! disease :i* _h ravag$ ! ,ea/ 0 !n suppos$ to be approa*+ our %ores1 & its proximity creat$ al>m4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ! oil 9 "q began to be mu* talk$ (1 z a p[]ful rem$y 9 t dreadful disord]2 & 9 ,septemb] x rose to ! price ( #cs4 & #ds4 ! ounce4 ,9 ,octob] !re 7 few or no sales3 b 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,novemb]1 ! speculations 9 ?is sub/ance rea*$ _! height1 & betwe5 ! #a/ & ! #ae? x realiz$ ! foll[+ prices3 #cs4 #i;d41 #es41 #fs4 #f;d41 #gs4 #f;d41 #hs41 #is41 #ajs41 #ajs4 #f;d41 #aas4 ,aft] #ae ,novemb]1 ! hold]s ( cajeput oil 7 anxi\s to sell at mu* l[] rates2 & 9 ,decemb] a fre% arrival 0 (f]$ by public sale at #es41 & )drawn1 be+ sold aft]w>ds1 z x 0 und]/ood1 by private contract1 at #ds4 or #ds4 #f;d4 p] oz4 ,s9ce t "t1 #as4 #f;d4 & #as4 h be5 realiz$2 & a fre% arrival1 :i* is daily expect$ 7,m>*1 #ahcb7 w probably r$uce x bel[ ! price ( ,july4 ,n[ x is important to notice1 t 9 ,novemb]1 ! "t ( greate/ speculation1 ! quantity 9 ! m>ket 0 held by few p]sons1 & t x frequ5tly *ang$ h&s1 ea* hold] be+ desir\s to realize 8 pr(it4 ,! quantity import$ s9ce t "t has also be5 consid]able47#b997 #aie4 ,! effect ( ! equalization ( price by an increas$ numb] ( deal]s1 may be obs]v$ 9 ! price ( ! v>i\s securities sold at ! ,/ock ,ex*ange4 ,! numb] ( p]sons :o deal 9 ! #c p] c5t /ock be+ l>ge1 any "o desir\s ( sell+ c always dispose ( 8 /ock at "o-eigh? p] c5t "u ! m>ket price2 b ^? :o wi% to dispose ( bank /ock1 or ( any o!r securities ( m limit$ circulation1 are oblig$ to make a sacrifice ( eight or t5 times ?is am\nt ^u ea* hundr$ p\nds value4 #aif4 ,! frequ5t speculations 9 oil1 tall[1 & o!r commodities1 :i* mu/ occur to ! memory ( mo/ ( my read]s1 7 always f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( pur*as+ up all ! /ock on h&1 & agree+ = ! pur*ase ( ! expect$ arrivals2 ?us prov+ ! op9ion ( capitali/s to be1 t a l>g] av]age price may be procur$ by ! /ock be+ held by few p]sons4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,apo!c>ies frequ5tly pur*ase ^! phials at ! old bottle w>eh\ses at t5 %ill+s p] gross2 s t :5 _! s]vant has wa%$ !m1 ! co/ ( ! phial is ne>ly "o p5ny4 #b4 ,i h und]/ood t ! price ( camphor1 at ! same "t1 suff]$ simil> *anges4 ,*apt] #af ,on ! ,influ5ce ( ,durability on ,price #aig4 ,hav+ n[ consid]$ ! circum/ances t modify :at may be call$ ! mom5t>y am\nt ( price1 we mu/ next exam9e a pr9ciple :i* seems to h an effect on its p]man5t av]age4 ,! durability ( any commodity influ5ces its co/ 9 a p]man5t mann]4 ,we h already /at$ t :at may be call$ ! mom5t>y price ( any commodity dep5ds ^u ! proportion exi/+ betwe5 ! supply & dem&1 & also ^u ! co/ ( v]ification4 ,! av]age price1 dur+ a long p]iod1 w dep5d ^u ! lab\r requir$ = produc+ & br++ x to m>ket1 z well z ^u ! av]age supply & dem&2 b x w also be influ5c$ by ! durability ( ! article manufactur$4 ,_m ?+s 9 common use are sub/antially consum$ 9 us+3 a phosphorus mat*1 articles ( food1 & a cig>1 are examples ( ?is description4 ,"s ?+s aft] use become inapplicable to _! =m] purposes1 z pap] :i* has be5 pr9t$ ^u3 b x is yet available = ! *eesemong] or ! trunk-mak]4 ,"s articles1 z p5s1 are quickly worn out by use2 & "s are /ill valuable aft] a long cont9u$ we>4 ,!re are o!rs1 few p]haps 9 numb]1 :i* nev] we> out2 ! h>d] preci\s /ones1 :5 well cut & poli%$1 are ( ?is lat] class3 ! fa%ion ( ! gold or silv] m\nt+ 9 :i* !y are set may v>y ) ! ta/e ( ! age1 & su* ornam5ts are con/antly expos$ = sale z second-h&1 b ! gems !mselves1 :5 remov$ f _! supports1 are nev] s consid]$4 ,a brilliant :i* has successively grac$ ! necks ( a hundr$ beauties1 or glitt]$ = a c5tury ^u patrician br[s1 is weigh$ by ! diamond m]*ant 9 ! same scale ) ano!r :i* has j escap$ f ! :eel ( ! lapid>y1 & w be pur*as$ or sold by him at ! same price p] c>at4 ,! great mass ( commodities is int]m$iate 9 its "* betwe5 ^! two extremes1 & ! p]iods ( respective duration are v v>i\s4 ,x is evid5t t ! av]age price ( ^? ?+s :i* are consum$ 9 ! act ( us+ !m1 c nev] be less ?an t ( ! lab\r ( br++ !m to m>ket4 ,!y may = a %ort "t be sold = less1 b "u su* circum/ances _! production mu/ soon cease altoge!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if an article nev] we>s out1 its price may cont9ue p]man5tly bel[ ! co/ ( ! lab\r exp5d$ 9 produc+ x2 & ! only consequ5ce w be1 t no fur!r production w take place3 its price w cont9ue to be regulat$ by ! relation ( ! supply to ! dem&2 & %\ld t at any aft]time rise1 = a consid]able p]iod1 above ! co/ ( production1 x w be aga9 produc$4 #aih4 ,articles become old f actual decay1 or ! we>+ out ( _! p>ts2 f improv$ modes ( con/ruct+ !m2 or f *anges 9 _! =m & fa%ion1 requir$ by ! v>y+ ta/e ( ! age4 ,9 ! two latt] cases1 _! utility is b little dim9i%$2 &1 be+ less s\ght aft] by ^? :o h hi!rto employ$ !m1 !y are sold at a r$uc$ price to a class ( society r bel[ t ( _! =m] possessors4 ,_m articles ( furniture1 su* z well-made tables & *airs1 are ?us f\nd 9 ! rooms ( ^? :o w\ld h be5 q unable to h pur*as$ !m :5 new2 & we f9d con/antly1 ev5 9 ! h\ses ( ! m opul5t1 l>ge look+-glasses :i* h pass$ successively ?r\gh ! h&s ( sev]al possessors1 *ang+ only ! fa%ion ( _! frames2 & 9 "s in/ances ev5 ?is alt]ation is omitt$1 an additional coat ( gild+ sav+ !m f ! "* ( be+ second-h&4 ,?us a ta/e = luxuries is propagat$ d[nw>ds 9 society'1 &1 aft] a %ort p]iod1 ! numb]s :o h acquir$ new wants become suffici5t to excite ! +5uity ( ! manufactur] to r$uce ! co/ ( supply+ !m1 :il/ he is himself b5efit$ by ! ext5d$ scale ( dem&4 #aii4 ,!re is a peculi>ity 9 look+-glasses ) ref]5ce to ! pr9ciple j m5tion$4 ,! mo/ frequ5t occasion ( injury to !m arises f accid5tal viol5ce2 & ! peculi>ity is1 t1 unlike mo/ o!r articles1 :5 brok5 !y are /ill ( "s value4 ,if a l>ge mirror is accid5tally crack$1 x is imm$iately cut into two or m small] ones1 ea* ( :i* may be p]fect4 ,if ! degree ( viol5ce is s great z to break x into _m fragm5ts1 ^! small] pieces may be cut into squ>es = dress+-glasses2 & if ! silv]+ is injur$1 x c ei!r be resilv]$ or us$ z plate-glass = glaz+ w9d[s4 ,! addition f our manufactories to ! /ock ( plate-glass 9 ! c\ntry is annually ab\t two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& squ>e feet4 ,x w\ld be v difficult to e/imate ! quantity annually de/roy$ or export$1 b x is probably small2 & ! effect ( ^! cont9ual additions is se5 9 ! dim9i%$ price & increas$ consumption ( ! article4 ,almo/ all ! bett] ord] ( %op fronts are n[ glaz$ ) x4 ,if x 7 q inde/ructible1 ! price w\ld cont9ually dim9i%2 & unless an increas$ dem& arose f new uses1 or f a great] numb] ( cu/om]s1 a s+le manufactory1 un*eck$ by competition1 w\ld ultimately be compell$ to %ut up1 driv5 out ( ! m>ket by ! p]manance ( its own productions4 #bjj4 ,! metals are 9 "s degree p]man5t1 al?\gh sev]al ( !m are employ$ 9 su* =ms t !y are ultimately lo/4 ,copp] is a metal ( :i* a great proportion returns to use3 a "p ( t employ$ 9 %ea?+ %ips & cov]+ h\ses is lo/ f corrosion2 b ! re/ is g5]ally remelt$4 ,"s is lo/ 9 small brass articles1 & "s is consum$ 9 ! =mation ( salts1 ,roman vitriol 7sulphate ( copp]71 v]digris 7acetate ( copp]71 & v]dit]4 ,gold is wa/$ 9 gild+ & 9 embroid]+2 b a portion ( ?is is recov]$ by burn+ ! old articles4 ,"s portion is lo/ by ! we> ( gold1 b1 ^u ! :ole1 x possesses consid]able p]man5ce4 ,iron4 ,a proportion ( ?is metal is wa/$ by oxidation1 9 small nails1 9 f9e wire2 by ! we> ( tools1 & ( ! tire ( :eels1 & by ! =mation ( "s dyes3 b mu*1 bo? ( ca/- & ( wr\ght-iron1 returns to use4 ,lead is wa/$ 9 great quantities4 ,"s portion ( t :i* is us$ 9 pipes & 9 %eets = cov]+ ro(s returns to ! melt+-pot2 b l>ge quantities are consum$ 9 ! =m ( small %ot1 or sometimes 9 t ( musket balls1 li?>ge1 & r$ lead1 = :ite & r$ pa9ts1 = glass-mak+1 = glaz+ pott]y1 & = sug> ( lead 7acetate ( lead74 ,silv] is r a p]man5t metal4 ,"s portion is consum$ 9 ! we> ( co91 9 t ( silv] plate1 & a portion 9 silv]+ & embroid]+4 ,t94 ,! *ief wa/e ( ?is metal arises f t9n$ iron2 "s is lo/ 9 sold] & 9 solutions = ! dy]s4 ,*apt] #ag ,( ,price z ,measur$ by ,money #bja4 ,! money price at :i* an article sells furni%es u ) comp>atively little in=mation respect+ its value1 if we comp>e di/ant int]vals ( "t & diff]5t c\ntries2 = gold & silv]1 9 :i* price is usually measur$1 are !mselves subject1 l all o!r commodities1 to *anges 9 value2 nor is !re any /&>d to :i* ^! v>iations c be ref]r$4 ,! av]age price ( a c]ta9 quality ( diff]5t manufactur$ articles1 or ( raw produce1 has be5 sugge/$ z a /&>d2 b a new difficulty !n pres5ts itself2 = ! improv$ me?ods ( produc+ su* articles r5d] _! money price extremely v>iable )9 v limit$ p]iods4 ,! annex$ table w af=d a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is k9d ( *ange )9 a p]iod ( only twelve ye>s4 ,prices ( ! foll[+ articles at ,birm+ham1 9 ! und]m5tion$ ye>s ,description #ahah #ahbd #ahbh #ahcj s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,anvils cwt #be #j #bj #j #af #j #ac #j ,awls1 poli%$1 ,liv]pool gross #b #f #b #j #a #f #a #b ,b$-screws1 #f in*es long gross #ah #j #ae #j #f #j #e #j ,bits1 t9n$4 = bridles doz4 #e #j #e #j #c #c #b #f ,bolts = doors1 #f in*es doz4 #f #j #e #j #b #c #a #f ,braces = c>p5t]s1 ) #ab bits set #i #j #d #j #d #b #c #e ,buttons1 = coats gross #d #f #f #c #c #j #b #b ,buttons1 small1 = wai/coats gross #b #f #b #j #a #b #j #h ,c&le/icks1 #f 941 brass pair #b #a #a #b #j #a #g #a #b ,curry-combs1 six b>r$ doz4 #b #i #b #f #a #e #j #a #a ,fry+-pans cwt #be #j #ba #j #ah #j #af #j ,gun-locks1 s+le roll] ea* #f #j #e #b #a #aj #a #f ,hamm]s4 %oe1 ,no4 #j doz4 #f #i #c #i #c #j #b #i ,description #ahah #ahbd #ahbh #ahcj s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,h+es1 ca/-butts1 #a in* doz4 #j #aj #j #ga_/b #j #ca_/d #j #ba_/d ,knobs1 brass1 #b in*es = commodes doz4 #d #j #c #f #a #f #a #b ,lat*es = doors1 bright ?umb doz4 #b #c #b #b #a #j #j #i ,locks = doors1 iron rim1 #f in*es doz4 #ch #j #cb #j #ae #j #ac #f ,sad-irons & o!r ca/+s cwt #bb #f #bj #j #ad #j #aa #f ,%ovel & tongs1 fire-irons pair #a #j #a #j #j #i #j #f ,spoons1 t9n$ table gross #ag #f #ae #j #aj #j #g #j ,/irrups1 plat$ pair #d #f #c #i #a #f #a #a ,trace-*a9s cwt #bh #j #be #j #ai #f #af #f ,trays1 japann$ tea1 #cj in*es ea* #d #f #c #j #b #j #a #e ,vices = blacksmi?s cwt #cj #j #bh #j #bb #j #ai #f ,wire1 brass lb4 #a #aj #a #d #a #j #j #i --1 iron1 ,no4 #f bund4 #af #j #ac #j #i #j #g #j #bjb4 ,i h tak5 "s pa9s to assure myself ( ! accuracy ( ! above table3 at diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye>s quot$ ! prices may h v>i$2 b ,i believe x may be consid]$ z a fair approximation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my enquiries ,i h be5 fav\r$ ) ano!r li/1 9 :i* _m ( ! same articles occur1 b 9 ?is la/ in/ance ! prices quot$ are sep>at$ by an int]val ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,x is extract$ f ! books ( a highly respectable h\se at ,birm+ham2 & ! prices confirm ! accuracy ( ! =m] table1 s f> z !y relate to ! articles :i* are f\nd 9 t li/4 ,prices ( #ahab & #ahcb ,r$uction p] c5t 9 price ( ,description #ahab #ahcb #ahab s4 d4 s4 d4 ,anvils cwt #be #j #ad #j #dd ,awls1 ,liv]pool blades gross #c #f #a #j #ga ,c&le/icks1 iron1 pla9 #c #ajc_/d #b #ca_/b #da screw$ #f #da_/b #c #i #da ,b$ screws1 #f in* squ>e head gross #g #f #d #f #dj flat head gross #h #f #d #h #de ,curry-combs1 #f b>r$ doz5 #d #ja_/b #a #j #ge ,r$uction p] c5t 9 price ( ,description #ahab #ahcb #ahab s4 d4 s4 d4 ,curry-combs1 #h b>r$ doz5 #e #ea_/b #a #e #gd pat5t1 #f b>r$ doz5 #g #aa_/b #a #e #hj #h b>r$ doz5 #h #fc_/d #a #aj #gi ,fire-irons1 iron head1 ,no4 #a4 #a #da_/b #j #gc_/d #ec ,no4 #b #a #f #j #ha_/b #ec ,no4 #c #a #ha_/d #j #ia_/b #ec ,no4 #d #a #aja_/b #j #aja_/b #ec ,gun-locks1 s+le roll] ea* #g #ba_/b #a #aa #gc ,locks1 #a #a_/d brass1 port4 pad #af #j #b #f #he #b #a_/b in* #c key$ till-locks ea* #b #b #j #i #fe ,%oe tacks gross #e #j #b #j #fj ,spoons1 t9n$1 iron table gross #bb #f #g #j #fi ,/irrups4 com4 t9n$1 #b b> doz5 #g #j #b #i #fa ,trace-*a9s1 iron cwt #df #ia_/b #ae #j #fh ,prices ( ! pr9cipal mat]ials1 us$ 9 m9es 9 ,cornwall1 at diff]5t p]iods ,i am indebit$ to ,mr ,john ,taylor = ?is int]e/+ table ,,all ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,! ,,m9es ,description #ahjj #ahaj #ahbj #ahcj #ahcb s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,coals wey #ha #g #he #e #ec #d #ea #j #dj #j ,timb] 7balk7 foot #b #j #d #j #a #e #a #j #j #aj 7oak7 foot #c #ca_/b #c #j #c #f #c #c ,ropes cwt #ff #j #hd #j #dh #f #dj #j #dj #j ,iron 7common b>7 cwt #bj #f #ad #f #aa #j #g #j #f #f ,common ca/+s cwt #af #j #ae #j #h #j #f #f ,pumps cwt #afs4 #ags4 #ags4 #ahs4 #abs4 #aes4 #f #f #f #aj ,gunp[d] #ajj lbs4 #aad #b #aag #f #fh #j #eb #f #di #j ,c&les #i #c #aj #j #h #i #e #aa #d #aj ,tall[ cwt #gb #j #hd #j #fe #h #eb #f #dc #j ,lea!r lb4 #b #d #b #c #bd #bb #ba ,bli/]$ /eel cwt #ej #j #dd #j #ch #j #bs4 nails cwt #cb #j #bh #f #bb #j #ag #j #af #f #bjc4 ,i _c omit avail+ myself ( ?is opportunity ( call+ ! att5tion ( ! manufactur]s1 m]*ants1 & factors1 9 all our manufactur+ & comm]cial t[ns1 to ! great importance1 bo? = _! own int]e/s1 & = t ( ! population to :i* _! capital gives employm5t1 ( collect+ ) c>e su* av]ages f ! actual sales regi/]$ 9 _! books4 ,nor1 p]haps1 w\ld x be )\t its use to sugge/1 t su* av]ages w\ld be /ill m valuable if collect$ f z _m diff]5t qu>t]s z possible2 t ! quantity ( ! goods f :i* !y are d$uc$1 toge!r ) ! greate/ deviations f ! mean1 ought to be giv52 & t if a small committee 7 to und]take ! task1 x w\ld give great additional weight to ! in=mation4 ,political economi/s h be5 reproa*$ ) too small a use ( facts1 & too l>ge an employm5t ( !ory4 ,if facts are want+1 let x be rememb]$ t ! closet-philosoph] is un=tunately too little acqua9t$ ) ! admirable arrangem5ts ( ! factory1 & t no class ( p]sons c supply s readily1 & ) s little sacrifice ( "t1 ! data on :i* all ! reason+s ( political economi/s are f\nd$1 z ! m]*ant & manufactur]2 &1 unque/ionably1 to no class are ! d$uctions to :i* !y give rise s important4 ,nor let x be fe>$ t errone\s d$uctions may be made f su* record$ facts3 ! errors :i* arise f ! abs5ce ( facts are f> m num]\s & m durable ?an ^? :i* result f uns\nd reason+ respect+ true data4 #bjd4 ,! great dim9ution 9 price ( ! articles "h enum]at$ may h aris5 f sev]al causes3 #a4 ,! alt]ation 9 ! value ( ! curr5cy4 #b4 ,! increas$ value ( gold 9 consequ5ce ( ! increas$ dem& = co94 ,! fir/ ( ^! causes may h _h "s influ5ce1 & ! second may h _h a v small effect ^u ! two fir/ quotations ( prices1 b none at all ^u ! two latt] ones4 #c4 ,! dim9i%$ rate ( pr(it produc$ by capital h[ev] employ$4 ,?is may be e/imat$ by ! av]age price ( ?ree p] c5ts at ! p]iods /at$4 #d4 ,! dim9i%$ price ( ! raw mat]ials out ( :i* ^! articles 7 manufactur$4 ,! raw mat]ial is pr9cipally brass & iron1 & ! r$uction ^u x may1 9 "s measure1 be e/imat$ by ! dim9i%$ price ( iron & brass wire1 9 ! co/ ( :i* articles1 ! lab\r be>s a less proportion ?an x does 9 _m ( ! o!rs4 #e4 ,! small] quantity ( raw mat]ial employ$1 & p]haps1 9 "s in/ances1 an inf]ior1 quality ( workman%ip4 #f4 ,! improv$ means by :i* ! same effect 0 produc$ by dim9i%$ lab\r4 #bje4 ,9 ord] to af=d ! means ( e/imat+ ! influ5ce ( ^! sev]al causes1 ! foll[+ table is subjo9$3 #ahab #ahah #ahbd #ahbh #ahcj #ahcb ,av]age ,price ( ,l s d4 ,l s4 d4 ,l s d ,l s4 d ,l s d ,l s4 d ,gold4 p] oz #d #ae #f #d #j #c #ag #fa_/b #c #ag #g #c #ag #ia_/b #c #ag #aj #a_/b ,value ( curr5cy4 p] c5t #gi #e #c #ig #f #aj #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ,price ( #c p] c5t consols #eia_/d #gha_/d #ice_/h #hf #hic_/d #hba_/b ,:eat p] qu>t] #f #e #j #d #a #j #c #b l #c #a #a #aj #c #ad #f #b #ai #c ,engli% pig iron at ,birm+ham #g l#j #j #f #g #f #f l#j #j #e #aj #j #d l#j #j ,engli% b> iron at ,birm+ham #aj #aj #j #i #aj #j #g #ae #j #f #j #j #e #j #j ,sw$i% b> iron 9 ,london1 exclud+ duty ( f ,l#d to ,l#f #ajs p] ton #af #aj #j #ag #aj #j #ad #j #j #ad #aj #j #ac #ae #j #ac #b #j ,z ?is table1 if unaccompani$ by any explanation1 might possibly lead to errone\s conclusions1 ,i subjo9 ! foll[+ obs]vations1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,mr ,tooke1 :o may yet1 ,i hope1 be induc$ to cont9ue 8 valuable "w on ,high & ,l[ ,prices1 ?r\gh ! important p]iod :i* has elaps$ s9ce its publication4 ',! table comm5ces ) #ahab1 & exhibits a great fall+ (f 9 ! price ( :eat & iron co9cid5tly ) a fall 9 ! price ( gold1 & lead+ to ! inf]5ce ( cause & effect4 ,n[1 z reg>ds :eat1 x s happ5$ t 9 #ahab x rea*$ its highe/ price 9 consequ5ce ( a s]ies ( bad h>ve/s1 :5 relief by importation 0 difficult & enorm\sly exp5sive4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahac1 :il/ ! price ( gold _h ris5 to ,l#e1 ! price ( :eat _h fall5 to #gcs41 or #ej p] c5t "u :at x _h be5 9 ! spr+ ( #ahab2 prov+ cle>ly t ! two articles 7 "u ! influ5ce ( opposite causes4 ',aga91 9 #ahab1 ! freight & insurance on ,sw$i% iron 7 s mu* high] ?an at pres5t z to acc\nt = ne>ly ! :ole ( ! diff]5ce ( price3 & 9 #ahah !re _h be5 an ext5sive speculation :i* _h rais$ ! price ( all iron1 s t a "p ( ! subsequ5t decl9e 0 a m]e reaction f a previ\sly unf\nd$ elevation4 ,m rec5tly1 9 #ahbe1 !re 0 a great speculative rise 9 ! article1 :i* s]v$ z a /rong /imulus to increas$ production3 ?is1 aid$ by improv$ p[] ( ma*9]y1 has proce$$ to su* an ext5t z fully to acc\nt = ! fall ( price4' ,to ^! reflections ,i w only add1 t ! result ( my own obs]vation leads me to believe t by f> ! mo/ influ5tial ( ^! causes has be5 ! inv5tion ( *eap] modes ( manufactur+4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is c be c>ri$1 :ile a pr(it c yet be realiz$ at ! r$uc$ price1 is truly a/oni%+1 z ! foll[+ fact1 :i* re/s on good au?ority1 w prove4 ,tw5ty ye>s s9ce1 a brass knob = ! locks ( doors 0 made at ,birm+ham2 ! price1 at t "t1 be+ #acs4 #d;d4 p] doz54 ,! same article is n[ manufactur$1 hav+ ! same weight ( metal1 & an equal1 or 9 fact a slightly sup]ior f9i%1 at #as4 #i #a_/d;d4 p] doz54 ,"o circum/ance :i* has produc$ ?is economy 9 ! manufacture is1 t ! la! on :i* ^! knobs are f9i%$ is n[ turn$ by a /eam-eng9e2 s t ! workman1 reliev$ f t lab\r1 c make !m tw5ty times z fa/ z he did =m]ly4 #bjf4 ,! diff]5ce ( price ( ! same article1 :5 ( v>i\s dim5sions at diff]5t p]iods 9 ! same c\ntry--& 9 diff]5t c\ntries--is curi\sly contra/$ 9 ! annex$ table4 ,comp>ative price ( plate glass1 at ! manufactories ( ,london1 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 & ,pet]sburg ,,dim5sions ,,london ,,p>is ,,b]l9 ,,pet]sburg ,height ,bread? #agga #agid #ahcb #ahbe #ahce #ahbh #ahbe 9 in*es 9 in*es ,l s d ,l s d ,l s d ,l s d ,l s d ,l s d ,l s d #af #af #jajc #jaja #jagf #jhg #jgf #jha #jdaj #cj #bj #adf #bcb #bfaj #aafaj #agaj #jajf #abaj #ej #cj #bd #b #d #aa #e #j #f #ab #aj #i #j #e #e #j #c #h #ac #j #e #ae #j #fj #dj #fg #ad #aj #bg #j #j #ac #i #f #bb #g #e #aj #d #c #ba #ah #j #ab #i #j #gf #dj #dc #f #j #ai #b #i #cf #d #e #ad #ag #e #ce #b #aa #ag #e #j #ij #ej #hd #h #j #cd #ab #i #ga #c #h #bh #ac #d #cc #ah #g #ajj #ge #bge #j #j #gd #e #aj #baj #ac #c #gj #i #g #abj #ge #ig #ae #i #ced #c #b #ih #c #aj ,! price ( silv]+ ^! plates is tw5ty p] c5t on ! co/ price = ,engli% glass2 t5 p] c5t on ! co/ price = ,p>is plates2 & twelve & a half on ^? ( ,b]l94 ,! foll[+ table %ews ! dim5sions & price1 :5 silv]$1 ( ! l>ge/ plates ( glass ev] made by ! ,briti% ,plate ,glass ,company1 :i* are n[ at _! w>eh\se 9 ,london3 ,height ,bread? ,price :5 silv]$ ,in*es ,in*es ,l s4 d4 #acb #hd #bjj #h #j #adf #ha #bbj #g #j #adi #hd #bci #a #f #aca #hc #bci #aj #g #afj #hj #bdf #ae #d ,! prices ( ! l>ge/ glass 9 ! ,p>is li/s :5 silv]$1 & r$uc$ to ,engli% measure1 73 ,ye> ,in*es ,in*es ,price :5 silv]$ ,l s4 d4 #ahbe #abh #hj #fbi #ab #j #ahce #abh #hj #acf #ai #j #bjg4 ,if we wi% to comp>e ! value ( any article at diff]5t p]iods ( "t1 x is cle> t nei!r any "o sub/ance1 nor ev5 ! comb9ation ( all manufactur$ goods1 c furni% u ) an inv>iable unit by :i* to =m our scale ( e/imation4 ,mr ,mal?us has propos$ = ?is purpose to consid] a day's lab\r ( an agricultural lab\r]1 z ! unit to :i* all value %\ld be ref]r$4 ,?us1 if we wi% to comp>e ! value ( tw5ty y>ds ( broad clo? 9 ,saxony at ! pres5t "t1 ) t ( ! same k9d & quantity ( clo? fabricat$ 9 ,engl& two c5turies ago1 we mu/ f9d ! numb] ( days' lab\r ! clo? w\ld h pur*as$ 9 ,engl& at ! "t m5tion$1 & comp>e x ) ! numb] ( days' lab\r :i* ! same quantity ( clo? w n[ pur*ase 9 ,saxony4 ,agricultural lab\r appe>s to h be5 select$1 because x exi/s 9 all c\ntries1 & employs a l>ge numb] ( p]sons1 & also because x requires a v small degree ( previ\s in/ruction4 ,x seems1 9 fact1 to be m]ely ! ex]tion ( a man's physical =ce2 & its value above t ( a ma*9e ( equal p[] arises f its portability1 & f ! facility ( direct+ its ef=ts to arbitr>y & cont9ually fluctuat+ purposes4 ,x may p]haps be wor?y ( enquiry1 :e!r a m con/ant av]age might n be d$uc$ f comb9+ ) ?is species ( lab\r ^? trades :i* require b a mod]ate ex]tion ( skill & :i* likewise exi/ 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 su* z ^? ( ! blacksmi? & c>p5t]1 etc47#a997 ,9 all su* comp>isons !re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r elem5t1 :i*1 ?\gh n ess5tially necess>y1 w yet add mu* to our means ( judg+4 ,x is an e/imate ( ! quantity ( t food on :i* ! lab\r] usually subsi/s1 :i* is necess>y = 8 daily support1 comp>$ ) ! quantity :i* 8 daily wages w pur*ase4 #bjh4 ,! exi/5ce ( a class ( middlem51 betwe5 small produc]s & m]*ants1 is frequ5tly advantage\s to bo? p>ties2 & !re are c]ta9 p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( sev]al manufactures :i* naturally call t class ( trad]s into exi/5ce4 ,!re are also times :5 ! advantage ceas+1 ! cu/om ( employ+ !m also t]m9ates2 ! middlem51 especially :5 num]\s1 z !y sometimes are 9 retail trades1 enhanc+ ! price )\t equival5t good4 ,?us1 9 ! rec5t exam9ation by ! ,h\se ( ,commons into ! /ate ( ! coal trade1 x appe>s t five-six?s ( ! ,london public is suppli$ by a class ( middlem5 :o are call$ 9 ! trade ,brass plate coal m]*ants3 ^! consi/ pr9cipally ( m]*ants' cl]ks1 g5tlem5's s]vants1 & o!rs1 :o h no :>fs ( _! own1 b m]ely give _! ord]s to "s true coal m]*ant1 :o s5ds 9 ! coals f 8 :>f3 ! brass plate coal m]*ants1 ( c\rse1 receiv+ a commission = 8 ag5cy4 #bji4 ,9 ,italy ?is sy/em is c>ri$ to a great ext5t among/ ! voituri]s1 or p]sons :o und]take to convey travell]s4 ,!re are "s possess$ ( great] flu5cy & a m p]suasive mann] :o frequ5t ! inns :]e ! ,engli% resort1 & :o1 z soon z !y h made a b>ga9 = ! conveyance ( a travell]1 g out among/ _! c\ntrym5 & procure "s o!r voituri] to d ! job = a consid]ably small] sum1 !mselves pocket+ ! diff]5ce4 ,a %ort "t be=e ! day ( />t+1 ! contractor appe>s be=e 8 cu/om] 9 great di/ress1 regrett+ 8 inability to p]=m ! j\rney on acc\nt ( ! dang]\s illness ( a "m or "s relative1 & reque/+ to h 8 c\s9 or bro!r sub/itut$ = him4 ,! ,engli% travell] r>ely fails to acquiesce 9 ?is *ange1 & (t5 praises ! filial piety ( ! rogue :o has deceiv$ him4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,mu* in=mation = su* an enquiry is to be f\nd1 = ! p>ticul> p]iod to :i* x ref]s1 9 ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ,manufactur]s' ,employm5t1 #b ,july1 #ahcj4 ,*apt] #ah ,( ,raw ,mat]ials #baj4 ,al?\gh ! co/ ( any article may be r$uc$ 9 its ultimate analysis to ! quantity ( lab\r by :i* x 0 produc$2 yet x is usual1 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( ! manufacture ( mo/ sub/ances1 to call !m by ! t]m raw mat]ial4 ,?us iron1 :5 r$uc$ f ! ore & r5d]$ malleable1 is 9 a /ate fitt$ = application to a multitude ( useful purposes1 & is ! raw mat]ial out ( :i* mo/ ( our tools are made4 ,9 ?is /age ( its manufacture1 b a mod]ate quantity ( lab\r has be5 exp5d$ on ! sub/ance2 & x becomes an int]e/+ subject to trace ! v>i\s proportions 9 :i* raw mat]ial1 9 ?is s5se ( ! t]m1 & lab\r unite to con/itute ! value ( _m ( ! productions ( ! arts4 #baa4 ,gold leaf consi/s ( a portion ( ! metal beat5 out to s great a degree ( ?9ness1 z to all[ a gre5i%-blue light to be transmitt$ ?r\gh its pores4 ,ab\t #djj squ>e in*es ( ?is are sold1 9 ! =m ( a small book conta9+ #be leaves ( gold1 = #as4 #f;d4 ,9 ?is case1 ! raw mat]ial1 or gold1 is wor? r less ?an two-?irds ( ! manufactur$ article4 ,9 ! case ( silv] leaf1 ! lab\r consid]ably exce$s ! value ( ! mat]ial4 ,a book ( fifty leaves1 :i* w\ld cov] above #ajjj squ>e in*es1 is sold = #as4 #c;d4 #bab4 ,we may trace ! relative influ5ce ( ! two causes above ref]r$ to1 9 ! prices ( f9e gold *a9s made at ,v5ice4 ,! sizes ( ^! *a9s are kn[n by numb]s1 ! smalle/ hav+ be5 79 #ahbh7 ,no4 #a1 & ! numb]s #b1 #c1 #d1 etc41 progressively increas+ 9 size4 ,! foll[+ table %ews ! numb]s & ! prices ( ^? made at t "t47#a997 ,! fir/ column gives ! numb] by :i* ! *a9 is kn[n2 ! second expresses ! weight 9 gra9s ( "o in* 9 l5g? ( ea* *a92 ! ?ird column ! numb] ( l9ks 9 ! same l5g?2 & ! la/ expresses ! price1 9 francs wor? t5p5ce ea*1 ( a ,v5etian braccio1 or ab\t two ,engli% feet ( ea* *a94 ,v5etian gold *a9s ,price ( a ,v5etian ,braccio1 equal to ,weight ( ,numb] ( l9ks two feet #a_/h in* ,no4 "o in*1 9 gra9s 9 "o in* ,engli% #j4dd #ih to #ajj #fj francs #a4ef #ib #dj #a #a_/b4gg #hh #bf #b4ii #hd #bj #c #a4df #gb #bj #d #a4fa #fd #ba #e #b4ji #fd #bc #f #b4fa #fj #bd #g #c4cf #ef #bg #h #c4fe #ef #bi #i #c4gb #ef #cb #aj #e4ce #ej #cd #bd #i4ga #cb #fj ,among/ ^! *a9s1 t numb]$ #j & t numb]$ #bd are exactly ( ! same price1 al?\gh ! quantity ( gold 9 ! latt] is tw5ty-two times z mu* z 9 ! =m]4 ,! difficulty ( mak+ ! smalle/ *a9 is s great1 t ! wom5 :o make x _c "w above two h\rs at a "t4 ,z we advance f ! small] *a91 ! proportionate value ( ! "w to ! wor? ( ! mat]ial becomes less & less1 until at ! numb]s #b & #c1 ^! two elem5ts ( co/ balance ea* o!r3 aft] :i*1 ! difficulty ( ! "w decreases1 & ! value ( ! mat]ial increases4 #bac4 ,! quantity ( lab\r exp5d$ on ^! *a9s is1 h[ev]1 incomp>ably less ?an t :i* is appli$ 9 "s ( ! manufactures ( iron4 ,9 ! case ( ! smalle/ ,v5etian *a9 ! value ( ! lab\r is n above ?irty times t ( ! gold4 ,! p5dulum spr+ ( a wat*1 :i* gov]ns ! vibrations ( ! balance1 co/s at ! retail price two p5ce1 & weighs fifte5 "o-hundr$?s ( a gra91 :il/ ! retail price ( a p\nd ( ! be/ iron1 ! raw mat]ial out ( :i* fifty ?\s& su* spr+s are made1 is exactly ! same sum ( two p5ce4 #bad4 ,! comp>ative price ( lab\r & ( raw mat]ial ent]+ into ! manufactures ( ,france1 has be5 asc]ta9$ ) s mu* c>e1 9 a memoir ( ,m4 ,a4 ,m4 ,h]on de ,villefosse1 ,re*]*es /ati/iques1 sur les ,metaux de ,france47#b997 t we %all give an ab/ract ( 8 results r$uc$ to ,engli% measures4 ,! facts respect+ ! metals relate to ! ye> #ahbe4 ,9 ,france ! quantity ( raw mat]ial :i* c be pur*as$ = ,l#a1 :5 manufactur$ into ,silk goods is wor? ,l#b4cg ,broad clo? & wooll5s #b4ae ,hemp & cables #c4id ,l95 compris+ ?read laces #e4jj ,cotton goods #b4dd ,! price ( pig-lead 0 ,l#a #as4 p] cwt2 & lead ( ! value ( ,l#a /]l+1 became wor?1 :5 manufactur$ into ,%eets or pipes ( mod]ate dim5sions ,l #a4 #be ,:ite lead #b4fj ,ord9>y pr9t+ *>act]s #d4ij ,! smalle/ type #bh4cj ,! price ( copp] 0 ,l#e #bs4 p] cwt4 ,copp] wor? ,l#a became :5 manufactur$ into ,copp] %eet+ ,l#a4bf ,h\sehold ut5sils #d4gg ,common brass p9s t9n$ #b4cd ,roll$ into plates cov]$ ) #a_/bj silv] #c4ef ,wov5 into metallic clo?1 ea* squ>e in* ( :i* conta9s #aj1jjj me%es #eb4bc ,! price ( t9 0 ,l#d #abs4 p] cwt4 ,t9 wor? ,l#a :5 manufactur$ into ,leaves = silv]+ glass became ,l#a4gc ,h\sehold ut5sils #a4he ,quicksilv] co/ ,l#aj #afs4 p] cwt4 ,quicksilv] wor? ,l#a :5 manufactur$ into ,v]milion ( av]age quality became ,l#a4ha ,metallic ars5ic co/ ,l#a #ds4 p] cwt4 ,ars5ic wor? ,l#a :5 manufactur$ into ,:ite oxide ( ars5ic became ,l#a4hc ,sulphuret 7orpim5t7 #d4bf ,! price ( ca/-iron 0 #hs4 p] cwt4 ,ca/-iron wor? ,l#a :5 manufactur$ into ,h\sehold ut5sils became ,l#b4jj ,ma*9]y #d4jj ,ornam5tal4 z buckles4 etc #de4jj ,bracelets4 figures1 buttons4 etc4 #adg4jj ,b>-iron co/ ,l#a #fs4 p] cwt4 ,b>-iron wor? ,l#a :5 manufactur$ into ,agricultural in/rum5ts became ,l#c4eg ,b>rels1 musket #i4 #aj ,b>rels ( d\ble-b>rel guns4 twi/$ & damask$ #bch4jh ,blades ( p5knives #feg4ad razor4 ca/ /eel #ec4eg sabre1 = cavalry4 infantry1 & artill]y4 etc4 f #i4be to #af4jg ( table knives #ce4gj ,buckles ( poli%$ /eel1 us$ z jewell]y #hif4ff ,clo?i]s' p9s #h4jc ,door-lat*es & bolts f #d4he to #h4ej ,files1 common #b4ee flat1 ca/ /eel #bj4dd ,horse%oes #b4ee ,iron1 small slit1 = nails #a4 #aj ,metallic clo?1 iron wire1 ,no4 #hj #if4ga ,ne$les ( v>i\s sizes f #ag4cc to #gj4he ,re$s = weav+ #c-d?s calico #ba4hg ,saws 7frame7 ( /eel #e4 #ab = wood #ad4bh ,scissors1 f9e/ k9d #ddf4id ,/eel1 ca/ #d4bh ca/1 9 %eets #f4be cem5t$ #b4da natural #a4db ,sword h&les1 poli%$ /eel #igb4hb ,t9n$ iron f #b4jd to #b4cd ,wire1 iron f #b4 #ad to #aj4ga #bae4 ,! foll[+ is /at$ by ,m4 de ,villefosse to be ! price ( b>-iron at ! =ges ( v>i\s c\ntries1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahbe4 p] ton ,l s4 d4 ,france #bf #aj #j ,belgium & ,g]many #af #ad #j ,sw$5 & ,russia1 at ,/ockholm & ,/ ,pet]sburg #ac #ac #j ,engl&1 at ,c>diff #aj #a #j ,! price ( ! article 9 #ahcb 0 #e #j #j ,m4 ,de ,villefosse /ates1 t 9 ,france b>-iron1 made z x usually is ) *>coal1 co/s ?ree times ! price ( ! ca/-iron out ( :i* x is made2 :il/ 9 ,engl&1 :]e x is usually made ) coke1 ! co/ is only twice ! price ( ca/-iron4 #baf4 ,! pres5t price 7#ahcb7 ( lead 9 ,engl& is ,l#ac p] ton1 & ! wor? ( ,l#a ( x manufactur$ into ,mill$ %eet lead becomes ,ll4#jh ,! pres5t price ( cake copp] is ,l#hd p] ton1 & ! wor? ( ,l#a ( x manufactur$ into ,%eet copp] becomes ,l#a4aa ,,notes3 #a4 ,a /ill f9] *a9 is n[ manufactur$ 7#ahcb74 #b4 ,memoires de l',in/itut4 #ahbf ,*apt] #ai ,on ! ,division ( ,lab\r #bag4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important pr9ciple on :i* ! economy ( a manufacture dep5ds1 is ! division ( lab\r among/ ! p]sons :o p]=m ! "w4 ,! fir/ application ( ?is pr9ciple mu/ h be5 made 9 a v e>ly /age ( society1 = x mu/ soon h be5 app>5t1 t a l>g] numb] ( com=ts & conv5i5ces c\ld be acquir$ by ea* individual1 if "o man re/rict$ 8 occupation to ! art ( mak+ b[s1 ano!r to t ( build+ h\ses1 a ?ird boats1 & s on4 ,?is division ( lab\r into trades 0 n1 h[ev]1 ! result ( an op9ion t ! g5]al ri*es ( ! community w\ld be increas$ by su* an arrangem5t2 b x mu/ h aris5 f ! circum/ance ( ea* individual s employ$ discov]+ t he himself c\ld ?us make a great] pr(it ( 8 lab\r ?an by pursu+ m v>i$ occupations4 ,society mu/ h made consid]able advances be=e ?is pr9ciple c\ld h be5 c>ri$ into ! work%op2 = x is only 9 c\ntries :i* h atta9$ a high degree ( civilization1 & 9 articles 9 :i* !re is a great competition among/ ! produc]s1 t ! mo/ p]fect sy/em ( ! division ( lab\r is to be obs]v$4 ,! v>i\s pr9ciples on :i* ! advantages ( ?is sy/em dep5d1 h be5 mu* ! subject ( discussion among/ writ]s on political economy2 b ! relative importance ( _! influ5ce does n appe>1 9 all cases1 to h be5 e/imat$ ) suffici5t precision4 ,x is my int5tion1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to /ate %ortly ^? pr9ciples1 & !n to po9t out :at appe>s to me to h be5 omitt$ by ^? :o h previ\sly treat$ ! subject4 #bah4 #a4 ,( ! "t requir$ = le>n+4 ,x w readily be admitt$1 t ! portion ( "t occupi$ 9 ! acquisition ( any art w dep5d on ! difficulty ( its execution2 & t ! great] ! numb] ( di/9ct processes1 ! long] w be ! "t :i* ! appr5tice mu/ employ 9 acquir+ x4 ,five or sev5 ye>s h be5 adopt$1 9 a great _m trades1 z ! "t consid]$ requisite = a lad to acquire a suffici5t k ( 8 art1 & to enable him to repay by 8 lab\r1 dur+ ! latt] portion ( 8 "t1 ! exp5se incurr$ by 8 ma/] at its comm5cem5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( le>n+ all ! diff]5t processes = mak+ a ne$le1 = in/ance1 8 att5tion be conf9$ to "o op]ation1 ! portion ( "t consum$ unpr(itably at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 appr5tice%ip w be small1 & all ! re/ ( x w be b5eficial to 8 ma/]3 &1 consequ5tly1 if !re be any competition among/ ! ma/]s1 ! appr5tice w be able to make bett] t]ms1 & dim9i% ! p]iod ( 8 s]vitude4 ,aga91 ! facility ( acquir+ skill 9 a s+le process1 & ! e>ly p]iod ( life at :i* x c be made a s\rce ( pr(it1 w induce a great] numb] ( p>5ts to br+ up _! *ildr5 to x2 & f ?is circum/ance also1 ! numb] ( workm5 be+ increas$1 ! wages w soon fall4 #bai4 #b4 ,( wa/e ( mat]ials 9 le>n+4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( mat]ial w1 9 all cases1 be consum$ unpr(itably1 or spoil$ by e p]son :o le>ns an art2 & z he applies himself to ea* new process1 he w wa/e "s ( ! raw mat]ial1 or ( ! p>tly manufactur$ commodity4 ,b if ea* man commit ?is wa/e 9 acquir+ successively e process1 ! quantity ( wa/e w be mu* great] ?an if ea* p]son conf9e 8 att5tion to "o process2 9 ?is view ( ! subject1 !re=e1 ! division ( lab\r w dim9i% ! price ( production4 #bbj4 #c4 ,ano!r advantage result+ f ! division ( lab\r is1 ! sav+ ( t portion ( "t :i* is always lo/ 9 *ang+ f "o occupation to ano!r4 ,:5 ! human h&1 or ! human head1 has be5 = "s "t occupi$ 9 any k9d ( "w1 x _c in/antly *ange its employm5t ) full effect4 ,! muscles ( ! limbs employ$ h acquir$ a flexibility dur+ _! ex]tion1 & ^? n 9 action a /iffness dur+ re/1 :i* r5d]s e *ange sl[ & unequal 9 ! comm5cem5t4 ,long habit also produces 9 ! muscles ex]cis$ a capacity = endur+ fatigue to a mu* great] degree ?an !y c\ld support "u o!r circum/ances4 ,a simil> result seems to take place 9 any *ange ( m5tal ex]tion2 ! att5tion be/[$ on ! new subject n be+ s p]fect at fir/ z x becomes aft] "s ex]cise4 #bba4 #d4 ,*ange ( tools4 ,! employm5t ( diff]5t tools 9 ! successive processes is ano!r cause ( ! loss ( "t 9 *ang+ f "o op]ation to ano!r4 ,if ^! tools are simple1 & ! *ange is n frequ5t1 ! loss ( "t is n consid]able2 b 9 _m processes ( ! arts ! tools are ( great delicacy1 requir+ accurate adju/m5t e "t !y are us$2 & 9 _m cases ! "t employ$ 9 adju/+ be>s a l>ge proportion to t employ$ 9 us+ ! tool4 ,! slid+-re/1 ! divid+ & ! drill+-eng9e1 are ( ?is k9d2 & h5ce1 9 manufactories ( suffici5t ext5t1 x is f\nd to be good economy to keep "o ma*9e con/antly employ$ 9 "o k9d ( "w3 "o la!1 = example1 hav+ a screw motion to its slid+-re/ along ! :ole l5g? ( its b$1 is kept con/antly mak+ cyl9d]s2 ano!r1 hav+ a motion = equaliz+ ! velocity ( ! "w at ! po9t at :i* x passes ! tool1 is kept = fac+ surfaces2 :il/ a ?ird is con/antly employ$ 9 cutt+ :eels4 #bbb4 #e4 ,skill acquir$ by frequ5t repetition ( ! same processes4 ,! con/ant repetition ( ! same process necess>ily produces 9 ! workman a degree ( excell5ce & rapidity 9 8 p>ticul> dep>tm5t1 :i* is nev] possess$ by a p]son :o is oblig$ to execute _m diff]5t processes4 ,?is rapidity is /ill fur!r increas$ f ! circum/ance t mo/ ( ! op]ations 9 factories1 :]e ! division ( lab\r is c>ri$ to a consid]able ext5t1 are paid = z piece-"w4 ,x is difficult to e/imate 9 numb]s ! effect ( ?is cause ^u production4 ,9 nail-mak+1 ,adam ,smi? has /at$1 t x is almo/ ?ree to "o2 =1 he obs]ves1 t a smi? accu/om$ to make nails1 b ^: :ole bus9ess has n be5 t ( a nail]1 c make only f eight hundr$ to a ?\s& p] day2 :il/ a lad :o _h nev] ex]cis$ any o!r trade1 c make upw>ds ( two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ a day4 #bbc4 ,9 diff]5t trades1 ! economy ( production aris+ f ! la/-m5tion$ cause w necess>ily be diff]5t4 ,! case ( nail-mak+ is1 p]haps1 r an extreme "o4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$1 t1 9 "o s5se1 ?is is n a p]man5t s\rce ( advantage2 =1 ?\gh x acts at ! comm5cem5t ( an e/abli%m5t1 yet e mon? adds to ! skill ( ! workm52 & at ! end ( ?ree or f\r ye>s !y w n be v f> beh9d ^? :o h nev] practis$ any o!r bran* ( _! art4 ,^u an occasion :5 a l>ge issue ( bank-notes 0 requir$1 a cl]k at ! ,bank ( ,engl& sign$ 8 "n1 consi/+ ( sev5 lett]s1 includ+ ! initial ( 8 ,*ri/ian "n1 five ?\s& ?ree hundr$ times dur+ elev5 work+ h\rs1 besides arrang+ ! notes he _h sign$ 9 p>cels ( fifty ea*4 #bbd4 #f4 ,! division ( lab\r sugge/s ! contrivance ( tools & ma*9]y to execute its processes4 ,:5 ea* processes1 by :i* any article is produc$1 is ! sole occupation ( "o individual1 8 :ole att5tion be+ devot$ to a v limit$ & simple op]ation1 improvem5ts 9 ! =m ( 8 tools1 or 9 ! mode ( us+ !m1 are mu* m likely to occur to 8 m9d1 ?an if x 7 di/ract$ by a great] v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,su* an improvem5t 9 ! tool is g5]ally ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a ma*9e4 ,if a piece ( metal is to be cut 9 a la!1 = example1 !re is "o p>ticul> angle at :i* ! cutt+-tool mu/ be held to insure ! cleane/ cut2 & x is q natural t ! idea ( fix+ ! tool at t angle %\ld pres5t itself to an intellig5t workman4 ,! necessity ( mov+ ! tool sl[ly1 & 9 a direction p>allel to itself1 w\ld sugge/ ! use ( a screw1 & ?us arises ! slid+-re/4 ,x 0 probably ! idea ( m\nt+ a *isel 9 a frame1 to prev5t its cutt+ too deeply1 :i* gave rise to ! common c>p5t]'s plane4 ,9 cases :]e a bl[ f a hamm] is employ$1 exp]i5ce tea*es ! prop] =ce requir$4 ,! transition f ! hamm] held 9 ! h& to "o m\nt$ ^u an axis1 & lift$ regul>ly to a c]ta9 height by "s me*anical contrivance1 requires p]haps a great] degree ( inv5tion ?an ^? j in/anc$2 yet x is n difficult to p]ceive1 t1 if ! hamm] always falls f ! same height1 its effect mu/ be always ! same4 #bbe4 ,:5 ea* process has be5 r$uc$ to ! use ( "s simple tool1 ! union ( all ^! tools1 actuat$ by "o mov+ p[]1 con/itutes a ma*9e4 ,9 contriv+ tools & simplify+ processes1 ! op]ative workm5 are1 p]haps1 mo/ successful2 b x requires f> o!r habits to comb9e into "o ma*9e ^! scatt]$ arts4 ,a previ\s education z a workman 9 ! peculi> trade1 is und\bt$ly a valuable prelim9>y2 b 9 ord] to make su* comb9ations ) any reasonable expectation ( success1 an ext5sive k ( ma*9]y1 & ! p[] ( mak+ me*anical draw+s1 are ess5tially requisite4 ,^! accompli%m5ts are n[ mu* m common ?an !y 7 =m]ly1 & _! abs5ce 01 p]haps1 "o ( ! causes ( ! multitude ( failures 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( _m ( our manufactures4 #bbf4 ,su* are ! pr9ciples usually assign$ z ! causes ( ! advantage result+ f ! division ( lab\r4 ,z 9 ! view ,i h tak5 ( ! "q1 ! mo/ important & influ5tial cause has be5 altoge!r unnotic$1 ,i %all re/ate ^? pr9ciples 9 ! words ( ,adam ,smi?3 ,! great increase 9 ! quantity ( "w1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! division ( lab\r1 ! same numb] ( p are capable ( p]=m+1 is ow+ to ?ree diff]5t circum/ances3 fir/1 to ! increase ( dext]ity 9 e p>ticul> workman2 secondly1 to ! sav+ ( "t1 :i* is commonly lo/ 9 pass+ f "o species ( "w to ano!r2 &1 la/ly1 to ! inv5tion ( a great numb] ( ma*9es :i* facilitate & abridge lab\r1 & enable "o man to d ! "w ( _m4 ,n[1 al?\gh all ^! are important causes1 & ea* has its influ5ce on ! result2 yet x appe>s to me1 t any explanation ( ! *eapness ( manufactur$ articles1 z consequ5t ^u ! division ( lab\r1 w\ld be incomplete if ! foll[+ pr9ciple 7 omitt$ to be /at$4 ,t ! ma/] manufactur]1 by divid+ ! "w to be execut$ into diff]5t processes1 ea* requir+ diff]5t degrees ( skill or ( =ce1 c pur*ase exactly t precise quantity ( bo? :i* is necess>y = ea* process2 :]eas1 if ! :ole "w 7 execut$ by "o workman1 t p]son mu/ possess suffici5t skill to p]=m ! mo/ difficult1 & suffici5t /r5g? to execute ! mo/ labori\s1 ( ! op]ations into :i* ! art is divid$47#a997 #bbg4 ,z ! cle> appreh5sion ( ?is pr9ciple1 ^u :i* a great "p ( ! economy aris+ f ! division ( lab\r dep5ds1 is ( consid]able importance1 x may be desirable to po9t out its precise & num]ical application 9 "s specific manufacture4 ,! art ( mak+ ne$les is1 p]haps1 t :i* ,i %\ld h select$ = ?is illu/ration1 z compreh5d+ a v l>ge numb] ( processes rem>kably diff]5t 9 _! nature2 b ! less difficult art ( p9mak+1 has "s claim to att5tion1 f its hav+ be5 us$ by ,adam ,smi?2 & ,i am confirm$ 9 ! *oice ( x1 by ! circum/ance ( our possess+ a v accurate & m9ute description ( t art1 z practis$ 9 ,france above half a c5tury ago4 #bbh4 ,p9-mak+4 ,9 ! manufacture ( p9s 9 ,engl& ! foll[+ processes are employ$3 #a4 ,wire-draw+4 7a7 ,! brass wire us$ = mak+ p9s is pur*as$ by ! manufactur] 9 coils ( ab\t tw5ty-two in*es 9 diamet]1 ea* weigh+ ab\t ?irty-six p\nds4 7b7 ,! coils are w\nd (f into small] ones ( ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 & betwe5 "o & two p\nds' weight4 7c7 ,! diamet] ( ?is wire is n[ r$uc$1 by draw+ x repeat$ly ?r\gh holes 9 /eel plates1 until x becomes ( ! size requir$ = ! sort ( p9s int5d$ to be made4 ,dur+ ?is process ! wire is h>d5$1 & to prev5t its break+1 x mu/ be anneal$ two or ?ree times1 accord+ to ! dim9ution ( diamet] requir$4 7d7 ,! coils are !n soak$ 9 sulphuric acid1 l>gely dilut$ ) wat]1 9 ord] to clean !m1 & are !n beat5 on /one1 = ! purpose ( remov+ any oxidat$ coat+ :i* may adh]e to !m4 ,^! op]ations are usually p]=m$ by m51 :o draw & clean f ?irty to ?irty-six p\nds ( wire a day4 ,!y are paid at ! rate ( five f>?+s p] p\nd1 & g5]ally e>n ab\t #cs4 #f;d4 p] day4 ,m4 ,p]ronnet made "s exp]im5ts on ! ext5sion ! wire und]goes 9 pass+ ?r\gh ea* hole3 he took a piece ( ?ick ,sw$i% brass wire1 & f\nd ,feet ,in*es ,its l5g? to be be=e draw+ #c #h ,aft] pass+ ! fir/ hole #e #e second hole #g #b ?ird hole #g #h ,x 0 n[ anneal$1 & ! l5g? became ,aft] pass+ ! f\r? hole #aj #h fif? hole #ac #a six? hole #af #h ,& f9ally1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh six o!r holes #add #j ,! holes ?r\gh :i* ! wire 0 drawn 7 n1 9 ?is exp]im5t1 ( regul>ly decreas+ diamet]3 x is extremely difficult to make su* holes1 & /ill m to pres]ve !m 9 _! orig9al dim5sions4 #bbi4 #b4 ,/raight5+ ! wire4 ,! coil ( wire n[ passes into ! h&s ( a woman1 assi/$ by a boy or girl4 ,a few nails1 or iron p9s1 n q 9 a l9e1 are fix$ into "o end ( a wood5 table ab\t tw5ty feet 9 l5g?2 ! end ( ! wire is pass$ alt]nately betwe5 ^! nails1 & is !n pull$ to ! o!r end ( ! table4 ,! object ( ?is process is to /raight5 ! wire1 :i* _h acquir$ a consid]able curvature 9 ! small coils 9 :i* x _h be5 w\nd4 ,! l5g? ?us /raight5$ is cut (f1 & ! rema9d] ( ! coil is drawn into simil> l5g?s4 ,ab\t sev5 nails or p9s are employ$ 9 /raight5+ ! wire1 & _! adju/m5t is a matt] ( "s nicety4 ,x seems1 t by pass+ ! wire betwe5 ! fir/ ?ree nails or p9s1 a b5d is produc$ 9 an opposite direction to t :i* ! wire _h 9 ! coil2 ?is b5d1 by pass+ ! next two nails1 is r$uc$ to ano!r less curv$ 9 ! fir/ direction1 & s on till ! curve ( ! wire may at la/ be conf\nd$ ) a /raight l9e4 #bcj4 #c4 ,po9t+4 7a7 ,a man next takes ab\t ?ree hundr$ ( ^! /raight5$ pieces 9 a p>cel1 & putt+ !m into a gauge1 cuts (f f "o end1 by means ( a pair ( %e>s1 mov$ by 8 foot1 a portion equal 9 l5g? to r m ?an six p9s4 ,he cont9ues ?is op]ation until ! entire p>cel is r$uc$ into simil> pieces4 7b7 ,! next /ep is to %>p5 ! ends3 = ?is purpose ! op]ator sits be=e a /eel mill1 :i* is kept rapidly revolv+3 x consi/s ( a cyl9d] ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 & two & a half in*es broad1 fac$ ) /eel1 :i* is cut 9 ! mann] ( a file4 ,ano!r cyl9d] is fix$ on ! same axis at a few in*es di/ant2 ! file on ! edge ( :i* is ( a f9] k9d1 & is us$ = f9i%+ (f ! po9ts4 ,! workman n[ takes up a p>cel ( ! wires betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb ( ea* h&1 & presses ! ends obliquely on ! mill1 tak+ c>e ) 8 f+]s & ?umbs to make ea* wire sl[ly revolve ^u its axis4 ,hav+ ?us po9t$ all ! pieces at "o end1 he rev]ses !m1 & p]=ms ! same op]ation on ! o!r4 ,?is process requires consid]able skill1 b x is n unheal?y2 :il/ ! simil> process 9 ne$lemak+ is rem>kably de/ructive ( heal?4 7c7 ,! pieces n[ po9t$ at bo? ends1 are next plac$ 9 gauges1 & ! po9t$ ends are cut (f1 by means ( %e>s1 to ! prop] l5g? ( :i* ! p9s are to be made4 ,! rema9+ portions ( ! wire are n[ equal to ab\t f\r p9s 9 l5g?1 & are aga9 po9t$ at ea* end1 & _! l5g?s aga9 cut (f4 ,?is process is repeat$ a ?ird "t1 & ! small portion ( wire left 9 ! middle is ?r[n among/ ! wa/e1 to be melt$ along ) ! du/ aris+ f ! %>p5+4 ,x is usual = a man1 8 wife1 & a *ild1 to jo9 9 p]=m+ ^! processes2 & !y are paid at ! rate ( five f>?+s p] p\nd4 ,!y c po9t f ?irty-f\r to ?irty-six & a half p\nds p] day1 & ga9 f #fs4 #f;d4 to #gs41 :i* may be apportion$ ?us2 #es4 #f;d4 ! man4 #as4 ! woman1 #f;d4 to ! boy or girl4 #bca4 #d4 ,twi/+ & cutt+ ! heads4 ,! next process is mak+ ! heads4 ,= ?is purpose 7a7 a boy takes a piece ( wire1 ( ! same diamet] z ! p9 to be head$1 :i* he fixes on an axis t c be made to revolve rapidly by means ( a :eel & /rap connect$ ) x4 ,?is wire is call$ ! m\ld4 ,he !n takes a small] wire1 :i* hav+ pass$ ?r\gh an eye 9 a small tool held 9 8 left h&1 he fixes close to ! bottom ( ! m\ld4 ,! m\ld is n[ made to revolve rapidly by means ( ! "r h&1 & ! small] wire coils r\nd x until x has cov]$ ! :ole l5g? ( ! m\ld4 ,! boy n[ cuts ! end ( ! spiral connect$ ) ! foot ( ! m\ld1 & draws x (f4 7b7 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity ( head+ is ?us made1 a man takes f ?irte5 to tw5ty ( ^! spirals 9 8 left h&1 betwe5 8 ?umb & ?ree out] f+]s3 ^! he places 9 su* a mann] t two turns ( ! spiral %all be beyond ! upp] edge ( a pair ( %e>s1 & ) ! =ef+] ( ! same h& he feels t only two turns d s project4 ,) 8 "r h& he closes ! %e>s2 & ! two turns ( ! spiral be+ cut (f1 drop into a bas92 ! position ( ! =ef+] prev5t+ ! heads f fly+ ab\t :5 cut (f4 ,! workm5 :o cut ! heads are usually paid at ! rate ( #b #a_/b;d4 to #c;d4 p] p\nd = l>ge heads1 b a high] price is giv5 = ! small] head+4 ,out ( ?is !y pay ! boy :o sp9s ! spiral2 he receives f #d;d4 to #f;d4 a day4 ,a good workman c cut f six to ab\t ?irty p\nds ( head+ p] day1 accord+ to its size4 #bcb4 #e4 ,head+4 ,! process ( fix+ ! head on ! body ( ! p9 is usually execut$ by wom5 & *ildr54 ,ea* op]ator sits be=e a small /eel /ake1 hav+ a cavity1 into :i* "o half ( ! int5d$ head w fit2 imm$iately above is a /eel die1 hav+ a correspond+ cavity = ! o!r half ( ! head3 ?is latt] die c be rais$ by a p$al mov$ by ! foot4 ,! weight ( ! hamm] is f sev5 to t5 p\nds1 & x falls ?r\gh a v small space1 p]haps f "o to two in*es4 ,! cavities 9 ! c5tre ( ^! dies are connect$ ) ! edge ( a small groove1 to admit ( ! body ( ! p91 :i* is ?us prev5t$ f be+ flatt5$ by ! bl[ ( ! die4 7a7 ,! op]ator ) 8 left h& dips ! po9t$ end ( ! body ( a p9 into a tray ( heads2 hav+ pass$ ! po9t ?r\gh "o ( !m1 he c>ries x along to ! o!r end ) ! =ef+]4 ,he n[ takes ! p9 9 ! "r h&1 & places ! head 9 ! cavity ( ! /ake1 &1 lift+ ! die ) 8 foot1 all[s x to fall on ! head4 ,?is bl[ tight5s ! head on ! %ank1 :i* is !n turn$ r\nd1 & ! head receives ?ree or f\r bl[s on diff]5t p>ts ( its circumf]5ce4 ,! wom5 & *ildr5 :o fix ! heads are paid at ! rate ( #as4 #f;d4 = e tw5ty ?\s&4 ,a skilful op]ator c ) great ex]tion d tw5ty ?\s& p] day1 b f t5 to fifte5 ?\s& is ! usual quantity3 *ildr5 head a mu* small] numb]3 v>y+1 ( c\rse1 ) ! degree ( _! skill4 ,ab\t "o p] c5t ( ! p9s are spoil$ 9 ! process2 ^! are pick$ out aft]w>ds by wom51 & are res]v$1 along ) ! wa/e f o!r processes1 = ! melt+-pot4 ,! die 9 :i* ! heads are /ruck is v>i$ 9 =m accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! "t2 b ! repeat$ bl[s to :i* x is subject r5d] x necess>y t x %\ld be repair$ aft] x has be5 us$ = ab\t ?irty p\nds ( p9s4 #bcc4 #f4 ,t9n+4 ,! p9s are n[ fit to be t9n$1 a process :i* is usually execut$ by a man1 assi/$ by 8 wife1 or by a lad4 ,! quantity ( p9s op]at$ ^u at ?is /age is usually fifty-six p\nds4 7a7 ,!y are fir/ plac$ 9 a pickle1 9 ord] to remove any grease or dirt f _! surface1 & also to r5d] !m r\gh1 :i* facilitates ! adh]5ce ( ! t9 ) :i* !y are to be cov]$4 7b7 ,!y are !n plac$ 9 a boil] full ( a solution ( t>t> 9 wat]1 9 :i* !y are mix$ ) a quantity ( t9 9 small gra9s4 ,9 ?is !y are g5]ally kept boil+ = ab\t two h\rs & a half1 & are !n remov$ into a tub ( wat] into :i* "s bran has be5 ?r[n1 = ! purpose ( wa%+ (f ! acid liquor4 7c7 ,!y are !n tak5 out1 &1 be+ plac$ 9 wood5 trays1 are well %ak5 9 dry bran3 ?is removes any wat] adh]+ to !m2 & by giv+ ! wood5 tray a peculi> k9d ( motion1 ! p9s are ?r[n up1 & ! bran gradually flies (f1 & leaves !m beh9d 9 ! tray4 ,! man :o pickles & t9s ! p9s usually gets "o p5ny p] p\nd = ! "w1 & employs himself1 dur+ ! boil+ ( "o bat* ( p9s1 9 dry+ ^? previ\sly t9n$4 ,he c e>n ab\t #is4 p] day2 b out ( ?is he pays ab\t #cs4 = 8 assi/ant4 #bcd4 #g4 ,pap]+4 ,! p9s come f ! t9n] 9 wood5 b[ls1 ) ! po9ts project+ 9 all directions3 ! arrang+ ( !m side by side 9 pap] is g5]ally p]=m$ by wom54 7a7 ,a woman takes up "s1 & places !m on a comb1 & %ak+ !m1 "s ( ! p9s fall back into ! b[l1 & ! re/1 be+ caught by _! heads1 are deta9$ betwe5 ! tee? ( ! comb4 7b7 ,hav+ ?us arrang$ !m 9 a p>allel direction1 %e fixes ! requisite numb] betwe5 two pieces ( iron1 hav+ tw5ty-five small grooves1 at equal di/ances2 7c7 & hav+ previ\sly d\bl$ ! pap]1 %e presses x aga9/ ! po9ts ( ! p9s until !y h pass$ ?r\gh ! two folds :i* are to reta9 !m4 ,! p9s are !n reliev$ f ! grasp ( ! tool1 & ! process is repeat$4 ,a woman ga9s ab\t #as4 #f;d4 p] day by pap]+2 b *ildr5 are sometimes employ$1 :o e>n f #f;d4 p] day1 & upw>ds4 #bce4 ,hav+ ?us g5]ally describ$ ! v>i\s processes ( p9-mak+1 & hav+ /at$ ! usual co/ ( ea*1 x w be conv5i5t to pres5t a tabul> view ( ! "t occupi$ by ea* process1 & its co/1 z well z ! sums :i* c be e>n$ by ! p]sons :o conf9e !mselves solely to ea* process4 ,z ! rate ( wages is itself fluctuat+1 & z ! prices paid & quantities execut$ h be5 giv5 only betwe5 c]ta9 limits1 x is n to be expect$ t ?is table c repres5t ! co/ ( ea* "p ( ! "w ) ! m9ute/ accuracy1 nor ev5 t x %all accord p]fectly ) ! prices above giv53 b x has be5 drawn up ) "s c>e1 & w be q suffici5t to s]ve z ! basis ( ^? reason+s :i* x is meant to illu/rate4 ,a table ne>ly simil> w be subjo9$1 :i* has be5 d$uc$ f a /atem5t ( ,m4 ,p]ronet1 respect+ ! art ( p9-mak+ 9 ,france1 above sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,engli% manufacture #bcf4 ,p9s1 ,elev5s1 #eedf weigh "o p\nd2 "o doz5 #ficb p9s weigh tw5ty ounces1 & require six ounces ( pap]4 ,"n ( ! process ,workman ,"t = mak+ #a lb ( p9s ,h\rs ,co/ ( mak+ #a lb ( p9s ,p5ce ,workm5 e>ns p] day s4 d4 ,price ( mak+ ea* "p ( a s+le p9 9 million?s ( a p5ny #a4 ,draw+ wire 7#bbd7 ,man 4#cfcf #a4bejj #c #c #bbe #b4 ,/raight5+ wire 7 #bbe7 ,woman 4#cjjj 4#bhdj #a #j #ea ,girl 4#cjjj 4#adbj #j #f #bf #c4 ,po9t+ 7#bbf7 ,man 4#cjjj #a4ggej #e #c #cai #d4 ,twi/+ & cutt+ heads ,boy 4#jdjj 4#jadg #j #d #a_/b #c 7#bbg7 ,man 4#jdjj 4#bajc #e #d #a_/b #ch #e4 ,head+ 7#bbh7 ,woman #d4jjjj #e4jjjj #a #c #ija #f ,t9n+ or :it5+ ,man 4#ajga 4#ffff #f #j #aba 7#bbi7 ,woman 4#ajga 4#cccc #c #j #fj #g4 ,pap]+ 7#bcj7 ,woman #b4acad #c4aigc #a #f #egf #g4fhib #ab4hgcb - - #bcbj ,numb] ( p]sons employ$3 ,m54 #d2 ,wom54 #d2 ,*ildr51 #b4 ,total1 #aj4 ,fr5* manufacture #bcg4 ,co/ ( #ab1jjj p9s1 ,no4 #f1 ea* be+ eight-t5?s ( an ,engli% in* 9 l5g?1--z !y 7 manufactur$ 9 ,france ab\t #agfj2 ) ! co/ ( ea* op]ation3 d$uc$ f ! obs]vations & /atem5t ( ,m4 ,p]ronet4 ,"n ( ! process ,"t = mak+ twelve ?\s& p9s ,h\rs ,co/ ( mak+ twelve ?\s& p9s ,p5ce ,workman usually e>ns p] day ,p5ce ,exp5se ( tools & mat]ials ,p5ce #a4 ,wire -- -- -- #bd4ge #b4 ,/raight5+ & cutt+ #a4b 4#e #d4e -- #c4 ,co>se po9t+ #a4b 4#fbe #aj4j -- ,turn+ :eel7#b997 #a4b 4#hge #g4j -- ,f9e ,po9t+ 4#h 4#e #i4cge -- ,turn+ :eel #a4b 4#e #d4ge -- ,cutt+ (f po9t$ ends 4#f 4#cge #g4e -- #d4 ,turn+ spiral 4#e 4#abe #c4j -- ,cutt+ (f heads 4#h 4#cge #e4fbe -- ,fuel to anneal ditto -- -- -- 4#abe #e4 ,head+ #ab4j 4#ccc #d4be -- #f4 ,t>t> = clean+ -- -- -- 4#e ,t>t> = :it5+ -- -- -- 4#e #g4 ,pap]+ #d4h 4#e #b4j -- ,pap] -- -- -- #a4j ,we> ( tools -- -- -- #b4j #bd4c #d4gjh ,! great exp5se ( turn+ ! :eel appe>s to h aris5 f ! p]son s occupi$ be+ unemploy$ dur+ half 8 "t1 :il/ ! po9t] w5t to ano!r manufactory #cch4 ,x appe>s f ! analysis we h giv5 ( ! art ( p9mak+1 t x occupies r m ?an sev5 h\rs & a half ( "t1 = t5 diff]5t individuals work+ 9 succession on ! same mat]ial1 to conv]t x into a p\nd ( p9s2 & t ! total exp5se ( _! lab\r1 ea* be+ paid 9 ! jo9t ratio ( 8 skill & ( ! "t he is employ$1 am\nts v ne>ly to #as4 #a;d4 ,b f an exam9ation ( ! fir/ ( ^! tables1 x appe>s t ! wages e>n$ by ! p]sons employ$ v>y f #d #a_/b;d4 p] day up to #fs41 & consequ5tly ! skill :i* is requir$ = _! respective employm5ts may be measur$ by ^? sums4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 t if "o p]son 7 requir$ to make ! :ole p\nd ( p9s1 he mu/ h skill en\gh to e>n ab\t #es4 #c;d4 p] day1 :il/ he is po9t+ ! wires or cutt+ (f ! heads f ! spiral coils--& #fs4 :5 he is :it5+ ! p9s2 :i* ?ree op]ations toge!r w\ld occupy little m ?an ! sev5te5? "p ( 8 "t4 ,x is also app>5t1 t dur+ m ?an "o half ( 8 "t he mu/ be e>n+ only #as4 #c;d1 p] day1 9 putt+ on ! heads2 al?\gh 8 skill1 if prop]ly employ$1 w\ld1 9 ! same "t1 produce ne>ly five times z mu*4 ,if1 !re=e1 we 7 to employ1 = all ! processes1 ! man :o :it5s ! p9s1 & :o e>ns #fs4 p] day1 ev5 suppos+ t he c\ld make ! p\nd ( p9s 9 an equally %ort "t1 yet we mu/ pay him = 8 "t #df4 #ad p5ce1 or ab\t #cs4 #aj;d4 ,! p9s w\ld !re=e co/1 9 mak+1 ?ree times & ?ree qu>t]s z mu* z !y n[ d by ! application ( ! division ( lab\r4 ,! high] ! skill requir$ ( ! workman 9 any "o process ( a manufacture1 & ! small] ! "t dur+ :i* x is employ$1 s mu* ! great] w be ! advantage ( sep>at+ t process f ! re/1 & devot+ "o p]son's att5tion entirely to x4 ,_h we select$ ! art ( ne$le-mak+ z our illu/ration1 ! economy aris+ f ! division ( lab\r w\ld h be5 /ill m /rik+2 = ! process ( temp]+ ! ne$les requires great skill1 att5tion1 & exp]i5ce1 & al?\gh f ?ree to f\r ?\s& are temp]$ at once1 ! workman is paid a v high rate ( wages4 ,9 ano!r process ( ! same manufacture1 dry-po9t+1 :i* also is execut$ ) great rapidity1 ! wages e>n$ by ! workman rea* f #gs4 to #abs41 #aes41 & ev51 9 "s in/ances1 to #bjs4 p] day2 :il/ o!r processes are c>ri$ on by *ildr5 paid at ! rate ( #f;d4 p] day4 #bci4 ,"s fur!r reflections sugge/$ by ! prec$+ analysis1 w be res]v$ until we h plac$ be=e ! read] a brief description ( a ma*9e = mak+ p9s1 inv5t$ by an ,am]ican4 ,x is highly +5i\s 9 po9t ( contrivance1 &1 9 respect to its economical pr9ciples1 w furni% a /rong & int]e/+ contra/ ) ! manufacture ( p9s by ! human h&4 ,9 ?is ma*9e a coil ( brass wire is plac$ on an axis2 "o end ( ?is wire is drawn by a pair ( roll]s ?r\gh a small hole 9 a plate ( /eel1 & is held !re by a =ceps4 ,z soon z ! ma*9e is put 9 action1 - #a4 ,! =ceps draws ! wire on to a di/ance equal 9 l5g? to "o p93 a cutt+ edge ( /eel !n desc5ds close to ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! wire ent]$1 & sev]s ! piece drawn out4 #b4 ,! =ceps hold+ ! piece ?us sep>at$ moves on1 till x br+s ! wire to ! c5tre ( ! *uck ( a small la!1 :i* op5s to receive x4 ,:il/ ! =ceps is return+ to fet* ano!r piece ( wire1 ! la! revolves rapidly1 & gr9ds ! project+ end ( ! wire ^u a /eel mill1 :i* advances t[>ds x4 #c4 ,aft] ?is fir/ or co>se po9t+1 ! la! /ops1 & ano!r =ceps takes hold ( ! half-po9t$ p91 7:i* is in/antly releas$ by ! op5+ ( ! *uck71 & conveys x to a simil> *uck ( an adjac5t la!1 :i* receives x1 & f9i%es ! po9t+ on a f9] /eel mill4 #d4 ,?is mill aga9 /ops1 & ano!r =ceps removes ! po9t$ p9 into a pair ( /rong /eel clams1 hav+ a small groove 9 !m by :i* !y hold ! p9 v firmly4 ,a "p ( ?is groove1 :i* t]m9ates at t edge ( ! /eel clams :i* is int5d$ to =m ! head ( ! p91 is made conical4 ,a small r\nd /eel pun* is n[ driv5 =cibly aga9/ ! end ( ! wire ?us clamp$1 & ! head ( ! p9 is p>tially =m$ by compress+ ! wire into ! conical cavity4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,i h already /at$ t ?is pr9ciple pres5t$ itself to me aft] a p]sonal exam9ation ( a numb] ( manufactories & work%ops devot$ to diff]5t purposes2 b ,i h s9ce f\nd t x _h be5 di/9ctly po9t$ out 9 ! "w ( ,gioja4 ,nuovo ,prospetto delle ,sci5ze ,economi*e4 #f tom4 #dto4 ,milano1 #ahae1 tom4 i4 capo iv4 #b4 ,! great exp5se ( turn+ ! :eel appe>s to h aris5 f ! p]son s occupi$ be+ unemploy$ dur+ half 8 "t1 :il/ ! po9t] w5t to ano!r manufactory4 ,*apt] #bj ,on ! ,division ( ,lab\r #bda4 ,we h already m5tion$ :at may1 p]haps1 appe> p>adoxical to "s ( our read]s t ! division ( lab\r c be appli$ ) equal success to m5tal z to me*anical op]ations1 & t x ensures 9 bo? ! same economy ( "t4 ,a %ort acc\nt ( its practical application1 9 ! mo/ ext5sive s]ies ( calculations ev] execut$1 w (f] an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ?is fact1 :il/ at ! same "t x w af=d an occasion = %ew+ t ! arrangem5ts :i* ought to regulate ! int]ior economy ( a manufactory1 are f\nd$ on pr9ciples ( deep] root ?an may h be5 suppos$1 & are capable ( be+ usefully employ$ 9 prep>+ ! road to "s ( ! sublime/ inve/igations ( ! human m9d4 #bdb4 ,9 ! mid/ ( t excitem5t :i* accompani$ ! ,revolution ( ,france & ! succe$+ w>s1 ! ambition ( ! nation1 unexhau/$ by its fatal passion = milit>y r5[n1 0 at ! same "t direct$ to "s ( ! nobl] & m p]man5t triumphs :i* m>k ! era ( a p's greatness & :i* receive ! applause ( po/]ity long aft] _! conque/s h be5 wre/$ f !m1 or ev5 :5 _! exi/5ce z a nation may be told only by ! page ( hi/ory4 ,among/ _! ent]prises ( sci5ce1 ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 0 desir\s ( produc+ a s]ies ( ma!matical tables1 to facilitate ! application ( ! decimal sy/em :i* !y _h s rec5tly adopt$4 ,!y direct$1 !re=e1 _! ma!maticians to con/ruct su* tables1 on ! mo/ ext5sive scale4 ,_! mo/ di/+ui%$ philosoph]s1 respond+ fully to ! call ( _! c\ntry1 inv5t$ new me?ods = ?is labori\s task2 & a "w1 completely answ]+ ! l>ge dem&s ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 0 produc$ 9 a rem>kably %ort p]iod ( "t4 ,m4 ,prony1 to :om ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ?is great und]tak+ 0 confid$1 9 speak+ ( its comm5cem5t1 obs]ves3 ,je m'y livrai avec t\te l'ardeur dont j'etois capable1 et je m'occupai d'abord du plan g5]al de l'execution4 ,t\tes les conditions que j'avois a remplir necessitoi5t l'emploi d'un gr& nombre de calculateurs2 et il me v9t bi5tot a la p5see d'appliqu] a la connection de ces ,tables la division du travail1 dont les ,arts de ,comm]ce tir5t un p>ti si avantageux p\r reunir a la p]nection de ma9-d'oeuvre l'economie de la dep5se et du temps4 ,! circum/ance :i* gave rise to ?is s+ul> application ( ! pr9ciple ( ! division on lab\r is s int]e/+1 t no apology is necess>y = introduc+ x f a small pamphlet pr9t$ at ,p>is a few ye>s s9ce1 :5 a proposition 0 made by ! ,engli% to ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 t ! two c\ntries %\ld pr9t ^! tables at _! jo9t exp5se4 #bdc4 ,! orig9 ( ! idea is relat$ 9 ! foll[+ extract3 ,c'e/ a un *apitre d'un ouvrage ,anglais17#a997 ju/em5t celebre1 7,i47 qu'e/ probablem5t due l'exi/5ce de l'ouvrage dont le g\v]nem5t ,britannique veut faire j\ir le monde savant3 ,voici l'anecdote3 ,m4 de ,prony s'etait engage4 avec les comites de g\v]nem5t4 a compos] p\r la division c5tesimale du c]cle1 des tables log>i?miques et trigonometriques1 qui1 non seulem5t ne laissass5t ri5 a desir] quant a l'exactitude1 mais qui =mass5t le monum5t de calcul #a;e plus va/e et le plus imposant qui eut jamais ete execute1 ou meme concu4 ,les log>i?mes des nombres de #a a #bjj4jjj =mai5t a ce travail un supplem5t necessaire et exige4 ,il fut aise a ,m4 de ,prony de s'assur] que meme en s'associant trois ou quatre habiles co-op]ateurs4 ,la plus gr&e duree presumable de sa vie ne lui sufirai pas p\r remplir ses engagem5ts4 ,il etait occupe de cette fa*euse p5see lorsque4 ,se tr\vant devant la b\tique d'un m>*& de livres4 ,il app]cut la belle edition ,anglaise de ,smi?1 donnee a ,londres en #aggf3 il ouvrit le livre au haz>d4 et tomba sur le premi] *apitre1 qui traite de la division du travail1 et ou la fabrication des ep+les e/ citee p\r exemple4 ,a pe9e avait-il p>c\ru les premi]es pages1 que1 p> une espece d'inspiration4 il concut l'exp$i5t de mettre ses log>i?mes en manufacture comme les ep+les4 ,il faisait en ce mom5t1 a l'ecole polyte*nique1 des lecons sur une p>tie d'analyse liee a ce g5re de travail1 la me?ode des diff]5ces1 et ses applications a l'int]polation4 ,il alla pass] quelques j\rs a la campagne4 et rev9t a ,p>is avec le plan de fabrication4 qui a ete suivi dans l'execution4 ,il rassembla deux ateli]s4 qui faisai ent sep>em5t les memes calculs1 et se s]vai5t de v]ification reciproque47#b997 #bdd4 ,! anci5t me?ods ( comput+ tables 7 altoge!r inapplicable to su* a proce$+4 ,m4 ,prony1 !re=e1 wi%+ to avail himself ( all ! tal5t ( 8 c\ntry 9 devis+ new me?ods1 =m$ ! fir/ section ( ^? :o 7 to take "p 9 ?is ent]prise out ( five or six ( ! mo/ em95t ma!maticians 9 ,france4 ,fir/ section4 ,! duty ( ?is fir/ section 0 to inve/igate1 among/ ! v>i\s analytical expressions :i* c\ld be f\nd = ! same function1 t :i* 0 mo/ readily adapt$ to simple num]ical calculation by _m individuals employ$ at ! same "t4 ,?is section _h little or no?+ to d ) ! actual num]ical "w4 ,:5 its lab\rs 7 conclud$1 ! =mulae on ! use ( :i* x _h decid$1 7 deliv]$ to ! second section4 ,second section4 ,?is section consi/$ ( sev5 or eight p]sons ( consid]able acqua9tance ) ma!matics3 & _! duty 0 to conv]t into numb]s ! =mulae put into _! h&s by ! fir/ section an op]ation ( great lab\r2 & !n to deliv] out ^! =mulae to ! memb]s ( ! ?ird section1 & receive f !m ! f9i%$ calculations4 ,! memb]s ( ?is second section _h c]ta9 means ( v]ify+ ! calculations )\t ! necessity ( repeat+1 or ev5 ( exam9+1 ! :ole ( ! "w done by ! ?ird section4 ,?ird section4 ,! memb]s ( ?is section1 ^: numb] v>i$ f sixty to eighty1 receiv$ c]ta9 numb]s f ! second section1 &1 us+ no?+ m ?an simple addition & subtraction1 !y return$ to t section ! tables 9 a f9i%$ /ate4 ,x is rem>kable t n9e-t5?s ( ?is class _h no k ( ari?metic beyond ! two fir/ rules :i* !y 7 ?us call$ ^u to ex]cise1 & t ^! p]sons 7 usually f\nd m correct 9 _! calculations1 ?an ^? :o possess$ a m ext5sive k ( ! subject4 #bde4 ,:5 x is /at$ t ! tables ?us comput$ occupy sev5te5 l>ge folio volumes1 "s idea may p]haps be =m$ ( ! lab\r4 ,f t "p execut$ by ! ?ird class1 :i* may almo/ be t]m$ me*anical1 requir+ ! lea/ k & by f> ! greate/ ex]tions1 ! fir/ class 7 entirely exempt4 ,su* lab\r c always be pur*as$ at an easy rate4 ,! duties ( ! second class1 al?\gh requir+ consid]able skill 9 ari?metical op]ations1 7 yet 9 "s measure reliev$ by ! high] int]e/ naturally felt 9 ^? m difficult op]ations4 ,! ex]tions ( ! fir/ class are n likely to require1 ^u ano!r occasion1 s mu* skill & lab\r z !y did ^u ! fir/ attempt to introduce su* a me?od2 b :5 ! completion ( a calculat+ eng9e %all h produc$ a sub/itute = ! :ole ( ! ?ird section ( comput]s1 ! att5tion ( analy/s w naturally be direct$ to simplify+ its application1 by a new discussion ( ! me?ods ( conv]t+ analytical =mulae into numb]s4 #bdf4 ,! proce$+ ( ,m4 ,prony1 9 ?is celebrat$ sy/em ( calculation1 mu* resembles t ( a skilful p]son ab\t to con/ruct a cotton or silk mill1 or any simil> e/abli%m5t4 ,hav+1 by 8 own g5ius1 or ?r\gh ! aid ( 8 fri5ds1 f\nd t "s improv$ ma*9]y may be successfully appli$ to 8 pursuit1 he makes draw+s ( 8 plans ( ! ma*9]y1 & may himself be consid]$ z con/itut+ ! fir/ section4 ,he next requires ! assi/ance ( op]ative eng9e]s capable ( execut+ ! ma*9]y he has design$1 "s ( :om %\ld und]/& ! nature ( ! processes to be c>ri$ on2 & ^! con/itute 8 second section4 ,:5 a suffici5t numb] ( ma*9es h be5 made1 a multitude ( o!r p]sons1 possess$ ( a l[] degree ( skill1 mu/ be employ$ 9 us+ !m2 ^! =m ! ?ird section3 b _! "w1 & ! j p]=mance ( ! ma*9es1 mu/ be /ill sup]9t5d$ by ! second class4 #bdg4 ,z ! possibility ( p]=m+ ari?metical calculations by ma*9]y may appe> to non-ma!matical read]s to be r too l>ge a po/ulate1 & z x is connect$ ) ! subject ( ! division ( lab\r1 ,i %all "h endeav\r1 9 a few l9es1 to give "s slight p]ception ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is c be done--& ?us to remove a small portion ( ! veil :i* cov]s t app>5t my/]y4 #bdh4 ,t ne>ly all tables ( numb]s :i* foll[ any law1 h[ev] complicat$1 may be =m$1 to a great] or less ext5t1 solely by ! prop] arrangem5t ( ! successive addition & subtraction ( numb]s befitt+ ea* table1 is a g5]al pr9ciple :i* c be demon/rat$ to ^? only :o are well acqua9t$ ) ma!matics2 b ! m9d1 ev5 ( ! read] :o is b v slightly acqua9t$ ) t sci5ce1 w readily conceive t x is n impossible1 by att5d+ to ! foll[+ example4 ,! subjo9$ table is ! beg9n+ ( "o 9 v ext5sive use1 :i* has be5 pr9t$ & repr9t$ v frequ5tly 9 _m c\ntries1 & is call$ a table ( squ>e numb]s4 ,t]ms ( ,table ,a ,table ,b fir/ ,diff]5ce ,c second ,diff]5ce #a #a #c #b #d #b #e #c #i #b #g #d #af #b #i #e #be #b #aa #f #cf #b #ac #g #di ,any numb] 9 ! table1 column ,a1 may be obta9$1 by multiply+ ! numb] :i* expresses ! di/ance ( t t]m f ! comm5cem5t ( ! table by itself2 ?us1 #be is ! fif? t]m f ! beg9n+ ( ! table1 & #e multipli$ by itself1 or by #e1 is equal to #be4 ,let u n[ subtract ea* t]m ( ?is table f ! next succe$+ t]m1 & place ! results 9 ano!r column 7,b71 :i* may be call$ fir/ diff]5ce column4 ,if we aga9 subtract ea* t]m ( ?is fir/ diff]5ce f ! succe$+ t]m1 we f9d ! result is always ! numb] #b1 7column ,c72 & t ! same numb] w always recur 9 t column1 :i* may be call$ ! second diff]5ce1 w appe> to any p]son :o takes ! tr\ble to c>ry on ! table a few t]ms fur!r4 ,n[ :5 once ?is is admitt$1 x is q cle> t1 provid$ ! fir/ t]m 7#a7 ( ! table1 ! fir/ t]m 7#c7 ( ! fir/ diff]5ces1 & ! fir/ t]m 7#b7 ( ! second or con/ant diff]5ce1 are orig9ally giv51 we c cont9ue ! table ( squ>e numb]s to any ext5t1 m]ely by addition3 = ! s]ies ( fir/ diff]5ces may be =m$ by repeat$ly add+ ! con/ant diff]5ce 7#b7 to 7#c7 ! fir/ numb] 9 column ,b1 & we !n h ! s]ies ( numb]s1 #c1 #e1 #f1 etc43 & aga91 by successively add+ ea* ( ^! to ! fir/ numb] 7#a7 ( ! table1 we produce ! squ>e numb]s4 #bdi4 ,hav+ ?us1 ,i hope1 ?r[n "s light ^u ! !oretical "p ( ! "q1 ,i %all endeav\r to %ew t ! me*anical execution ( su* an eng9e1 z w\ld produce ?is s]ies ( numb]s1 is n s f> remov$ f t ( ord9>y ma*9]y z might be conceiv$47#c997 ,let ! read] imag9e ?ree clocks1 plac$ on a table side by side1 ea* hav+ only "o h&1 & ea* hav+ a ?\s& divisions in/ead ( twelve h\rs m>k$ on ! face2 & e "t a /r+ is pull$1 let !m /rike on a bell ! numb]s ( ! divisions to :i* _! h&s po9t4 ,let him fur!r suppose t two ( ! clocks1 = ! sake ( di/9ction call$ ,b & ,c1 h "s me*anism by :i* ! clock ,c advances ! h& ( ! clock ,b "o division1 = ea* /roke x makes ^u its own bell3 & let ! clock ,b by a simil> contrivance advance ! h& ( ! clock ,a "o division1 = ea* /roke x makes on its own bell4 ,) su* an arrangem5t1 hav+ set ! h& ( ! clock ,a to ! division ,i1 t ( ,b to ,,iii1 & t ( ,c to ,,ii1 let ! read] imag9e ! repeat+ p>ts ( ! clocks to be set 9 motion cont9ually 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 viz4--pull ! /r+ ( clock ,a2 pull ! /r+ ( clock ,b2 pull ! /r+ ( clock ,c4 ,! table on ! foll[+ page w !n express ! s]ies ( movem5ts & _! results4 ,if n[ only ^? divisions /ruck or po9t$ at by ! clock ,a be att5d$ to & writt5 d[n1 x w be f\nd t !y produce ! s]ies ( ! squ>es ( ! natural numb]s4 ,su* a s]ies c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be c>ri$ by ?is me*anism only s f> z ! numb]s :i* c be express$ by ?ree figures2 b ?is may be suffici5t to give "s idea ( ! con/ruction--& 01 9 fact1 ! po9t to :i* ! fir/ model ( ! calculat+ eng9e1 n[ 9 progress1 ext5d$4 #bej4 ,we h se51 !n1 t ! effect ( ! division ( lab\r1 bo? 9 me*anical & 9 m5tal op]ations1 is1 t x enables u to pur*ase & apply to ea* process precisely t quantity ( skill & k :i* is requir$ = x3 we avoid employ+ any "p ( ! "t ( a man :o c get eight or t5 %ill+s a day by 8 skill 9 temp]+ ne$les1 9 turn+ a :eel1 :i* c be done = sixp5ce a day2 & we equally avoid ! loss aris+ f ! employm5t ( an accompli%$ ma!matician 9 p]=m+ ! l[e/ processes ( ari?metic4 #bea4 ,! division ( lab\r _c be successfully practis$ unless !re exi/s a great dem& = its produce2 & x requires a l>ge capital to be employ$ 9 ^? arts 9 :i* x is us$4 ,9 wat*mak+ x has be5 c>ri$1 p]haps1 to ! greate/ ext5t4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 evid5ce be=e a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 t !re are a hundr$ & two di/9ct bran*es ( ?is art1 to ea* ( :i* a boy may be put appr5tice3 & t he only le>ns 8 ma/]'s dep>tm5t1 & is unable1 aft] 8 appr5tice%ip has expir$1 )\t subsequ5t in/ruction1 to "w at any o!r bran*4 ,! wat*-f9i%]1 ^: bus9ess is to put toge!r ! scatt]$ p>ts1 is ! only "o1 out ( ! hundr$ & two p]sons1 :o c "w 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ?an 8 own4 #beb4 ,9 "o ( ! mo/ difficult arts1 t ( m9+1 great improvem5ts h result$ f ! judici\s di/ribution ( ! duties2 & "u ! arrangm5ts :i* h gradually be5 introduc$1 ! :ole sy/em ( ! m9e & its gov]nm5t is n[ plac$ "u ! control ( ! foll[+ (fic]s4 #a4 ,a manag]1 :o has ! g5]al k ( all t is to be done1 & :o may be assi/$ by "o or m skilful p]sons4 #b4 ,und]gr\nd capta9s direct ! prop] m9+ op]ations1 & gov]n ! work+ m9]s4 #c4 ,! purs] & book-keep] manage ! acc\nts4 #d4 ,! eng9e] erects ! eng9es1 & sup]9t5ds ! m5 :o "w !m4 #e4 ,a *ief pitman has *>ge ( ! pumps & ! app>atus ( ! %afts4 #f4 ,a surface-capta91 ) assi/ants1 receives ! ores rais$1 & directs ! dress+ dep>tm5t1 ! object ( :i* is to r5d] !m m>ketable4 #g4 ,! head c>p5t] sup]9t5ds _m con/ructions4 #h4 ,! =eman ( ! smi?s regulates ! ironwork & tools4 #i4 ,a mat]ials man selects1 pur*ases1 receives & deliv]s all articles requir$4 #aj4 ,! rop] has *>ge ( ropes & cordage ( all sorts4 ,notes3 #a4 ,an ,enquiry into ! ,nature & ,causes ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations1 by ,adam ,smi?4 #b4 ,note sur la publication1 proposee p> le g\v]nem5t ,anglais des gr&es tables log>i?miques et trigonometriques de ,m de ,prony ,de l'imprim]ie de ,f4 ,didot1 ,decemb] #a1 #ahbi1 p4 #g #c4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! second edition ( ?is "w1 "o portion ( ! eng9e :i* ,i h be5 con/ruct+ = "s ye>s pa/ has be5 put toge!r4 ,x calculates1 9 ?ree columns1 a table ) its fir/ & second diff]5ces4 ,ea* column c be express$ z f> z five figures1 s t ^! fifte5 figures con/itute ab\t "o n9? "p ( ! l>g] eng9e4 ,! ease & precision ) :i* x works leave no room to d\bt its success 9 ! m ext5d$ =m4 ,besides tables ( squ>es1 cubes1 & portions ( log>i?mic tables1 x possesses ! p[] ( calculat+ c]ta9 s]ies ^: diff]5ces are n con/ant2 & x has already tabulat$ p>ts ( s]ies =m$ f ! foll[+ equations3 ,! ?ird diff]5tial ( ux units figur ( delta ux ,! ?ird diff]5tial ( ux ne>e/ :ole no4 to 7#a_/aj1jjj delta ux7 ,! subjo9$ is "o among/ ! s]ies :i* x has calculat$3 #j #c1dhf #db1igb #j #d1iia #ej1ecb #a #f1ijg #eh1hac #ad #i1bie #fg1hbf #gj #ab1bcf #gg1fjb #bcj #ae1gda #hh1bjb #die #ai1hfa #ii1fbg #iaf #bd1eig #aaa1ibh #a1ejd #cj1jaj #abe1aaf #b1cdj #cf1aca #aci1bgb ,! g5]al t]m ( ?is is1 ux 7x7x-#a77x-#b77_/7a ,x #b ,x #c7 ! :ole numb] 9 x_/#aj #aj ,sigma#c 7units figure ( 7x7x-#a7_/b7 ,*apt] #ba ,on ! ,co/ ( ,ea* ,sep>ate ,process 9 a ,manufacture #bec4 ,! great competition introduc$ by ma*9]y1 & ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( ! subdivision ( lab\r1 r5d] x necess>y = ea* produc] to be cont9ually on ! wat*1 to discov] improv$ me?ods by :i* ! co/ ( ! article he manufactures may be r$uc$2 &1 ) ?is view1 x is ( great importance to "k ! precise exp5se ( e process1 z well z ( ! we> & te> ( ma*9]y :i* is due to x4 ,! same in=mation is desirable = ^? by :om ! manufactur$ goods are di/ribut$ & sold2 because x enables !m to give reasonable answ]s or explanations to ! objections ( enquir]s1 & also af=ds !m a bett] *ance ( sugge/+ to ! manufactur] *anges 9 ! fa%ion ( 8 goods1 :i* may be suitable ei!r to ! ta/es or to ! f9ances ( 8 cu/om]s4 ,to ! /atesman su* k is /ill m important2 = )\t x he mu/ tru/ entirely to o!rs1 & c =m no judgem5t wor?y ( confid5ce1 ( ! effect any tax may produce1 or ( ! injury ! manufactur] or ! c\ntry may suff] by its imposition4 #bed4 ,"o ( ! fir/ advantages :i* sugge/s itself z likely to arise f a correct analysis ( ! exp5se ( ! sev]al processes ( any manufacture1 is ! indication :i* x w\ld furni% ( ! c\rse 9 :i* improvem5t %\ld be direct$4 ,if a me?od c\ld be contriv$ ( dim9i%+ by "o f\r? ! "t requir$ = fix+ on ! heads ( p9s1 ! exp5se ( mak+ !m w\ld be r$uc$ ab\t ?irte5 p] c5t2 :il/ a r$uction ( "o half ! "t employ$ 9 sp9n+ ! coil ( wire out ( :i* ! heads are cut1 w\ld sc>cely make any s5sible diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( manufactur+ ( ! :ole article4 ,x is !re=e obvi\s1 t ! att5tion w\ld be mu* m advantage\sly direct$ to %ort5+ ! =m] ?an ! latt] process4 #bee4 ,! exp5se ( manufactur+1 9 a c\ntry :]e ma*9]y is ( ! rude/ k9d1 & manual lab\r is v *eap1 is curi\sly exhibit$ 9 ! price ( cotton clo? 9 ! isl& ( ,java4 ,! cotton1 9 ! se$1 is sold by ! picul1 :i* is a weight ( ab\t #acc lbs4 ,n above "o f\r? or "o fif? ( ?is weight1 h[ev]1 is cotton3 ! natives1 by means ( rude wood5 roll]s1 c only sep>ate ab\t #a #a_/d lb4 ( cotton f ! se$ by "o day's lab\r4 ,a picul ( cleans$ cotton1 !re=e1 is wor? betwe5 f\r & five times ! co/ ( ! impure article2 & ! prices ( ! same sub/ance1 9 its diff]5t /ages ( manufacture1 are--= "o picul3 ,doll>s ,cotton 9 ! se$ #b to #c ,clean cotton #aj to #aa ,cotton ?read #bd ,cotton ?read dy$ blue #ce ,good ord9>y cotton clo? #ej ,?us x appe>s t ! exp5se ( sp9n+ 9 ,java is #aag p] c5t on ! value ( ! raw mat]ial2 ! exp5se ( dy+ ?read blue is #de p] c5t on its value2 & t ( weav+ cotton ?read into clo? #aag p] c5t on its value4 ,! exp5se ( sp9n+ cotton into a f9e ?read is1 9 ,engl&1 ab\t #cc p] c5t4 7#a997 #bef4 ,z an example ( ! co/ ( ! diff]5t processes ( a manufacture1 p]haps an analytical /atem5t ( ! exp5se ( ! volume n[ 9 ! read]'s h&s may n be un9t]e/+2 m especially z x w af=d an insight into ! nature & ext5t ( ! taxes ^u lit]ature4 ,x is f\nd economical to pr9t x ^u pap] ( a v l>ge size1 s t al?\gh ?irty-two pages1 in/ead ( sixte51 are really conta9$ 9 ea* %eet1 ?is "w is /ill call$ octavo4 ,l s4 d4 ,to pr9t]1 = compos+ 7p] %eet ( #cb pages7 ,l#c #as4 #aj #a_/b %eets #cb #j #f ,?is relates to ! ord9>y size ( ! type us$ 9 ! volume4 ,to pr9t] = compos+ small type1 z 9 extracts & #b #j #c cont5ts1 extra p] %eet1 #cs4 #aj;d4 ,to pr9t]1 = compos+ table "w1 extra p] %eet1 #b #ag #i #es4 #f;d4 ,av]age *>ge = corrections1 p] %eet1 ,l#c #bs4 #aj;d4 #cc #j #j ,press "w1 #cjjj be+ pr9t$ (f1 p] %eet1 ,l#c #ajs4 #cf #ae #j ,pap] = #cjjj1 at ,l#a #aas4 #f;d4 p] ream1 weigh+ #bh lbs3 ! duty on pap] at #c;d4 p] lb4 am\nts to #gs4 p] ream1 s t ! #fc reams :i* are requir$ = ! "w w co/3 ,pap] #gg #c #f ,excise ,duty #bb #a #j ,total exp5se ( pap] #ii #d #f ,total exp5se ( pr9t+ & pap] #bje #ah #j ,/eel-plate = title-page #j #g #f ,engrav+ on ditto1 ,head ( ,bacon #b #b #j ,ditto lett]s #a #a #j ,total exp5se ( title-page #c #aj #f ,pr9t+ title-page1 at #fs4 p] #ajj #i #j #j ,pap] = ditto1 at #as4 #i;d4 p] #ajj #b #ab #f ,exp5ses ( adv]tis+ #dj #j #j ,sundries4 #e #j #j ,total exp5se 9 %eets #bff #a #j ,co/ ( a s+le copy 9 %eets2 #cjeb be+ pr9t$1 includ+ ! ov]plus #j #a #i ,extra bo>d+ #j #j #f ,co/ ( ea* copy1 bo>d$7#b997 #j #b #c #beg4 ,?is analysis requires "s explanation4 ,! pr9t] usually *>ges = composition by ! %eet1 suppos+ ! type to be all ( "o k9d2 & z ?is *>ge is regulat$ by ! size ( ! lett]1 on :i* ! quantity 9 a %eet dep5ds1 little dispute c arise aft] ! price is agre$ ^u4 ,if !re are b few extracts1 or o!r p>ts ( ! "w1 :i* require to be pr9t$ 9 small] type2 or if !re are _m notes1 or sev]al passages 9 ,greek1 or 9 o!r languages1 requir+ a diff]5t type1 ^! are consid]$ 9 ! orig9al contract1 & a small additional price p] %eet all[$4 ,if !re is a l>ge portion ( small type1 x is bett] to h a specific additional *>ge = x p] %eet4 ,if any "w ) irregul> l9es & _m figures1 & :at ! pr9t]s call rules1 occurs1 x is call$ table "w1 & is *>g$ at an advanc$ price p] %eet4 ,examples ( ?is are frequ5t 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,if ! page consi/s entirely ( figures1 z 9 ma!matical tables1 :i* require v c>eful correction1 ! *>ge = composition is usually d\bl$4 ,a few ye>s ago ,i pr9t$ a table ( log>i?ms1 on a l>ge-siz$ page1 :i* requir$ great additional lab\r & c>e f ! read]s17#c997 9 r5d]+ ! pro(s correct1 & = :i*1 al?\gh new pun*es 7 n requir$1 sev]al new types 7 prep>$1 & = :i* /]eotype plates 7 ca/1 co/+ ab\t ,l#b p] %eet4 ,9 ?is case ,l#aa p] %eet 7 *>g$1 al?\gh ord9>y composition1 ) ! same siz$ lett]1 9 demy octavo1 c\ld h be5 execut$ at ?irty-eight %ill+s p] %eet3 b z ! exp5se 0 asc]ta9$ be=e comm5c+ ! "w1 x gave rise to no difficulties4 #beh4 ,! *>ge = corrections & alt]ations is "o :i*1 f ! difficulty ( measur+ !m1 gives rise to ! greate/ inconv5i5ce1 & is z disagreeable to ! publi%] 7if he be ! ag5t betwe5 ! au?or & ! pr9t]71 & to ! ma/] pr9t] or 8 =eman1 z x is to ! au?or himself4 ,if ! au?or /udy economy1 he %\ld make ! :ole ( 8 corrections 9 ! manuscript1 & %\ld copy x out fairly3 x w !n be pr9t$ correctly1 & he w h little to pay = corrections4 ,b x is sc>cely possible to judge ( ! effect ( any passage correctly1 )\t hav+ x set up 9 type2 & !re are few subjects1 ^u :i* an au?or does n f9d he c add "s details or explanation1 :5 he sees 8 views 9 pr9t4 ,if1 !re=e1 he wi% to save 8 own lab\r 9 transcrib+1 & to give ! la/ poli% to ! language1 he mu/ be cont5t to accompli% ^! objects at an increas$ exp5se4 ,if ! pr9t] possess a suffici5t /ock ( type1 x w contribute /ill m to ! conv5i5ce ( ! au?or to h 8 :ole "w put up 9 :at are te*nically call$ slips17#d997 & !n to make all ! corrections1 & to h z few revises z he c4 ,! pres5t "w 0 set up 9 slips1 b ! corrections h be5 unusually l>ge1 & ! revises frequ5t4 #bei4 ,! press "w1 or pr9t+ (f1 is *>g$ at a price agre$ ^u = ea* two hundr$ & fifty %eets2 & any brok5 numb] is /ill consid]$ z two hundr$ & fifty4 ,:5 a l>ge edition is requir$1 ! price = two hundr$ & fifty is r$uc$2 ?us1 9 ! pres5t volume1 two hundr$ & fifty copies1 if pr9t$ alone1 w\ld h be5 *>g$ elev5 %ill+s p] %eet1 in/ead ( #es4 #aj;d41 ! actual *>ge4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is mode ( *>g+ is good1 z x obviates all disputes2 b x is to be regrett$ t ! cu/om ( *>g+ ! same price = any small numb] z = two hundr$ & fifty1 is s p]t9aci\sly adh]$ to1 t ! workm5 w n agree to any o!r t]ms :5 only tw5ty or ?irty copies are requir$1 or ev5 :5 only ?ree or f\r are want$ = ! sake ( "s exp]im5t4 ,p]haps if all numb]s above fifty 7 *>g$ z two hundr$ & fifty1 & all bel[ z = half two hundr$ & fifty1 bo? p>ties w\ld d]ive an advantage4 #bfj4 ,! effect ( ! excise duty is to r5d] ! pap] ?91 9 ord] t x may weigh little2 b ?is is c\nt]act$ by ! desire ( ! au?or to make 8 book look z ?ick z possible1 9 ord] t he may *>ge ! public z mu* z he dec5tly c2 & s on t gr\nd alone ! duty is ( no importance4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r effect ( ?is duty1 :i* bo? ! public & ! au?or feel2 = !y pay1 n m]ely ! duty :i* is *>g$1 b also ! pr(it on t duty1 :i* ! pap]-mak] requires = ! use ( additional capital2 & also ! pr(it to ! publi%] & booksell] on ! increas$ price ( ! volume4 #bfa4 ,! e/imat$ *>ge = adv]tisem5ts is1 9 ! pres5t case1 ab\t ! usual all[ance = su* a volume2 &1 z x is consid]$ t adv]tisem5ts 9 newspap]s are ! mo/ effectual1 :]e ! smalle/ pays a duty ( #cs4 #f;d41 ne>ly "o half ( ! *>ge ( adv]tis+ is a tax4 #bfb4 ,x appe>s !n1 t1 to an exp5diture ( ,l#bbd necess>y to produce ! pres5t volume1 ,l#db are add$ 9 ! %ape ( a direct tax4 ,:e!r ! pr(its aris+ f su* a mode ( manufactur+ w ju/ify su* a rate ( taxation1 c only be e/imat$ :5 ! returns f ! volume are consid]$1 a subject t w be discuss$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]47#e997 ,x is at pres5t suffici5t to obs]ve1 t ! tax on adv]tisem5ts is an impolitic tax :5 contra/$ ) t ^u pap]1 & on o!r mat]ials employ$4 ,! object ( all adv]tisem5ts is1 by mak+ kn[n articles = sale1 to procure = !m a bett] price1 if ! sale is to be by auction2 or a l>g] ext5t ( sale if by retail deal]s4 ,n[ ! m any article is kn[n1 ! m quickly x is discov]$ :e!r x contributes to ! com=t or advantage ( ! public2 & ! m quickly its consumption is assur$ if x be f\nd valuable4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t e tax on communicat+ in=mation respect+ articles :i* are ! subjects ( taxation 9 ano!r %ape1 is "o :i* mu/ r$uce ! am\nt t w\ld h be5 rais$1 _h no imp$im5t be5 plac$ 9 ! way ( mak+ kn[n to ! public _! qualities & _! price4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,^! facts are tak5 f ,craw=d's ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 #b4 ,^! *>ges ref] to ! edition prep>$ = ! public1 & d n relate to ! l>ge pap] copies 9 ! h&s ( "s ( ! au?or's fri5ds4 #c4 ,read]s are p]sons employ$ to correct ! press at ! pr9t+ (fice4 #d4 ,slips are long pieces ( pap] on :i* suffici5t matt] is pr9t$ to =m1 :5 divid$1 f two to f\r pages ( text4 #e4 ,*apt] #ca4 ,*apt] #bb ,on ! ,causes & ,consequ5ces ( ,l>ge ,factories #bfc4 ,on exam9+ ! analysis :i* has be5 giv5 9 *apt] ,,xix ( ! op]ations 9 ! art ( p9-mak+1 x w be obs]v$1 t t5 individuals are employ$ 9 x1 & also t ! "t occupi$ 9 execut+ ! sev]al processes is v diff]5t4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to r5d] m simple ! reason+ :i* foll[s1 x w be conv5i5t to suppose t ea* ( ! sev5 processes !re describ$ requires an equal quantity ( "t4 ,?is be+ suppos$1 x is at once app>5t1 t1 to conduct an e/abli%m5t = p9-mak+ mo/ pr(itably1 ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ mu/ be a multiple ( t54 ,= if a p]son ) small means has only suffici5t capital to enable him to employ half t numb] ( p]sons1 !y _c ea* ( !m con/antly adh]e to ! execution ( ! same process2 & if a manufactur] employs any numb] n a multiple ( t51 a simil> result mu/ ensue ) respect to "s portion ( !m4 ,! same reflection con/antly pres5ts itself on exam9+ any well-arrang$ factory4 ,9 t ( ,mr ,mordan1 ! pat5tee ( ! ev]-po9t$ p5cils1 "o room is devot$ to "s ( ! processes by :i* /eel p5s are manufactur$4 ,six fly-presses are "h con/antly at "w2 9 ! fir/ a %eet ( ?9 /eel is br\ght by ! workman "u ! die :i* at ea* bl[ cuts out a flat piece ( ! metal1 hav+ ! =m int5d$ = ! p54 ,two o!r workm5 are employ$ 9 plac+ ^! flat pieces "u two o!r presses1 9 :i* a /eel *isel cuts ! slit4 ,?ree o!r workm5 occupy o!r presses1 9 :i* ! pieces s prep>$ receive _! semi-cyl9drical =m4 ,! long] "t requir$ = adju/+ ! small pieces 9 ! two latt] op]ations r5d]s !m less rapid 9 execution ?an ! fir/2 s t two workm5 are fully occupi$ 9 slitt+1 & ?ree 9 b5d+ ! flat pieces1 :i* "o man c pun* out ( ! %eet ( /eel4 ,if1 !re=e1 x 7 necess>y to enl>ge ?is factory1 x is cle> t twelve or eighte5 presses w\ld be work$ ) m economy ?an any numb] n a multiple ( six4 ,! same reason+ ext5ds to e manufacture :i* is conduct$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! division ( lab\r1 & we arrive at ?is g5]al conclusion3 ,:5 ! numb] ( processes into :i* x is mo/ advantage\s to divide x1 & ! numb] ( individuals to be employ$ 9 x1 are asc]ta9$1 !n all factories :i* d n employ a direct multiple ( ?is latt] numb]1 w produce ! article at a great] co/4 ,?is pr9ciple ought always to be kept 9 view 9 great e/abli%m5ts1 al?\gh x is q impossible1 ev5 ) ! be/ division ( ! lab\r1 to att5d to x rigidly 9 practice4 ,! proportionate numb] ( ! p]sons :o possess ! greate/ skill1 is ( c\rse to be fir/ att5d$ to4 ,t exact ratio :i* is m pr(itable = a factory employ+ a hundr$ workm51 may n be q ! be/ :]e !re are five hundr$2 & ! arrangem5ts ( bo? may probably admit ( v>iations1 )\t mat]ially increas+ ! co/ ( _! produce4 ,b x is q c]ta9 t no individual1 nor 9 ! case ( p9-mak+ c\ld any five individuals1 ev] hope to compete ) an ext5sive e/abli%m5t4 ,h5ce arises "o cause ( ! great size ( manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 :i* h increas$ ) ! progress ( civilization4 ,o!r circum/ances1 h[ev]1 contribute to ! same end1 & arise also f ! same cause-- ! division ( lab\r4 #bfd4 ,! mat]ial out ( :i* ! manufactur$ article is produc$1 mu/1 9 ! sev]al /ages ( its progress1 be convey$ f "o op]ator to ! next 9 succession3 ?is c be done at lea/ exp5se :5 !y are all work+ 9 ! same e/abli%m5t4 ,if ! weight ( ! mat]ial is consid]able1 ?is reason acts ) additional =ce2 b ev5 :]e x is light1 ! dang] aris+ f frequ5t removal may r5d] x desirable to h all ! processes c>ri$ on 9 ! same build+4 ,9 ! cutt+ & poli%+ ( glass ?is is ! case2 :il/ 9 ! art ( ne$le-mak+ sev]al ( ! processes are c>ri$ on 9 ! cottages ( ! workm54 ,x is1 h[ev]1 cle> t ! latt] plan1 :i* is att5d$ ) "s advantages to ! family ( ! workm51 c be adopt$ only :]e !re exi/s a sure & quick me?od ( kn[+ t ! "w has be5 well done1 & t ! :ole ( ! mat]ials giv5 out h be5 really employ$4 #bfe4 ,! inducem5t to contrive ma*9es = any process ( manufacture increases ) ! dem& = ! article2 & ! introduction ( ma*9]y1 on ! o!r h&1 t5ds to increase ! quantity produc$ & to lead to ! e/abli%m5t ( l>ge factories4 ,an illu/ration ( ^! pr9ciples may be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! manufacture ( pat5t net4 ,! fir/ ma*9es = weav+ ?is article 7 v exp5sive1 co/+ f a ?\s& to twelve or ?irte5 hundr$ p\nds4 ,! possessor ( "o ( ^!1 ?\gh x greatly increas$ ! quantity he c\ld produce1 0 nev]!less unable1 :5 work+ eight h\rs a day1 to compete ) ! old me?ods4 ,?is arose f ! l>ge capital inve/$ 9 ! ma*9]y2 b he quickly p]ceiv$ t ) ! same exp5se ( fix$ capital1 & a small addition to 8 circulat+ capital1 he c\ld "w ! ma*9e dur+ ! :ole tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! pr(its ?us realiz$ soon induc$ o!r p]sons to direct _! att5tion to ! improvem5t ( ^? ma*9es2 & ! price 0 greatly r$uc$1 at ! same "t t ! rapidity ( production ( ! pat5t net 0 increas$4 ,b if ma*9es be kept work+ ?r\gh ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 x is necess>y t "s p]son %all att5d to admit ! workm5 at ! "t !y relieve ea* o!r2 & :e!r ! port] or o!r s]vant s employ$ admit "o p]son or tw5ty1 8 re/ w be equally di/urb$4 ,x w also be necess>y occasionally to adju/ or repair ! ma*9e2 & ?is c be done mu* bett] by a workman accu/om$ to ma*9e-mak+1 ?an by ! p]son :o uses x4 ,n[1 s9ce ! good p]=mance & ! duration ( ma*9es dep5d to a v great ext5t ^u correct+ e %ake or imp]fection 9 _! p>ts z soon z !y appe>1 ! prompt att5tion ( a workman resid5t on ! spot w consid]ably r$uce ! exp5diture aris+ f ! we> & te> ( ! ma*9]y4 ,b 9 ! case ( s+le lace frame1 or a s+le loom1 ?is w\ld be too exp5sive a plan4 ,"h !n arises ano!r circum/ance :i* t5ds to enl>ge ! ext5t ( a factory4 ,x ought to consi/ ( su* a numb] ( ma*9es z %all occupy ! :ole "t ( "o workman 9 keep+ !m 9 ord]3 if ext5d$ beyond t numb]1 ! same pr9ciple ( economy w\ld po9t out ! necessity ( d\bl+ or tripl+ ! numb] ( ma*9es1 9 ord] to employ ! :ole "t ( two or ?ree skilful workm54 #bff4 ,:]e "o portion ( ! workman's lab\r consi/s 9 ! ex]tion ( m]e physical =ce1 z 9 weav+ & 9 _m simil> arts1 x w soon occur to ! manufactur]1 t if t "p 7 execut$ by a /eam-eng9e1 ! same man might1 9 ! case ( weav+1 att5d to two or m looms at once2 &1 s9ce we already suppose t "o or m op]ative eng9e]s h be5 employ$1 ! numb] ( 8 looms may be s arrang$ t _! "t %all be fully occupi$ 9 keep+ ! /eam-eng9e & ! looms 9 ord]4 ,"o ( ! fir/ results w be1 t ! looms c be driv5 by ! eng9e ne>ly twice z fa/ z be=e3 & z ea* man1 :5 reliev$ f bodily lab\r1 c att5d to two looms1 "o workman c n[ make almo/ z mu* clo? z f\r4 ,?is increase ( produc+ p[] is1 h[ev]1 great] ?an t :i* really took place at fir/2 ! velocity ( "s ( ! p>ts ( ! loom be+ limit$ by ! /r5g? ( ! ?read1 & ! quickness ) :i* x comm5ces its motion3 b an improvem5t 0 soon made1 by :i* ! motion comm5c$ sl[ly1 & gradually acquir$ great] velocity ?an x 0 safe to give x at once2 & ! spe$ 0 ?us increas$ f #ajj to ab\t #abj /rokes p] m9ute4 #bfg4 ,pursu+ ! same pr9ciples1 ! manufactory becomes gradually s enl>g$1 t ! exp5se ( light+ dur+ ! night am\nts to a consid]able sum2 & z !re are already atta*$ to ! e/abli%m5t p]sons :o are up all night1 & c !re=e con/antly att5d to x1 & also eng9e]s to make & keep 9 repair any ma*9]y1 ! addition ( an app>atus = mak+ gas to light ! factory leads to a new ext5sion1 at ! same "t t x contributes1 by dim9i%+ ! exp5se ( light+1 & ! risk ( accid5ts f fire1 to r$uce ! co/ ( manufactur+4 #bfh4 ,long be=e a factory has rea*$ ?is ext5t1 x w h be5 f\nd necess>y to e/abli% an acc\ntant's dep>tm5t1 ) cl]ks to pay ! workm51 & to see t !y arrive at _! /at$ times2 & ?is dep>tm5t mu/ be 9 communication ) ! ag5ts :o pur*ase ! raw produce1 & ) ^? :o sell ! manufactur$ article4 #bfi4 ,we h se5 t ! application ( ! division ( lab\r t5ds to produce *eap] articles2 t x ?us increases ! dem&2 & gradually1 by ! effect ( competition1 or by ! hope ( increas$ ga91 t x causes l>ge capitals to be emb>k$ 9 ext5sive factories4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! influ5ce ( ?is accumulation ( capital direct$ to "o object4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x enables ! mo/ important pr9ciple on :i* ! advantages ( ! division ( lab\r dep5ds to be c>ri$ almo/ to its extreme limits3 n m]ely is ! precise am\nt ( skill pur*as$ :i* is necess>y = ! execution ( ea* process1 b ?r\gh\t e /age--f t 9 :i* ! raw mat]ial is procur$1 to t by :i* ! f9i%$ produce is convey$ into ! h&s ( ! consum]--! same economy ( skill prevails4 ,! quantity ( "w produc$ by a giv5 numb] ( p is greatly augm5t$ by su* an ext5d$ arrangem5t2 & ! result is necess>ily a great r$uction 9 ! co/ ( ! article :i* is br\ght to m>ket4 #bgj4 ,among/ ! causes :i* t5d to ! *eap production ( any article1 & :i* are connect$ ) ! employm5t ( additional capital1 may be m5tion$1 ! c>e :i* is tak5 to prev5t ! absolute wa/e ( any "p ( ! raw mat]ial4 ,an att5tion to ?is circum/ance sometimes causes ! union ( two trades 9 "o factory1 :i* o!rwise might h be5 sep>at$4 ,an enum]ation ( ! arts to :i* ! horns ( cattle are applicable1 w furni% a /rik+ example ( ?is k9d ( economy4 ,! tann] :o has pur*as$ ! raw hides1 sep>ates ! horns1 & sells !m to ! mak]s ( combs & lant]ns4 ,! horn consi/s ( two p>ts1 an outw>d horny case1 & an inw>d conical sub/ance1 some:at int]m$iate betwe5 indurat$ hair & bone4 ,! fir/ process consi/s 9 sep>at+ ^! two p>ts1 by means ( a bl[ aga9/ a block ( wood4 ,! horny ext]ior is !n cut into ?ree portions ) a frame-saw4 #a4 ,! l[e/ ( ^!1 next ! root ( ! horn1 aft] und]go+ sev]al processes1 by :i* x is flatt5$1 is made into combs4 #b4 ,! middle ( ! horn1 aft] be+ flatt5$ by heat1 & hav+ its transp>5cy improv$ by oil1 is split into ?9 lay]s1 & =ms a sub/itute = glass1 9 lant]ns ( ! commone/ k9d4 #c4 ,! tip ( ! horn is us$ by ! mak]s ( knife h&les1 & ( ! tops ( :ips1 & = o!r simil> purposes4 #d4 ,! int]ior1 or core ( ! horn1 is boil$ d[n 9 wat]4 ,a l>ge quantity ( fat rises to ! surface2 ?is is put aside1 & sold to ! mak]s ( yell[ soap4 #e4 ,! liquid itself is us$ z a k9d ( glue1 & is pur*as$ by clo? dress]s = /iff5+4 #f4 ,! insoluble sub/ance1 :i* rema9s beh9d1 is !n s5t to ! mill1 &1 be+ gr\nd d[n1 is sold to ! f>m]s = manure4 #g4 ,besides ^! v>i\s purposes to :i* ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! horn are appli$1 ! clipp+s1 :i* arise 9 comb mak+1 are sold to ! f>m] = manure4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> aft] !y are spread ov] ! soil !y h comp>atively little effect1 b dur+ ! next f\r or five _! effici5cy is consid]able4 ,! %av+s :i* =m ! refuse ( ! lant]n mak]1 are ( a mu* ?9n] texture3 "s ( !m are cut into v>i\s figures & pa9t$1 & us$ z toys2 = be+ hygrometric1 !y curl up :5 plac$ on ! palm ( a w>m h&4 ,b ! great] "p ( ^! %av+s also are sold = manure1 & f _! extremely ?9 & divid$ =m1 ! full effect is produc$ ^u ! fir/ crop4 #bga4 ,ano!r ev5t :i* has aris51 9 "o trade at lea/1 f ! employm5t ( l>ge capital1 is1 t a class ( middlem51 =m]ly int]pos$ betwe5 ! mak] & ! m]*ant1 n[ no long] exi/4 ,:5 calico 0 wov5 9 ! cottages ( ! workm51 !re exi/$ a class ( p]sons :o travell$ ab\t & pur*as$ ! pieces s made1 9 l>ge numb]s1 = ! purpose ( sell+ !m to ! export+ m]*ant4 ,b ! middlem5 7 oblig$ to exam9e e piece1 9 ord] to "k t x 0 p]fect1 & ( full measure4 ,! great] numb] ( ! workm51 x is true1 might be dep5d$ ^u1 b ! fraud ( a few w\ld r5d] ?is exam9ation indisp5sable3 = any s+le cottag]1 ?\gh detect$ by "o pur*as]1 might /ill hope t ! fact w\ld n become kn[n to all ! re/4 ,! value ( "*1 ?\gh great 9 all circum/ances ( life1 c nev] be s fully exp]i5c$ by p]sons possess$ ( small capital1 z by ^? employ+ mu* l>g] sums3 :il/ ^! l>g] sums ( money = :i* ! m]*ant deals1 r5d] 8 "* = punctuality m /udi$ & kn[n by o!rs4 ,?us x happ5s t high "* supplies ! place ( an additional portion ( capital2 & ! m]*ant1 9 deal+ ) ! great manufactur]1 is sav$ f ! exp5se ( v]ification1 by kn[+ t ! loss1 or ev5 ! impea*m5t1 ( ! manufactur]'s "*1 w\ld be att5d$ ) great] injury to himself ?an any pr(it ^u a s+le transaction c\ld comp5sate4 #bgb4 ,! am\nt ( well-gr\nd$ confid5ce1 :i* exi/s 9 ! "* ( its m]*ants & manufactur]s1 is "o ( ! _m advantages t an old manufactur+ c\ntry always possesses ov] its rivals4 ,to su* an ext5t is ?is confid5ce 9 "* c>ri$ 9 ,engl&1 t1 at "o ( our l>ge/ t[ns1 sales & pur*ases on a v ext5sive scale are made daily 9 ! c\rse ( bus9ess )\t any ( ! p>ties ev] ex*ang+ a writt5 docum5t4 #bgc4 ,a brea* ( confid5ce ( ?is k9d1 :i* might h be5 att5d$ ) v s]i\s emb>rassm5t1 occurr$ 9 ! rec5t exp$ition to ! m\? ( ! ,nig]4 ',we br\ght ) u f ,engl&1' ,mr ,l&] /ates1 'ne>ly a hundr$ ?\s& ne$les ( v>i\s sizes1 & among/ !m 0 a great quantity ( ,:ite*apel %>ps w>rant$ sup]f9e1 & n to cut 9 ! eye4 ,?us highly recomm5d$1 we imag9$ t ^! ne$les mu/ h be5 excell5t inde$2 b :at 0 our surprise1 "s "t ago1 :5 a numb] ( !m :i* we _h dispos$ ( 7 return$ to u1 ) a compla9t t !y 7 all eyeless1 ?us r$eem+ ) a v5geance ! pl$ge ( ! manufactur]1 t !y w\ld n cut 9 ! eye4 ,on exam9ation aft]w>ds1 we f\nd ! same fault ) ! rema9d] ( ! ,:ite*apel %>ps1 s t to save our cr$it we h be5 oblig$ to ?r[ !m away4'7#a997 #bgd4 ,! influ5ce ( e/abli%$ "* 9 produc+ confid5ce op]at$ 9 a v rem>kable mann] at ! "t ( ! exclusion ( ,briti% manufactures f ! cont95t dur+ ! la/ w>4 ,"o ( our l>ge/ e/abli%m5ts _h be5 9 ! habit ( do+ ext5sive bus9ess ) a h\se 9 ! c5tre ( ,g]many2 b1 on ! clos+ ( ! cont95tal ports aga9/ our manufactures1 heavy p5alties 7 inflict$ on all ^? :o contrav5$ ! ,b]l9 & ,milan decrees4 ,! ,engli% manufactur] cont9u$1 nev]!less1 to receive ord]s1 ) directions h[ to consign !m1 & appo9tm5ts = ! "t & mode ( paym5t1 9 lett]s1 ! h&writ+ ( :i* 0 kn[n to him1 b :i* 7 nev] sign$1 except by ! *ri/ian "n ( "o ( ! firm1 & ev5 9 "s in/ances !y 7 )\t any signature at all4 ,^! ord]s 7 execut$2 & 9 no in/ance 0 !re ! lea/ irregul>ity 9 ! paym5ts4 #bge4 ,ano!r circum/ance may be notic$1 :i* to a small ext5t is m advantage\s to l>ge ?an to small factories4 ,9 ! export ( sev]al articles ( manufacture1 a drawback is all[$ by gov]nm5t1 ( a portion ( ! duty paid on ! importation ( ! raw mat]ial4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 c]ta9 =ms mu/ be gone ?r\gh 9 ord] to protect ! rev5ue f fraud2 & a cl]k1 or "o ( ! p>tn]s1 mu/ att5d at ! cu/om-h\se4 ,! ag5t ( ! l>ge e/abli%m5t occupies ne>ly ! same "t 9 receiv+ a drawback ( sev]al ?\s&s1 z ! small] export] does ( a few %ill+s4 ,b if ! quantity export$ is inconsid]able1 ! small manufactur] frequ5tly does n f9d ! drawback w repay him = ! loss ( "t4 #bgf4 ,9 _m ( ! l>ge e/abli%m5ts ( our manufactur+ di/ricts1 sub/ances are employ$ :i* are ! produce ( remote c\ntries1 & :i* are1 9 sev]al in/ances1 almo/ peculi> to a few situations4 ,! discov]y ( any new locality1 :]e su* articles exi/ 9 abundance1 is a matt] ( great importance to any e/abli%m5t :i* consumes !m 9 l>ge quantities2 & x has be5 f\nd1 9 "s in/ances1 t ! exp5se ( s5d+ p]sons to great di/ances1 purposely to discov] & to collect su* produce1 has be5 amply repaid4 ,?us x has happ5$1 t ! sn[y m\nta9s ( ,sw$5 & ,norway1 z well z ! w>m] hills ( ,corsica1 h be5 almo/ /ripp$ ( "o ( _! vegetable productions1 by ag5ts s5t expressly f "o ( our l>ge/ e/abli%m5ts = ! dy+ ( calicos4 ,ow+ to ! same comm& ( capital1 & to ! scale ^u :i* ! op]ations ( l>ge factories are c>ri$ on1 _! returns admit ( ! exp5se ( s5d+ out ag5ts to exam9e into ! wants & ta/es ( di/ant c\ntries1 z well z ( try+ exp]im5ts1 :i*1 al?\gh pr(itable to !m1 w\ld be ru9\s to small] e/abli%m5ts possess+ m limit$ res\rces4 ,^! op9ions h be5 s well express$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! ,wooll5 ,trade1 9 #ahjf1 t we %all close ?is *apt] ) an extract1 9 :i* ! advantages ( great factories are summ$ up4 ,y\r committee h ! satisfaction ( see+1 t ! appreh5sions ent]ta9$ ( factories are n only vici\s 9 pr9ciple1 b !y are practically errone\s3 to su* a degree4 t ev5 ! v opposite pr9ciples might be reasonably ent]ta9$4 ,nor w\ld x be difficult to prove1 t ! factories1 to a c]ta9 ext5t at lea/1 & 9 ! pres5t day1 seem absolutely necess>y to ! wellbe+ ( ! dome/ic sy/em3 supply+ ^? v p>ticul>s :]e9 ! dome/ic sy/em mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be inh]5tly defective3 = x is obvi\s1 t ! little ma/] manufactur]s _c af=d1 l ! man :o possesses consid]able capital1 to try ! exp]im5ts :i* are requisite1 & incur ! risks1 & ev5 losses1 :i* almo/ always occur1 9 inv5t+ & p]fect+ new articles ( manufacture1 or 9 c>ry+ to a /ate ( great] p]fection articles already e/abli%$4 ,he _c le>n1 by p]sonal inspection1 ! wants & habits1 ! arts1 manufactures1 & improvem5ts ( =eign c\ntries2 dilig5ce1 economy1 & prud5ce1 are ! requisites ( 8 "*1 n inv5tion1 ta/e1 & ent]prise3 nor w\ld he be w>rant$ 9 haz>d+ ! loss ( any "p ( 8 small capital4 ,he walks 9 a sure road z long z he treads 9 ! beat5 track2 b he mu/ n deviate into ! pa?s ( speculation4 ,! own] ( a factory1 on ! contr>y1 be+ commonly possess$ ( a l>ge capital1 & hav+ all 8 workm5 employ$ "u 8 own imm$iate sup]9t5d5ce1 may make exp]im5ts1 haz>d speculation1 inv5t %ort] or bett] modes ( p]=m+ old processes1 may introduce new articles1 & improve & p]fect old ones1 ?us giv+ ! range to 8 ta/e & fancy1 &1 !reby alone enabl+ our manufactur]s to /& ! competition ) _! comm]cial rivals 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,mean:ile1 z is well wor?y ( rem>k 7& exp]i5ce abundantly w>rants ! ass]tion71 _m ( ^! new fabrics & inv5tions1 :5 _! success is once e/abli%$1 become g5]al among/ ! :ole body ( manufactur]s3 ! dome/ic manufactur]s !mselves ?us b5efit+1 9 ! end1 f ^? v factories :i* _h be5 at fir/ ! objects ( _! jeal\sy4 ,! hi/ory ( almo/ all our o!r manufactures1 9 :i* great improvem5ts h be5 made ( late ye>s 9 "s cases at an imm5se exp5se1 & aft] numb]s ( unsuccessful exp]im5ts1 /rik+ly illu/rates & en=ces ! above rem>ks4 ,x is besides an ackn[l$g$ fact1 t ! own]s ( factories are (t5 among/ ! mo/ ext5sive pur*as]s at ! halls1 :]e !y buy f ! dome/ic clo?i] ! e/abli%$ articles ( manufacture1 or are able at once to answ] a great & sudd5 ord]2 :il/1 at home1 & "u _! own sup]9t5d5ce1 !y make _! fancy goods1 & any articles ( a new]1 m co/ly1 or m delicate quality1 to :i* !y are enabl$ by ! dome/ic sy/em to apply a mu* l>g] proportion ( _! capital4 ,?us1 ! two sy/ems1 in/ead ( rivall+1 are mutual aids to ea* o!r3 ea* supply+ ! o!r's defects1 & promot+ ! o!r's prosp]ity4 ,notes3 #a4 ,l&]'s ,j\rnal ( an ,exp$ition to ! ,m\? ( ! ,nig]1 vol4 ii41 p4 #db4 ,*apt] #bc ,on ! ,position ( ,l>ge ,factories #bgg4 ,x is f\nd 9 e c\ntry1 t ! situation ( l>ge manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts is conf9$ to p>ticul> di/ricts4 ,9 ! e>li] hi/ory ( a manufactur+ community1 be=e *eap modes ( transport h be5 ext5sively introduc$1 x w almo/ always be f\nd t manufactories are plac$ ne> ^? spots 9 :i* nature has produc$ ! raw mat]ial3 especially 9 ! case ( articles ( great weight1 & 9 ^? ! value ( :i* dep5ds m ^u ! mat]ial ?an ^u ! lab\r exp5d$ on x4 ,mo/ ( ! metallic ores be+ exce$+ly heavy1 & be+ mix$ up ) l>ge quantities ( weighty & useless mat]ials1 mu/ be smelt$ at no great di/ance f ! spot :i* af=ds !m3 fuel & p[] are ! requisites = r$uc+ !m2 & any consid]able fall ( wat] 9 ! vic9ity w naturally be resort$ to = aid 9 ! co>s] ex]tions ( physical =ce2 = p\nd+ ! ore1 = bl[+ ! furnaces1 or = hamm]+ & roll+ out ! iron4 ,!re are inde$ peculi> circum/ances :i* w modify ?is4 ,iron1 coal1 & lime/one1 commonly occur 9 ! same tracts2 b ! union ( ! fuel 9 ! same locality ) ! ore does n exi/ ) respect to o!r metals4 ,! tracts g5]ally ! mo/ productive ( metallic ores are1 geologically speak+1 diff]5t f ^? af=d+ coal3 ?us 9 ,cornwall !re are ve9s ( copp] & ( t91 b no b$s ( coal4 ,! copp] ore1 :i* requires a v l>ge quantity ( fuel = its r$uction1 is s5t by sea to ! coalfields ( ,wales1 & is smelt$ at ,swansea2 :il/ ! vessels :i* convey x1 take back coals to "w ! /eam-eng9es = dra9+ ! m9es1 & to smelt ! t91 :i* requires = t purpose a mu* small] quantity ( fuel ?an copp]4 #bgh4 ,riv]s pass+ ?r\gh di/ricts ri* 9 coal & metals1 w =m ! fir/ highroads = ! conveyance ( weighty produce to /ations 9 :i* o!r conv5i5ces pres5t !mselves = ! fur!r application ( human skill4 ,canals w succe$1 or l5d _! aid to ^!2 & ! yet unexhau/$ applications ( /eam & ( gas1 hold out a hope ( atta9+ almo/ ! same advantages = c\ntries to :i* nature seem$ = ev] to h d5i$ !m4 ,manufactures1 comm]ce1 & civilization1 always foll[ ! l9e ( new & *eap communications4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago1 ! ,mississippi p\r$ ! va/ volume ( its wat]s 9 lavi% pr(usion ?r\gh ?\s&s ( miles ( c\ntries1 :i* sc>cely support$ a few w&]+ & unciviliz$ tribes ( ,indians4 ,! p[] ( ! /ream seem$ to set at defiance ! ef=ts ( man to asc5d its c\rse2 &1 z if to r5d] ! task /ill m hopeless1 l>ge trees1 torn f ! surr\nd+ =e/s1 7 plant$ l /akes 9 its bottom1 =m+ 9 "s places b>ri]s1 9 o!rs ! nucleus ( banks2 & accumulat+ 9 ! same spot1 :i* b = accid5t w\ld h be5 free f bo?1 ! difficulties & dang]s ( %oals & ( rocks4 ,f\r mon?s ( incessant toil c\ld sc>cely convey a small b>k ) its worn-out crew two ?\s& miles up ?is /ream4 ,! same voyage is n[ p]=m$ 9 fifte5 days by l>ge vessels impell$ by /eam1 c>ry+ hundr$s ( pass5g]s enjoy+ all ! com=ts & luxuries ( civiliz$ life4 ,in/ead ( ! hut ( ! ,indian1 & ! f> m unfrequ5t log h\se ( ! ?9ly scatt]$ settl]s--villages1 t[ns1 & cities1 h aris5 on its banks2 & ! same eng9e :i* /ems ! =ce ( ^! p[]ful wat]s1 w probably te> f _! bottom ! ob/ructions :i* h hi!rto imp$$ & r5d]$ dang]\s _! navigation47#a997 #bgi4 ,! accumulation ( _m l>ge manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ! same di/rict has a t5d5cy to br+ toge!r pur*as]s or _! ag5ts f great di/ances1 & ?us to cause ! in/itution ( a public m>t or ex*ange4 ,?is contributes to diffuse in=mation relative to ! supply ( raw mat]ials1 & ! /ate ( dem& = _! produce1 ) :i* x is necess>y manufactur]s %\ld be well acqua9t$4 ,! v circum/ance ( collect+ p]iodically1 at "o place1 a l>ge numb] bo? ( ^? :o supply ! m>ket & ( ^? :o require its produce1 t5ds /rongly to *eck ! accid5tal fluctuations to :i* a small m>ket is always subject1 z well z to r5d] ! av]age ( ! prices mu* m uni=m4 #bhj4 ,:5 capital has be5 inve/$ 9 ma*9]y1 & 9 build+s = its accommodation1 & :5 ! inhabitants ( ! neighb\rhood h acquir$ a k ( ! modes ( work+ at ! ma*9es1 reasons ( consid]able weight are requir$ to cause _! removal4 ,su* *anges ( position d h[ev] occur2 & !y h be5 allud$ to by ! ,committee on ! ,fluctuation ( ,manufactur]s' ,employm5t1 z "o ( ! causes int]f]+ mo/ mat]ially ) an uni=m rate ( wages3 x is !re=e ( p>ticul> importance to ! workm5 to be acqua9t$ ) ! real causes :i* h driv5 manufactures f _! anci5t seats4 ,! migration or *ange ( place ( any manufacture has sometimes aris5 f improvem5ts ( ma*9]y n applicable to ! spot :]e su* manufacture 0 c>ri$ on1 z appe>s to h be5 ! case ) ! wooll5 manufacture1 :i* has 9 great measure migrat$ f ,essex1 ,suffolk1 & o!r s\!rn c\nties1 to ! nor!rn di/ricts1 :]e coal = ! use ( ! /eam-eng9e is mu* *eap]4 ,b ?is *ange has1 9 "s in/ances1 be5 caus$ or accel]at$ by ! conduct ( ! workm51 9 refus+ a reasonable r$uction ( wages1 or oppos+ ! introduction ( "s k9d ( improv$ ma*9]y or process2 s t1 dur+ ! dispute1 ano!r spot has 9 great measure suppli$ _! place 9 ! m>ket4 ,any viol5ce us$ by ! workm5 aga9/ ! prop]ty ( _! ma/]s1 & any unreasonable comb9ation on _! "p1 is almo/ sure ?us to be injuri\s to !mselves4 #bha4 ,^! removals become ( s]i\s consequ5ce :5 ! factories h be5 long e/abli%$1 because a population comm5surate ) _! wants inv>iably gr[s up ar\nd !m4 ,! comb9ations 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 ( p]sons "u ! "n ( ,luddites1 drove a great numb] ( lace frames f t di/rict1 & caus$ e/abli%m5ts to be =m$ 9 ,devon%ire4 ,we ought also to obs]ve1 t ! effect ( driv+ any e/abli%m5t into a new di/rict1 :]e simil> works h n previ\sly exi/$1 is n m]ely to place x out ( ! rea* ( su* comb9ations2 b1 aft] a few ye>s1 ! example ( its success w mo/ probably induce o!r capitali/s 9 ! new di/rict to engage 9 ! same manufacture3 & ?us1 al?\gh "o e/abli%m5t only %\ld be driv5 away1 ! workm51 ?r\gh ^: comb9ation its removal is effect$1 w n m]ely suff] by ! loss ( t portion ( dem& = _! lab\r :i* ! factory caus$2 b ! value ( t lab\r w itself be r$uc$ by ! competition ( a new field ( production4 #bhb4 ,ano!r circum/ance :i* has its influ5ce on ?is "q1 is ! nature ( ! ma*9]y4 ,heavy ma*9]y1 su* z /amp+-mills1 /eam-eng9es1 etc41 _c readily be mov$1 & mu/ always be tak5 to pieces = t purpose2 b :5 ! ma*9]y ( a factory consi/s ( a multitude ( sep>ate eng9es1 ea* complete 9 itself1 & all put 9 motion by "o s\rce ( p[]1 su* z t ( /eam1 !n ! removal is mu* less inconv5i5t4 ,?us1 /ock+ frames1 lace ma*9es1 & looms1 c be transport$ to m fav\rable positions1 ) b a small sep>ation ( _! p>ts4 #bhc4 ,x is ( great importance t ! m intellig5t among/ ! class ( workm5 %\ld exam9e into ! correctness ( ^! views2 because1 )\t hav+ _! att5tion direct$ to !m1 ! :ole class may1 9 "s in/ances1 be l$ by design+ p]sons to pursue a c\rse1 :i*1 al?\gh plausible 9 appe>ance1 is 9 reality at v>iance ) _! own be/ int]e/s4 ,i confess ,i am n )\t a hope t ?is volume may fall into ! h&s ( workm51 p]haps bett] qualifi$ ?an myself to reason ^u a subject :i* requires only pla9 common s5se1 & ^: p[]s are %>p5$ by its importance to _! p]sonal happ9ess4 ,9 ask+ _! att5tion to ! prec$+ rem>ks1 & to ^? :i* ,i %all (f] respect+ comb9ations1 ,i c claim only "o advantage ov] !m2 namely1 t ,i nev] h _h1 & 9 all human probability nev] %all h1 ! slighte/ pecuni>y int]e/1 to influ5ce ev5 remotely1 or by anticipation1 ! judgem5ts ,i h =m$ on ! facts :i* h come be=e me4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,! am\nt ( ob/ructions aris+ f ! casual fix+ ( trees 9 ! bottom ( ! riv]1 may be e/imat$ f ! proportion ( /eamboats de/roy$ by runn+ ^u !m4 ,! subjo9$ /atem5t is tak5 f ! ,am]ican ,almanack = #ahcb4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahaa & #ahca1 ?ree hundr$ & =ty-eight /eamboats 7 built on ! ,mississippi & its tribut>y /reams4 ,dur+ t p]iod a hundr$ & fifty 7 lo/ or worn out4 ,( ?is hundr$ & fifty3 worn out #fc lo/ by snags #cf burnt #ad lo/ by collision #c by accid5ts n asc]ta9$ #cd ,?irty six or ne>ly "o f\r?1 be+ de/roy$ by accid5tal ob/ruction4 ,snag is ! "n giv5 9 ,am]ica to trees :i* /& ne>ly upright 9 ! /ream ) _! roots fix$ at ! bottom4 ,x is usual to divide (f at ! b[ ( ! /eamboats a wat]tight *amb]1 9 ord] t :5 a hole is made 9 x by runn+ aga9/ ! snags1 ! wat] may n ent]! re/ ( ! vessel & s9k x intantly4 ,*apt] #bd ,on ,ov] ,manufactur+ #bhd4 ,"o ( ! natural & almo/ inevitable consequ5ces ( competition is ! production ( a supply mu* l>g] ?an ! dem& requires4 ,?is result usually arises p]iodically2 & x is equally important1 bo? to ! ma/]s & to ! workm51 to prev5t its occurr5ce1 or to =esee its arrival4 ,9 situations :]e a great numb] ( v small capitali/s exi/--:]e ea* ma/] works himself & is assi/$ by 8 own family1 or by a few j\rneym5--& :]e a v>iety ( diff]5t articles is produc$1 a curi\s sy/em ( comp5sation has aris5 :i* 9 "s measure dim9i%es ! ext5t to :i* fluctuations ( wages w\ld o!rwise rea*4 ,?is is accompli%$ by a species ( middlem5 or factors1 p]sons possess+ "s capital1 :o1 :5ev] ! price ( any ( ! articles 9 :i* !y deal is greatly r$uc$1 pur*ase x on _! own acc\nt1 9 ! hopes ( sell+ at a pr(it :5 ! m>ket is bett]4 ,^! p]sons1 9 ord9>y times1 act z salesm5 or ag5ts1 & make up assortm5ts ( goods at ! m>ket price1 = ! use ( ! home or =eign deal]4 ,!y possess l>ge w>eh\ses 9 :i* to make up _! ord]s1 or keep 9 /ore articles pur*as$ dur+ p]iods ( depression2 ?us act+ z a k9d ( fly:eel 9 equaliz+ ! m>ket price4 #bhe4 ,! effect ( ov]-manufactur+ ^u great e/abli%m5ts is diff]5t4 ,:5 an ov] supply has r$uc$ prices1 "o ( two ev5ts usually occurs3 ! fir/ is a dim9i%$ paym5t = lab\r2 ! o!r is a dim9ution ( ! numb] ( h\rs dur+ :i* ! lab\r]s "w1 toge!r ) a dim9i%$ rate ( wages4 ,9 ! =m] case production cont9ues to g on at its ord9>y rate3 9 ! latt]1 ! production itself be+ *eck$1 ! supply aga9 adju/s itself to ! dem& z soon z ! /ock on h& is work$ (f1 & prices !n rega9 _! =m] level4 ,! latt] c\rse appe>s1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to be ! be/ bo? = ma/]s & m52 b !re seems to be a difficulty 9 accompli%+ ?is1 except :]e ! trade is 9 few h&s4 ,9 fact1 x is almo/ necess>y1 = its success1 t !re %\ld be a comb9ation among/ ! ma/]s or among/ ! m52 or1 :at is always f> pref]able to ei!r1 a mutual agreem5t = _! jo9t int]e/s4 ,comb9ation among/ ! m5 is difficult1 & is always att5d$ ) ! evils :i* arise f ! ill-w excit$ aga9/ any p]sons :o1 9 ! p]fectly ju/ifiable ex]cise ( _! judgem5t1 are dispos$ n to act ) ! majority4 ,! comb9ation ( ! ma/]s1 on ! o!r h&1 is unavail+1 unless ! :ole body ( !m agree1 = if any "o ma/] c procure m lab\r = 8 money ?an ! re/1 he w be able to und]sell !m4 #bhf4 ,if we look only at ! int]e/s ( ! consum]1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,:5 too l>ge a supply has produc$ a great r$uction ( price1 x op5s ! consumption ( ! article to a new class1 & increases ! consumption ( ^? :o previ\sly employ$ x3 x is !re=e aga9/ ! int]e/ ( bo? ^! p>ties t a return to ! =m] price %\ld occur4 ,x is also c]ta91 t by ! dim9ution ( pr(it :i* ! manufactur] suff]s f ! dim9i%$ price1 8 +5uity w be additionally /imulat$2 t he w apply himself to discov] o!r & *eap] s\rces = ! supply ( 8 raw mat]ial2 t he w endeav\r to contrive improv$ ma*9]y :i* %all manufacture x at a *eap] rate2 or try to introduce new arrangem5ts into 8 factory1 :i* %all r5d] ! economy ( x m p]fect4 ,9 ! ev5t ( 8 success1 by any ( ^! c\rses or by _! jo9t effects1 a real & sub/antial good w be produc$4 ,a l>g] portion ( ! public w receive advantage f ! use ( ! article1 & !y w procure x at a l[] price2 & ! manufactur]1 ?\gh 8 pr(it on ea* op]ation is r$uc$1 w yet1 by ! m frequ5t returns on ! l>g] produce ( 8 factory1 f9d 8 real ga9 at ! end ( ! ye>1 ne>ly ! same z x 0 be=e2 :il/ ! wages ( ! workman w return to _! level1 & bo? ! manufactur] & ! workman w f9d ! dem& less fluctuat+1 f its be+ dep5d5t on a l>g] numb] ( cu/om]s4 #bhg4 ,x w\ld be highly int]e/+1 if we c\ld trace1 ev5 approximately1 ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( any great manufacture1 ! effects ( gluts 9 produc+ improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y1 or 9 me?ods ( work+2 & if we c\ld %ew :at addition to ! annual quantity ( goods previ\sly manufactur$1 0 produc$ by ea* alt]ation4 ,x w\ld probably be f\nd1 t ! increas$ quantity manufactur$ by ! same capital1 :5 work$ ) ! new improvem5t1 w\ld produce ne>ly ! same rate ( pr(it z o!r modes ( inve/m5t4 ,p]haps ! manufacture ( iron7#a997 w\ld furni% ! be/ illu/ration ( ?is subject2 because1 by hav+ ! actual price ( pig & b> iron at ! same place & at ! same "t1 ! effect ( a *ange 9 ! value ( curr5cy1 z well z sev]al o!r s\rces ( irregul>ity1 w\ld be remov$4 #bhh4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 :il/ ! manufactur]s ( iron are compla9+ ( ! ru9\sly l[ price ( _! produce1 a new mode ( smelt+ iron is com+ into use1 :i*1 if x realizes ! /atem5t ( ! pat5tees1 promises to r$uce greatly ! co/ ( production4 ,! improvem5t consi/s 9 heat+ ! air previ\sly to employ+ x = bl[+ ! furnace4 ,"o ( ! results is1 t coal may be us$ in/ead ( coke2 & ?is1 9 its turn1 dim9i%es ! quantity ( lime/one :i* is requir$ = ! fusion ( ! iron /one4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t by ! proprietors ( ! pat5t is extract$ f ,brew/]'s ,j\rnal1 #ahcb1 p4 #cdi3 ,comp>ative view ( ! quantity ( mat]ials requir$ at ! ,clyde iron works to smelt a ton ( f\ndry pig-iron1 & ( ! quantity ( f\ndry pig-iron smelt$ f ea* furnace weekly ,fuel 9 tons ( #bj cwt ea* cwt #aab lbs2 ,iron-/one2 ,lime-/one ,cwt2 ,weekly produce 9 pig-iron ,tons #a4 ,) air n heat$ & coke2 #g2c #a_/d2 #ae2 #de #b4 ,) air heat$ & coke2 #d #c_/d2 #c #a_/d2 #aj2 #fj #c4 ,) air heat$ & coals n cok$2 #b #a_/d2 #c #a_/d2 #g #a_/b2 #fe ,notes4 #a4 ,to ! coals /at$ 9 ! second & ?ird l9es1 mu/ be add$ #e cwt ( small coals1 requir$ to heat ! air4 #b4 ,! exp5se ( ! app>atus = apply+ ! heat$ air w be f ,l#bjj to ,l#cjj p] furnace4 #c4 ,no coals are n[ cok$ at ! ,clyde iron works2 at all ! ?ree furnaces ! iron is smelt$ ) coals4 #d4 ,! ?ree furnaces are bl[n by a d\ble-p[]$ /eam-eng9e1 ) a /eam cyl9d] #dj in*es 9 diamet]1 & a bl[+ cyl9d] #hj in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* compresses ! air s z to c>ry #b #a_/b lbs p] squ>e in*4 ,!re are two tuy]es to ea* furnace4 ,! muzzles ( ! bl[pipes are #c in*es 9 diamet]4 #e4 ,! air heat$ to upw>ds ( #fjj degrees ( ,fahr5heit4 ,x w melt lead at ! di/ance ( ?ree in*es f ! orifice ?r\gh :i* x issues f ! pipe4 #bhi4 ,! increas$ effect produc$ by ?us heat+ ! air is by no means an obvi\s result2 & an analysis ( its action w lead to "s curi\s views respect+ ! future application ( ma*9]y = bl[+ furnaces4 ,e cubic foot ( atmosph]ic air1 driv5 into a furnace1 consi/s ( two gases47#b997 ab\t "o-fif? be+ oxyg51 & f\r-fif?s azote4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( *emical k1 ! oxyg5 alone is effective 9 produc+ heat2 & ! op]ation ( bl[+ a furnace may be ?us analys$4 #a4 ,! air is =c$ into ! furnace 9 a cond5s$ /ate1 &1 imm$iately exp&+1 ab/racts heat f ! surr\nd+ bodies4 #b4 ,be+ itself ( mod]ate temp]ature1 x w\ld1 ev5 )\t expansion1 /ill require heat to raise x to ! temp]ature ( ! hot sub/ances to :i* x is to be appli$4 #c4 ,on com+ into contact ) ! ignit$ sub/ances 9 ! furnace1 ! oxyg5 unites ) !m1 p>t+ at ! same mom5t ) a l>ge portion ( its lat5t heat1 & =m+ comp\nds :i* h less specific heat ?an _! sep>ate con/itu5ts4 ,"s ( ^! pass up ! *imney 9 a gase\s /ate1 :il/ o!rs rema9 9 ! =m ( melt$ slags1 float+ on ! surface ( ! iron1 :i* is fus$ by ! heat ?us set at lib]ty4 #d4 ,! effects ( ! azote are precisely simil> to ! fir/ & second ( ^? above describ$2 x seems to =m no comb9ations1 & contributes no?+1 9 any /age1 to augm5t ! heat4 ,! plan1 !re=e1 ( heat+ ! air be=e driv+ x into ! furnace saves1 obvi\sly1 ! :ole ( t heat :i* ! fuel mu/ h suppli$ 9 rais+ x f ! temp]ature ( ! ext]nal air up to t ( #fjj degrees ,fahr5heit2 ?us r5d]+ ! fire m int5se1 & ! glassy slags m fusible1 & p]haps also m effectually decompos+ ! iron ore4 ,! same quantity ( fuel1 appli$ at once to ! furnace1 w\ld only prolong ! duration ( its heat1 n augm5t its int5sity4 #bij4 ,! circum/ance ( s l>ge a portion ( ! air7#c997 driv5 into furnaces be+ n m]ely useless1 b act+ really z a cool+1 in/ead ( a heat+1 cause1 add$ to s great a wa/e ( me*anical p[] 9 cond5s+ x1 am\nt+1 9 fact1 to f\r-fif?s ( ! :ole1 cle>ly %ews ! defects ( ! pres5t me?od1 & ! want ( "s bett] mode ( excit+ combu/ion on a l>ge scale4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions are ?r[n out z likely to lead to valuable results1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld prove ineffectual = _! pr(ess$ object4 #bia4 ,! great difficulty appe>s to be to sep>ate ! oxyg51 :i* aids combu/ion1 f ! azote :i* imp$es x4 ,if ei!r ( ^? gases becomes liquid at a l[] pressure ?an ! o!r1 & if ^? pressures are )9 ! limits ( our pres5t p[]s ( compression1 ! object might be accompli%$4 ,let u assume1 = example1 t oxyg5 becomes liquid "u a pressure ( #bjj atmosph]es1 :il/ azote requires a pressure ( #bej4 ,!n if atmosph]ic air be cond5s$ to ! two hundr$? "p ( its bulk1 ! oxyg5 w be f\nd 9 a liquid /ate at ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 :i* ! cond5sation is effect$1 & ! upp] "p ( ! vessel w conta9 only azote 9 ! /ate ( gas4 ,! oxyg51 n[ liquefi$1 may be drawn (f = ! supply ( ! furnace2 b z x ought :5 us$1 to h a v mod]ate degree ( cond5sation1 its expansive =ce may be previ\sly employ$ 9 work+ a small eng9e4 ,! compress$ azote also 9 ! upp] "p ( ! vessel1 ?\gh useless = combu/ion1 may be employ$ z a s\rce ( p[]1 &1 by its expansion1 "w ano!r eng9e4 ,by ^! means ! me*anical =ce ex]t$ 9 ! orig9al compression w\ld all be re/or$1 except t small "p reta9$ = =c+ ! pure oxyg5 into ! furnace1 & ! mu* l>g] "p lo/ 9 ! friction ( ! app>atus4 #bib4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty to be appreh5d$ 9 ^! op]ations is t ( pack+ a work+ pi/on s z to be> ! pressure ( #bjj or #cjj atmosph]es3 b ?is does n seem insurm\ntable4 ,x is possible also t ! *emical comb9ation ( ! two gases :i* con/itute common air may be effect$ by su* pressures3 if ?is %\ld be ! case1 x might (f] a new mode ( manufactur+ nitr\s or nitric acids4 ,! result ( su* exp]im5ts might take ano!r direction3 if ! cond5sation 7 p]=m$ ov] liquids1 x is possible t !y might ent] into new *emical comb9ations4 ,?us1 if air 7 highly cond5s$ 9 a vessel conta9+ wat]1 ! latt] might unite ) an additional dose ( oxyg51 7#d997 :i* might aft]w>ds be easily dis5gag$ = ! use ( ! furnace4 #bic4 ,a fur!r cause ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! results ( su* an exp]im5t arises f ! possibility t azote may really contribute to ! fusion ( ! mix$ mass 9 ! furnace1 ?\gh its mode ( op]at+ is at pres5t unkn[n4 ,an exam9ation ( ! nature ( ! gases issu+ f ! *imneys ( iron-f\ndries1 might p]haps assi/ 9 cle>+ up ?is po9t2 &1 9 fact1 if su* enquiries 7 also in/itut$ ^u ! v>i\s products ( all furnaces1 we might expect ! elucidation ( _m po9ts 9 ! economy ( ! metallurgic art4 #bid4 ,x is v possible also1 t ! action ( oxyg5 9 a liquid /ate might be exce$+ly corrosive1 & t ! conta9+ vessels mu/ be l9$ ) plat9um or "s o!r sub/ance ( v difficult oxydation2 & mo/ probably new & unexpect$ comp\nds w\ld be =m$ at su* pressures4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts made by ,c\nt ,rum=d 9 #agig1 on ! =ce ( fir$ gunp[d]1 he notic$ a solid comp\nd1 :i* always appe>$ 9 ! gunb>rel :5 ! ignit$ p[d] _h no means ( escap+2 &1 9 ^? cases1 ! gas :i* escap$ on remov+ ! re/ra9+ pressure 0 usually inconsid]able4 #bie4 ,if ! liquefi$ gases are us$1 ! =m ( ! iron furnace mu/ probably be *ang$1 & p]haps x may be necess>y to direct ! flame f ! ignit$ fuel ^u ! ore to be fus$1 in/ead ( mix+ t ore ) ! fuel itself3 by a prop] regulation ( ! bla/1 an oxyg5at+ or a deoxyg5at+ flame might be procur$2 & f ! int5sity ( ! flame1 comb9$ ) its *emical ag5cy1 we might expect ! mo/ refractory ore to be smelt$1 & t ultimately ! metals at pres5t almo/ infusible1 su* z plat9um1 titanium1 & o!rs1 might be br\ght into common use1 & ?us effect a revolution 9 ! arts4 #bif4 ,suppos+1 on ! occurr5ce ( a glut1 t new & *eap] modes ( produc+ are n discov]$1 & t ! production cont9ues to exce$ ! dem&1 !n x is app>5t t too mu* capital is employ$ 9 ! trade2 & aft] a "t1 ! dim9i%$ rate ( pr(it w drive "s ( ! manufactur]s to o!r occupations4 ,:at p>ticul> individuals w leave x mu/ dep5d on a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,sup]ior indu/ry & att5tion w enable "s factories to make a pr(it r beyond ! re/2 sup]ior capital 9 o!rs w enable !m1 )\t ^! advantages1 to support competition long]1 ev5 at a loss1 ) ! hope ( driv+ ! small] capitali/s out ( ! m>ket1 & !n reimburs+ !mselves by an advanc$ price4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 bett] = all p>ties1 t ?is conte/ %\ld n la/ long2 & x is important1 t no artificial re/ra9t %\ld int]f]e to prev5t x4 ,an in/ance ( su* re/riction1 & ( its injuri\s effect1 occurs at ! port ( ,newca/le1 :]e a p>ticul> ,act ( ,p>liam5t requires t e %ip %all be load$ 9 its turn4 ,! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 9 _! ,report on ! ,coal ,trade1 /ate t1 ',"u ! regulations conta9$ 9 ?is ,act1 if m %ips ent] into ! trade ?an c be pr(itablv employ$ 9 x1 ! loss produc$ by det5tion 9 port1 & wait+ = a c>go4 :i* mu/ consequ5tly take place1 in/ead ( fall+1 z x naturally w\ld1 ^u p>ticul> %ips1 & =c+ !m f ! trade1 is n[ divid$ ev5ly among/ !m2 & ! loss ?us creat$ is %>$ by ! :ole numb]4' ,report1 p4 #f4 #big4 ,x is n pret5d$1 9 ?is %ort view1 to trace out all ! effects or rem$ies ( ov]-manufactur+2 ! subject is difficult1 &1 unlike "s ( ! que/ions already treat$1 requires a comb9$ view ( ! relative influ5ce ( _m concurr+ causes4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,! av]age price p] ton ( pig iron1 b> iron1 & coal1 toge!r ) ! price paid = lab\r at ! works1 = a long s]ies ( ye>s1 w\ld be v valuable1 & ,i %all feel mu* indebt$ to anyone :o w fav\r me ) x = any1 ev5 %ort1 p]iod4 #b4 ,! accurate proportions are1 by measure1 oxyg5 #ba1 azote #gi4 #c4 ,a simil> reason+ may be appli$ to lamps4 ,an ,arg& burn]1 :e!r us$ = consum+ oil or gas1 admits almo/ an unlimit$ quantity ( air4 ,x w\ld des]ve enquiry1 :e!r a small] quantity might n produce great] light2 &1 possibly1 a diff]5t supply furni% m heat ) ! same exp5diture ( fuel4 #d4 ,deutoxide ( hydrog51 ! oxyg5at$ wat] ( ,!n>d4 ,*apt] #be ,enquiries ,previ\s to ,comm5c+ any ,manufactory #bih4 ,!re are _m enquiries :i* ought always to be made previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( ! manufacture ( any new article4 ,^! *iefly relate to ! exp5se ( tools1 ma*9]y1 raw mat]ials1 & all ! outgo+s necess>y = its production2 to ! ext5t ( dem& :i* is likely to arise2 to ! "t 9 :i* ! circulat+ capital w be replac$2 & to ! quickness or sl[ness ) :i* ! new article w sup]s$e ^? already 9 use4 #bii4 ,! exp5se ( tools & ( new ma*9es w be m difficult to asc]ta91 9 proportion z !y diff] f ^? already employ$2 b ! v>iety 9 con/ant use 9 our v>i\s manufactories1 is su*1 t few inv5tions n[ occur 9 :i* consid]able resemblance may n be trac$ to o!rs already con/ruct$4 ,! co/ ( ! raw mat]ial is usually less difficult to det]m9e2 b cases occasionally arise 9 :i* x becomes important to exam9e :e!r ! supply1 at ! giv5 price1 c be dep5d$ ^u3 =1 9 ! case ( a small consumption1 ! additional dem& aris+ f a factory may produce a consid]able tempor>y rise1 ?\gh x may ultimately r$uce ! price4 #cjj4 ,! quantity ( any new article likely to be consum$ is a mo/ important subject = ! consid]ation ( ! projector ( a new manufacture4 ,z ^! pages are n int5d$ = ! in/ruction ( ! manufactur]1 b r = ! purpose ( giv+ a g5]al view ( ! subject1 an illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* su* que/ions are reg>d$ by practical m51 w1 p]haps1 be mo/ in/ructive4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! evid5ce giv5 be=e a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 9 ! ,report on ,artizans & ,ma*9]y1 %ews ! ext5t to :i* articles app>5tly ! mo/ insignificant1 are consum$1 & ! view :i* ! manufactur] takes ( !m4 ,! p]son exam9$ on ?is occasion 0 ,mr ,o/l]1 a manufactur] ( glass beads & o!r toys ( ! same sub/ance1 f ,birm+ham4 ,sev]al ( ! articles made by him 7 plac$ ^u ! table1 = ! inspection ( ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :i* held its meet+s 9 "o ( ! committee-rooms4 ,"q4 ,is !re any ?+ else y h to /ate ^u ?is subject8 ,answ]4 ,g5tlem5 may consid] ! articles on ! table z extremely insignificant3 b p]haps ,i may surprise !m a little1 by m5tion+ ! foll[+ fact4 ,eighte5 ye>s ago1 on my fir/ j\rney to ,london1 a respectable-look+ man1 9 ! city1 ask$ me if ,i c\ld supply him ) dolls' eyes2 & ,i 0 fooli% en\gh to feel half (f5d$2 ,i ?\ght x d]ogatory to my new dignity z a manufactur]1 to make dolls' eyes4 ,he took me into a room q z wide1 & p]haps twice ! l5g? ( ?is1 & we _h j room to walk betwe5 /acks1 f ! loor to ! ceil+1 ( p>ts ( dolls4 ,he said1 ',^! are only ! legs & arms2 ! trunks are bel[41 ,b ,i saw en\gh to conv9ce me1 t he want$ a great _m eyes2 &1 z ! article appe>$ q 9 my own l9e ( bus9ess1 ,i said ,i w\ld take an ord] by way ( exp]im5t2 & he %ew$ me sev]al specim5s4 ,i copi$ ! ord]4 ,he ord]$ v>i\s quantities1 & ( v>i\s sizes & qualities4 ,on return+ to ! ,tavi/ock ,hotel1 ,i f\nd t ! ord] am\nt$ to upw>ds ( #ejjl4 ,i w5t into ! c\ntry1 & endeav\r$ to make !m4 ,i _h "s ( ! mo/ +5i\s glass toymak]s 9 ! k+dom 9 my s]vice2 b :5 ,i %ew$ x to !m1 !y %ook _! heads1 & said !y _h (t5 se5 ! article be=e1 b c\ld n make x4 ,i engag$ !m by pres5ts to use _! be/ ex]tions2 b aft] try+ & wa/+ a great deal ( "t = ?ree or f\r weeks1 ,i 0 oblig$ to rel9qui% ! attempt4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,i engag$ 9 ano!r bran* ( bus9ess 7*&eli] furniture71 & took no m notice ( x4 ,ab\t eighte5 mon?s ago ,i resum$ ! tr9ket trade1 & !n det]m9$ to ?9k ( ! dolls' eyes2 & ab\t eight mon?s s9ce1 ,i accid5tally met ) a poor fell[ :o _h impov]i%$ himself by dr9k+1 & :o 0 dy+ 9 a consumption1 9 a /ate ( great want4 ,i %[$ him t5 sov]eigns3 & he said he w\ld in/ruct me 9 ! process4 ,he 0 9 su* a /ate t he c\ld n be> ! effluvia ( 8 own lamp1 b ?\gh ,i 0 v conv]sant ) ! manual "p ( ! bus9ess1 & x relat$ to ?+s ,i 0 daily 9 ! habit ( see+1 ,i felt ,i c\ld d no?+ f 8 description4 7,i m5tion ?is to %[ h[ difficult x is to convey1 by description1 ! mode ( work+47 ,he took me into 8 g>ret1 :]e ! poor fell[ _h economiz$ to su* a degree1 t he actually us$ ! entrails & fat ( p\ltry f ,lead5hall m>ket to save oil 7! price ( ! article hav+ be5 lately s mu* r$uc$ by competition at home74 ,9 an in/ant1 be=e ,i _h se5 him make ?ree1 ,i felt compet5t to make a gross2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 mode & t ( my own workm5 0 s trifl+1 t ,i felt ! utmo/ a/oni%m5t4 ,"q4 ,y c n[ make dolls' eyes8 ,answ]4 ,i c4 ,z x 0 eighte5 ye>s ago t ,i receiv$ ! ord] ,i h m5tion$1 & feel+ d\btful ( my own recollection1 ?\gh v /rong1 & suspect+ t x c\ld n h be5 to ! am\nt /at$1 ,i la/ night took ! pres5t v r$uc$ price ( t article 7less ?an half n[ ( :at x 0 !n71 & calculat+ t e *ild 9 ?is c\ntry n us+ a doll till two ye>s old1 & ?r[+ x aside at sev51 & hav+ a new "o annually1 ,i satisfi$ myself t ! eyes alone w\ld produce a circulation ( a great _m ?\s& p\nds4 ,i m5tion ?is m]ely to %ew ! importance ( trifles2 & to assign "o reason1 among/ _m1 = my conviction t no?+ b p]sonal communication c enable our manufactures to be transplant$4 #cja4 ,9 _m in/ances x is exce$+ly difficult to e/imate be=eh& ! sale ( an article1 or ! effects ( a ma*9e2 a case1 h[ev]1 occurr$ dur+ a rec5t enquiry1 :i* al?\gh n q appropriate z an illu/ration ( probable dem&1 is highly in/ructive z to ! mode ( conduct+ inve/igations ( ?is nature4 ,a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 0 appo9t$ to enquire into ! tolls prop] to be plac$ on /eam-c>riages2 a "q1 app>5tly1 ( difficult solution1 & ^u :i* widely diff]5t op9ions _h be5 =m$1 if we may judge by ! v diff]5t rate ( tolls impos$ ^u su* c>riages by diff]5t 'turnpike tru/s'4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* ! committee conduct$ ! enquiry 71 t ',! only gr\nd on :i* a fair claim to toll c be made on any public road1 is to raise a fund1 :i*1 ) ! /ricte/ economy1 %all be j suffici5t--fir/1 to repay ! exp5se ( its orig9al =mation2 secondly1 to ma9ta9 x 9 good & suffici5t repair4' ,!y fir/ endeav\r$ to asc]ta91 f compet5t p]sons1 ! effect ( ! atmosph]e alone 9 det]iorat+ a well-con/ruct$ road4 ,! next /ep 01 to det]m9e ! proportion 9 :i* ! road 0 injur$1 by ! effect ( ! horses' feet comp>$ ) t ( ! :eels4 ,mr ,macneill1 ! sup]9t5d5t1 "u ,mr ,tel=d1 ( ! ,holyhead roads1 0 exam9$1 & propos$ to e/imate ! relative injury1 f ! comp>ative quantities ( iron worn (f f ! %oes ( ! horses1 & f ! tire ( ! :eels4 ,f ! data he possess$1 respect+ ! consumption ( iron = ! tire ( ! :eels1 & = ! %oes ( ! horses1 ( "o ( ! ,birm+ham day-coa*es1 he e/imat$ ! we> & te> ( roads1 aris+ f ! feet ( ! horses1 to be ?ree times z great z t aris+ f ! :eels4 ,suppos+ repairs am\nt+ to a hundr$ p\nds to be requir$ on a road travell$ ov] by a fa/ coa* at ! rate ( t5 miles an h\r1 & ! same am\nt ( injury to occur on ano!r road1 us$ only by waggons1 mov+ at ! rate ( ?ree miles an h\r1 ,mr ,macneill divides ! injuries 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 ,injuries aris+ f2 ,fa/ coa*2 ,heavy waggon ,atmosph]ic *anges #bj #bj ,:eels #bj #ce4e ,horses' feet draw+ #fj #dd4e ,total injury #ajj #ajj ,suppos+ x1 !re=e1 to be asc]ta9$ t ! :eels ( /eam c>riages d no m injury to roads ?an o!r c>riages ( equal weight travell+ ) ! same velocity1 ! committee n[ possess$ ! means ( approximat+ to a j rate ( toll = /eam c>riages47#a997 #cjb4 ,z connect$ ) ?is subject1 & z af=d+ mo/ valuable in=mation ^u po9ts 9 :i*1 previ\s to exp]im5t1 widely diff]5t op9ions h be5 ent]ta9$2 ! foll[+ extract is ins]t$ f ,mr ,tel=d's ,report on ! ,/ate ( ! ,holyhead & ,liv]pool ,roads4 ,! in/rum5t employ$ = ! comp>ison 0 inv5t$ by ,mr ,macneill2 & ! road betwe5 ,london & ,%rewsbury 0 select$ = ! place ( exp]im5t4 ,! g5]al results1 :5 a waggon weigh+ #ba cwt 0 us$ on diff]5t sorts ( roads1 are z foll[s3 lbs #a4 ,on well-made pavem5t1 ! draught is #cc #b4 ,on a brok5 /one surface1 or old fl9t road #fe #c4 ,on a gravel road #adg #d4 ,on a brok5 /one road1 ^u a r\gh pavem5t f\ndation #df #e4 ,on a brok5 /one surface1 ^u a bottom+ ( concrete1 =m$ ( ,p>k]'s cem5t & gravel #df ,! foll[+ /atem5t relates to ! =ce requir$ to draw a coa* weigh+ #ah cwt4 exclusive ( sev5 pass5g]s1 up roads ( v>i\s incl9ations3 ,incl9ation2 ,=ce requir$ at six miles p] h\r2 ,=ce at eight miles p] h\r2 ,=ce at t5 miles p] h\r lbs lbs lbs #a 9 #bj #bfh #bif #cah #a 9 #bf #bac #bai #bbe #a 9 #cj #afe #aif #bjj #a 9 #dj #afj #aff #agb #a 9 #fjj #aaa #abj #abh #cjc4 ,9 e/abli%+ a new manufactory1 ! "t 9 :i* ! goods produc$ c be br\ght to m>ket & ! returns be realiz$1 %\ld be ?or\ghly consid]$1 z well z ! "t ! new article w take to sup]s$e ^? already 9 use4 ,if x is de/roy$ 9 us+1 ! new produce w be mu* m easily introduc$4 ,/eel p5s readily took ! place ( quills2 & a new =m ( p5 w\ld1 if x possess$ any advantage1 z easily sup]s$e ! pres5t "o4 ,a new lock1 h[ev] secure1 & h[ev] *eap1 w\ld n s readily make its way4 ,if less exp5sive ?an ! old1 x w\ld be employ$ 9 new "w3 b old locks w\ld r>ely be remov$ to make way = x2 & ev5 if p]fectly secure1 its advance w\ld be sl[4 #cjd4 ,ano!r elem5t 9 ?is "q :i* %\ld n be altoge!r omitt$1 is ! opposition :i* ! new manufacture may create by its real or app>5t injury to o!r int]e/s1 & ! probable effect ( t opposition4 ,?is is n always =ese52 & :5 anticipat$ is (t5 inaccurately e/imat$4 ,on ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( /eamboats f ,london to ,m>gate1 ! proprietors ( ! coa*es runn+ on t l9e ( road petition$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons aga9/ !m1 z likely to lead to ! ru9 ( ! coa* proprietors4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 f\nd t ! fe> 0 imag9>y2 & 9 a v few ye>s1 ! numb] ( coa*es on t road 0 consid]ably increas$1 app>5tly ?r\gh ! v means :i* 7 ?\ght to be adv]se to x4 ,! fe>1 :i* is n[ ent]ta9$1 t /eamp[] & railroads may drive out ( employm5t a l>ge proportion ( ! horses at pres5t 9 use1 is probably n less unf\nd$4 ,on "s p>ticul> l9es su* an effect might be produc$2 b 9 all probability ! numb] ( horses employ$ 9 convey+ goods & pass5g]s to ! great l9es ( railroad1 w\ld exce$ t :i* is at pres5t us$4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,"o ( ! results ( ^! enquiries is1 t e coa* :i* travels f ,london to ,birm+ham di/ributes ab\t elev5 p\nds ( wr\ght iron1 along ) ! l9e ( road betwe5 ! two places4 ,*apt] #bf ,on a ,new ,sy/em ( ,manufactur+ #cje4 ,a mo/ errone\s & un=tunate op9ion prevails among/ workm5 9 _m manufactur+ c\ntries1 t _! own int]e/ & t ( _! employ]s are at v>iance4 ,! consequ5ces are t valuable ma*9]y is sometimes neglect$1 & ev5 privately injur$--t new improvem5ts1 introduc$ by ! ma/]s1 d n receive a fair trial--& t ! tal5ts & obs]vations ( ! workm5 are n direct$ to ! improvem5t ( ! processes 9 :i* !y are employ$4 ,?is error is1 p]haps1 mo/ preval5t :]e ! e/abli%m5t ( manufactories has be5 ( rec5t orig91 & :]e ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 !m is n v l>ge3 ?us1 9 "s ( ! ,prussian prov9ces on ! ,rh9e x prevails to a mu* great] ext5t ?an 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,p]haps its dim9i%$ preval5ce 9 our own manufactur+ di/ricts1 arises p>tly f ! sup]ior in=mation spread among/ ! workm52 & p>tly f ! frequ5t example ( p]sons1 :o by good conduct & an att5tion to ! int]e/s ( _! employ]s = a s]ies ( ye>s1 h become =em51 or :o h ultimately be5 admitt$ into advantage\s p>tn]%ips4 ,conv9c$ z ,i am1 f my own obs]vation1 t ! prosp]ity & success ( ! ma/] manufactur] is ess5tial to ! welf>e ( ! workman1 ,i am yet compell$ to admit t ?is connection is1 9 _m cases1 too remote to be always und]/ood by ! latt]1 & :il/ x is p]fectly true t workm51 z a class1 d]ive advantage f ! prosp]ity ( _! employ]s1 ,i d n ?9k t ea* individual p>takes ( t advantage exactly 9 proportion to ! ext5t to :i* he contributes t[>ds x2 nor d ,i p]ceive t ! result+ advantage is z imm$iate z x might become "u a diff]5t sy/em4 #cjf4 ,x w\ld be ( great importance1 if1 9 e l>ge e/abli%m5t ! mode ( paym5t c\ld be s arrang$1 t e p]son employ$ %\ld d]ive advantage f ! success ( ! :ole2 & t ! pr(its ( ea* individual %\ld advance1 z ! factory itself produc$ pr(it1 )\t ! necessity ( mak+ any *ange 9 ! wages4 ,?is is by no means easy to effect1 p>ticul>ly among/ t class ^: daily lab\r procures = !m _! daily food4 ,! sy/em :i* has long be5 pursu$ 9 work+ ! ,corni% m9es1 al?\gh n exactly fulfill+ ^! conditions1 yet possesses advantages :i* make x wor?y ( att5tion1 z hav+ ne>ly approa*$ t[>ds !m1 & z t5d+ to r5d] fully effective ! faculties ( all :o are engag$ 9 x4 ,i am ! m /rongly induc$ to place be=e ! read] a %ort sket* ( ?is sy/em1 because its simil>ity to t :i* ,i %all aft]w>ds recomm5d = trial1 w p]haps remove "s objections to ! latt]1 & may also furni% "s valuable h9ts = conduct+ any exp]im5t :i* might be und]tak54 #cjg4 ,9 ! m9es ( ,cornwall1 almo/ ! :ole ( ! op]ations1 bo? above & bel[ gr\nd1 are contract$ =4 ,! mann] ( mak+ ! contract is ne>ly z foll[s4 ,at ! end ( e two mon?s1 ! "w :i* x is propos$ to c>ry on dur+ ! next p]iod is m>k$ out4 ,x is ( ?ree k9ds4 #a4 ,tutwork1 :i* consi/s 9 s9k+ %afts1 driv+ levels1 & mak+ excavations3 ?is is paid = by ! fa?om 9 dep?1 or 9 l5g?1 or by ! cubic fa?om4 #b4 ,tribute1 :i* is paym5t = rais+ & dress+ ! ore1 by means ( a c]ta9 "p ( its value :5 r5d]$ m]*antable4 ,x is ?is mode ( paym5t :i* produces su* admirable effects4 ,! m9]s1 :o are to be paid 9 proportion to ! ri*ness ( ! ve91 & ! quantity ( metal extract$ f x1 naturally become quicksight$ 9 ! discov]y ( ore1 & 9 e/imat+ its value2 & x is _! int]e/ to avail !mselves ( e improvem5t t c br+ x m *eaply to m>ket4 #c4 ,dress+4 ,! ',tributors'1 :o dig & dress ! ore1 c seldom af=d to dress ! co>s] p>ts ( :at !y raise1 at _! contract price2 ?is portion1 !re=e1 is aga9 let out to o!r p]sons1 :o agree to dress x at an advanc$ price4 ,! lots ( ore to be dress$1 & ! works to be c>ri$ on1 hav+ be5 m>k$ out "s days be=e1 & hav+ be5 exam9$ by ! m51 a k9d ( auction is held by ! capta9s ( ! m9e1 9 :i* ea* lot is put up1 & bid = by diff]5t gangs ( m54 ,! "w is !n (f]$1 at a price usually bel[ t bid at ! auction1 to ! l[e/ bidd]1 :o r>ely decl9es x at ! rate propos$4 ,! tribute is a c]ta9 sum out ( e tw5ty %ill+s' wor? ( ore rais$1 & may v>y f ?reep5ce to f\rte5 or fifte5 %ill+s4 ,! rate ( e>n+s 9 tribute is v unc]ta93 if a ve91 :i* 0 poor :5 tak51 becomes ri*1 ! m5 e>n money rapidly2 & in/ances h occurr$ 9 :i* ea* m9] ( a gang has ga9$ a hundr$ p\nds 9 ! two mon?s4 ,^! extraord9>y cases1 are1 p]haps1 ( m advantage to ! own]s ( ! m9e ?an ev5 to ! m52 = :il/ ! skill & indu/ry ( ! workm5 are greatly /imulat$1 ! own] himself always d]ives /ill great] advantage f ! improvem5t ( ! ve947#a997 ,?is sy/em has be5 introduc$1 by ,mr ,taylor1 into ! lead m9es ( ,fl9t%ire1 into ^? at ,skipton 9 ,york%ire1 & into "s ( ! copp] m9es ( ,cumb]l&2 & x is desirable t x %\ld become g5]al1 because no o!r mode ( paym5t af=ds to ! workm5 a measure ( success s directly proportion$ to ! indu/ry1 ! integrity1 & ! tal5t1 :i* !y ex]t4 #cjh4 ,i %all n[ pres5t ! outl9e ( a sy/em :i* appe>s to me to be pregnant ) ! mo/ important results1 bo? to ! class ( workm5 & to ! c\ntry at l>ge2 & :i*1 if act$ ^u1 w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 p]man5tly raise ! work+ classes1 & greatly ext5d ! manufactur+ sy/em4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ! propos$ sy/em is f\nd$1 are #a4 ,t a consid]able "p ( ! wages receiv$ by ea* p]son employ$ %\ld dep5d on ! pr(its made by ! e/abli%m5t2 &1 #b4 ,t e p]son connect$ ) x %\ld d]ive m advantage f apply+ any improvem5t he might discov]1 to ! factory 9 :i* he is employ$1 ?an he c\ld by any o!r c\rse4 #cji4 ,x w\ld be difficult to prevail on ! l>ge capitali/ to ent] ^u any sy/em1 :i* w\ld *ange ! division ( ! pr(its aris+ f ! employm5t ( 8 capital 9 sett+ skill & lab\r 9 action2 any alt]ation1 !re=e1 mu/ be expect$ r f ! small capitali/1 or f ! high] class ( workm51 :o comb9e ! two *>act]s2 & to ^! latt] classes1 ^: welf>e w be fir/ affect$1 ! *ange is mo/ important4 ,i %all !re=e fir/ po9t out ! c\rse to be pursu$ 9 mak+ ! exp]im5t2 & !n1 tak+ a p>ticul> bran* ( trade z an illu/ration1 ,i %all exam9e ! m]its & defects ( ! propos$ sy/em z appli$ to x4 #caj4 ,let u suppose1 9 "s l>ge manufactur+ t[n1 t5 or twelve ( ! mo/ intellig5t & skilful workm5 to unite1 ^: *>act]s = sobriety & /ead9ess are good1 & are well kn[n among _! own class4 ,su* p]sons w ea* possess "s small portion ( capital2 & let !m jo9 ) "o or two o!rs :o h rais$ !mselves into ! class ( small ma/] manufactur]s1 &1 !re=e possess r a l>g] portion ( capital4 ,let ^! p]sons1 aft] well consid]+ ! subject1 agree to e/abli% a manufactory ( fire-irons & f5d]s2 & let u suppose t ea* ( ! t5 workm5 c comm& =ty p\nds1 & ea* ( ! small capitali/s possesses two hundr$ p\nds3 ?us !y h a capital ( ,l#hjj ) :i* to comm5ce bus9ess2 &1 = ! sake ( simplify+1 let u fur!r suppose ! lab\r ( ea* ( ^! twelve p]sons to be wor? two p\nds a week4 ,"o portion ( _! capital w be exp5d$ 9 procur+ ! tools necess>y = _! trade1 :i* we %all take at ,l#djj1 & ?is mu/ be consid]$ z _! fix$ capital4 ,! rema9+ ,l#djj mu/ be employ$ z circulat+ capital1 9 pur*as+ ! iron ) :i* _! articles are made1 9 pay+ ! r5t ( _! work%ops1 & 9 support+ !mselves & _! families until "s portion ( x is replac$ by ! sale ( ! goods produc$4 #caa4 ,n[ ! fir/ "q to be settl$ is1 :at proportion ( ! pr(it %\ld be all[$ = ! use ( capital1 & :at = skill & lab\r8 ,x does n seem possible to decide ?is "q by any ab/ract reason+3 if ! capital suppli$ by ea* p>tn] is equal1 all difficulty w be remov$2 if o!rwise1 ! proportion mu/ be left to f9d its level1 & w be discov]$ by exp]i5ce2 & x is probable t x w n fluctuate mu*4 ,let u suppose x to be agre$ t ! capital ( ,l#hjj %all receive ! wages ( "o workman4 ,at ! end ( ea* week e workman is to receive "o p\nd z wages1 & "o p\nd is to be divid$ among/ ! own]s ( ! capital4 ,aft] a few weeks ! returns w beg9 to come 92 & !y w soon become ne>ly uni=m4 ,accurate acc\nts %\ld be kept ( e exp5se & ( all ! sales2 & at ! end ( ea* week ! pr(it %\ld be divid$4 ,a c]ta9 portion %\ld be laid aside z a res]v$ fund1 ano!r portion = repair ( ! tools1 & ! rema9d] be+ divid$ into ?irte5 p>ts1 "o ( ^! p>ts w\ld be divid$ among/ ! capitali/s & "o belong to ea* workman4 ,?us ea* man w\ld1 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 make up 8 usual wages ( two p\nds weekly4 ,if ! factory w5t on prosp]\sly1 ! wages ( ! m5 w\ld increase2 if ! sales fell (f !y w\ld be dim9i%$4 ,x is important t e p]son employ$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t1 :atev] might be ! am\nt paid = 8 s]vices1 :e!r he act z lab\r] or port]1 z ! cl]k :o keeps ! acc\nts1 or z bookkeep] employ$ = a few h\rs once a week to sup]9t5d !m1 %\ld receive "o half ( :at 8 s]vice is wor? 9 fix$ sal>y1 ! o!r "p v>y+ ) ! success ( ! und]tak+4 #cab4 ,9 su* a factory1 ( c\rse1 division ( lab\r w\ld be introduc$3 "s ( ! workm5 w\ld be con/antly employ$ 9 =g+ ! fire-irons1 o!rs 9 poli%+ !m1 o!rs 9 pi]c+ & =m+ ! f5d]s4 ,x w\ld be ess5tial t ! "t occupi$ 9 ea* process1 & also its exp5se1 %\ld be well asc]ta9$2 in=mation :i* w\ld soon be obta9$ v precisely4 ,n[1 if a workman %\ld f9d a mode ( %ort5+ any ( ! processes1 he w\ld conf] a b5efit on ! :ole p>ty1 ev5 if !y receiv$ b a small "p ( ! result+ pr(it4 ,= ! promotion ( su* discov]ies1 x w\ld be desirable t ^? :o make !m %\ld ei!r receive "s rew>d1 to be det]m9$ aft] a suffici5t trial by a committee assembl+ p]iodically2 or if !y be ( high importance1 t ! discov]] %\ld receive "o-half1 or two?irds1 ( ! pr(it result+ f !m dur+ ! next ye>1 or "s o!r det]m9ate p]iod1 z might be f\nd exp$i5t4 ,z ! advantages ( su* improvem5ts w\ld be cle> ga9 to ! factory1 x is obvi\s t su* a %>e might be all[$ to ! inv5tor1 t x w\ld be = 8 int]e/ r to give ! b5efit ( !m to 8 p>tn]s1 ?an to dispose ( !m 9 any o!r way4 #cac4 ,! result ( su* arrangem5ts 9 a factory w\ld be1 #a4 ,t e p]son engag$ 9 x w\ld h a direct int]e/ 9 its prosp]ity2 s9ce ! effect ( any success1 or fall+ (f1 w\ld almo/ imm$iately produce a correspond+ *ange 9 8 own weekly receipts4 #b4 ,e p]son conc]n$ 9 ! factory w\ld h an imm$iate int]e/ 9 prev5t+ any wa/e or mismanagem5t 9 all ! dep>tm5ts4 #c4 ,! tal5ts ( all connect$ ) x w\ld be /rongly direct$ to its improvem5t 9 e dep>tm5t4 #d4 ,none b workm5 ( high "* & qualifications c\ld obta9 admission into su* e/abli%m5ts2 because :5 any additional h&s 7 requir$1 x w\ld be ! common int]e/ ( all to admit only ! mo/ respectable & skilful2 & x w\ld be f> less easy to impose ^u a doz5 workm5 ?an ^u ! s+le proprietor ( a factory4 #e4 ,:5 any circum/ance produc$ a glut 9 ! m>ket1 m skill w\ld be direct$ to dim9i%+ ! co/ ( production2 & a portion ( ! "t ( ! m5 might !n be occupi$ 9 repair+ & improv+ _! tools1 = :i* a res]v$ fund w\ld pay1 ?us *eck+ pres5t1 & at ! same "t facilitat+ future production4 #f4 ,ano!r advantage1 ( no small importance1 w\ld be ! total removal ( all real or imag9>y causes = comb9ations4 ,! workm5 & ! capitali/ w\ld s %ade into ea* o!r-- w\ld s evid5tly h a common int]e/1 & _! difficulties & di/resses w\ld be mutually s well und]/ood t1 in/ead ( comb9+ to oppress "o ano!r1 ! only comb9ation :i* c\ld exi/ w\ld be a mo/ p[]ful union betwe5 bo? p>ties to ov]come _! common difficulties4 #cad4 ,"o ( ! difficulties att5d+ su* a sy/em is1 t capitali/s w\ld at fir/ fe> to emb>k 9 x1 imag9+ t ! workm5 w\ld receive too l>ge a %>e ( ! pr(its3 & x is q true t ! workm5 w\ld h a l>g] %>e ?an at pres5t3 b1 at ! same "t1 x is presum$ ! effect ( ! :ole sy/em w\ld be1 t ! total pr(its ( ! e/abli%m5t be+ mu* increas$1 ! small] proportion all[$ to capital "u ?is sy/em w\ld yet be great] 9 actual am\nt1 ?an t :i* results to x f ! l>g] %>e 9 ! sy/em n[ exi/+4 #cae4 ,x is possible t ! pres5t laws relat+ to p>tn]%ips might int]f]e ) factories s conduct$4 ,if ?is int]f]5ce c\ld n be obviat$ by conf9+ _! pur*ases "u ! propos$ sy/em to ready money1 x w\ld be desirable to consid] :at *anges 9 ! law w\ld be necess>y to its exi/5ce3 & ?is furni%es ano!r reason = ent]+ into ! "q ( limit$ p>tn]%ips4 #caf4 ,a difficulty w\ld occur also 9 dis*>g+ workm5 :o behav$ ill1 or :o 7 n compet5t to _! "w2 ?is w\ld arise f _! hav+ a c]ta9 int]e/ 9 ! res]v$ fund1 &1 p]haps1 f _! possess+ a c]ta9 portion ( ! capital employ$2 b )\t ent]+ into detail1 x may be obs]v$1 t su* cases might be det]m9$ on by meet+s ( ! :ole e/abli%m5t2 & t if ! policy ( ! laws fav\r$ su* e/abli%m5ts1 x w\ld sc>cely be m difficult to en=ce j regulations1 ?an x n[ is to en=ce "s :i* are unju/1 by means ( comb9ations ei!r among/ ! ma/]s or ! m54 #cag4 ,"s approa* to ?is sy/em is already practis$ 9 sev]al trades3 ! mode ( conduct+ ! ,corni% m9es has already be5 allud$ to2 ! paym5t to ! crew ( :al+ %ips is gov]n$ by ?is pr9ciple2 ! pr(its aris+ f fi%+ ) nets on ! s\? coa/ ( ,engl& are ?us divid$3 "o-half ! produce belongs to ! own] ( ! boat & net2 ! o!r half is divid$ 9 equal portions betwe5 ! p]sons us+ x1 :o are also b\nd to assi/ 9 repair+ ! net :5 injur$4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,= a detail$ acc\nt ( ! me?od ( work+ ! ,corni% m9es1 see a pap] ( ,mr ,john ,taylor's ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cji4 ,*apt] #bg ,on ,contriv+ ,ma*9]y #cah4 ,! p[] ( inv5t+ me*anical contrivances1 & ( comb9+ ma*9]y1 does n appe>1 if we may judge f ! frequ5cy ( its occurr5ce1 to be a difficult or a r>e gift4 ,( ! va/ multitude ( inv5tions :i* h be5 produc$ almo/ daily = a s]ies ( ye>s1 a l>ge "p has fail$ f ! imp]fect nature ( ! fir/ trials2 :il/ a /ill l>g] portion1 :i* _h escap$ ! me*anical difficulties1 fail$ only because ! economy ( _! op]ations 0 n suffici5tly att5d$ to4 ,! commission]s appo9t$ to exam9e into ! me?ods propos$ = prev5t+ ! =g]y ( bank-notes1 /ate 9 _! report1 t out ( "o hundr$ & sev5ty-eight projects communicat$ to ! bank & to ! commission]s1 !re 7 only twelve ( sup]ior skill1 & n9e :i* x 0 necess>y m p>ticul>ly to exam9e4 #cai4 ,x is h[ev] a curi\s circum/ance1 t al?\gh ! p[] ( comb9+ ma*9]y is s common1 yet ! m beautiful comb9ations are exce$+ly r>e4 ,^? :i* comm& our admiration equally by ! p]fection ( _! effects & ! simplicity ( _! means1 are f\nd only among/ ! happie/ productions ( g5ius4 ,to produce movem5ts ev5 ( a complicat$ k9d is n difficult4 ,!re exi/ a great multitude ( kn[n contrivances = all ! m usual purposes1 & if ! ex]tion ( mod]ate p[] is ! end ( ! me*anism to be contriv$1 x is possible to con/ruct ! :ole ma*9e ^u pap]1 & to judge ( ! prop] /r5g? to be giv5 to ea* "p z well z to ! framework :i* supports x1 & also ( its ultimate effect1 long be=e a s+le "p ( x has be5 execut$4 ,9 fact1 all ! contrivance1 & all ! improvem5ts1 ought fir/ to be repres5t$ 9 ! draw+s4 #cbj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are effects dep5d5t ^u physical or *emical prop]ties = ! det]m9ation ( :i* no draw+s w be ( any use4 ,^! are ! legitimate objects ( direct trial4 ,= example2 if ! ultimate result ( an eng9e is to be t x %all impress lett]s on a copp]plate by means ( /eel pun*es =c$ into x1 all ! me*anism by :i* ! pun*es & ! copp] are to be mov$ at /at$ int]vals1 & br\ght into contact1 is )9 ! prov9ce ( draw+1 & ! ma*9]y may be arrang$ entirely ^u pap]4 ,b a d\bt may reasonably spr+ up1 :e!r ! bur t w be rais$ r\nd ! lett]1 :i* has be5 already pun*$ ^u ! copp]1 may n int]f]e ) ! prop] action ( ! pun* = ! lett] :i* is to be pun*$ next adjac5t to x4 ,x may also be fe>$ t ! effect ( pun*+ ! second lett]1 if x be suffici5tly ne> to ! fir/1 may di/ort ! =m ( t fir/ figure4 ,if nei!r ( ^! evils %\ld arise1 /ill ! bur produc$ by ! pun*+ might be expect$ to int]f]e ) ! goodness ( ! impression produc$ by ! copp]plate2 & ! plate itself1 aft] hav+ all b its edge cov]$ ) figures1 might *ange its =m1 f ! unequal cond5sation :i* x mu/ suff] 9 ?is process1 s z to r5d] x v difficult to take impressions f x at all4 ,x is impossible by any draw+s to solve difficulties su* z ^!1 exp]im5t alone c det]m9e _! effect4 ,su* exp]im5ts hav+ be5 made1 x is f\nd t if ! sides ( ! /eel pun* are ne>ly at "r angles to ! face ( ! lett]1 ! bur produc$ is v inconsid]able2 t at ! dep? :i* is suffici5t = copp]plate pr9t+1 no di/ortion ( ! adjac5t lett]s takes place1 al?\gh ^? lett]s are plac$ v close to ea* o!r2 t ! small bur :i* arises may easily be scrap$ (f2 & t ! copp]plate is n di/ort$ by ! cond5sation ( ! metal 9 pun*+1 b is p]fectly fit to pr9t f1 aft] x has und]gone t process4 #cba4 ,! next /age 9 ! progress ( an inv5tion1 aft] ! draw+s are f9i%$ & ! prelim9>y exp]im5ts h be5 made1 if any su* %\ld be requisite1 is ! execution ( ! ma*9e itself4 ,x c nev] be too /rongly impress$ ^u ! m9ds ( ^? :o are devis+ new ma*9es1 t to make ! mo/ p]fect draw+s ( e "p t5ds ess5tially bo? to ! success ( ! trial1 & to economy 9 arriv+ at ! result4 ,! actual execution f work+ draw+s is comp>atively an easy task2 provid$ always t good tools are employ$1 & t me?ods ( work+ are adopt$1 9 :i* ! p]fection ( ! "p con/ruct$ dep5ds less on ! p]sonal skill ( ! workman1 ?an ^u ! c]ta9ty ( ! me?od employ$4 #cbb4 ,! causes ( failure 9 ?is /age mo/ frequ5tly d]ive _! orig9 f errors 9 ! prec$+ "o2 & x is suffici5t m]ely to indicate a few ( _! s\rces4 ,!y frequ5tly arise f hav+ neglect$ to take into consid]ation t metals are n p]fectly rigid b ela/ic4 ,a /eel cyl9d] ( small diamet] mu/ n be reg>d$ z an inflexible rod2 b 9 ord] to ensure its p]fect action z an axis1 x mu/ be support$ at prop] int]vals4 ,aga91 ! /r5g? & /iffness ( ! fram+ :i* supports ! me*anism mu/ be c>efully att5d$ to4 ,x %\ld always be recollect$1 t ! addition ( sup]flu\s matt] to ! immovable p>ts ( a ma*9e produces no additional mom5tum1 & !re=e is n accompani$ ) ! same evil t arises :5 ! mov+ p>ts are increas$ 9 weight4 ,! /iffness ( ! fram+ 9 a ma*9e produces an important advantage4 ,if ! be>+s ( ! axis 7^? places at :i* !y are support$7 are once plac$ 9 a /raight l9e1 !y w rema9 s1 if ! fram+ be immovable2 :]eas if ! framework *anges its =m1 ?\gh ev] s slightly1 consid]able friction is imm$iately produc$4 ,?is effect is s well und]/ood 9 ! di/ricts :]e sp9n+ factories are num]\s1 t1 9 e/imat+ ! exp5se ( work+ a new factory1 x is all[$ t five p] c5t on ! p[] ( ! /eam-eng9e w be sav$ if ! build+ is firepro(3 = ! great] /r5g? & rigidity ( a firepro( build+ prev5ts ! movem5t ( ! long %afts or axes :i* drive ! ma*9]y1 f be+ imp$$ by ! friction t w\ld arise f ! slighte/ deviation 9 any ( ! be>+s4 #cbc4 ,9 conduct+ exp]im5ts ^u ma*9]y1 x is q a mi/ake to suppose t any imp]fect me*anical "w is good en\gh = su* a purpose4 ,if ! exp]im5t is wor? mak+1 x ought to be tri$ ) all ! advantages ( :i* ! /ate ( me*anical art admits2 = an imp]fect trial may cause an idea to be giv5 up1 :i* bett] workman%ip might h prov$ to be practicable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 once ! effici5cy ( a contrivance has be5 e/abli%$1 ) good workman%ip x w be easy aft]w>ds to asc]ta9 ! degree ( p]fection :i* w suffice = its due action4 #cbd4 ,x is p>tly ow+ to ! imp]fection ( ! orig9al trials1 & p>tly to ! gradual improvem5ts 9 ! art ( mak+ ma*9]y1 t _m inv5tions :i* h be5 tri$1 & giv5 up 9 "o /ate ( art1 h at ano!r p]iod be5 em95tly successful4 ,! idea ( pr9t+ by means ( moveable types _h probably sugge/$ itself to ! imag9ation ( _m p]sons conv]sant ) impressions tak5 ei!r f blocks or seals4 ,we f9d among/ ! in/rum5ts discov]$ 9 ! rema9s ( ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum1 /amps = words =m$ out ( "o piece ( metal1 & includ+ sev]al lett]s4 ,! idea ( sep>at+ ^! lett]s1 & ( recomb9+ !m into o!r words1 = ! purpose ( /amp+ a book1 c\ld sc>cely h fail$ to occur to _m3 b x w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 reject$ by ^? be/ acqua9t$ ) ! me*anical arts ( t "t2 = ! workm5 ( ^? days mu/ h in/antly p]ceiv$ ! impossibility ( produc+ _m ?\s& pieces ( wood or metal1 fitt+ s p]fectly & rang+ s uni=mly1 z ! types or blocks ( wood n[ us$ 9 ! art ( pr9t+4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! press :i* be>s ! "n ( ,bramah1 0 kn[n ab\t a c5tury & a half be=e ! ma*9e1 to :i* x gave rise1 exi/$2 b ! imp]fect /ate ( me*anical art 9 ! "t ( ! discov]]1 w\ld h effectually det]r$ him1 if ! application ( x _h occurr$ to 8 m9d1 f attempt+ to employ x 9 practice z an in/rum5t = ex]t+ =ce4 ,^! consid]ations prove ! propriety ( repeat+1 at ! t]m9ation ( int]vals dur+ :i* ! art ( mak+ ma*9]y has receiv$ any great improvem5t1 ! trails ( me?ods :i*1 al?\gh f\nd$ ^u j pr9ciples1 _h previ\sly fail$4 #cbe4 ,:5 ! draw+s ( a ma*9e h be5 prop]ly made1 & ! p>ts h be5 well execut$1 & ev5 :5 ! "w x produces possesses all ! qualities :i* 7 anticipat$1 /ill ! inv5tion may fail2 t is1 x may fail ( be+ br\ght into g5]al practice4 ,?is w mo/ frequ5tly arise f ! circum/ance ( its produc+ its "w at a great] exp5se ?an t at :i* x c be made by o!r me?ods4 #cbf4 ,:5ev] ! new1 or improv$ ma*9e1 is int5d$ to become ! basis ( a manufacture1 x is ess5tially requisite t ! :ole exp5se att5d+ its op]ations %\ld be fully consid]$ be=e its con/ruction is und]tak54 ,x is almo/ always v difficult to make ?is e/imate ( ! exp5se3 ! m complicat$ ! me*anism1 ! less easy is ! task2 & 9 cases ( great complexity & ext5t ( ma*9]y x is almo/ impossible4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ r\ghly1 t ! fir/ individual ( any newly inv5t$ ma*9e1 w co/ ab\t five times z mu* z ! con/ruction ( ! second1 an e/imate :i* is1 p]haps1 suffici5tly ne> ! tru?4 ,if ! second ma*9e is to be precisely l ! fir/1 ! same draw+s1 & ! same patt]ns w answ] = x2 b if1 z usually happ5s1 "s improvem5ts h be5 sugge/$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! fir/1 ^! mu/ be m or less alt]$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 two or ?ree ma*9es h be5 complet$1 & _m m are want$1 !y c usually be produc$ at mu* less ?an "o-fif? ( ! exp5se ( ! orig9al inv5tion4 #cbg4 ,! arts ( contriv+1 ( draw+1 & ( execut+1 d n usually reside 9 _! greate/ p]fection 9 "o individual2 & 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r arts1 ! division ( lab\r mu/ be appli$4 ,! be/ advice :i* c be (f]$ to a projector ( any me*anical inv5tion1 is to employ a respectable draughtsman2 :o1 if he has _h a l>ge exp]i5ce 9 8 pr(ession1 w assi/ 9 f9d+ out :e!r ! contrivance is new1 & c !n make work+ draw+s ( x4 ,! fir/ /ep1 h[ev]1 ! asc]ta9+ :e!r ! contrivance has ! m]it ( novelty1 is mo/ important2 = x is a maxim equally j 9 all ! arts1 & 9 e sci5ce1 t ! man :o aspires to =tune or to fame by new discov]ies1 mu/ be cont5t to exam9e ) c>e ! k ( 8 contempor>ies1 or to exhau/ 8 ef=ts 9 inv5t+ aga91 :at he w mo/ probably f9d has be5 bett] execut$ be=e4 #cbh4 ,?is1 nev]!less1 is a subject ^u :i* ev5 +5i\s m5 are (t5 s+ul>ly neglig5t4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no trade or pr(ession exi/+ 9 :i* !re is s mu* quack]y1 s mu* ignorance ( ! sci5tific pr9ciples1 & ( ! hi/ory ( _! own art1 ) respect to its res\rces & ext5t1 z are to be met ) among/ me*anical projectors4 ,! self-con/itut$ eng9e]1 dazzl$ ) ! beauty ( "s1 p]haps1 really orig9al contrivance1 assumes 8 new pr(ession ) z little suspicion t previ\s in/ruction1 t ?\ght & pa9ful lab\r1 are necess>y to its successful ex]cise1 z does ! /atesman or ! s5ator4 ,mu* ( ?is false confid5ce arises f ! improp] e/imate :i* is ent]ta9$ ( ! difficulty ( inv5tion 9 me*anics4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( great importance to ! individuals & to ! families ( ^? :o are too (t5 l$ away f m suitable pursuits1 ! dupes ( _! own +5uity & ( ! popul> voice1 to conv9ce bo? !m & ! public t ! p[] ( mak+ new me*anical comb9ations is a possession common to a multitude ( m9ds1 & t ! tal5ts :i* x requires are by no means ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,x is /ill m important t !y %\ld be impress$ ) ! conviction t ! great m]it1 & ! great success ( ^? :o h atta9$ to em95ce 9 su* matt]s1 0 almo/ entirely due to ! unremitt$ p]sev]ance ) :i* !y conc5trat$ ^u _! successful inv5tions ! skill & k :i* ye>s ( /udy _h matur$4 ,*apt] #bh ,prop] ,circum/ances = ! ,application ( ,ma*9]y #cbi4 ,! fir/ object ( ma*9]y1 ! *ief cause ( its ext5sive utility1 is ! p]fection & ! *eap production ( ! articles :i* x is int5d$ to make4 ,:5ev] x is requir$ to produce a great multitude ( ?+s1 all ( exactly ! same k9d1 ! prop] "t has arriv$ = ! con/ruction ( tools or ma*9es by :i* !y may be manufactur$4 ,if only a few pairs ( cotton /ock+s %\ld be requir$1 x w\ld be an absurd wa/e ( "t1 & ( capital1 to con/ruct a /ock+-frame to weave !m1 :51 = a few p5ce1 f\r /eel wires c be procur$ by :i* !y may be knit4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 _m ?\s& pairs 7 want$1 ! "t employ$1 & ! exp5se incurr$ 9 con/ruct+ a /ock+-frame1 w\ld be m ?an repaid by ! sav+ ( "t 9 mak+ t l>ge numb] ( /ock+s4 ,! same pr9ciple is applicable to ! copy+ ( lett]s3 if ?ree or f\r copies only are requir$1 ! p5 & ! human h& furni% ! *eape/ means ( obta9+ !m2 if hundr$s are call$ =1 li?ography may be br\ght to our assi/ance2 b if hundr$s ( ?\s&s are want$1 ! ma*9]y ( a pr9t+ e/abli%m5t supplies ! mo/ economical me?od ( accompli%+ ! object4 #ccj4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m cases 9 :i* ma*9es or tools mu/ be made1 9 :i* economical production is n ! mo/ important object4 ,:5ev] x is requir$ to produce a few articles p>ts ( ma*9]y1 = in/ance1 :i* mu/ be execut$ ) ! mo/ rigid accuracy or be p]fectly alike--x is ne>ly impossible to fulfil ?is condition1 ev5 ) ! aid ( ! mo/ skilful h&s3 & x becomes necess>y to make tools expressly = ! purpose1 al?\gh ^? tools %\ld1 z frequ5tly happ5s1 co/ m 9 con/ruct+ ?an ! ?+s !y are de/9$ to make4 #cca4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! j application ( ma*9]y1 ev5 at an increas$ exp5se1 arises :]e ! %ortness ( "t 9 :i* ! article is produc$1 has an important influ5ce on its value4 ,9 ! publication ( our daily newspap]s1 x frequ5tly happ5s t ! debates 9 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t are c>ri$ on to ?ree & f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+1 t is4 to )9 a v few h\rs ( ! "t = ! publication ( ! pap]4 ,! spee*es mu/ be tak5 d[n by report]s1 convey$ by !m to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! newspap]1 p]haps at ! di/ance ( "o or two miles1 transcrib$ by !m 9 ! (fice1 set up by ! compositor1 ! press correct$1 & ! pap] be pr9t$ (f & di/ribut$1 be=e ! public c read !m4 ,"s ( ^! j\rnals h a circulation ( f five to t5 ?\s& daily4 ,suppos+ f\r ?\s& to be want$1 & t !y c\ld be pr9t$ only at ! rate ( five hundr$ p] h\r ^u "o side ( ! pap]1 7:i* 0 ! greate/ numb] two j\rneym5 & a boy c\ld take (f by ! old h& presses71 sixte5 h\rs w\ld be requir$ = pr9t+ ! complete edition2 & ! news convey$ to ! pur*as]s ( ! late/ portion ( ! impression1 w\ld be out ( date be=e !y c\ld receive x4 ,to obviate ?is difficulty1 x 0 (t5 necess>y to set up ! pap] 9 duplicate1 & sometimes1 :5 late1 9 triplicate3 b ! improvem5ts 9 ! pr9t+ ma*9es h be5 s great1 t f\r ?\s& copies are n[ pr9t$ on "o side 9 an h\r4 #ccb4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ',! ,times' newspap] is an example1 on a l>ge scale1 ( a manufactory 9 :i* ! division ( lab\r1 bo? m5tal & bodily1 is admirably illu/rat$1 & 9 :i* also ! effect ( dome/ic economy is well exemplifi$4 ,x is sc>cely imag9$ by ! ?\s&s :o read t pap] 9 v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! globe1 :at a sc5e ( organiz$ activity ! factory pres5ts dur+ ! :ole night1 or :at a quantity ( tal5t & me*anical skill is put 9 action = _! amusem5t & in=mation4 7#a997 ,ne>ly a hundr$ p]sons are employ$ 9 ?is e/abli%m5t2 &1 dur+ ! session ( ,p>liam5t1 at lea/ twelve report]s are con/antly att5d+ ! ,h\ses ( ,commons & ,lords2 ea* 9 8 turn retir+1 aft] ab\t an h\r's "w1 to translate into ord9>y writ+1 ! spee* he has j he>d & not$ 9 %or?&4 ,9 ! meantime fifty compositors are con/antly at "w1 "s ( :om h already set up ! beg9n+1 :il/ o!rs are committ+ to type ! yet undri$ manuscript ( ! cont9uation ( a spee*1 ^: middle portion is travell+ to ! (fice 9 ! pocket ( ! ha/y report]1 & ^: eloqu5t conclusion is1 p]haps1 at t v mom5t1 mak+ ! walls ( ,/ ,/eph5's vibrate ) ! applause ( its he>]s4 ,^! congregat$ types1 z fa/ z !y are compos$1 are pass$ 9 portions to o!r h&s2 till at la/ ! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( ! debate1 =m+1 :5 unit$ ) ! ord9>y matt]1 eight-&-=ty columns1 reappe> 9 regul> ord] on ! plat=m ( ! pr9t+-press4 ,! h& ( man is n[ too sl[ = ! dem&s ( 8 curiosity1 b ! p[] ( /eam comes to 8 assi/ance4 ,ink is rapidly suppli$ to ! mov+ types1 by ! mo/ p]fect me*anism2 f\r att5dants incessantly introduce ! edges ( l>ge %eets ( :ite pap] to ! junction ( two great roll]s1 :i* seem to dev\r !m ) unsat$ appetite2 o!r roll]s convey !m to ! type already ink$1 & hav+ br\ght !m into rapid & successive contact1 r$eliv] !m to f\r o!r assi/ants1 completely pr9t$ by ! almo/ mom5t>y t\*4 ,?us1 9 "o h\r1 f\r ?\s& %eets ( pap] are pr9t$ on "o side2 & an impression ( twelve ?\s& copies1 f above ?ree hundr$ ?\s& moveable pieces ( metal1 is produc$ = ! public 9 six h\rs4 #ccc4 ,! effect ( ma*9]y 9 pr9t+ o!r p]iodical publications1 & ( due economy 9 di/ribut+ !m1 is s important = ! int]e/s ( k1 t x is wor? exam9+ by :at means x is possible to produce !m at ! small price at :i* !y are sold4 ',*amb]s' ,j\rnal'1 :i* is publi%$ at ,ed9burgh1 & sold at ?ree halfp5ce a numb]1 w furni% an example4 ,soon aft] its comm5cem5t 9 #ahcb1 ! sale 9 ,scotl& rea*$ #cj1jjj1 & 9 ord] to supply ! dem& 9 ,london x 0 repr9t$2 b on acc\nt ( ! exp5se ( 'composition' x 0 f\nd t ?is plan w\ld n produce any pr(it1 & ! ,london edition 0 ab\t to be giv5 up1 :5 x occurr$ to ! proprietor to /]eotype x at ,ed9burgh1 & ca/ two copies ( ! plates4 ,?is is n[ done ab\t ?ree weeks be=e ! day ( publication--"o set ( plates be+ s5t up to ,london by ! mail1 an impression is pr9t$ (f by /eam3 ! ,london ag5t has !n "t to s5d packages by ! *eape/ conveyances to sev]al ( ! l>ge t[ns1 & o!r copies g ?r\gh ! booksell]s' p>cels to all ! small] t[ns4 ,?us a great sav+ is effect$ 9 ! outlay ( capital1 & #bj1jjj copies are convey$ f ,london1 z a c5tre1 to all p>ts ( ,engl&1 :il/ !re is no difficulty 9 complet+ imp]fect sets1 nor any wa/e f pr9t+ m ?an ! public dem&4 #ccd4 ,! conveyance ( lett]s is ano!r case1 9 :i* ! importance ( sav+ "t w\ld all[ ( great exp5se 9 any new ma*9]y = its accompli%m5t4 ,!re is a natural limit to ! spe$ ( horses1 :i* ev5 ! greate/ improvem5ts 9 ! bre$1 aid$ by an increas$ p]fection 9 our roads1 c nev] surpass2 & f :i*1 p]haps1 we are at pres5t n v remote4 ,:5 we reflect ^u ! great exp5se ( "t & money :i* ! la/ ref9em5ts ( a !ory or an art usually require1 x is n unreasonable to suppose t ! p]iod has arriv$ 9 :i* ! sub/itution ( ma*9]y = su* purposes ought to be tri$4 #cce4 ,! po/ bag despat*$ e ev5+ by ! mail to "o ( our l>ge/ cities1 ,bri/ol1 usually weighs less ?an a hundr$ p\nds4 ,n[1 ! fir/ reflection :i* naturally pres5ts itself is1 t1 9 ord] to transport ^! lett]s a hundr$ & tw5ty miles1 a coa* & app>atus1 weigh+ above ?irty hundr$weight1 are put 9 motion1 & also convey$ ov] ! same space4 7#b997 ,x is obvi\s t1 among/ ! conditions ( ma*9]y = accompli%+ su* an object1 x w\ld be desirable to r$uce ! weight ( matt] to be convey$ along ) ! lett]s3 x w\ld also be desirable to r$uce ! velocity ( ! animal p[] employ$2 because ! fa/] a horse is driv51 ! less weight he c draw4 ,among/ ! v>iety ( contrivances :i* might be imag9$ = ?is purpose1 we w m5tion "o1 :i*1 al?\gh by no means free f objections1 fulfils "s ( ! prescrib$ conditions2 & x is n a purely !oretical speculation1 s9ce "s few exp]im5ts h be5 made ^u x1 ?\gh on an extremely limit$ scale4 #ccf4 ,let u imag9e a s]ies ( high pill>s erect$ at frequ5t int]vals1 p]haps e hundr$ feet1 & z ne>ly z possible 9 a /raight l9e betwe5 two po/ t[ns4 ,an iron or /eel wire mu/ be /ret*$ ov] prop] supports1 fix$ on ea* ( ^! pill>s1 & t]m9at+ at ! end ( e ?ree or five miles1 z may be f\nd exp$i5t1 9 a v /rong support1 by :i* x may be /ret*$4 ,at ea* ( ^! latt] po9ts a man ought to reside 9 a small /ationh\se4 ,a n>r[ cyl9drical t9 case1 to conta9 ! lett]s1 might be susp5d$ by two :eels roll+ ^u ?is wire2 ! cases be+ s con/ruct$ z to enable ! :eels to pass unimp$$ by ! fix$ supports ( ! wire4 ,an endless wire ( mu* small] size mu/ pass ov] two drums1 "o at ea* end ( ! /ation4 ,?is wire %\ld be support$ on roll]s1 fix$ to ! supports ( ! great wire1 & at a %ort di/ance bel[ x4 ,!re w\ld ?us be two bran*es ( ! small] wire always accompany+ ! l>g] "o2 & ! att5dant at ei!r /ation1 by turn+ ! drum1 might cause !m to move ) great velocity 9 opposite directions4 ,9 ord] to convey ! cyl9d] :i* conta9s ! lett]s1 x w\ld only be necess>y to atta* x by a /r+1 or by a cat*1 to ei!r ( ! bran*es ( ! endless wire4 ,?us x w\ld be convey$ spe$ily to ! next /ation1 :]e x w\ld be remov$ by ! att5dant to ! comm5cem5t ( ! next wire1 & s =w>d$4 ,x is unnecess>y to ent] into ! details :i* ?is1 or any simil> plan1 w\ld require4 ,! difficulties are obvi\s2 b if ^! c\ld be ov]come1 x w\ld pres5t _m advantages besides velocity2 = if an att5dant resid$ at ea* /ation1 ! additional exp5se ( hav+ two or ?ree deliv]ies ( lett]s e day1 & ev5 ( s5d+ expresses at any mom5t1 w\ld be comp>atively trifl+2 nor is x impossible t ! /ret*$ wire might itself be available = a species ( telegraphic communication yet m rapid4 ,p]haps if ! /eeples ( *ur*es1 prop]ly select$1 7 made use (1 connect+ !m by a few int]m$iate /ations ) "s great c5tral build+1 z1 = in/ance1 ) ! top ( ,/ ,paul's2 & if a simil> app>atus 7 plac$ on ! top ( ea* /eeple1 ) a man to "w x dur+ ! day1 x might be possible to dim9i% ! exp5se ( ! two-p5ny po/1 & make deliv]ies e half h\r ov] ! great] "p ( ! metropolis4 #ccg4 ,! p[] ( /eam1 h[ev]1 bids fair almo/ to rival ! velocity ( ^! contrivances2 & ! fitness ( its application to ! purposes ( conveyance1 p>ticul>ly :]e great rapidity is requir$1 beg9s n[ to be g5]ally admitt$4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on /eamc>riages1 expla9s cle>ly its v>i\s advantages3 ,p]haps "o ( ! pr9cipal advantages result+ f ! use ( /eam1 w be1 t x may be employ$ z *eaply at a quick z at a sl[ rate2 '?is is "o ( ! advantages ov] horse lab\r4 :i* becomes m & m exp5sive z ! spe$ is increas$4 ,!re is e reason to expect1 t 9 ! end ! rate ( travell+ by /eam w be mu* quick] ?an ! utmo/ spe$ ( travell+ by horses2 9 %ort1 ! safety to travell]s w become ! limit to spe$4' ,9 horse-draught ! opposite result takes place2 '9 all cases horses lose p[] ( draught 9 a mu* great] proportion ?an !y ga9 spe$1 & h5ce ! "w !y d becomes m exp5sive z !y g quick]4' ,)\t increase ( co/1 !n1 we %all obta9 a p[] :i* w insure a rapidity ( int]nal communication f> beyond ! utmo/ spe$ ( horses 9 draught2 & al?\gh ! p]=mance ( ^! c>riages may n h hi!rto atta9$ ?is po9t1 :5 once x has be5 e/abli%$1 t at equal spe$ we c use /eam m *eaply 9 draught ?an horses1 we may fairly anticipate t e day's increas$ exp]i5ce 9 ! managem5t ( ! eng9es1 w induce great] skill1 great] confid5ce1 & great] spe$4 ,! *eapness ( ! conveyance w probably be1 = "s "t1 a second>y consid]ation4 ,if1 at pres5t1 x c be us$ z *eaply z horse p[]1 ! competition ) ! =m] modes ( conveyance w fir/ take place z to spe$4 ,:5 once ! sup]iority ( /eam-c>riages %all h be5 fully e/abli%$1 competition w induce economy 9 ! co/ ( work+ !m4 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ,mr ,macneill1 %ew+ ! great] effici5cy1 ) dim9i%$ exp5diture ( fuel1 by locomotive eng9es on railways1 conv9ces ! committee1 t exp]i5ce w soon tea* a bett] con/ruction ( ! eng9es1 & a less co/ly mode ( g5]at+ ! requisite supply ( /eam4 ,nor are ! advantages ( /eam-p[] conf9$ to ! great] velocity atta9$1 or to its great] *eapness ?an horse-draught4 ,9 ! latt]1 dang] is increas$1 9 z l>ge a proportion z exp5se1 by great] spe$4 ,9 /eam-p[]1 on ! contr>y1 '!re is no dang] ( be+ run away )1 & t ( be+ ov]turn$ is greatly dim9i%$4 ,x is difficult to control f\r su* horses z c draw a heavy c>riage t5 miles p] h\r1 9 case !y are fright5$1 or *oose to run away2 & = quick travell+ !y mu/ be kept 9 t /ate ( c\rage1 t !y are always incl9$ = runn+ away1 p>ticul>ly d[n hills1 & at %>p turns ( ! road4 ,9 /eam1 h[ev]1 !re is little correspond+ dang]1 be+ p]fectly controllable1 & capable ( ex]t+ its p[] 9 rev]se 9 go+ d[n hills41 ,e witness exam9$ has giv5 ! fulle/ & mo/ satisfactory evid5ce ( ! p]fect control :i* ! conductor has ov] ! movem5t ( ! c>riage4 ,) ! slighte/ ex]tion x c be /opp$ or turn$1 "u circum/ances :]e horses w\ld be totally unmanageable4 #cch4 ,ano!r in/ance may be m5tion$ 9 :i* ! object to be obta9$ is s important1 t al?\gh x might be r>ely want$1 yet ma*9]y = t purpose w\ld ju/ify consid]able exp5se4 ,a vessel to conta9 m51 & to be navigat$ at "s di/ance bel[ ! surface ( ! sea1 w\ld1 9 _m circum/ances1 be almo/ invaluable4 ,su* a vessel1 evid5tly1 c\ld n be propell$ by any eng9e requir+ ! aid ( fire4 ,if1 h[ev]1 by cond5s+ air into a liquid1 & c>ry+ x 9 t /ate1 a propell+ p[] c\ld be procur$ suffici5t = mov+ ! vessel ?r\gh a consid]able space1 ! exp5se w\ld sc>cely r5d] its occasional employm5t impossible47#c997 #cci4 ,slide ( ,alpna*4 ,among/ ! =e/s :i* flank _m ( ! l(ty m\nta9s ( ,switz]l&1 "s ( ! f9e/ timb] is f\nd 9 positions almo/ inaccessible4 ,! exp5se ( roads1 ev5 if x 7 possible to make !m 9 su* situations1 w\ld prev5t ! inhabitants f d]iv+ any advantages f ^! almo/ inexhau/ible supplies4 ,plac$ by nature at a consid]able elevation above ! spot at :i* !y c be made use (1 !y are precisely 9 fit circum/ances = ! application ( ma*9]y to _! removal2 & ! inhabitants avail !mselves ( ! =ce ( gravity to relieve !m f "s portion ( ?is lab\r4 ,! incl9$ planes :i* !y h e/abli%$ 9 v>i\s =e/s1 by :i* ! timb] has be5 s5t d[n to ! wat] c\rses1 h excit$ ! admiration ( e travell]2 & 9 addition to ! m]it ( simplicity1 ! con/ruction ^! slides requires sc>cely any?+ beyond ! mat]ial :i* gr[s ^u ! spot4 ,( all ^! specim5s ( c>p5try1 ! ,slide ( ,alpna* 0 ! mo/ consid]able1 f its great l5g?1 & f ! almo/ inaccessible position f :i* x desc5d$4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( x is tak5 f ,gilb]t's ,annal51 #ahai1 :i* is translat$ 9 ! second volume ( ,brew/]'s ,j\rnal3 ,= _m c5turies1 ! rugg$ flanks & ! deep gorges ( ,m\nt ,pilatus 7 cov]$ ) imp5etrable =e/s2 :i* 7 p]mitt$ to gr[ & to p]i%1 )\t be+ ( ! lea/ utility to man1 till a =eign]1 :o _h be5 conduct$ into _! wild recesses 9 ! pursuit ( ! *amois1 direct$ ! att5tion ( sev]al ,swiss g5tlem5 to ! ext5t & sup]iority ( ! timb]4 ,! mo/ skilful individuals1 h[ev]1 consid]$ x q impracticable to avail !mselves ( su* inaccessible /ores4 ,x 0 n till ! end ( #ahaf1 t ,m4 ,rupp1 & ?ree ,swiss g5tlem51 ent]ta9+ m sangu9e hopes1 pur*as$ a c]ta9 ext5t ( ! =e/s1 & began ! con/ruction ( ! slide1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahah4 ,! ,slide ( ,alpna* is =m$ entirely ( ab\t #be1jjj l>ge p9e trees1 depriv$ ( _! b>k1 & unit$ toge!r 9 a v +5i\s mann]1 )\t ! aid ( iron4 ,x occupi$ ab\t #afj workm5 dur+ eighte5 mon?s1 & co/ ne>ly #ajj1jjj francs1 or ,l#d1bej4 ,x is ab\t ?ree leagues1 or #dd1jjj ,engli% feet long1 & t]m9ates 9 ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne4 ,x has ! =m ( a tr\gh1 ab\t six feet broad1 & f ?ree to six feet deep4 ,its bottom is =m$ ( ?ree trees1 ! middle "o ( :i* has a groove cut out 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 = receiv+ small rills ( wat]1 :i* are conduct$ into x f v>i\s places1 = ! purpose ( dim9i%+ ! friction4 ,! :ole ( ! slide is su/a9$ by ab\t #b1jjj supports2 & 9 _m places x is atta*$1 9 a v +5i\s mann]1 to ! rugg$ precipices ( granite4 ,! direction ( ! slide is sometimes /raight1 & sometimes zig-zag1 ) an incl9ation ( f #aj degrees to #ah degrees4 ,x is (t5 c>ri$ along ! sides ( hills & ! flanks ( precipit\s rocks1 & sometimes passes ov] _! summits4 ,occasionally x goes "u gr\nd1 & at o!r times x is conduct$ ov] ! deep gorges by scaffold+s #abj feet 9 height4 ,! boldness :i* *>act]izes ?is "w1 ! sagacity & skill display$ 9 all its arrangem5ts1 h excit$ ! wond] ( e p]son :o has se5 x4 ,be=e any /ep c\ld be tak5 9 its erection1 x 0 necess>y to cut sev]al ?\s& trees to obta9 a passage ?r\gh ! imp5etrable ?ickets4 ,all ^! difficulties1 h[ev]1 7 surm\nt$1 & ! eng9e] _h at la/ ! satisfaction ( see+ ! trees desc5d f ! m\nta9 ) ! rapidity ( lightn+4 ,! l>g] p9es1 :i* 7 ab\t a hundr$ feet long1 & t5 in*es ?ick at _! small] extremity1 ran ?r\gh ! space ( ?ree leagues1 or ne>ly n9e miles1 9 two m9utes & a half1 & dur+ _! desc5t1 !y appe>$ to be only a few feet 9 l5g?4 ,! arrangem5ts = ?is "p ( ! op]ation 7 extremely simple4 ,f ! l[] end ( ! slide to ! upp] end1 :]e ! trees 7 introduc$1 workm5 7 po/$ at regul> di/ances1 & z soon z ev]y?+ 0 ready1 ! workman at ! l[] end ( ! slide cri$ out to ! "o above him1 ',la*ez' 7let g74 ,! cry 0 repeat$ f "o to ano!r4 & rea*$ ! top ( ! slide 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,! workm5 at ! top ( ! slide !n cri$ out to ! "o bel[ him1 ',il vi5t' 7x comes71 & ! tree 0 in/antly laun*$ d[n ! slide1 prec$$ by ! cry :i* 0 repeat$ f po/ to po/4 ,z soon z ! tree _h rea*$ ! bottom1 & plung$ into ! lake1 ! cry ( la*ez 0 repeat$ z be=e1 & a new tree 0 laun*$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,by ^! means a tree desc5d$ e five or six m9utes1 provid$ no accid5t happ5$ to ! slide1 :i* sometimes took place1 b :i* 0 in/antly repair$ :5 x did4 ,9 ord] to %ew ! enorm\s =ce :i* ! trees acquir$ f ! great velocity ( _! desc5t1 ,m4 ,rupp made arrangem5ts = caus+ "s ( ! trees to spr+ f ! slide4 ,!y p5etrat$ by _! ?icke/ extremities no less ?an f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r feet into ! e>?2 & "o ( ! trees hav+ by accid5t /ruck aga9/ ano!r1 x in/antly cleft x ?r\gh its :ole l5g?1 z if x _h be5 /ruck by lightn+4 ,aft] ! trees _h desc5d$ ! slide1 !y 7 collect$ into rafts ^u ! lake1 & conduct$ to ,luc]ne4 ,f !nce !y desc5d$ ! ,reuss1 !n ! ,a> to ne> ,brugg1 aft]w>ds to ,wald%ut by ! ,rh9e1 !n to ,basle1 & ev5 to ! sea :5 x 0 necess>y4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ?is magnific5t /ructure no long] exi/s1 & t sc>cely a trace ( x is to be se5 ^u ! flanks ( ,m\nt ,pilatus4 ,political circum/ances hav+ tak5 away ! pr9cipal s\rce ( dem& = ! timb]1 & no o!r m>ket hav+ be5 f\nd1 ! op]ation ( cutt+ & transport+ ! trees necess>ily ceas$47#d997 ,pr(essor ,playfair1 :o visit$ ?is s+ul> "w1 /ates1 t six m9utes 0 ! usual "t occupi$ 9 ! desc5t ( a tree2 b t 9 wet wea!r1 x rea*$ ! lake 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,! au?or ( ^! pages1 ) "o ( 8 fri5ds1 0 rec5tly induc$ to visit ?is mo/ int]e/+ e/abli%m5t1 aft] midnight1 dur+ ! progress ( a v important debate4 ,! place 0 illum9at$ ) gas1 & 0 light z ! day3 !re 0 nei!r noise nor bu/le2 & ! visitors 7 receiv$ ) su* calm & polite att5tion1 t !y did n1 until aft]w>ds1 become s5sible ( ! inconv5i5ce :i* su* intrud]s1 at a mom5t ( ! greate/ pressure1 mu/ occasion1 nor reflect ?a ! tranquility :i* !y admir$1 0 ! result ( int5se & regulat$ occupation4 ,b ! effect ( su* *ecks 9 ! curr5t ( bus9ess w appe> on recollect+ t1 z f\r ?\s& newspap]s are pr9t$ (f on "o side )9 ! h\r1 e m9ute is att5d$ ) a loss ( sixty-six impressions4 ,! qu>t] ( an h\r1 !re=e1 :i* ! /rang] may ?9k x n unreasonable to claim = ! gratification ( 8 curiosity 7& to him ?is "t is b a mom5t71 may cause a failure 9 ! deliv]y ( a ?\s& copies1 & disappo9t a proportionate numb] ( expectant read]s1 9 "s ( our di/ant t[ns1 to :i* ! morn+ pap]s are dispat*$ by ! e>lie/ & mo/ rapid conveyances ( ea* day4 ,?is note is ins]t$ ) ! fur!r & m g5]al purpose ( call+ ! att5tion ( ^?1 especially =eign]s1 :o are desir\s ( inspect+ our l>g] manufactories1 to ! *ief cause ( ! difficulty :i* frequ5tly att5ds _! introduction4 ,:5 ! e/abli%m5t is v ext5sive1 & its dep>tm5ts skilfully arrang$1 ! exclusion ( visitors arises1 n f any illib]al jeal\sy1 nor1 g5]ally1 f any desire ( concealm5t1 :i* w\ld1 9 mo/ cases1 be absurd1 b f ! sub/antial inconv5i5ce & loss ( "t1 ?r\gh\t an entire s]ies ( well-comb9$ op]ations1 :i* mu/ be occasion$ ev5 by %ort & causual int]ruptions4 #b4 ,x is true t ! transport ( lett]s is n ! only object :i* ?is app>atus answ]s2 b ! transport ( pass5g]s1 :i* is a second>y object1 does 9 fact put a limit to ! velocity ( t ( ! lett]s1 :i* is ! prim>y "o4 #c4 ,a proposal = su* a vessel1 & description ( its con/ruction1 by ! au?or ( ?is volume1 may be f\nd 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,metropolitana1 ,art4 ,div+ ,bell4 #d4 ,! m9es ( ,bolanos 9 ,mexico are suppli$ ) timb] f ! adjac5t m\nta9s by a slide simil> to t ( ,alpna*4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ by ,m4 ,floresi1 a g5tleman well acqua9t$ ) ,switz]l&4 ,*apt] #bi ,on ! ,duration ( ,ma*9]y #cdj4 ,! "t dur+ :i* a ma*9e w cont9ue to p]=m its "w effectually1 w dep5d *iefly ^u ! p]fection ) :i* x 0 orig9ally con/ruct$ ^u ! c>e tak5 to keep x 9 prop] repair1 p>ticul>ly to correct e %ake or loos5ess 9 ! axes--& ^u ! smallness ( ! mass & ( ! velocity ( its mov+ p>ts4 ,ev]y?+ approa*+ to a bl[1 all sudd5 *ange ( direction1 is injuri\s4 ,eng9es = produc+ p[]1 su* z w9dmills1 wat]-mills1 & /eam-eng9es1 usually la/ a long "t47#a997 #cda4 ,_m ( ! improvem5ts :i* h tak5 place 9 /eam5g9es1 h aris5 f an improv$ con/ruction ( ! boil] or ! fireplace4 ,! foll[+ table ( ! "w done by /eam-eng9es 9 ,cornwall1 :il/ x proves ! importance ( con/antly measur+ ! effects ( ma*9]y1 %[s also ! gradual advance :i* has be5 made 9 ! art ( con/ruct+ & manag+ ^? eng9es4 ,a table ( ! duty p]=m$ by /eam-eng9es 9 ,cornwall1 %ew+ ! av]age ( ! :ole = ea* ye>1 & also ! av]age duty ( ! be/ eng9e 9 ea* mon?ly report ,ye>s2 ,approximate numb] ( eng9es report$2 ,av]age duty ( ! :ole2 ,av]age duty ( ! be/ eng9es #ahac2 #bd2 #ai1def1jjj2 #bf1djj1jjj #ahad2 #bi2 #bj4ecd1bcb2 #cb1jjj1jjj #ahae2 #ce2 #bj4ebf1afj2 #bh1gjj1jjj #ahaf2 #cb2 #bb1ijg1aaj2 #cb1djj1jjj #ahag2 #ca2 #bf1ejb1bei2 #da1fjj1jjj #ahah2 #cb2 #be1dcc1ghc2 #ci1cjj1jjj #ahai2 #cg2 #bf1beb1fbj2 #dj1jjj1jjj #ahbj2 #cg2 #bh1gcf1cih2 #da1cjj1jjj #ahba2 #ci2 #bh1bbc1chb2 #db1hjj1jjj #ahbb2 #de2 #bh1hhg1baf2 #db1ejj4jjj #ahbc2 #de2 #bh1aef1afb2 #db1abb1jjj #ahbd2 #de2 #bh1cbf1adj2 #dc1ejj1jjj #ahbe2 #ej2 #cb1jjj1gda2 #de1djj1jjj #ahbf2 #dh2 #cj1dhf1fcj2 #de1bjj1jjj #ahbg2 #dg2 #cb1ajj1jjj2 #ei1gjj1jjj #ahbh2 #ed2 #cg1ajj1jjj2 #gf1gfc1jjj #ahbi2 #eb2 #da1bbj1jjj2 #gf1bcd1cjg #ahcj2 #ee2 #dc1cej1jjj2 #ge1hhe1eai #ahca2 #ee7b9972 #dd1gjj1jjj2 #gd1iaa1cfe #ahcb2 #fj2 #dd1djj1jjj2 #gi1bid1aad #ahcc2 #eh2 #df1jjj1jjj2 #hc1cjf1jib #cdb4 ,! advantage aris+ f regi/]+ ! duty done by /eam5g9es 9 ,cornwall has be5 s great t ! proprietors ( "o ( ! l>ge/ m9es1 on :i* !re are sev]al eng9es1 f9d x good economy to employ a man to measure ! duty !y p]=m e day4 ,?is daily report is fix$ up at a p>ticul> h\r1 & ! eng9em5 are always 9 wait+1 anxi\s to "k ! /ate ( _! eng9es4 ,z ! g5]al reports are made mon?ly1 if accid5t %\ld cause a p>tial /oppage 9 ! flue ( any ( ! boil]s1 x might )\t ?is daily *eck cont9ue two or ?ree weeks be=e x c\ld be discov]$ by a fall+ (f ( ! duty ( ! eng9e4 ,9 sev]al ( ! m9es a c]ta9 am\nt ( duty is assign$ to ea* eng9e2 & if x does m1 ! proprietors give a premium to ! eng9e]s accord+ to its am\nt4 ,?is is call$ million money1 & is a great /imulus to economy 9 work+ ! eng9e4 #cdc4 ,ma*9]y = produc+ any commodity 9 great dem&1 seldom actually we>s out2 new improvem5ts1 by :i* ! same op]ations c be execut$ ei!r m quickly or bett]1 g5]ally sup]s$+ x long be=e t p]iod arrives3 inde$1 to make su* an improv$ ma*9e pr(itable1 x is usually reckon$ t 9 five ye>s x ought to h paid itself1 & 9 t5 to be sup]s$$ by a bett]4 ',a cotton manufactur]1' says "o ( ! witnesses be=e a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ':o left ,man*e/] sev5 ye>s ago1 w\ld be driv5 out ( ! m>ket by ! m5 :o are n[ liv+ 9 x1 provid$ 8 k _h n kept pace ) ^? :o h be51 dur+ t "t1 con/antly pr(it+ by ! progressive improvem5ts t h tak5 place 9 t p]iod4' #cdd4 ,! effect ( improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y1 seems incid5tally to increase production1 ?r\gh a cause :i* may be ?us expla9$4 ,a manufactur] mak+ ! usual pr(it ^u 8 capital1 inve/$ 9 looms or o!r ma*9es 9 p]fect condition1 ! m>ket price ( mak+ ea* ( :i* is a hundr$ p\nds1 inv5ts "s improvem5t4 ,b ?is is ( su* a nature1 t x _c be adapt$ to 8 pres5t eng9es4 ,he f9ds ^u calculation1 t at ! rate at :i* he c dispose ( 8 manufactur$ produce1 ea* new eng9e w\ld repay ! co/ ( its mak+1 toge!r ) ! ord9>y pr(it ( capital1 9 ?ree ye>s3 he also concludes f 8 exp]i5ce ( ! trade1 t ! improvem5t he is ab\t to make1 w n be g5]ally adopt$ by o!r manufactur]s be=e t "t4 ,on ^! consid]ations1 x is cle>ly 8 int]e/ to sell 8 pres5t eng9es1 ev5 at half-price1 & con/ruct new ones on ! improv$ pr9ciple4 ,b ! pur*as] :o gives only fifty p\nds = ! old eng9es1 has n s l>ge a fix$ capital inve/$ 9 8 factory1 z ! p]son f :om he pur*as$ !m2 & z he produces ! same quantity ( ! manufactur$ article1 8 pr(its w be l>g]4 ,h5ce1 ! price ( ! commodity w fall1 n only 9 consequ5ce ( ! *eap] production by ! new ma*9es1 b also by ! m pr(itable work+ ( ! old1 ?us pur*as$ at a r$uc$ price4 ,?is *ange1 h[ev]1 c be only transi5t2 = a "t w arrive :5 ! old ma*9]y1 al?\gh 9 good repair1 mu/ become wor?less4 ,! improvem5t :i* took place n long ago 9 frames = mak+ pat5t-net 0 s great1 t a ma*9e1 9 good repair1 :i* _h co/ ,l#abjj1 sold a few ye>s aft] = ,l#fj4 ,dur+ ! great speculations 9 t trade1 ! improvem5ts succe$$ ea* o!r s rapidly1 t ma*9es :i* _h nev] be5 f9i%$ 7 ab&on$ 9 ! h&s ( _! mak]s1 because new improvem5ts _h sup]s$$ _! utility4 #cde4 ,! durability ( wat*es1 :5 well made1 is v rem>kable4 ,"o 0 produc$1 9 go+ ord]1 be=e a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons to enquire into ! wat* trade1 :i* 0 made 9 ! ye> #affj2 & !re are _m ( anci5t date1 9 ! possession ( ! ,clockmak]'s ,company1 :i* are /ill actually kept go+4 ,! numb] ( wat*es manufactur$ = home consumption 01 9 ! ye> #agih1 ab\t #ej1jjj annually4 ,if ?is supply 0 = ,great ,brita9 only1 x 0 consum$ by ab\t t5 & a half millions ( p]sons4 #cdf4 ,ma*9es are1 9 "s trades1 let out to hire1 & a c]ta9 sum is paid = _! use2 9 ! mann] ( r5t4 ,?is is ! case among/ ! framework knitt]s3 & ,mr ,h5son1 9 speak+ ( ! rate ( paym5t = ! use ( _! frames1 /ates1 t ! proprietor receives su* a r5t t1 besides pay+ ! full int]e/ = 8 capital1 he cle>s ! value ( 8 frame 9 n9e ye>s4 ,:5 ! rapidity ) :i* improvem5ts succe$ ea* o!r is consid]$1 ?is r5t does n appe> exorbitant4 ,"s ( ^! frames h be5 work$ = ?irte5 ye>s ) little or no repair4 ,b circum/ances occasionally arise :i* ?r[ !m out ( employm5t1 ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1 an article 0 introduc$ call$ cut-up "w1 by :i* ! price ( /ock+-frames 0 greatly det]iorat$4 ,f ! evid5ce ( ,mr ,j4 ,rawson1 x appe>s t1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is *ange 9 ! nature ( ! "w1 ea* frame c\ld d ! "w ( two1 & _m /ock+ frames 7 ?r[n out ( employm5t1 & _! value r$uc$ full ?ree-f\r?s47#c997 ,?is in=mation is ( great importance1 if ! numb]s "h giv5 are ne>ly correct1 & if no o!r causes int]v5$ to dim9i% ! price ( frames2 = x %ews ! num]ical connection betwe5 ! increas$ production ( ^? ma*9es & _! dim9i%$ value4 #cdg4 ,! great importance ( simplify+ all transactions betwe5 ma/]s & workm51 & ( dispassionately discuss+ ) ! latt] ! influ5ce ( any propos$ regulations connect$ ) _! trade1 is well examplifi$ by a mi/ake into :i* bo? p>ties un9t5tionally fell1 & :i* 0 productive ( v great mis]y 9 ! lace trade4 ,its hi/ory is s well told by ,william ,all51 a framework knitt]1 :o 0 a p>ty to x1 t an extract f 8 evid5ce1 z giv5 be=e ! ,framework ,knitt]s' ,committee ( #ahab1 w be/ expla9 x4 ,i beg to say a few words respect+ ! frame r5t2 ! r5t paid = lace frames1 until ! ye> #ahje1 0 #as4 #f;d4 a frame p] week2 !re !n 0 n any v great inducem5t = p]sons to buy frames & let !m out by ! hire1 :o did n belong to ! trade2 at t "t an attempt 0 made1 by "o or two h\ses1 to r$uce ! prices paid to ! workm51 9 consequ5ce ( a dispute betwe5 ^! two h\ses & ano!r great h\se3 "s little diff]5ce be+ paid 9 ! price among/ ! respective h\ses1 ,i 0 "o *os5 by ! workm5 to try if we c\ld n rem$y ! imp5d+ evil3 we consult$ ! respective p>ties1 & f\nd !m inflexible2 ^! two h\ses t 7 ab\t to r$uce ! prices1 said t !y w\ld ei!r imm$iately r$uce ! price ( mak+ net1 or !y w\ld increase ! frame r5t3 ! diff]5ce to ! workm5 0 consid]able1 betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r2 !y w\ld suff] less1 9 ! imm$iate op]ation ( ! ?+1 by hav+ ! r5t advanc$1 ?an ! price ( mak+ net r$uc$4 ,!y *ose at t "t1 z !y ?\ght1 ! less] evil1 b x has turn$ out to be o!rwise2 =1 imm$iately z ! r5t 0 rais$ ^u ! p]c5tage laid out 9 frames1 x induc$ almo/ e p]son1 :o _h got a little money1 to lay x out 9 ! pur*ase ( frames2 ^! frames 7 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( m5 :o c\ld get "w = !m at ! w>eh\ses2 !y 7 g5]ally con/ra9$ to pay an enorm\s r5t1 & !n !y 7 compell$1 mo/ likely1 to buy ( ! p]sons t let !m ! frames1 _! but*]'s meat1 _! groc]y1 or _! clo?+3 ! encumbrance ( ^! frames became entail$ ^u !m3 if any deadness took place 9 ! "w !y mu/ take x at a v r$uc$ price1 = fe> ( ! consequ5ces t w\ld fall ^u !m f ! p]son :o b\ght ! frame3 ?us ! evil has be5 daily increas+1 till1 9 conjunction ) ! o!r evils crept into ! trade1 !y h almo/ cru%$ x to atoms4 #cdh4 ,! evil ( n assign+ fairly to ea* tool1 or ea* article produc$1 its proportionate value1 or ev5 ( n hav+ a p]fectly di/9ct1 simple1 & def9ite agreem5t betwe5 a ma/] & 8 workm51 is v consid]able4 ,workm5 f9d x difficult 9 su* cases to "k ! probable produce ( _! lab\r2 & bo? p>ties are (t5 l$ to adopt arrangem5ts1 :i*1 _h !y be5 well exam9$1 w\ld h be5 reject$ z equally at v>iance 9 ! results ) ! true int]e/s ( bo?4 #cdi4 ,at ,birm+ham1 /amps & dies1 & presses = a great v>iety ( articles1 are let out3 !y are g5]ally made by m5 possess+ small capital1 & are r5t$ by workm54 ,p[] also is r5t$ at ! same place4 ,/eam-eng9es are erect$ 9 l>ge build+s conta9+ a v>iety ( rooms1 9 :i* ea* p]son may hire "o1 two1 or any o!r am\nt ( horsep[]1 z 8 occupation may require4 ,if any mode c\ld be discov]$ ( transmitt+ p[]1 )\t mu* loss f friction1 to consid]able di/ances1 & at ! same "t ( regi/]+ ! quantity made use ( at any p>ticul> po9t1 a consid]able *ange w\ld probably take place 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( ! pres5t sy/em ( manufactur+4 ,a few c5tral eng9es to produce p[]1 might !n be erect$ 9 our great t[ns1 & ea* workman1 hir+ a quantity ( p[] suffici5t = 8 purpose1 might h x convey$ into 8 own h\se2 & ?us a transition might 9 "s in/ances be effect$1 if x %\ld be f\nd m pr(itable1 back aga9 f ! sy/em ( great factories to t ( dome/ic manufacture4 #cej4 ,! transmission ( wat] ?r\gh a s]ies ( pipes1 might be employ$ = ! di/ribution ( p[]1 b ! friction w\ld consume a consid]able portion4 ,ano!r me?od has be5 employ$ 9 "s in/ances1 & is practis$ at ! ,m9t4 ,x consi/s 9 exhau/+ ! air f a l>ge vessel by means ( a /eam-eng9e4 ,?is vessel is connect$ by pipes1 ) a small pi/on :i* drives ea* co9+ press2 &1 on op5+ a valve1 ! pressure ( ! ext]nal air =ces 9 ! pi/on4 ,?is air is !n admitt$ to ! g5]al res]voir1 & pump$ out by ! eng9e4 ,! cond5sation ( air might be employ$ = ! same purpose2 b !re are "s unexpla9$ facts relat+ to ela/ic fluids1 :i* require fur!r obs]vations & exp]im5t be=e !y c be us$ = ! conveyance ( p[] to any consid]able di/ance4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 = in/ance1 9 attempt+ to bl[ a furnace by means ( a p[]ful wat]-:eel driv+ air ?r\gh a ca/-iron pipe ( above a mile 9 l5g?1 t sc>cely any s5sible effect 0 produc$ at ! opposite extremity4 ,9 "o in/ance1 "s accid5tal ob/ruction be+ suspect$1 a cat put 9 at "o end f\nd its way out )\t injury at ! o!r1 ?us prov+ t ! ph5om5on did n dep5d on int]ruption )9 ! pipe4 #cea4 ,! mo/ portable =m 9 :i* p[] c be cond5s$ is1 p]haps1 by ! liquefaction ( ! gases4 ,x is kn[n t1 "u consid]able pressure1 sev]al ( ^! become liquid at ord9>y temp]atures2 c>bonic acid1 = example1 is r$uc$ to a liquid /ate by a pressure ( sixty atmosph]es4 ,"o ( ! advantages att5d+ ! use ( ^! fluids1 w\ld be t ! pressure ex]t$ by !m w\ld rema9 con/ant until ! la/ drop ( liquid _h assum$ ! =m ( gas4 ,if ei!r ( ! elem5ts ( common air %\ld be f\nd to be capable ( r$uction to a liquid /ate be=e x unites into a corrosive fluid ) ! o!r +r$i5t1 !n we %all possess a ready means ( convey+ p[] 9 any quantity & to any di/ance4 ,hydrog5 probably w require ! /ronge/ compress+ =ce to r5d] x liquid1 & may1 !re=e1 possibly be appli$ :]e /ill great] cond5sation ( p[] is want$4 ,9 all ^! cases ! cond5s$ gases may be look$ ^u z spr+s ( enorm\s =ce1 :i* h be5 w\nd up by ! ex]tion ( p[]1 & :i* w deliv] ! :ole ( x back aga9 :5 requir$4 ,^! spr+s ( nature diff] 9 "s respects f ! /eel spr+s =m$ by our art2 = 9 ! compression ( ! natural spr+s a va/ quantity ( lat5t heat is =c$ out1 & 9 _! return to ! /ate ( gas an equal quantity is absorb$4 ,may n ?is v prop]ty be employ$ ) advantage 9 _! application8 ,"p ( ! me*anical difficulty to be ov]come 9 con/ruct+ app>atus connect$ ) liquefi$ gases1 w consi/ 9 ! /ructure ( ! valves & pack+ necess>y to reta9 ! fluids "u ! great pressure to :i* !y mu/ be submitt$4 ,! effect ( heat on ^! gases has n yet be5 suffici5tly tri$1 to lead u to any v precise notions ( ! additional p[] :i* its application to !m w supply4 ,! ela/icity ( air is sometimes employ$ z a spr+1 in/ead ( /eel3 9 "o ( ! l>ge pr9t+-ma*9es 9 ,london ! mom5tum ( a consid]able mass ( matt] is de/roy$ by mak+ x cond5se ! air includ$ 9 a cyl9d]1 by means ( a pi/on aga9/ :i* x imp+es4 #ceb4 ,! effect ( competition 9 *eap5+ articles ( manufacture sometimes op]ates 9 r5d]+ !m less durable4 ,:5 su* articles are convey$ to a di/ance = consumption1 if !y are brok51 x (t5 happ5s1 f ! price ( lab\r be+ high] :]e !y are us$ ?an :]e !y 7 made1 t x is m exp5sive to m5d ! old article1 ?an to pur*ase a new4 ,su* is usually ! case1 9 great cities1 ) "s ( ! common] locks1 ) h+es1 & ) a v>iety ( articles ( h>dw>e4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,! am\nt ( ob/ructions aris+ f ! casual fix+ ( trees 9 ! bottom ( ! riv]1 may be e/imat$ f ! proportion ( /eamboats de/roy$ by runn+ ^u !m1 ,! subjo9$ /atem5t is tak5 f ! ,am]ican ,almanack = #ahcb3 ',betwe5 ! ye>s #ahaa & #ahca1 ?ree hundr$ & =ty-eight /eamboats 7 built on ! ,mississippi & its tribut>y /reams ,dur+ t p]iod a hundr$ & fifty 7 lo/ or worn out1 ',( ?is hundr$ & fifty3 worn out #fc lo/ by snags #cf burnt #ad lo/ by collision #c by accid5ts n asc]ta9$ #cd ,?irty-six1 or ne>ly "o f\r?1 be+ de/roy$ by accid5tal ob/ructions4 ,snag is ! "n giv5 9 ,am]ica to trees :i* /& ne>ly upright 9 ! /ream1 ) _! roots fix$ at ! bottom4 ,x is usual to divide (f at ! b[ ( ! /eamboats a wat]tight *amb]1 9 ord] t :5 a hole is made 9 x by runn+ aga9/ ! snags1 ! wat] may n ent] ! re/ ( ! vessel & s9k x in/antly4 #b4 ,?is passage is n pr9t$ 9 italics 9 ! orig9al1 b x has be5 ?us m>k$ 9 ! above extract1 f its importance1 & f ! conviction t ! mo/ ext5d$ discussion w af=d additional evid5ce ( its tru?4 #c4 ,report f ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! ,framework ,knitt]'s ,petition1 ,april1 #ahai4 ,*apt] #cj ,on ,comb9ations ,among/ ,ma/]s or ,workm5 aga9/ ,ea* ,o!r #cec4 ,!re exi/ among/ ! workm5 ( almo/ all classes1 c]ta9 rules or laws :i* gov]n _! actions t[>ds ea* o!r1 & t[>ds _! employ]s4 ,b1 besides ^! g5]al pr9ciples1 !re are frequ5tly o!rs peculi> to ea* factory1 :i* h d]iv$ _! orig91 9 _m in/ances1 f ! mutual conv5i5ce ( ! p>ties engag$ 9 !m4 ,su* rules are little kn[n except to ^? actually pursu+ ! sev]al trades2 &1 z x is ( importance t _! advantages & disadvantages %\ld be canvass$1 we %all (f] a few rem>ks ^u "s ( !m4 #ced4 ,! pr9ciples by :i* su* laws %\ld be tri$ are1 ,fir/4 ,t !y conduce to ! g5]al b5efit ( all ! p]sons employ$4 ,secondly4 ,t !y prev5t fraud4 ,?irdly4 ,t !y int]f]e z little z possible ) ! free ag5cy ( ea* individual4 #cee4 ,x is usual 9 _m work%ops1 t1 on ! fir/ entrance ( a new j\rneyman1 he %all pay a small f9e to ! re/ ( ! m54 ,x is cle>ly unju/ to insi/ ^u ?is paym5t2 & :5 x is sp5t 9 dr9k+1 :i* is1 un=tunately1 too (t5 ! case1 x is injuri\s4 ,! reason assign$ = ! dem& is1 t ! newcom] w require "s in/ruction 9 ! habits ( ! %op1 & 9 ! places ( ! diff]5t tools1 & w ?us wa/e ! "t ( "s ( 8 companions until he is in/ruct$4 ,if ?is f9e 7 add$ to a fund1 manag$ by ! workm5 !mselves1 & ei!r divid$ at giv5 p]iods1 or res]v$ = _! relief 9 sickness1 x w\ld be less objectionable1 s9ce its t5d5cy w\ld be to *eck ! too frequ5t *ange ( m5 f "o %op to ano!r4 ,b x ought1 at all ev5ts1 n to be compulsory1 & ! advantages to be d]iv$ f ! fund to :i* ! workman is invit$ to subscribe1 ought to be 8 sole inducem5t to contribute4 #cef4 ,9 _m work%ops1 ! workm51 al?\gh employ$ on totally diff]5t p>ts ( ! objects manufactur$1 are yet dep5d5t1 9 "s measure1 ^u ea* o!r4 ,?us a s+le smi? may be able to =ge1 9 "o day1 "w en\gh to keep f\r or five turn]s employ$ dur+ ! next4 ,if1 f idl5ess or intemp]ance1 ! smi? neglects 8 "w1 & does n furni% ! usual supply1 ! turn]s 7suppos+ !m to be paid by ! piece71 w h _! "t p>tly unoccupi$1 & _! ga9s consequ5tly dim9i%$4 ,x is reasonable1 9 su* circum/ances1 t a f9e %\ld be levi$ on ! del9qu5t2 b x is desirable t ! ma/] %\ld h concurr$ ) 8 workm5 9 e/abli%+ su* a rule1 & t x %\ld be %[n to ea* individual previ\sly to 8 engagem5t2 & x is v desirable t su* f9e %\ld n be sp5t 9 dr9k+4 #ceg4 ,9 "s e/abli%m5ts1 x is cu/om>y = ! ma/] to give a small gratuity :5ev] any workman has ex]cis$ a rem>kable degree ( skill1 or has economiz$ ! mat]ial employ$4 ,?us1 9 splitt+ horn into lay]s = lant]ns1 "o horn usually furni%es f five to eight lay]s2 b if a workman split ! horn into t5 lay]s or m1 he receives a p9t ( ale f ! ma/]4 ,^! premiums %\ld n be too high1 le/ ! mat]ial %\ld be wa/$ 9 unsuccessful attempts3 b su* regulations1 :5 judici\sly made1 are b5eficial1 z !y t5d to produce skill among/ ! workm51 pr(it to ! ma/]s1 & dim9i%$ co/ to ! consum]s4 #ceh4 ,9 "s few factories1 9 :i* ! m5 are paid by ! piece1 x is usual1 :5 any portion ( "w1 deliv]$ 9 by a workman1 is reject$ by ! ma/] on acc\nt ( its be+ badly execut$1 to f9e ! del9qu5t4 ,su* a practice t5ds to rem$y "o ( ! evils att5dant ^u t mode ( paym5t1 & greatly assi/s ! ma/]1 s9ce 8 own judgem5t is ?us support$ by compet5t & unprejudic$ judges4 #cei4 ,societies exi/ among/ "s ( ! l>g] bodies ( workm51 & o!rs h be5 =m$ by ! ma/]s engag$ 9 ! same bran*es ( trade4 ,^! associations h diff]5t objects 9 view2 b x is v desirable t _! effects %\ld be well und]/ood by ! individuals :o compose !m2 & t ! advantages aris+ f !m1 :i* are c]ta9ly great1 %\ld be sep>at$ z mu* z possible f ! evils :i* !y h1 un=tunately1 too frequ5tly introduc$4 ,associations ( workm5 & ( ma/]s may1 ) advantage1 agree ^u rules to be obs]v$ by bo? p>ties1 9 e/imat+ ! proportionate value ( diff]5t k9ds ( "w execut$ 9 _! trade1 9 ord] t "t may be sav$1 & disputes be prev5t$4 ,!y may also be mo/ usefully employ$ 9 acquir+ accurate in=mation z to ! numb] ( p]sons work+ 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( any manufacture1 _! rate ( wages1 ! numb] ( ma*9es 9 use1 & o!r /ati/ical details4 ,in=mation ( ?is nature is highly valuable1 bo? = ! guidance ( ! p>ties :o are !mselves mo/ int]e/$1 & to enable !m1 ^u any application to gov]nm5t = assi/ance1 or ) a view to legislative enactm5ts1 to supply ^? details1 )\t :i* ! propriety ( any propos$ measure _c be duly e/imat$4 ,su* details may be collect$ by m5 actually engag$ 9 any bran* ( trade1 at a mu* small] exp5se ( "t1 ?an by p]sons less acqua9t$ )1 & less int]e/$ 9 x4 #cfj4 ,"o ( ! mo/ legitimate & mo/ important objects ( su* associations z we h j m5tion$1 is to agree ^u ready & c]ta9 modes ( measur+ ! quantity ( "w done by ! workm54 ,= a long "t a difficulty ^u ?is po9t exi/$ 9 ! lace trade1 :i* 0 ju/ly compla9$ ( by ! m5 z a s]i\s grievance2 b ! introduction ( ! rack1 :i* c\nts ! numb] ( holes 9 ! l5g? ( ! piece1 has entirely put an end to ! mo/ f]tile cause ( disputes4 ,?is inv5tion 0 adv]t$ to by ! ,committee ( #ahab1 & a hope 0 express$1 9 _! report1 t ! same contrivance w\ld be appli$ to /ock+-frames4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be ( great mutual advantage to ! indu/ri\s workman1 & to ! ma/] manufactur] 9 e trade1 if ! ma*9es employ$ 9 x c\ld regi/] ! quantity ( "w :i* !y p]=m1 9 ! same mann] z a /eam-eng9e does ! numb] ( /rokes x makes4 ,! introduction ( su* contrivances gives a great] /imulus to hone/ indu/ry ?an c readily be imag9$1 & removes "o ( ! s\rces ( disagreem5t betwe5 p>ties1 ^: real int]e/s mu/ always suff] by any e/rangem5t betwe5 !m4 #cfa4 ,! effects aris+ f comb9ations among/ ! workm51 are almo/ always injuri\s to ! p>ties !mselves4 ,!re are num]\s in/ances1 9 :i* ! public suff] by increas$ price at ! mom5t1 b are ultimately ga9]s f ! p]man5t r$uction :i* results2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 ! improvem5ts :i* are (t5 made 9 ma*9]y 9 consequ5ce ( 'a /rike' among/ ! workm51 mo/ frequ5tly d injury1 ( great] or less duration1 to t p>ticul> class :i* gave rise to !m4 ,z ! injury to ! m5 & to _! families is almo/ always m s]i\s ?an t :i* affects _! employ]s1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! com=t & happ9ess ( ! =m] class1 t !y %\ld !mselves ent]ta9 s\nd views ^u ?is "q4 ,= ?is purpose a few illu/rations ( ! pr9ciple :i* is "h ma9ta9$1 w probably h great] weight ?an any reason+ ( a m g5]al nature1 ?\gh drawn f admitt$ pr9ciples ( political economy4 ,su* in/ances w1 moreov]1 pres5t ! advantage ( appeal+ to facts kn[n to _m individuals ( ^? classes = ^: b5efit ^! reflections are int5d$4 #cfb4 ,!re is a process 9 ! manufacture ( gun b>rels = mak+ :at1 9 ! language ( ! trade1 are call$ skelps4 ,! skelp is a piece or b> ( iron1 ab\t ?ree feet long1 & f\r in*es wide1 b ?ick] & broad] at "o end ?an at ! o!r2 & ! b>rel ( a musket is =m$ by =g+ out su* pieces to ! prop] dim5sions1 & !n fold+ or b5d+ !m into a cyl9drical =m1 until ! edges ov]lap1 s t !y c be weld$ toge!r4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 ! workm51 employ$ at a v ext5sive factory 9 =g+ ^! skelps out ( b>-iron1 '/ruck' = an advance ( wages2 & z _! dem&s 7 v exorbitant1 !y 7 n imm$iately compli$ )4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! e/abli%m5t direct$ 8 att5tion to ! subject2 & x occurr$ to him1 t if ! circumf]5ce ( ! roll]s1 betwe5 :i* ! b>-iron 0 roll$1 7 to be made equal to ! l5g? ( a skelp1 or ( a musket b>rel1 & if also ! groove 9 :i* ! iron 0 compress$1 in/ead ( be+ ( ! same wid? & dep? ?r\gh\t1 7 cut gradually deep] & wid] f a po9t on ! roll]s1 until x return$ to ! same po9t1 !n ! b>-iron pass+ betwe5 su* roll]s1 in/ead ( be+ uni=m 9 wid? & ?ickness1 w\ld h ! =m ( a skelp4 ,on mak+ ! trial1 x 0 f\nd to succe$ p]fectly2 a great r$uction ( human lab\r 0 effect$ by ! process1 & ! workm5 :o _h acquir$ peculi> skill 9 p]=m+ x ceas$ to d]ive any advantage f _! dext]ity4 #cfc4 ,x is some:at s+ul> t ano!r & a /ill m rem>kable in/ance ( ! effect ( comb9ation among/ workm51 %\ld h occurr$ b a few ye>s s9ce 9 ! v same trade4 ,! process ( weld+ ! skelps1 s z to conv]t !m into gun b>rels1 requir$ mu* skill1 & aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! w>1 ! dem& = muskets hav+ greatly dim9i%$1 ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 mak+ !m 0 v mu* r$uc$4 ,?is circum/ance r5d]$ comb9ation m easy2 & ^u "o occasion1 :5 a contract _h be5 ent]$ into = a consid]able supply to be deliv]$ on a fix$ day1 ! m5 all /ruck = su* an advance ( wages z w\ld h caus$ ! completion ( ! contract to be att5d$ ) a v heavy loss4 ,9 ?is difficulty1 ! contractors resort$ to a mode ( weld+ ! gun b>rel1 = :i* a pat5t _h be5 tak5 out by "o ( !mselves "s ye>s be=e ?is ev5t4 ,! plan _h n !n succe$$ s well z to come into g5]al use1 9 consequ5ce ( ! *eapness ( ! usual mode ( weld+ by h& lab\r1 comb9$ ) "s o!r difficulties ) :i* ! pat5tee _h to cont5d4 ,b ! /imulus produc$ by ! comb9ation ( ! workm51 induc$ him to make new trials1 & he 0 enabl$ to introduce su* a facility 9 weld+ gun b>rels by roll]s1 & su* p]fection 9 ! "w itself1 t1 9 all probability1 v few w 9 future be weld$ by h& lab\r4 ,?is new process consi/$ 9 fold+ a b> ( iron1 ab\t a foot long1 into ! =m ( a cyl9d]1 ) ! edges a little ov]lapp+4 ,x 0 !n plac$ 9 a furnace1 & be+ tak5 out :5 rais$ to a weld+ heat1 a triblet1 or cyl9d] ( iron1 0 plac$ 9 x1 & ! :ole 0 pass$ quickly ?r\gh a pair ( roll]s4 ,! effect ( ?is 01 t ! weld+ 0 p]=m$ at a s+le heat+1 & ! rema9d] ( ! elongation necess>y = ext5d+ ! skelps to ! l5g? ( ! musket b>rel1 0 p]=m$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b at a l[] temp]ature4 ,! workm5 :o _h comb9$ 71 ( c\rse1 no long] want$1 & in/ead ( b5efit+ !mselves by _! comb9ation1 !y 7 r$uc$ p]man5tly1 by ?is improvem5t 9 ! art1 to a consid]ably l[] rate ( wages3 = z ! process ( weld+ gun b>rels by h& requir$ peculi> skill & consid]able exp]i5ce1 !y _h hi!rto be5 9 ! habit ( e>n+ mu* high] wages ?an o!r workm5 ( _! class4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! new me?od ( weld+ 0 f> less injuri\s to ! texture ( ! iron1 :i* 0 n[ expos$ only once1 in/ead ( ?ree or f\r times1 to ! weld+ heat1 s t ! public d]iv$ advantage f ! sup]iority1 z well z f ! economy ( ! process4 ,ano!r process has subsequ5tly be5 inv5t$1 applicable to ! manufacture ( a light] k9d ( iron tubes1 :i* c ?us be made at a price :i* r5d]s _! employm5t v g5]al4 ,!y are n[ to be f\nd 9 ! %ops ( all our l>g] ironmong]s1 ( v>i\s l5g?s & diamet]s1 ) screws cut at ea* end2 & are 9 con/ant use = ! conveyance ( gas = light+1 or ( wat] = w>m+1 our h\ses4 #cfd4 ,simil> examples mu/ h pres5t$ !mselves to all ^? :o are famili> ) ! details ( our manufactories1 b ^! are suffici5t to illu/rate "o ( ! results ( comb9ations4 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be fair to pu% ! conclusion d$uc$ f ^! in/ances to its extreme limit4 ,al?\gh x is v app>5t1 t 9 ! two cases :i* h be5 /at$1 ! effects ( comb9ation 7 p]man5tly injuri\s to ! workman1 by almo/ imm$iately plac+ him 9 a l[] class 7) respect to 8 wages7 ?an he occupi$ be=e2 yet !y d n prove t all su* comb9ations h ?is effect4 ,x is q evid5t t !y h all ?is t5d5cy1 x is also c]ta9 t consid]able /imulus mu/ be appli$ to induce a man to contrive a new & exp5sive process2 & t 9 bo? ^! cases1 unless ! fe> ( pecuni>y loss _h act$ p[]fully1 ! improvem5t w\ld n h be5 made4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! workm5 _h 9 ei!r case comb9$ = only a small advance ( wages1 !y w\ld1 9 all probability1 h be5 successful1 & ! public w\ld h be5 depriv$1 = _m ye>s1 ( ! inv5tions to :i* ^! comb9ations gave rise4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$1 t ! same skill :i* enabl$ ! m5 to obta91 aft] long practice1 high] wages ?an ! re/ ( _! class1 w\ld prev5t _m ( !m f be+ p]man5tly ?r[n back into ! class ( ord9>y workm54 ,_! dim9i%$ wages w cont9ue only until !y h acquir$1 by practice1 a facility ( execution 9 "s o!r ( ! m difficult op]ations3 b a dim9ution ( wages1 ev5 = a ye> or two1 is /ill a v s]i\s inconv5i5ce to any p]son :o lives by 8 daily ex]tion4 ,! consequ5ce ( comb9ation has !n1 9 ^! in/ances1 be51 to ! workm5 :o comb9$--r$uction ( wages2 to ! public -r$uction ( price2 & to ! manufactur] increas$ sale ( 8 commodity1 result+ f t r$uction4 #cfe4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 important to consid] ! effects ( comb9ation 9 ano!r & less obvi\s po9t ( view4 ,! fe> ( comb9ation among/ ! m5 :om he employs1 w h a t5d5cy to induce ! manufactur] to conceal f 8 workm5 ! ext5t ( ! ord]s he may at any "t h receiv$2 &1 consequ5tly1 !y w always be less acqua9t$ ) ! ext5t ( ! dem& = _! lab\r ?an !y o!rwise might be4 ,?is is injuri\s to _! int]e/s2 = in/ead ( =esee+1 by ! gradual fall+-(f 9 ! ord]s1 ! approa* ( a "t :5 !y mu/ be unemploy$1 & prep>+ accord+ly1 !y are liable to mu* m sudd5 *anges ?an ^? to :i* !y w\ld o!rwise be expos$4 ,9 ! evid5ce giv5 by ,mr ,gall[ay1 ! eng9e]1 he rem>ks1 t1 ,:5 employ]s are compet5t to %[ _! m5 t _! bus9ess is /eady & c]ta91 & :5 m5 f9d t !y are likely to h p]man5t employm5t1 !y h always bett] habits1 & m settl$ notions1 :i* w make !m bett] m51 & bett] workm51 & w produce great b5efits to all :o are int]e/$ 9 _! employm5t4 #cff4 ,z ! manufactur]1 :5 he makes a contract1 has no security t a comb9ation may n arise among/ ! workm51 :i* may r5d] t contract a loss in/ead ( a b5efit2 besides tak+ precautions to prev5t !m f becom+ acqua9t$ ) x1 he mu/ also add to ! price at :i* he c\ld o!rwise sell ! article1 "s small increase to cov] ! risk ( su* an occurr5ce4 ,if an e/abli%m5t consi/ ( sev]al bran*es :i* c only be c>ri$ on jo9tly1 z1 = in/ance1 ( iron m9es1 bla/ furnaces1 & a colli]y1 9 :i* !re are di/9ct classes ( workm51 x becomes necess>y to keep on h& a l>g] /ock ( mat]ials ?an w\ld be requir$1 if x 7 c]ta9 t no comb9ations w\ld arise4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ! colli]s 7 to '/rike' = an advance ( wages--unless !re 0 a /ock ( coal above gr\nd1 ! furnaces mu/ be /opp$1 & ! m9]s also w\ld be ?r[n out ( employ4 ,n[ ! co/ ( keep+ a /ock ( iron ore1 or ( coals above gr\nd1 is j ! same z t ( keep+ 9 a draw]1 unemploy$1 its value 9 money1 7except1 inde$1 t ! coal suff]s a small det]ioration by exposure to ! elem5ts74 ,! int]e/ ( ?is sum mu/1 !re=e1 be consid]$ z ! price ( an insurance aga9/ ! risk ( comb9ation among/ ! workm52 & x mu/1 s f> z x goes1 increase ! price ( ! manufactur$ article1 &1 consequ5tly1 limit ! dem& :i* w\ld o!rwise exi/ = x4 ,b e circum/ance :i* t5ds to limit ! dem&1 is injuri\s to ! workm52 because ! wid] ! dem&1 ! less x is expos$ to fluctuation4 ,! effect to :i* we h allud$1 is by no means a !oretical conclusion2 ! proprietors ( "o e/abli%m5t 9 ! iron trade1 )9 ! au?or's k1 ?9k x exp$i5t always to keep above gr\nd a supply ( coal = six mon?s1 :i* is1 9 t in/ance1 equal 9 value to ab\t ,l#aj1jjj4 ,:5 we reflect t ! quantity ( capital ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ?us kept unemploy$ m]ely f ! fe> ( comb9ations among/ ! workm51 might1 "u o!r circum/ances1 be us$ = keep+ a l>g] numb] at "w1 ! importance ( introduc+ a sy/em 9 :i* !re %\ld exi/ no inducem5t to comb9e becomes additionally evid5t4 #cfg4 ,t comb9ations are1 :ile !y la/1 productive ( s]i\s inconv5i5ces to ! workm5 !mselves1 is admitt$ by all p>ties2 & x is equally true1 t1 9 mo/ cases1 a successful result does n leave !m 9 s good a condition z !y 7 9 be=e '! /rike'4 ,! little capital !y possess$1 :i* ought to h be5 ho>d$ ) c>e = days ( illness or di/ress1 is exhau/$2 & frequ5tly1 9 ord] to gratify a pride1 at ! exi/5ce ( :i* we _c b rejoice1 ev5 :il/ we regret its misdirect$ en]gy1 !y w und]go ! sev]e/ privations r ?an return to "w at _! =m] wages4 ,) _m ( ! workm51 un=tunately1 dur+ su* p]iods1 bad habits are =m$ :i* x is v difficult to eradicate2 &1 9 all ^? engag$ 9 su* transactions1 ! k9d] feel+s ( ! he>t are *ill$1 & passions are call$ into action :i* are p]man5tly injuri\s to ! happ9ess ( ! individual1 & de/ructive ( ^? s5tim5ts ( confid5ce :i* x is equally ! int]e/ ( ! ma/] manufactur] & ( 8 workman to ma9ta94 ,if any ( ! trade refuse to jo9 9 ! /rike1 ! majority too frequ5tly =get1 9 ! excitem5t ( _! feel+s1 ! dictates ( ju/ice1 & endeav\r to ex]t a species ( tyranny1 :i* c nev] be p]mitt$ to exi/ 9 a free c\ntry4 ,9 conc$+ !re=e to ! work+ classes1 t !y h a "r1 if !y consid] x exp$i5t1 to comb9e = ! purpose ( procur+ high] wages 7provid$ always1 t !y h complet$ all _! exi/+ contracts71 x ought ev] to be kept be=e _! att5tion1 t ! same fre$om :i* !y claim = !mselves !y are b\nd to all[ to o!rs1 :o may h diff]5t views ( ! advantages ( comb9ation4 ,e ef=t :i* reason & k9dness c dictate1 %\ld be made1 n m]ely to remove _! grievances1 b to satisfy _! own reason & feel+s1 & to %[ !m ! consequ5ces :i* w probably result f _! conduct3 b ! /rong arm ( ! law1 back$1 z 9 su* cases x w always be1 by public op9ion1 %\ld be in/antly & unhesitat+ly appli$1 to prev5t !m f violat+ ! lib]ty ( a portion ( _! own1 or ( any o!r class ( society4 #cfh4 ,among/ ! evils :i* ultimately fall heavy on ! work+ classes !mselves1 :51 ?r\gh mi/ak5 views1 !y attempt to int]f]e ) _! employ]s 9 ! mode ( c>ry+ on _! bus9ess1 may be m5tion$ ! removal ( factories to o!r situations1 :]e ! proprietors may be free f ! improp] control ( _! m54 ,! removal ( a consid]able numb] ( lace frames to ! we/]n c\nties1 :i* took place1 9 consequ5ce ( ! comb9ations 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 has already be5 m5tion$4 ,o!r in/ances h occurr$1 :]e /ill great] injury has be5 produc$ by ! removal ( a portion ( ! skill & capital ( ! c\ntry to a =eign l&4 ,su* 0 ! case at ,glasg[1 z /at$ 9 ! fif? ,p>liam5t>y ,report respect+ ,artizans & ,ma*9]y4 ,"o ( ! p>tn]s 9 an ext5sive cotton factory1 disgu/$ by ! unpr9cipl$ conduct ( ! workm51 remov$ to ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 :]e he re-e/abli%$ 8 ma*9]y1 & ?us af=d$1 to rivals already =midable to our trade1 at once a patt]n ( our be/ ma*9]y1 & an example ( ! mo/ economical me?ods ( employ+ x4 #cfi4 ,:5 ! nature ( ! "w is su* t x is n possible to remove x1 z happ5s ) reg>d to m9es1 ! proprietors are m expos$ to injury f comb9ations among/ ! workm53 b z ! own]s are g5]ally possess$ ( a l>g] capital1 !y g5]ally succe$1 if ! r$uction ( wages :i* !y propose is really f\nd$ on ! necessity ( ! case4 ,an ext5sive comb9ation lately exi/$ among/ ! colli]s 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 :i* un=tunately l$1 9 sev]al in/ances1 to acts ( viol5ce4 ,! proprietors ( ! coalm9es 7 consequ5tly oblig$ to procure ! aid ( m9]s f o!r p>ts ( ,engl& :o 7 will+ to "w at ! wages !y c\ld af=d to give2 & ! aid ( ! civil1 & 9 "s cases ( ! milit>y1 p[]1 0 requisite = _! protection4 ,?is c\rse 0 p]si/$ 9 dur+ sev]al mon?s1 & ! "q be+1 :i* p>ty c\ld support itself longe/ on ! dim9i%$ ga9s1 z x might h readily be5 =ese51 ! proprietors ultimately succe$$4 #cgj4 ,"o ( ! rem$ies employ$ by ! ma/]s aga9/ ! occurr5ce ( comb9ations1 is to make engagem5ts ) _! m5 = long p]iods & to arrange !m 9 su* a mann]1 t ^! contracts %all n all t]m9ate toge!r4 ,?is has be5 done 9 "s cases at ,%effield1 & 9 o!r places4 ,x is att5d$ ) ! inconv5i5ce to ! ma/]s t1 dur+ p]iods :5 ! dem& = _! produce is r$uc$1 !y are /ill oblig$ to employ ! same numb] ( workm54 ,?is circum/ance1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly obliges ! proprietors to direct _! att5tion to improvem5ts 9 _! works3 & 9 "o su* in/ance1 )9 ! au?or's k1 a l>ge res]voir 0 deep5$1 ?us af=d+ a m con/ant supply to ! wat]-:eel1 :il/1 at ! same "t1 ! mud f ! bottom gave p]man5t f]tility to a piece ( l& previ\sly almo/ b>r54 ,9 ?is case1 n m]ely 0 ! supply ( produce *eck$1 :5 a glut exi/$4 b ! lab\r 01 9 fact1 appli$ m pr(itably ?an x w\ld h be5 9 ! usual c\rse4 #cga4 ,a mode ( pay+ ! wages ( workm5 9 articles :i* !y consume1 has be5 introduc$ into "s ( our manufactur+ di/ricts1 :i* has be5 call$ ! truck sy/em4 ,z 9 _m in/ances ?is has ne>ly ! effect ( a comb9ation ( ! ma/]s aga9/ ! m51 x is a fit subject = discussion 9 ! pres5t *apt]3 b x %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ano!r sy/em ( a v diff]5t t5d5cy1 :i* w be fir/ describ$4 #cgb4 ,! pr9cipal necess>ies = ! support ( a workman & 8 family are few 9 numb]1 & are usually pur*as$ by him 9 small quantities weekly4 ,^u su* quantities1 sold by ! retail deal]1 a l>ge pr(it is g5]ally made2 & if ! article is "o ^: quality1 l t ( tea1 is n readily e/imat$1 !n a great additional ga9 is made by ! retail deal] sell+ an inf]ior article4 ,:]e ! numb] ( workm5 liv+ on ! same spot is l>ge1 x may be ?\ght desirable t !y %\ld unite toge!r & h an ag5t1 to pur*ase by :olesale ^? articles :i* are mo/ 9 dem&1 z tea1 sug]1 bacon1 etc41 & to retail !m at prices1 :i* w j repay ! :olesale co/1 toge!r ) ! exp5se ( ! ag5t :o conducts _! sale4 ,if ?is be manag$ :olly by a committee ( workm51 aid$ p]haps by advice f ! ma/]1 & if ! ag5t is paid 9 su* a mann] z to h himself an int]e/ 9 procur+ good & reasonable articles1 x may be a b5efit to ! workm53 & if ! plan succe$ 9 r$uc+ ! co/ ( articles ( necessity to ! m51 x is cle>ly ! int]e/ ( ! ma/] to enc\rage x4 ,! ma/] may inde$ be enabl$ to af=d !m facilities 9 mak+ _! :olesale pur*ases2 b he ought nev] to h ! lea/ int]e/ 91 or any connection )1 ! pr(it made by ! articles sold4 ,! m51 on ! o!r h&1 :o subscribe to set up ! %op1 ought n1 9 ! slighte/ degree1 to be compell$ to make _! pur*ases !re3 ! goodness & *eapness ( ! article ought to be _! sole inducem5ts4 ,x may p]haps be object$1 t ?is plan is only employ+ a portion ( ! capital belong+ to ! workm5 9 a retail trade2 & t1 )\t x1 competition among/ small %opkeep]s w r$uce ! articles to ne>ly ! same price4 ,?is objection w\ld be valid if ! objects ( consumption requir$ no v]ification2 b comb9+ :at has be5 already /at$ on t subject7#a997 ) ! pres5t argum5t1 ! plan seems liable to no s]i\s objections4 #cgc4 ,! truck sy/em is entirely diff]5t 9 its effects4 ,! ma/] manufactur] keeps a retail %op = articles requir$ by 8 m51 & ei!r pays _! wages 9 goods1 or compels !m by express agreem5t1 or less directly1 by unfair means1 to exp5d ! :ole or a c]ta9 "p ( _! wages at 8 %op4 ,if ! manufactur] kept ?is %op m]ely = ! purpose ( secur+ good articles1 at fair prices1 to 8 workm51 & if he (f]$ no inducem5t to !m to pur*ase at 8 %op1 except ! sup]ior *eapness ( 8 articles1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be advantage\s to ! m54 ,b1 un=tunately1 ?is is n always ! case2 & ! temptation to ! ma/]1 9 times ( depression1 to r$uce 9 effect ! wages :i* he pays 7by increas+ ! price ( articles at 8 %op71 )\t alt]+ ! nom9al rate ( paym5t1 is frequ5tly too great to be )/ood4 ,if ! object be solely to procure = 8 workm5 bett] articles1 x w be m effectually accompli%$ by ! ma/] conf9+ himself to supply+ a small capital1 at a mod]ate rate ( int]e/2 leav+ ! details to be conduct$ by a committee ( workm51 9 conjunction ) 8 own ag5t1 & ! books ( ! %op to be audit$ p]iodically by ! m5 !mselves4 #cgd4 ,:]ev] ! workm5 are paid 9 goods1 or are compell$ to pur*ase at ! ma/]'s %op1 mu* inju/ice is done to !m1 & great mis]y results f x4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! int5tions ( ! ma/] 9 su* cases1 ! real effect is1 to deceive ! workman z to ! am\nt he receives 9 ex*ange = 8 lab\r4 ,n[1 ! pr9ciples on :i* ! happ9ess ( t class ( society dep5ds1 are difficult en\gh to be und]/ood1 ev5 by ^? :o are bless$ ) f> bett] opportunities ( inve/igat+ !m3 & ! importance ( _! be+ well acqua9t$ ) ^? pr9ciples :i* relate to !mselves1 is ( m vital consequ5ce to workm51 ?an to _m o!r classes4 ,x is !re=e highly desirable to assi/ !m 9 compreh5d+ ! position 9 :i* !y are plac$1 by r5d]+ all ! relations 9 :i* !y /& to ea* o!r1 & to _! employ]s1 z simple z possible4 ,workm5 %\ld be paid entirely 9 money2 _! "w %\ld be measur$ by "s unbiass$1 "s un]r+ piece ( me*anism2 ! "t dur+ :i* !y are employ$ %\ld be def9$1 & punctually adh]$ to4 ,! paym5ts !y make to _! b5efit societies %\ld be fix$ on su* j pr9ciples1 z n to require extraord9>y contributions4 ,9 %ort1 ! object ( all :o wi% to promote _! happ9ess %\ld be1 to give !m1 9 ! simple/ =m1 ! means ( kn[+ be=eh&1 ! sum !y are likely to acquire by _! lab\r1 & ! money !y w be oblig$ to exp5d = _! support3 ?us putt+ be=e !m1 9 ! cle>e/ light1 ! c]ta9 result ( p]sev]+ indu/ry4 #cge4 ,! cruelty :i* is inflict$ on ! workman by ! paym5t ( 8 wages 9 goods1 is (t5 v sev]e4 ,! little pur*ases necess>y = ! com=t ( 8 wife & *ildr51 p]haps ! m$ic9es he occasionally requires = !m 9 illness1 mu/ all be made ?r\gh ! m$ium ( b>t]2 & he is oblig$ to wa/e 8 "t 9 arrang+ an ex*ange1 9 :i* ! goods :i* he has be5 compell$ to accept = 8 lab\r are inv>iably tak5 at a l[] price ?an t at :i* 8 ma/] *>g$ !m to him4 ,! fa!r ( a family p]haps1 wri?+ "u ! agonies ( ! too?a*e1 is oblig$ to make 8 ha/y b>ga9 ) ! village surgeon1 be=e he w remove ! cause ( 8 pa92 or ! disconsolate "m is compell$ to sacrifice h] depreciat$ goods 9 ex*ange = ! la/ receptacle ( h] dep>t$ (fspr+4 ,! subjo9$ evid5ce f ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ,framework ,knitt]s' ,petitions1 %[s t ^! are n exagg]at$ /atem5ts4 ,x has be5 s common 9 our t[n to pay goods in/ead ( money1 t a numb] ( my neighb\rs h be5 oblig$ to pay articles = articles1 to pay sug> = drugs out ( ! druggi/'s %op2 & o!rs h be5 oblig$ to pay sug> = drap]y goods1 & su* ?+s1 & ex*ange 9 t way numb]s ( times4 ,i 0 cr$ibly in=m$1 t "o p]son paid half a p\nd ( t5p5ny sug> & a p5ny to h a too? drawn2 & !re is a cr$ible neighb\r ( m9e told me1 t he _h he>d t ! sexton _h be5 paid = digg+ a grave ) sug> & tea3 & be=e ,i came (f1 kn[+ ,i _h to give evid5ce ^u ^! ?+s1 ,i ask$ ?is fri5d to enquire ( ! sexton1 :e!r ?is 0 a fact3 ! sexton hesitat$ = a little "t1 on acc\nt ( br++ into discr$it ! p]son :o paid ^! goods3 h[ev]1 he said at la/1 ',i h receiv$ ^! articles repeat$ly--,i "k ^! ?+s h be5 paid to a great ext5t 9 ?is way4' ,,notes3 #a4 ,see ,*apt] ,,xv1 p4 #hg ,*apt] #ca ,on ,comb9ations ( ,ma/]s aga9/ ! public #cgf4 ,a species ( comb9ation occasionally takes place among/ manufactur]s aga9/ p]sons hav+ pat5ts3 & ^! comb9ations are always injuri\s to ! public1 z well z unju/ to ! inv5tors4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1 a g5tleman inv5t$ a ma*9e1 by :i* modell+s & c>v+s 7 cut 9 mahogany1 & o!r f9e woods4 ,! ma*9e resembl$1 9 "s measure1 ! drill+ app>atus employ$ 9 ornam5tal la!s2 x produc$ beautiful "w at a v mod]ate exp5se3 b ! cab9etmak]s met toge!r1 & comb9$ aga9/ x1 & ! pat5t has consequ5tly nev] be5 work$4 ,a simil> fate await$ a ma*9e = cutt+ v5e]s by means ( a species ( knife4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! wood c\ld be cut ?9n] ?an by ! circul> saw1 & no wa/e 0 incurr$2 b '! trade' set !mselves aga9/ x1 & aft] a heavy exp5se1 x 0 giv5 up4 ,! excuse alleg$ = ?is k9d ( comb9ation1 0 ! fe> ent]ta9$ by ! cab9etmak]s t :5 ! public became acqua9t$ ) ! article1 ! pat5tee w\ld raise ! price4 ,simil> examples ( comb9ation seem n to be unfrequ5t1 z appe>s by ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ,pat5ts = ,inv5tions1 ,june1 #ahbi4 ,see ! evid5ce ( ,mr ,holdswor?4 #cgg4 ,!re occurs ano!r k9d ( comb9ation aga9/ ! public1 ) :i* x is difficult to deal4 ,x usually ends 9 a monopoly1 & ! public are !n left to ! discretion ( ! monopoli/s n to *>ge !m above ! gr[l+ po9t--t is1 n to make !m pay s mu* z to induce !m actually to comb9e aga9/ ! imposition4 ,?is occurs :5 two companies supply wat] or gas to consum]s by means ( pipes laid d[n "u ! pavem5t 9 ! /reet ( cities3 x may possibly occur also 9 docks1 canals1 railroads1 etc41 & 9 o!r cases :]e ! capital requir$ is v l>ge1 & ! competition v limit$4 ,if wat] or gas companies comb9e1 ! public imm$iately loses all ! advantage ( competition1 & x has g5]ally happ5$1 t at ! end ( a p]iod dur+ :i* !y h und]sold ea* o!r1 ! sev]al companies h agre$ to divide ! :ole di/rict suppli$1 into two or m p>ts1 ea* company !n remov+ its pipes f all ! /reets except ^? 9 its own portion4 ,?is removal causes great injury to ! pavem5t1 & :5 ! pressure ( increas$ rates induces a new company to />t1 ! same inconv5i5ce is aga9 produc$4 ,p]haps "o rem$y aga9/ evils ( ?is k9d might be1 :5 a *>t] is grant$ to su* companies1 to re/rict1 to a c]ta9 am\nt1 ! rate ( pr(it on ! %>es1 & to direct t any pr(its beyond1 %all accumulate = ! repaym5t ( ! orig9al capital4 ,?is has be5 done 9 sev]al late ,acts ( ,p>liam5t e/abli%+ companies4 ,! maximum rate ( pr(it all[$ ought to be lib]al1 to comp5sate = ! risk2 ! public ought to h auditors on _! "p1 & ! acc\nts %\ld be annually publi%$1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! limitations f be+ exce$$4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be admitt$1 t ?is w\ld be an int]f]5ce ) capital1 :i*1 if all[$1 %\ld1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 be4 exam9$ ) great circumspection 9 ea* individual case1 until "s g5]al pr9ciple is e/abli%$ on well-admitt$ gr\nds4 #cgh4 ,an in/rum5t call$ a gas-met]1 :i* asc]ta9s ! quantity ( gas us$ by ea* consum]1 has be5 introduc$1 & furni%es a satisfactory mode ( det]m9+ ! paym5ts to be made by individuals to ! gas companies4 ,a contrivance some:at simil> 9 its nature1 might be us$ = ! sale ( wat]2 b 9 t case "s public inconv5i5ce might be appreh5d$1 f ! dim9i%$ quantity :i* w\ld !n run to wa/e3 ! /reams ( wat] runn+ ?r\gh ! sew]s 9 ,london1 are l>gely suppli$ f ?is s\rce2 & if ?is supply 7 dim9i%$1 ! dra9age ( ! metropolis might be injuri\sly affect$4 #cgi4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl& a p[]ful comb9ation has long exi/$ among ! coal-own]s1 by :i* ! public has suff]$ 9 ! paym5t ( increas$ price4 ,! late exam9ation ( evid5ce be=e a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 has expla9$ its mode ( op]ation1 & ! ,committee h recomm5d$1 t = ! pres5t ! sale ( coal %\ld be left to ! competition ( o!r di/ricts4 #chj4 ,a comb9ation1 ( ano!r k9d1 exi/s at ?is mom5t to a great ext5t1 & op]ates ^u ! price ( ! v pages :i* are n[ communicat+ in=mation respect+ x4 ,a subject s int]e/+ to e read]1 & /ill m s to e manufactur] (! article :i* ! read] consumes1 des]ves an att5tive exam9ation4 ,we h %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,xxi1 p4 #add1 ! compon5t p>ts ( ! exp5se ( ea* copy ( ! pres5t "w2 & we h se5 t ! total am\nt ( ! co/ ( its production1 exclusive ( any paym5t to ! au?or = 8 lab\r1 is #bs4 #c;d47#a997 ,ano!r fact1 ) :i* ! read] is m practically famili>1 is t he has paid1 or is to pay1 to 8 booksell]1 six %ill+s = ! volume4 ,let u n[ exam9e into ! di/ribution ( ^! six %ill+s1 & !n1 hav+ ! facts (! case be=e u1 we %all be bett] able to judge(! m]its(! comb9ationju/ m5tion$1 &toexpla9its effects4 ,di/ribution ( ! pr(its on a six %ill+ book ,buys at2 ,sells at2 ,pr(it on capital exp5d$ s4 d42 s4 d4 ,no4 ,i--,! publi%] :o acc\nts to ! au?or = e copy receiv$2 #c #aj2 #d #b2 #aj p] c5t ,no4 ,,ii--,! booksell] :o retails to ! public2 #d #b2 #f #j2 #dd ,or1 #d #f2 #f #j2 #cc #a_/c ,no4 ,i1 ! publi%]1 is a booksell]2 he is1 9 fact1 ! au?or's ag5t4 ,8 duties are1 to receive & take *>ge ( ! /ock1 = :i* he supplies w>eh\se room2 to advise ! au?or ab\t ! times & me?ods ( adv]tis+2 & to ins]t ! adv]tisem5ts4 ,z he publi%es o!r books1 he w adv]tise li/s ( ^? sold by himself2 & ?us1 by comb9+ _m 9 "o adv]tisem5t1 dim9i% ! exp5se to ea* ( 8 pr9cipals4 ,he pays ! au?or only = ! books actually sold2 consequ5tly1 he makes no outlav ( capital1 except t :i* he pays = adv]tisem5ts3 b he is answ]able = any bad debts he may contract 9 dispos+ ( !m4 ,8 *>ge is usually t5 p] c5t on ! returns4 ,no4 ,,ii is ! booksell] :o retails ! "w to ! public4 ,on ! publication ( a new book1 ! publi%] s5ds r\nd to ! trade1 to receive 'subscriptions' f !m = any numb] ( copies n less ?an two4 ,^! copies are usually *>g$ to ! 'subscrib]s'1 on an av]age1 at ab\t f\r or five p] c5t less ?an ! :olesale price ( ! book3 9 ! pres5t case ! subscription price is #ds4 #b;d4 = ea* copy4 ,aft] ! day ( publication1 ! price *>g$ by ! publi%] to ! booksell]s is #ds4 #f;d4 ,) "s works x is ! cu/om to deliv] tw5ty-five copies to ^? :o ord] tw5ty-f\r1 ?us all[+ a r$uction ( ab\t f\r p] c5t4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! pres5t volume4 ,diff]5t publi%]s (f] diff]5t t]ms to ! subscrib]s2 & x is usual1 aft] int]vals ( ab\t six mon?s1 = ! publi%] aga9 to op5 a subscription li/1 s t if ! "w be "o = :i* !re is a /eady sale1 ! trade avail !mselves ( ^! opportunities ( pur*as+1 at ! r$uc$ rate1 en\gh to supply _! probable dem&47#b997 #cha4 ,! volume ?us pur*as$ ( ! publi%] at #ds4 #b;d4 or #ds4 #f;d4 is retail$ by ! booksell] to ! public at #fs4 ,9 ! fir/ case he makes a pr(it ( =ty-f\r1 9 ! second ( ?irty-?ree p] c5t4 ,ev5 ! small] ( ^! two rates ( pr(it on ! capital employ$1 appe>s to be mu* too l>ge4 ,x may sometimes happ51 t :5 a book is enquir$ =1 ! retail deal] s5ds across ! /reet to ! :olesale ag5t1 & receives1 = ?is trifl+ s]vice1 "o f\r? "p ( ! money paid by ! pur*as]2 & p]haps ! retail deal] takes also six mon?s' cr$it = ! price :i* ! volume actually co/ him4 #chb4 ,9 section #bef1 ! price ( ea* process 9 manufactur+ ! pres5t volume 0 /at$3 we %all n[ give an analysis ( ! :ole exp5se ( convey+ x into ! h&s ( ! public4 ,! retail price #fs4 on #cjeb produces #iae #ab #j #a4 ,total exp5se ( pr9t+ & pap] #bjg #e #h #g_/aa #b4 ,taxes on pap] & adv]tisem5ts #dj #j #aa #c4 ,commission to publi%] z ag5t betwe5 au?or & pr9t] #ah #ad #d #d_/aa #d ,commission to publi%] z ag5t = sale ( ! book #fc #aa #h #e4 ,pr(it--! diff]5ce betwe5 subscription price & trade price1 #d;d4 p] vol4 #ej #ag #d #f4 ,pr(it ! diff]5ce betwe5 trade price & retail price1 #as4 #f;d4 p] vol4 #bbh #ah #j #cfb #a #d #g4 ,rema9s = au?or%ip #cjf #d #j ,total #iae #ab #j ,?is acc\nt appe>s to disagree ) t 9 page #adf4 b x w be obs]v$ t ! ?ree fir/ articles am\nt to ,l#bff #as41 ! sum !re /at$4 ,! app>5t diff]5ce arises f a circum/ance :i* 0 n notic$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w4 ,! bill am\nt+ to ,l#bje #ahs41 z !re giv51 & z repr9t$ 9 ! pres5t volume1 includ$ an additional *>ge ( t5 p] c5t ^u ! real *>ges ( ! pr9t] & pap]-mak]4 #chc4 ,x is usual = ! publi%]1 :5 he is employ$ z ag5t betwe5 ! au?or & pr9t]1 to *>ge a commission ( t5 p] c5t on all paym5ts he makes4 ,if ! au?or is in=m$ ( ?is cu/om previ\sly to 8 comm5c+ ! "w1 z 0 ! case 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 he c h no j cause ( compla9t2 = x is optional :e!r he himself employs ! pr9t]1 or communicates ) him ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( 8 publi%]4 ,! s]vices r5d]$ = ?is paym5t are1 ! mak+ arrangem5ts ) ! pr9t]1 ! wood-cutt]1 & ! engrav]1 if requir$4 ,!re is a conv5i5ce 9 hav+ "s int]m$iate p]son betwe5 ! au?or & pr9t]1 9 case ! =m] %\ld consid] any ( ! *>ges made by ! latt] z too high4 ,:5 ! au?or himself is q unacqua9t$ ) ! details ( ! art ( pr9t+1 he may object to *>ges :i*1 on a bett] acqua9tance ) ! subject1 he might be conv9c$ 7 v mod]ate2 & 9 su* cases he ought to dep5d on ! judgem5t ( 8 publi%]1 :o is g5]ally conv]sant ) ! art4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 ! *>ge = alt]ations & corrections1 "s ( :i*1 al?\gh app>5tly trivial1 occupy ! compositors mu* "t 9 mak+4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$ t ! publi%]1 9 ?is case1 becomes responsible = ! paym5ts to ^? p]sons4 #chd4 ,x is n necess>y t ! au?or %\ld avail himself ( ?is int]v5tion1 al?\gh x is ! int]e/ ( ! publi%] t he %\ld2 & booksell]s usually ma9ta9 t ! au?or _c procure 8 pap] or pr9t+ at a *eap] rate if he g at once to ! produc]s4 ,?is appe>s f ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ! ,copyright ,acts1 #h ,may1 #ahah4 ,mr ,o4 ,rees1 booksell]1 ( ! h\se ( ,longman & ,co41 ,pat]no/] ,r[1 exam9$3 ,q4 ,suppose a g5tleman to publi% a "w on 8 own acc\nt1 & to incur all ! v>i\s exp5ses2 c\ld he get ! pap] at #cjs4 a ream8 ,a4 ,i presume n2 ,i presume a /ation] w\ld n sell ! pap] at ! same price to an indiff]5t g5tleman z to ! trade4 ,q4 ,! ,committee ask$ y if a private g5tleman 0 to publi% a "w on 8 own acc\nt1 if he w\ld n pay m = ! pap] ?an p]sons 9 ! trade2 ! ,committee wi% to be in=m$ :e!r a pr9t] does n *>ge a g5tleman a high] rate ?an to a publi%]4 ,a4 ,i conceive !y g5]ally *>ge a pr(it on ! pap]4 ,q4 ,d n ! pr9t]s *>ge a high] price also = pr9t+1 ?an !y d to ! trade8 ,a4 ,i always und]/ood t !y d4 #che4 ,!re appe>s to be little reason = ?is di/9ction 9 *>g+ = pr9t+ a l>g] price to ! au?or ?an to ! publi%]1 provid$ ! =m] is able to give equal security = ! paym5t4 ,) respect to ! additional *>ge on pap]1 if ! au?or employs ei!r publi%] or pr9t] to pur*ase x1 !y ought to receive a mod]ate remun]ation = ! risk1 s9ce !y become responsible = ! paym5t2 b !re is no reason :y1 if ! au?or deals at once ) ! pap]-mak]1 he %\ld n pur*ase on ! same t]ms z ! pr9t]2 & if he *oose1 by pay+ ready money1 n to avail himself ( ! long cr$it all[$ 9 ^? trades1 he ought to procure 8 pap] consid]ably *eap]4 #chf4 ,x is "t1 h[ev]1 t su* conv5tional comb9ations betwe5 diff]5t trades %\ld be done away )4 ,9 a c\ntry s em95tly dep5d+ = its weal? on its manufactur+ indu/ry1 x is ( importance t !re %\ld exi/ no abrupt di/9ction ( classes1 & t ! highe/ ( ! ari/ocracy %\ld feel pr\d ( be+ connect$1 ei!r p]sonally or ?r\gh _! relatives1 ) ^? pursuits on :i* _! c\ntry's greatness dep5ds4 ,! weal?i] manufactur]s & m]*ants already mix ) ^? classes1 & ! l>g] & ev5 ! middl+ tradesm5 are frequ5tly f\nd associat+ ) ! g5try ( ! l&4 ,x is good t ?is ambition %\ld be cultivat$1 n by any rivalry 9 exp5se1 b by a rivalry 9 k & 9 lib]al feel+s2 & few ?+s w\ld m contribute to s desirable an effect1 ?an ! abolition ( all su* contract$ views z ^? to :i* we h allud$4 ,! advantage to ! o!r classes1 w\ld be an increas$ acqua9tance ) ! productive arts ( ! c\ntry an increas$ att5tion to ! importance ( acquir+ habits ( punctuality & ( bus9ess &1 above all1 a g5]al feel+ t x is hon\rable1 9 any rank ( life1 to increase our own & our c\ntry's ri*es1 by employ+ our tal5ts 9 ! production or 9 ! di/ribution ( weal?4 #chg4 ,ano!r circum/ance omitt$ to be notic$ 9 ! fir/ edition relates to :at is te*nically call$ ! ov]plus1 :i* may be n[ expla9$4 ,:5 #ejj copies ( a "w are to be pr9t$1 ea* %eet ( x requires "o ream ( pap]4 ,n[ a ream1 z us$ by pr9t]s1 consi/s ( #ba #a_/b quires1 or #eaf %eets4 ,?is excess ( sixte5 %eets is necess>y 9 ord] to all[ = 'revises'--= prep>+ & adju/+ ! press = ! due p]=mance ( its "w1 & to supply ! place ( any %eets :i* may be accid5tally dirti$ or de/roy$ 9 ! processes ( pr9t+1 or injur$ by ! b9d] 9 putt+ into bo>ds4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ?ree p] c5t is m ?an ! proportion de/roy$1 & t damage is less frequ5t 9 proportion to ! skill & c>e ( ! workm54 ,f ! evid5ce ( sev]al highly respectable booksell]s & pr9t]s1 be=e ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! ,copyright ,act1 ,may1 #ahah1 x appe>s t ! av]age numb] ( surplus copies1 above #ejj1 is betwe5 two & ?ree2 t on small] impressions x is less1 :il/ on l>g] editions x is great]2 t1 9 "s in/ances1 ! complete numb] ( #ejj is n made up1 9 :i* case ! pr9t] is oblig$ to pay = complet+ x2 & t 9 no in/ance h ! :ole sixte5 extra copies be5 complet$4 ,on ! volume 9 ! read]'s h&s1 ! edition ( :i* consi/$ ( #cjjj1 ! surplus am\nt$ to fifty-two--a circum/ance aris+ f ! improvem5ts 9 pr9t+ & ! increas$ c>e ( ! pressm54 ,n[ ?is ov]plus ought to be acc\nt$ = to ! au?or--& ,i believe x usually is s by all respectable publi%]s4 #chh4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! pr9t] f privately tak+ (f a l>g] numb] ( impressions ?an he deliv]s to ! au?or or publi%]1 v>i\s exp$i5ts h be5 adopt$4 ,9 "s works a p>ticul> wat]m>k has be5 us$ 9 pap] made purposely = ! book3 ?us ! words ',mecanique ,cele/e' appe> 9 ! wat]m>k ( ! two fir/ volumes ( ! great "w ( ,laplace4 ,9 o!r cases1 :]e ! "w is illu/rat$ by engrav+s1 su* a fraud w\ld be useless )\t ! concurr5ce ( ! copp]plate pr9t]4 ,9 ,france x is usual to pr9t a notice on ! back ( ! title page1 t no copies are g5u9e )\t ! subjo9$ signature ( ! au?or3 & atta*$ to ?is notice is ! au?or's "n1 ei!r writt51 or pr9t$ by h& f a wood5 block4 ,b not)/&+ ?is precaution1 ,i h rec5tly pur*as$ a volume1 pr9t$ at ,p>is1 9 :i* ! notice exi/s1 b no signature is atta*$4 ,9 ,london !re is n mu* dang] ( su* frauds1 because ! pr9t]s are m5 ( capital1 to :om ! pr(it on su* a transaction w\ld be trifl+1 & ! risk ( ! detection ( a fact1 :i* mu/ ( necessity be kn[n to _m ( _! workm51 w\ld be s great z to r5d] ! attempt at x folly4 #chi4 ,p]haps ! be/ advice to an au?or1 if he publi%es on 8 own acc\nt1 & is a reasonable p]son1 possess$ ( common s5se1 w\ld be to g at once to a respectable pr9t] & make 8 arrangem5ts ) him4 #cij4 ,if ! au?or d n wi% to pr9t 8 "w at 8 own risk1 !n he %\ld make an agreem5t ) a publi%] = an edition ( a limit$ numb]2 b he %\ld by no means sell ! copyright4 ,if ! "w conta9s woodcuts or engrav+s1 x w\ld be judici\s to make x "p ( ! contract t !y %all become ! au?or's prop]ty1 ) ! view to _! use 9 a subsequ5t edition ( ! works1 if !y %\ld be requir$4 ,an agreem5t is frequ5tly made by :i* ! publi%] advances ! money & incurs all ! risk on condition ( 8 %>+ ! pr(its ) ! au?or4 ,! pr(its allud$ to are1 = ! pres5t "w1 ! la/ item ( section #chb1 or ,l#cjf #ds4 #cia4 ,hav+ n[ expla9$ all ! arrangem5ts 9 pr9t+ ! pres5t volume1 let u return to section #chb1 & exam9e ! di/ribution ( ! ,l#iae paid by ! public4 ,( ?is sum ,l#bjg 0 ! co/ ( ! book1 ,l#dj 0 taxes1 ,l#cfb 0 ! *>ges ( ! booksell] 9 convey+ x to ! consum]1 & ,l#cjf rema9$ = au?or%ip4 ,! l>ge/ portion1 or ,l#cfb goes into ! pockets ( ! booksell]s2 & z !y d n advance capital1 & incur v little risk1 ?is c]ta9ly appe>s to be an unreasonable all[ance4 ,! mo/ extravagant "p ( ! *>ge is ! ?irty-?ree p] c5t :i* is all[$ z pr(it on retail+ ! book4 ,x is /at$1 h[ev]1 t all retail booksell]s all[ to _! cu/om]s a disc\nt ( t5 p] c5t ^u ord]s above #bjs41 & t consequ5tly ! nom9al pr(it ( =ty-f\r or ?irty-?ree p] c5t is v mu* r$uc$4 ,if ?is is ! case1 x may fairly be enquir$1 :y ! price ( ,l#b = example1 is pr9t$ ^u ! back ( a book1 :5 e booksell] is ready to sell x at ,l#a #afs41 & :y ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) t circum/ance %\ld be made to pay m ?an o!rs :o are bett] in=m$8 #cib4 ,sev]al reasons h be5 alleg$ z ju/ify+ ?is high rate ( pr(it4 ,fir/1 x has be5 alleg$ t ! pur*as]s ( books take long cr$it4 ,?is1 probably1 is (t5 ! case1 & admitt+ x1 no reasonable p]son c object to a proportionate increase ( price4 ,b x is no less cle>1 t p]sons :o d pay ready money1 %\ld n be *>g$ ! same price z ^? :o def] _! paym5ts to a remote p]iod4 ,secondly1 x has be5 urg$ t l>ge pr(its are necess>y to pay = ! great exp5ses ( booksell+ e/abli%m5ts2 t r5ts are high & taxes heavy2 & t x w\ld be impossible = ! great booksell]s to compete ) ! small] ones1 unless ! retail pr(its 7 great4 ,9 reply to ?is x may be obs]v$ t ! booksell]s are subject to no peculi> pressure :i* does n atta* to all o!r retail trades4 ,x may also be rem>k$ t l>ge e/abli%m5ts always h advantages ov] small] ones1 9 ! economy aris+ f ! division ( lab\r2 & x is sc>cely to be presum$ t booksell]s are ! only class :o1 9 l>ge conc]ns1 neglect to avail !mselves ( !m4 ,?irdly1 x has be5 pret5d$ t ?is high rate ( pr(it is necess>y to cov] ! risk ( ! booksell]'s hav+ "s copies left on 8 %elves2 b he is n oblig$ to buy ( ! publi%] a s+le copy m ?an he has ord]s =3 & if he d pur*ase m1 at ! subscription price1 he proves1 by ! v fact1 t he himself does n e/imate t risk at m ?an f f\r to eight p] c5t4 #cic4 ,x has be5 truly obs]v$1 on ! o!r h&1 t _m copies ( books are spoil$ by p]sons :o ent] ! %ops ( booksell]s )\t int5d+ to make any pur*ase4 ,b1 n to m5tion t su* p]sons f9d+ on ! tables v>i\s new publications1 are frequ5tly induc$1 by t opportunity ( inspect+ !m1 to become pur*as]s3 ?is damage does n apply to all booksell]s nor to all books2 ( c\rse x is n necess>y to keep 9 ! %op books ( small probable dem& or great price4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ! retail pr(it on ?ree copies only1 namely1 #ds4 #f;d41 w\ld pay ! :ole co/ ( ! "o copy soil$ 9 ! %op2 & ev5 t copy might aft]w>ds produce1 at an auction1 half or a ?ird ( its co/ price4 ,! argum5t1 !re=e1 f disappo9tm5ts 9 ! sale ( books1 & t aris+ f heavy /ock1 are totally gr\ndless 9 ! "q betwe5 publi%] & au?or4 ,x %old be rem>k$ also1 t ! publi%] is g5]ally a retail1 z well z a :olesale1 booksell]2 & t1 besides 8 pr(it ^u e copy :i* he sells 9 8 capacity ( ag5t1 he is all[$ to *>ge ! au?or z if e copy _h be5 subscrib$ = at #ds4 #b;d41 & ( c\rse he receives ! same pr(it z ! re/ ( ! :olesale trad]s = ! books retail$ 9 8 own %op4 #cid4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 !re is m reason = a consid]able all[ance betwe5 ! retail deal] & ! public2 because ! pr(it ( ! c\ntry booksell] is dim9i%$ by ! exp5se ( ! c>riage ( ! books f ,london4 ,he mu/ also pay a commission1 usually five p] c5t1 to 8 ,london ag5t1 on all ^? books :i* 8 correspond5t does n himself publi%4 ,if to ?is be add$ a disc\nt ( five p] c5t1 all[$ = ready money to e cu/om]1 & ( t5 p] c5t to book clubs1 ! pr(it ( ! booksell] 9 a small c\ntry t[n is by no means too l>ge4 ,"s ( ! writ]s1 :o h publi%$ criticisms on ! obs]vations made 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 h admitt$ t ! app>5t rate ( pr(it to ! booksell]s is too l>ge4 ,b !y h1 on ! o!r h&1 urg$ t too fav\rable a case is tak5 9 suppos+ ! :ole #cjjj copies sold4 ,if ! read] w turn back to section #chb1 he w f9d t ! exp5se ( ! ?ree fir/ items rema9s ! same1 :atev] be ! numb] ( copies sold2 & on look+ ov] ! rema9+ items he w p]ceive t ! booksell]1 :o incurs v little risk & no outlay1 d]ives exactly ! same pr(it p] c5t on ! copies sold1 :atev] _! numb]s may be4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case ) ! un=tunate au?or1 on :om ne>ly ! :ole ( ! loss falls undivid$4 ,! same writ]s h also ma9ta9$1 t ! pr(it is fix$ at ! rate m5tion$1 9 ord] to enable ! booksell] to su/a9 losses1 unavoidably incurr$ 9 ! pur*ase & retail ( o!r books4 ,?is is ! weake/ ( all argum5ts4 ,x w\ld be equally j t a m]*ant %\ld *>ge an extravagant commission = an und]tak+ unaccompani$ ) any risk1 9 ord] to repay himself = ! losses :i* 8 own want ( skill might lead to 9 8 o!r m]cantile transactions4 #cie4 ,t ! pr(it 9 retail+ books is really too l>ge1 is prov$ by sev]al circum/ances3 ,fir/1 t ! same nom9al rate ( pr(it has exi/$ 9 ! booksell+ trade = a long s]ies ( ye>s1 not)/&+ ! great fluctuations 9 ! rate ( pr(it on capital inve/$ 9 e o!r bus9ess4 ,secondly1 t1 until v lately1 a multitude ( booksell]s1 9 all p>ts ( ,london1 7 cont5t ) a mu* small] pr(it1 & 7 will+ to sell = ready money1 or at %ort cr$it1 to p]sons ( und\bt$ "*1 at a pr(it ( only t5 p] c5t1 & 9 "s in/ances ev5 at a /ill small] p]c5tage1 in/ead ( t ( tw5ty-five p] c5t on ! publi%$ prices4 ,?irdly1 t !y are unable to ma9ta9 ?is rate ( pr(it except by a comb9ation1 ! object ( :i* is to put d[n all competition4 #cif4 ,"s "t ago a small numb] ( ! l>ge ,london booksell]s ent]$ into su* a comb9ation4 ,"o ( _! objects 0 to prev5t any booksell] f sell+ books = less ?an t5 p] c5t "u ! publi%$ prices2 & 9 ord] to en=ce ?is pr9ciple1 !y refuse to sell books1 except at ! publi%+ price1 to any booksell] :o decl9es sign+ an agreem5t to t effect4 ,by degrees1 _m 7 prevail$ ^u to jo9 ?is comb9ation2 & ! effect ( ! exclusion x inflict$1 left ! small capitali/ no option betwe5 sign+ or hav+ 8 bus9ess de/roy$4 ,ultimately1 ne>ly ! :ole trade1 compris+ ab\t two ?\s& f\r hundr$ p]sons1 h be5 compell$ to sign ! agreem5t4 ,z might be naturally expect$ f a compact s injuri\s to _m ( ! p>ties to x1 disputes h aris52 sev]al booksell]s h be5 plac$ "u ! ban ( ! comb9ation1 :o allege t !y h n violat$ its rules1 & :o accuse ! opposite p>ty ( us+ spies1 etc41 to entrap !m47#c997 #cig4 ,! orig9 ( ?is comb9ation has be5 expla9$ by ,mr ,pick]+1 ( ,*anc]y ,lane1 himself a publi%]1 9 a pr9t$ /atem5t1 entitl$1 ',booksell]s' ,monopoly' & ! foll[+ li/ ( booksell]s1 :o =m ! committee = conduct+ ?is comb9ation1 is copi$ f t pr9t$ at ! head ( ea* ( ! cases publi%$ by ,mr ,pick]+3 ,all51 ,j41 #g1 ,lead5hall ,/reet4 ,ar*1 ,j41 #fa1 ,cornhill4 ,baldw91 ,r41 #dg1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,boo?1 ,j4 ,duncan1 ,j41 #cg1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,hat*>d1 ,j41 ,piccadilly4 ,m>%all1 ,r41 ,/ation]s' ,c\rt4 ,murray1 ,j41 ,albem>le ,/reet4 ,rees1 ,o41 #ci1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,ri*>dson1 ,j4 ,m41 #bc1 ,cornhill4 ,riv+ton1 ,j41 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d4 ,wilson1 ,e41 ,royal ,ex*ange4 #cih4 ,9 :atev] mann] ! pr(its are divid$ betwe5 ! publi%] & ! retail booksell]1 ! fact rema9s1 t ! read] pays = ! volume 9 8 h&s #fs41 & t ! au?or w receive only #cs4 #aj;d42 out ( :i* latt] sum1 ! exp5se ( pr9t+ ! volume mu/ be paid3 s t 9 pass+ ?r\gh two h&s ?is book has produc$ a pr(it ( =ty-f\r p] c5t4 ,?is excessive rate ( pr(it has drawn into ! book trade a l>g] %>e ( capital ?an 0 really advantage\s2 & ! competition betwe5 ! diff]5t portions ( t capital has naturally l$ to ! sy/em ( und]sell+1 to :i* ! committee above m5tion$ are endeav\r+ to put a /op47#d997 #cii4 ,!re are two p>ties :o *iefly suff] f ?is comb9ation1 ! public & au?ors4 ,! fir/ p>ty c seldom be induc$ to take an active "p aga9/ any grievance2 & 9 fact little is requir$ f x1 except a cordial support ( ! au?ors1 9 any attempt to de/roy a comb9ation s injuri\s to ! int]e/s ( bo?4 ,_m an indu/ri\s booksell] w\ld be glad to sell = #es4 ! volume :i* ! read] holds 9 8 h&1 & = :i* he has paid #fs42 &1 9 do+ s = ready money1 ! tradesman :o paid #ds4 #f;d4 = ! book1 w\ld realize1 )\t ! lea/ risk1 a pr(it ( elev5 p] c5t on ! money he _h advanc$4 ,x is "o ( ! objects ( ! comb9ation we are discuss+1 to prev5t ! small capitali/ f employ+ 8 capital at t rate ( pr(it :i* he ?9ks mo/ advantage\s to himself2 & su* a proce$+ is decid$ly injuri\s to ! public4 #djj4 ,hav+ d]iv$ little pecuni>y advantage f my own lit]>y productions2 & be+ aw>e1 t f ! v nature ( _! subjects1 !y c sc>cely be expect$ to reimburse ! exp5se ( prep>+ !m1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to (f] an op9ion ^u ! subject1 :i* ,i believe to be z little influ5c$ by any expectation ( advantage f ! future1 z x is by any disappo9tm5t at ! pa/4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 we proce$ to sket* ! plan ( a campaign aga9/ ,pat]no/] ,r[1 x w be fit to in=m ! read] ( ! nature ( ! enemies' =ces1 & ( 8 means ( attack & def5ce4 ,sev]al ( ! great publi%]s f9d x conv5i5t to be ! proprietors ( reviews1 magaz9es1 j\rnals1 & ev5 ( newspap]s4 ,! editors are paid1 9 "s in/ances v h&somely1 = _! sup]9t5d5ce2 & x is sc>cely to be expect$ t !y %\ld always mete out ! sev]e/ ju/ice on works by ! sale ( :i* _! employ]s are enri*$4 ,! great & popul> works ( ! day are1 ( c\rse1 review$ ) "s c>e1 & ) def]5ce to public op9ion4 ,)\t ?is1 ! j\rnals w\ld n sell2 & x is conv5i5t to be able to quote su* articles z in/ances ( imp>tiality4 ,"u %elt] ( ?is1 a ho/ ( ephem]al productions are writt5 into a transitory popul>ity2 & by ! aid ( ?is process1 ! %elves ( ! booksell]s1 z well z ! pockets ( ! public1 are dis5cumb]$4 ,to su* an ext5t are ^! means employ$1 t "s ( ! p]iodical publications ( ! day ought to be reg>d$ m]ely z adv]tis+ ma*9es4 ,t ! read] may be 9 "s measure on 8 gu>d aga9/ su* modes ( influ5c+ 8 judgem5t1 he %\ld exam9e :e!r ! "w review$ is publi%$ by ! booksell] :o is ! proprietor ( ! review2 a fact :i* c sometimes be asc]ta9$ f ! title ( ! book z giv5 at ! head ( ! article4 ,b ?is is by no means a c]ta9 crit]ion1 because p>tn]%ips 9 v>i\s publications exi/ betwe5 h\ses 9 ! book trade1 :i* are n g5]ally kn[n to ! public2 s t1 9 fact1 until reviews are e/abli%$ 9 :i* booksell]s h no int]e/1 !y c nev] be safely tru/$4 #dja4 ,9 ord] to put d[n ! comb9ation ( booksell]s1 no plan appe>s s likely to succe$ z a c\nt]-association ( au?ors4 ,if any consid]able portion ( ! lit]>y _w 7 to unite & =m su* an association2 & if its affairs 7 direct$ by an active committee1 mu* might be accompli%$4 ,! objects ( su* an union %\ld be1 to employ "s p]son well skill$ 9 ! pr9t+1 & 9 ! booksell+ trade2 & to e/abli% him 9 "s c5tral situation z _! ag5t4 ,ea* memb] ( ! association to be at lib]ty to place any1 or all ( 8 works 9 ! h&s ( ?is ag5t = sale2 to all[ any adv]tisem5ts1 or li/ ( books publi%$ by memb]s ( ! association1 to be /it*$ up at ! end ( ea* ( 8 own productions2 ! exp5se ( prep>+ !m be+ defray$ by ! proprietors ( ! books adv]tis$4 ,! duties ( ! ag5t w\ld be to retail to ! public1 = ready money1 copies ( books publi%$ by memb]s ( ! association4 ,to sell to ! trade1 at prices agre$ ^u1 any copies !y may require4 ,to cause to be ins]t$ 9 ! j\rnals1 or at ! end ( works publi%$ by memb]s1 any adv]tisem5ts :i* ! committee or au?ors may direct4 ,to prep>e a g5]al catalogue ( ! works ( memb]s4 ,to be ! ag5t = any memb] ( ! association respect+ ! pr9t+ ( any "w4 ,su* a union w\ld naturally pres5t o!r advantages2 & z ea* au?or w\ld reta9 ! lib]ty ( putt+ any price he might ?9k fit on 8 productions1 ! public w\ld h ! advantage ( r$uction 9 price produc$ by competition betwe5 au?ors on ! same subject1 z well z ( t aris+ f a *eap] mode ( publi%+ ! volumes sold to !m4 #djb4 ,possibly1 "o ( ! consequ5ces result+ f su* an association1 w\ld be ! e/abli%m5t ( a good & an imp>tial review1 a "w ! want ( :i* has be5 felt = sev]al ye>s4 ,! two long-e/abli%$ & celebrat$ reviews1 ! unb5d+ *ampions ( ! mo/ opposite political op9ions4 are1 f widely diff]+ causes1 exhibit+ unequivocal signs ( decrepitude & decay4 ,! qu>t]ly advocate ( despotic pr9ciples is fa/ rec$+ f ! advanc+ intellig5ce ( ! age2 ! new /r5g? & new position :i* t intellig5ce has acquir$1 dem&s = its expression1 new organs1 equally ! repres5tatives ( its intellectual p[]1 & ( its moral en]gies3 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sceptre ( ! nor!rn critics has pass$1 f ! vigor\s grasp ( ^? :o e/abli%$ its dom9ion1 into feebl] h&s4 #djc4 ,x may be /at$ z a difficulty 9 realiz+ ?is sugge/ion1 t ^? mo/ compet5t to supply p]iodical criticism1 are already engag$4 ,b x is to be obs]v$1 t !re are _m :o n[ supply lit]>y criticisms to j\rnals1 ! political pr9ciples ( :i* !y disapprove2 & t if once a respectable & well-support$ review7#e997 7 e/abli%$1 capable ( compet+1 9 paym5t to its contributors1 ) ! weal?ie/ ( its rivals1 x w\ld v soon be suppli$ ) ! be/ mat]ials ! c\ntry c produce4 7#f997 ,x may also be appreh5d$ t su* a comb9ation ( au?ors w\ld be fav\rable to ea* o!r4 ,!re are two temptations to :i* an editor ( a review is commonly expos$3 ! fir/ is1 a t5d5cy to consult too mu*1 9 ! works he criticizes1 ! int]e/ ( ! proprietor ( 8 review2 ! second1 a simil> incl9ation to consult ! int]e/s ( 8 fri5ds4 ,! plan :i* has be5 propos$ removes "o ( ^! temptations1 b x w\ld be v difficult1 if n impossible1 to de/roy ! o!r4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,! :ole ( ! subsequ5t details relate to ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w4 #b4 ,^! details v>y ) diff]5t books & diff]5t publi%]s2 ^? giv5 9 ! text are believ$ to sub/antially correct1 & are applicable to works l ! pres5t4 #c4 ,x is n[ und]/ood t ! use ( spies has be5 giv5 up2 & x is also kn[n t ! sy/em ( und]sell+ is aga9 privately resort$ to by _m1 s t ! injury aris+ f ?is arbitr>y sy/em1 pursu$ by ! great booksell]s1 affects only1 or mo/ sev]ely1 ^? ^: adh]5ce to an extort$ promise mo/ des]ves respect4 ,note to ! second edition4 #d ,! monopoly cases4 ,nos4 #a4 #b4 & #c4 ( ^? publi%$ by ,mr ,pick]+1 %\ld be consult$ ^u ?is po9t2 &1 z ! public w be bett] able to =m a judgem5t by he>+ ! o!r side ( ! "q1 x is to be hop$ ! ,*airman ( ! ,committee 7,mr ,ri*>dson7 w publi% ^? regulations respect+ ! trade1 a copy ( :i*4 ,mr ,pick]+ /ates1 is refus$ by ! ,committee ev5 to ^? :o sign !m4 #e4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ?is op9ion z to ! necessity = a new review 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press4 ,i 0 in=m$ t ! elem5ts ( su* an und]tak+ 7 already organiz$4 #f4 ,i h be5 sugge/$ to me1 t ! doctr9es ma9ta9$ 9 ?is *apt] may subject ! pres5t volume to ! opposition ( t comb9ation :i* x has oppos$4 ,i d n ent]ta9 t op9ion2 & = ?is reason1 t ! booksell]s are too %rewd a class to supply su* an admirable passport to publicity z _! opposition w\ld prove to be if g5]ally suspect$4 ,b %\ld my read]s take a diff]5t view ( ! "q1 !y c easily assi/ 9 rem$y+ ! evil1 by ea* m5tion+ ! exi/5ce ( ?is little volume to two ( 8 fri5ds4 ,i 0 wrong 9 ?is conjecture2 all booksell]s are n s %rewd z ,i _h imag9$1 = "s did refuse to sell ?is volume2 consequ5tly o!rs sold a l>g] numb] ( copies4 ,9 ! preface to ! second edition1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is volume1 ! read] w f9d "s fur!r obs]vation on ! effect ( ! booksell]s' comb9ation4 ,*apt] #cb ,on ! ,effect ( ,ma*9]y 9 ,r$uc+ ! ,dem& = ,lab\r #djd4 ,"o ( ! objections mo/ frequ5tly urg$ aga9/ ma*9]y is1 t x has a t5d5cy to sup]s$e mu* ( ! h& lab\r :i* 0 previ\sly employ$2 & 9 fact unless a ma*9e dim9i%$ ! lab\r necess>y to make an article1 x c\ld nev] come into use4 ,b if x h t effect1 its own]1 9 ord] to ext5d ! sale ( 8 produce1 w be oblig$ to und]sell 8 competitors2 ?is w induce !m also to introduce ! new ma*9e1 & ! effect ( ?is competition w soon cause ! article to fall1 until ! pr(its on capital1 "u ! new sy/em1 %all be r$uc$ to ! same rate z "u ! old4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! use ( ma*9]y has at fir/ a t5d5cy to ?r[ lab\r out ( employm5t1 yet ! increas$ dem& consequ5t ^u ! r$uc$ price1 almo/ imm$iately absorbs a consid]able portion ( t lab\r1 & p]haps1 9 "s cases1 ! :ole ( :at w\ld o!rwise h be5 displac$4 ,t ! effect ( a new ma*9e is to dim9i% ! lab\r requir$ = ! production ( ! same quantity ( manufactur$ commodities may be cle>ly p]ceiv$1 by imag9+ a society1 9 :i* occupations are n divid$1 ea* man himself manufactur+ all ! articles he consumes4 ,suppos+ ea* individual to lab\r dur+ t5 h\rs daily1 "o ( :i* is devot$ to mak+ %oes1 x is evid5t t if any tool or ma*9e be introduc$1 by ! use ( :i* 8 %oes c be made 9 half ! usual "t1 !n ea* memb] ( ! community w enjoy ! same com=ts z be=e by only n9e & "o-half h\rs' lab\r4 #dje4 ,if1 !re=e1 we wi% to prove t ! total quantity ( lab\r is n dim9i%$ by ! introduction ( ma*9es1 we mu/ h rec\rse to "s o!r pr9ciple ( our nature4 ,b ! same motive :i* urges a man to activity w become additionally p[]ful1 :5 he f9ds 8 com=ts procur$ ) dim9i%$ lab\r2 & 9 su* circum/ances1 x is probable1 t _m w\ld employ ! "t ?us r$eem$ 9 contriv+ new tools = o!r bran*es ( _! occupations4 ,he :o has habitually work$ t5 h\rs a day1 w employ ! half h\r sav$ by ! new ma*9e 9 gratify+ "s o!r want2 & z ea* new ma*9e adds to ^! gratifications1 new luxuries w op5 to 8 view1 :i* cont9u$ enjoym5t w z surely r5d] necess>y to 8 happ9ess4 #djf4 ,9 c\ntries :]e occupations are divid$1 & :]e ! division ( lab\r is practis$1 ! ultimate consequ5ce ( improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y is almo/ inv>iably to cause a great] dem& = lab\r4 ,frequ5tly ! new lab\r requires1 at its comm5cem5t1 a high] degree ( skill ?an ! old2 &1 un=tunately1 ! class ( p]sons driv5 out ( ! old employm5t are n always qualifi$ = ! new "o2 s t a c]ta9 int]val mu/ elapse be=e ! :ole ( _! lab\r is want$4 ,?is1 = a "t1 produces consid]able suff]+ among/ ! work+ classes2 & x is ( great importance = _! happ9ess t !y %\ld be aw>e ( ^! effects1 & be enabl$ to =esee !m at an e>ly p]iod1 9 ord] to dim9i%1 z mu* z possible1 ! injury result+ f !m4 #djg4 ,"o v important enquiry :i* ?is subject pres5ts is ! "q :e!r x is m = ! int]e/ ( ! work+ classes1 t improv$ ma*9]y %\ld be s p]fect z to defy ! competition ( h& lab\r2 & t !y %\ld ?us be at once driv5 out ( ! trade by x2 or be gradually =c$ to quit x by ! sl[ & successive advances ( ! ma*9e8 ,! suff]+ :i* arises f a quick transition is und\bt$ly m int5se2 b x is also mu* less p]man5t ?an t :i* results f ! sl[] process3 & if ! competition is p]ceiv$ to be p]fectly hopeless1 ! workman w at once set himself to le>n a new dep>tm5t ( 8 art4 ,on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh new ma*9]y causes an increas$ dem& = skill 9 ^? :o make & repair x1 & 9 ^? :o fir/ sup]9t5d its use2 yet !re are o!r cases 9 :i* x enables *ildr5 & inf]ior workm5 to execute "w t previ\sly requir$ great] skill4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 ev5 ?\gh ! increas$ dem& = ! article1 produc$ by its dim9i%$ price1 %\ld spe$ily give occupation to all :o 7 be=e employ$1 yet ! v dim9ution ( ! skill requir$1 w\ld op5 a wid] field ( competition among/ ! work+ classes !mselves4 ,t ma*9es d n1 ev5 at _! fir/ introduction1 inv>iably ?r[ human lab\r out ( employm5t1 mu/ be admitt$2 & x has be5 ma9ta9$1 by p]sons v compet5t to =m an op9ion on ! subject1 t !y nev] produce t effect4 ,! solution ( ?is "q dep5ds on facts1 :i*1 un=tunately1 h n yet be5 collect$3 & ! circum/ance ( our n possess+ ! data necess>y = ! full exam9ation ( s important a subject1 supplies an additional reason = impress+1 ^u ! m9ds ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 su* enquiries1 ! importance ( procur+ accurate regi/ries1 at v>i\s times1 ( ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 p>ticul> bran*es ( manufacture1 ( ! numb] ( ma*9es us$ by !m4 & ( ! wages !y receive4 #djh4 ,9 relation to ! enquiry j m5tion$1 ,i %all (f] "s rem>ks ^u ! facts )9 my k2 & only regret t ^? :i* ,i c support by num]ical /atem5t are s few4 ,:5 ! cru%+ mill1 us$ 9 ,cornwall & o!r m9+ c\ntries1 sup]s$$ ! lab\r ( a great numb] ( "y wom51 :o work$ v h>d 9 break+ ores ) flat hamm]s1 no di/ress foll[$4 ,! reason ( ?is appe>s to h be51 t ! proprietors ( ! m9es1 hav+ "o portion ( _! capital releas$ by ! sup]ior *eapness ( ! process execut$ by ! mills1 f\nd x _! int]e/ to apply m lab\r to o!r op]ations4 ,! wom51 dis5gag$ f m]e drudg]y1 7 ?us pr(itably employ$ 9 dress+ ! ores1 a "w :i* requir$ skill & judgem5t 9 ! selection4 #dji4 ,! increas$ production aris+ f alt]ations 9 ! ma*9]y1 or f improv$ modes ( us+ x1 appe>s f ! foll[+ table4 ,a ma*9e call$ 9 ! cotton manufacture a '/ret*]'1 work$ by "o man1 produc$ z foll[s3 ,ye>2 ,p\nds ( cotton spun2 ,rov+ wages p] score2 ,rate ( e>n+ p] week s4 d4 s4 d4 #ahaj #djj #a #ca_/b #be #aj7a997 #ahaa #fjj #j #aj #be #j #ahac #hej #j #i #ca #aja_/b #ahbc #ajjj #j #ga_/b #ca #c ,! same man work+ at ano!r /ret*]1 ! rov+ a little f9]1 produc$1 #ahbc #ijj #j #ga_/b #bh #aa_/b #ahbe #ajjj #j #g #bg #f #ahbg #abjj #j #f #cj #j #ahcb #abjj #j #f #cj #j ,9 ?is in/ance1 production has gradually increas$ until1 at ! end ( tw5ty-two ye>s1 ?ree times z mu* "w is done z at ! comm5cem5t1 al?\gh ! manual lab\r employ$ rema9s ! same4 ,! weekly e>n+s ( ! workm5 h n fluctuat$ v mu*1 & appe>1 on ! :ole1 to h advanc$3 b x w\ld be imprud5t to pu% too f> reason+s f\nd$ ^u a s+le in/ance4 #daj4 ,! produce ( #dhj sp9dles ( 'mule y>n sp9n+'1 at diff]5t p]iods1 0 z foll[s3 ,ye>2 ,hanks ab\t #dj to ! p\nd2 ,wages p] ?\s& 7s4 d47 #ahjf2 #fffh2 #i #b #ahbc2 #hjjj2 #f #c #ahcb2 #aj1jjj2 #c #h #daa4 ,! subjo9$ view ( ! /ate ( weav+ by h&- & by p[]-looms1 at ,/ockport1 9 ! ye>s #ahbb & #ahcb1 is tak5 f an enum]ation ( ! ma*9es conta9$ 9 #fe factories1 & 0 collect$ = ! purpose ( be+ giv5 9 evid5ce be=e a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,9 #ahbb ,9 #ahcb ,h&-loom weav]s #bhjj #hjj #bjjj decrease ,p]sons us+ p[]-looms #feg #cjei #bdjb increase ,p]sons to dress ! w>p #ih #chh #bij increase ,total p]sons employ$ #ceee #dbdg #fib increase ,p[]-looms #aigj #iagg #hbjg increase ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! numb] ( h&-looms 9 employm5t has dim9i%$ to less ?an "o-?ird1 :il/ t ( p[]-looms has increas$ to m ?an five times its =m] am\nt4 ,! total numb] ( workm5 has increas$ ab\t "o-?ird2 b ! am\nt ( manufactur$ goods 7suppos+ ea* p[]-loom to d only ! "w ( ?ree h&-looms7 is ?ree & a half times z l>ge z x 0 be=e4 #dab4 ,9 consid]+ ?is increase ( employm5t1 x mu/ be admitt$1 t ! two ?\s& p]sons ?r[n out ( "w are n exactly ( ! same class z ^? call$ into employm5t by ! p[]-looms4 ,a h&-weav] mu/ possess bodily /r5g?1 :i* is n ess5tial = a p]son att5d+ a p[]-loom2 consequ5tly1 wom5 & "y p]sons ( bo? sexes1 f fifte5 to sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 f9d employm5t 9 p[]-loom factories4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be a v limit$ view ( ! employm5t aris+ f ! introduction ( p[]-looms3 ! skill call$ into action 9 build+ ! new factories1 9 con/ruct+ ! new ma*9]y1 9 mak+ ! /eam-eng9es to drive x1 & 9 devis+ improvem5ts 9 ! /ructure ( ! looms1 z well z 9 regulat+ ! economy ( ! e/abli%m5t1 is ( a mu* high] ord] ?an t :i* x _h assi/$ 9 sup]s$+2 & if we possess$ any means ( measur+ ?is1 x w\ld probably be f\nd l>g] 9 am\nt4 ,nor1 9 ?is view ( ! subject1 mu/ we omit ! fact1 t al?\gh h&-looms w\ld h increas$ 9 numb] if ^? mov$ by /eam _h n be5 inv5t$1 yet x is ! *eapness ( ! article manufactur$ by p[]-looms :i* has caus$ ?is great ext5sion ( _! employm5t1 & t by dim9i%+ ! price ( "o article ( comm]ce1 we always call into additional activity ! en]gy ( ^? :o produce o!rs4 ,x appe>s t ! numb] ( h&-looms 9 use 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& 9 #ahcj1 0 ab\t #bdj1jjj2 ne>ly ! same numb] exi/$ 9 ! ye> #ahbj3 :]eas ! numb] ( p[]-looms :i*1 9 #ahcj1 0 #ee1jjj1 _h1 9 #ahbj1 be5 #ad1jjj4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ea* ( ^! p[]looms did z mu* "w z ?ree work$ by h&1 ! increas$ produc+ p[] 0 equal to t ( #abc1jjj h&-looms4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod ! wages & employm5t ( h&-loom weav]s h be5 v prec>i\s4 #dac4 ,increas$ intellig5ce among/ ! work+ classes1 may enable !m to =esee "s ( ^? improvem5ts :i* are likely = a "t to affect ! value ( _! lab\r2 & ! assi/ance ( sav+s banks & fri5dly societies1 7! advantages ( :i* c nev] be too frequ5tly1 or too /rongly1 press$ ^u _! att5tion71 may be ( "s avail 9 rem$y+ ! evil3 b x may be useful also to sugge/ to !m1 t a div]sity ( employm5ts among/ ! memb]s ( "o family w t5d1 9 "s measure1 to mitigate ! privations :i* arise f fluctuation 9 ! value ( lab\r4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,9 #ahaj1 ! workman's wages 7 gu>ante$ n to be less ?an #bfs4 ,*apt] #cc ,on ! ,effect ( ,taxes & ( ,legal ,re/rictions ^u ,manufactures #dad4 ,z soon z a tax is put ^u any article1 ! +5uity ( ^? :o make1 & ( ^? :o use x1 is direct$ to ! means ( evad+ z l>ge a "p ( ! tax z !y c2 & ?is may (t5 be accompli%$ 9 ways :i* are p]fectly fair & legal4 ,an excise duty exi/s at pres5t ( #c;d47#a997 p] p\nd ^u all writ+ pap]4 ,! effect ( ?is impo/ is1 t mu* ( ! pap] :i* is employ$1 is made extremely ?91 9 ord] t ! weight ( a giv5 numb] ( %eets may be z small z possible4 ,soon aft] ! fir/ imposition ( ! tax ^u w9d[s1 :i* dep5d$ ^u _! numb]1 & n ^u _! size1 new-built h\ses began to h few] w9d[s & ^? ( l>g] dim5sions ?an be=e4 ,/aircases 7 light$ by extremely long w9d[s1 illum9at+ ?ree or f\r flights ( /airs4 ,:5 ! tax 0 increas$1 & ! size ( w9d[s *>g$ z s+le 0 limit$1 !n /ill great] c>e 0 tak5 to h z few w9d[s z possible1 & int]nal lights became frequ5t4 ,^! int]nal lights 9 _! turn became ! subject ( taxation2 b x 0 easy to evade ! discov]y ( !m1 & 9 ! la/ ,act ( ,p>liam5t r$uc+ ! assess$ taxes1 !y ceas$ to be *>geable4 ,f ! *anges ?us successively introduc$ 9 ! numb] ! =ms1 & ! positions ( ! w9d[s1 a tol]able conjecture might1 9 "s in/ances1 be =m$ ( ! age ( a h\se4 #dae4 ,a tax on w9d[s is expos$ to objection on ! d\ble gr\nd ( its exclud+ air & light1 & x is on bo? acc\nts injuri\s to heal?4 ,! importance ( light to ! enjoym5t ( heal? is n p]haps suffici5tly appreciat$3 9 ! cold & m v>iable climates1 x is ( /ill great] importance ?an 9 w>m] c\ntries4 #daf4 ,! effects ( regulations ( excise ^u our home manufactures are (t5 productive ( great inconv5i5ce2 & *eck1 mat]ially1 ! natural progress ( improvem5t4 ,x is frequ5tly necess>y1 = ! purposes ( rev5ue1 to oblige manufactur]s to take out a lic5se1 & to compel !m to "w accord+ to c]ta9 rules1 & to make c]ta9 /at$ quantities at ea* op]ation4 ,:5 ^! quantities are l>ge1 z 9 g5]al !y are1 !y det] manufactur]s f mak+ exp]im5ts1 & ?us imp$e improvem5ts bo? 9 ! mode ( conduct+ ! processes & 9 ! introduction ( new mat]ials4 ,difficulties ( ?is nature h occurr$ 9 exp]im5t+ ^u glass = optical purposes2 b 9 ?is case1 p]mission has be5 obta9$ by fit p]sons to make exp]im5ts1 )\t ! int]f]5ce ( ! excise4 ,x ought1 h[ev]1 to be rememb]$1 t su* p]mission1 if frequ5tly or indiscrim9ately grant$1 might be abus$3 ! greate/ protection aga9/ su* an abuse w be f\nd1 9 br++ ! =ce ( public op9ion to be> ^u sci5tific m5 & ?us enabl+ ! prop] au?orities1 al?\gh !mselves b mod]ately conv]sant ) sci5ce1 to judge ( ! propriety ( ! p]mission1 f ! public "* ( ! applicant4 #dag4 ,f ! evid5ce giv51 9 #ahjh1 be=e ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,on ,di/illation f ,sug> & ,molasses1 x appe>$ t1 by a diff]5t mode ( work+ f t prescrib$ by ! ,excise1 ! spirits f a giv5 weight ( corn1 :i* !n produc$ eighte5 gallons1 might easily h be5 increas$ to tw5ty gallons4 ,no?+ m is requir$ = ?is purpose1 ?an to make :at is call$ ! wa% weak]1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is1 t f]m5tation goes on to a great] ext5t4 ,x 0 /at$1 h[ev]1 t su* a deviation w\ld r5d] ! collection ( ! duty liable to great difficulties2 & t x w\ld n b5efit ! di/ill] mu*1 s9ce 8 price 0 enhanc$ to ! cu/om] by any increase ( exp5se 9 ! fabrication4 ,"h !n is a case 9 :i* a quantity1 am\nt+ to "o-n9? ( ! total produce1 is actually lo/ to ! c\ntry4 ,a simil> effect arises 9 ! coal trade1 f ! effect ( a duty1 =1 accord+ to ! evid5ce be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 x appe>s t a consid]able quantity ( ! v be/ coal is actually wa/$4 ,! ext5t ( ?is wa/e is v v>i\s 9 diff]5t m9es2 b 9 "s cases x am\nts to "o-?ird4 #dah4 ,! effects ( duties ^u ! import ( =eign manufactures are equally curi\s4 ,a s+ul> in/ance occurr$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e b>-iron 01 on its introduction4 liable to a duty ( #adj p] c5t ad valorem1 :il/ h>dw>e 0 *>g$ at #be p] c5t only4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is tax1 l>ge quantities ( malleable iron rails = railroads 7 import$ into ,am]ica "u ! d5om9ation ( h>dw>e2 ! diff]5ce ( #aae p] c5t 9 duty m ?an c\nt] balanc+ ! exp5se ( fa%ion+ ! iron into rails prior to its importation4 #dai4 ,duties1 drawbacks1 & b\nties1 :5 consid]able 9 am\nt1 are all liable to objections ( a v s]i\s nature1 f ! frauds to :i* !y give rise4 ,x has be5 /at$ be=e ,committees ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 t calicoes made up 9 ! =m1 & ) ! appe>ance ( l951 h frequ5tly be5 export$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! b\nty1 = calico made up 9 ?is way sells only at #as4 #d;d4 p] y>d1 :]eas l95 ( equal f95ess is wor? f #bs4 #h;d4 to #bs4 #aj;d4 p] y>d4 ,x appe>$ f ! evid5ce1 t "o h\se 9 six mon?s sold five hundr$ su* pieces ( calico4 ,9 almo/ all cases heavy duties1 or prohibitions1 are ineffective z well z injuri\s2 = unless ! articles exclud$ are ( v l>ge dim5sions1 !re con/antly arises a price at :i* !y w be cl&e/9ely import$ by ! smuggl]4 ,! ext5t1 !re=e1 to :i* smuggl+ c be c>ri$1 %\ld always be consid]$ 9 ! imposition ( new duties1 or 9 ! alt]ation ( old ones4 ,un=tunately x has be5 pu%$ s f>1 & is s sy/ematically conduct$ betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ,france1 t ! price p] c5t at :i* mo/ contrab& articles c be procur$ is p]fectly well kn[n4 ,f ! evid5ce ( ,mr ,gall[ay1 x appe>s t1 f #cj to #dj p] c5t 0 ! rate ( insurance on export+ prohibit$ ma*9]y f ,engl&1 & t ! l>g] ! quantity ! less 0 ! p]c5tage dem&$4 ,f evid5ce giv5 9 ! ,report ( ! ,wat* & ,clock-mak]s' ,committee1 9 #ahag1 x appe>s t p]sons 7 con/antly 9 ! habit ( receiv+ 9 ,france wat*es1 lace1 silks1 & o!r articles ( value easily portable1 & deliv]+ !m 9 ,engl& at t5 p] c5t on _! e/imat$ wor?1 9 :i* sum ! co/ ( transport & ! risk ( smuggl+ 7 includ$4 #dbj4 ,! process employ$ 9 manufactur+ (t5 dep5ds ^u ! mode 9 :i* a tax is levi$ on ! mat]ials1 or on ! article produc$4 ,w at* glasses are made 9 ,engl& by workm5 :o pur*ase f ! glass h\se globes ( five or six in*es 9 diamet]1 out ( :i*1 by means ( a piece ( r$-hot tobacco pipe1 guid$ r\nd a patt]n wat* glass plac$ on ! globe1 !y crack five o!rs3 ^! are aft]w>ds gr\nd & smoo!d on ! edges4 ,9 ! ,tyrol ! r\gh wat* glasses are suppli$ at once f ! glass h\se2 ! workman1 apply+ a ?ick r+ ( cold glass to ea* globe z soon z x is bl[n1 causes a piece1 ( ! size ( a wat* glass1 to be crack$ out4 ,! rema9+ portion ( ! globe is imm$iately brok51 & returns to ! melt+ pot4 ,?is process c\ld n be adopt$ 9 ,engl& ) ! same economy1 because ! :ole ( ! glass tak5 out ( ! pot is subject to ! excise duty4 #dba4 ,! objections ?us /at$ z incid5tal to p>ticul> modes ( taxation are n rais$ ) a view to ! removal ( ^? p>ticul> taxes2 _! fitness or unfitness mu/ be decid$ by a mu* wid] enquiry1 into :i* x is n ! object ( ?is volume to ent]4 ,taxes are ess5tial = ! security bo? ( lib]ty & prop]ty1 & ! evils :i* h be5 m5tion$ may be ! lea/ among/ ^? :i* might h be5 *os54 ,x is1 h[ev]1 important t ! v>i\s effects ( e tax %\ld be /udi$1 & t ^? %\ld be adopt$ :i*1 ^u ! :ole1 are f\nd to give ! lea/ *eck to ! productive indu/ry ( ! c\ntry4 #dbb4 ,9 enquir+ into ! effect produc$1 or to be appreh5d$ f any p>ticul> mode ( taxation1 x is necess>y to exam9e a little into ! int]e/s ( ! p>ties :o approve ( ! plan 9 "q1 z well z ( ^? :o object to x4 ,in/ances h occurr$ :]e ! p]sons pay+ a tax into ! h&s ( gov]nm5t h !mselves be5 adv]se to any r$uction4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! case ( "o class ( calico-pr9t]s1 ^: int]e/ really 0 injur$ by a removal ( ! tax on ! pr9t+3 !y receiv$ f ! manufactur]s1 paym5t = ! duty1 ab\t two mon?s be=e !y 7 !mselves call$ on to pay x to gov]nm5t2 & ! consequ5ce 01 t a consid]able capital always rema9$ 9 _! h&s4 ,! evid5ce :i* /ates ?is circum/ance is well calculat$ to promote a reasonable circumspection 9 su* enquiries4 ,"q4 ,d y happ5 to "k any?+ ( an opposition f calico pr9t]s to ! repeal ( ! tax on pr9t$ calicoes8 ,answ]4 ,i h c]ta9ly he>d ( su* an opposition1 & am n surpris$ at x4 ,!re are v few individuals :o are1 9 fact1 int]e/$ 9 ! nonrepeal ( ! tax2 !re are two classes ( calico-pr9t]s2 "o1 :o pr9t _! own clo?1 s5d _! goods into ! m>ket1 & sell !m on _! own acc\nt2 !y frequ5tly advance ! duty to gov]nm5t1 & pay x 9 ca% be=e _! goods are sold1 b g5]ally be=e ! goods are paid =1 be+ mo/ commonly sold on a cr$it ( six mon?s3 !y are ( c\rse int]e/$ on t acc\nt1 z well z on o!rs t h be5 /at$1 9 ! repeal ( ! tax4 ,! o!r class ( calico-pr9t]s pr9t ! clo? ( o!r p2 !y pr9t = hire1 & on re-deliv]y ( ! clo? :5 pr9t$1 !y receive ! am\nt ( ! duty1 :i* !y are n call$ ^u to pay to gov]nm5t soon]1 on an av]age1 ?an n9e weeks f ! /amp+ ( ! goods4 ,:]e ! bus9ess is c>ri$ on ^u a l>ge scale1 ! arre>s ( duty due to gov]nm5t (t5 am\nt to eight1 or ev5 t5 ?\s& p\nds1 & furni% a capital ) :i* ^! g5tlem5 c>ry on _! bus9ess2 x is n1 !re=e1 to be wond]$ at t !y %\ld be oppos$ to ! pray] ( our petition4 #dbc4 ,! policy ( giv+ b\nties ^u home productions1 & ( en=c+ re/rictions aga9/ ^? :i* c be produc$ m *eaply 9 o!r c\ntries1 is ( a v que/ionable nature3 &1 except = ! purpose ( introduc+ a new manufacture1 9 a c\ntry :]e !re is n mu* comm]cial or manufactur+ _s1 is sc>cely to be def5d$4 ,all incid5tal modes ( tax+ "o class ( ! community1 ! consum]s1 to an unkn[n ext5t1 = ! sake ( support+ ano!r class1 ! manufactur]s1 :o w\ld o!rwise ab&on t mode ( employ+ _! capital1 are highly objectionable4 ,"o "p ( ! price ( any article produc$ "u su* circum/ances1 consi/s ( ! exp5diture1 toge!r ) ! ord9>y pr(its ( capital3 ! o!r "p ( its price may be look$ ^u z *>ity1 giv5 to induce ! manufactur] to cont9ue an unpr(itable use ( 8 capital1 9 ord] to give employm5t to 8 workm54 ,if ! sum ( :at ! consum]s are ?us =c$ to pay1 m]ely on acc\nt ( ^! artificial re/rictions1 :]e g5]ally kn[n1 its am\nt w\ld a/oni% ev5 ^? :o advocate !m2 & x w\ld be evid5t to bo? p>ties1 t ! employm5t ( capital 9 ^? bran*es ( trade ought to be ab&on$4 #dbd4 ,! re/riction ( articles produc$ 9 a manufactory to c]ta9 sizes1 is att5d$ ) "s good effect 9 an economical view1 aris+ *iefly f ! small] numb] ( diff]5t tools requir$ 9 mak+ !m1 z well z f less frequ5t *ange 9 ! adju/m5t ( ^? tools4 ,a simil> s\rce ( economy is employ$ 9 ! ,navy3 by hav+ %ips divid$ into a c]ta9 numb] ( classes1 ea* ( :i* comprises vessels ( ! same dim5sions1 ! rigg+ made = "o vessel w fit any o!r ( its class2 a circum/ance :i* r5d]s ! supply ( di/ant /ations m easy4 #dbe4 ,! effects ( ! removal ( a monopoly are (t5 v important1 & !y 7 p]haps nev] m rem>kable ?an 9 ! bobb9 net trade1 9 ! ye>s #ahbd & #ahbe4 ,^! effects 71 h[ev]1 consid]ably enhanc$ by ! g5]al rage = speculation :i* 0 s preval5t dur+ t s+ul> p]iod4 ,"o ( ! pat5ts ( ,mr ,hea?cote = a bobb9 net ma*9e _h j !n expir$1 :il/ ano!r1 = an improvem5t 9 a p>ticul> "p ( su* ma*9es1 call$ a turn aga91 _h yet a few ye>s to run4 ,_m lic5ses _h be5 grant$ to use ! =m] pat5t1 :i* 7 *>g$ at ! rate ( ab\t five p\nds p] annum = ea* qu>t] ( a y>d 9 wid?1 s t :at is t]m$ a six-qu>t] frame 7:i* makes bobb9 net a y>d & a half wide7 paid ?irty p\nds a ye>4 ,! second pat5t 0 ultimately ab&on$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahbc1 infr+em5ts ( x hav+ tak5 place4 ,x 0 n surpris+ t1 on ! removal ( ! monopoly aris+ f ?is pat5t1 a multitude ( p]sons became desir\s ( emb>k+ 9 a trade :i* _h hi!rto yield$ a v l>ge pr(it4 ,! bobb9 net ma*9e occupies little space2 & is1 f t circum/ance1 well adapt$ = a dome/ic manufacture4 ,! ma*9es :i* already exi/$1 7 pr9cipally 9 ! h&s ( ! manufactur]s2 b1 a k9d ( mania = obta9+ !m seiz$ on p]sons ( all descriptions1 :o c\ld raise a small capital2 &1 "u its influ5ce1 but*]s1 bak]s1 small f>m]s1 publicans1 g5tlem5's s]vants1 &1 9 "s cases1 ev5 cl]gym51 became anxi\s to possess bobb9 net ma*9es4 ,"s few ma*9es 7 r5t$2 b1 9 mo/ ( ^! cases1 ! workman pur*as$ ! ma*9e he employ$1 by in/alm5ts ( f ,l#c to ,l#f weekly1 = a six qu>t] ma*9e2 & _m individuals1 unacqua9t$ ) ! mode ( us+ ! ma*9es s pur*as$1 paid o!rs ( m exp]i5ce = in/ruct+ !m 9 _! use2 ,l#ej or ,l#fj be+ sometimes giv5 = ?is in/ruction4 ,! success ( ! fir/ speculators induc$ o!rs to foll[ ! example2 & ! ma*9e-mak]s 7 almo/ ov]:elm$ ) ord]s = lace frames4 ,su* 0 ! desire to procure !m1 t _m p]sons deposit$ a l>ge "p1 or ! :ole1 ( ! price1 9 ! h&s ( ! frame-mak]s1 9 ord] to insure _! hav+ ! e>lie/ supply4 ,?is1 z might naturally be expect$1 rais$ ! price ( wages among/ ! workm5 employ$ 9 ma*9e-mak+2 & ! effect 0 felt at a consid]able di/ance f ,nott+ham1 :i* 0 ! c5tre ( ?is mania4 ,smi?s n us$ to flat fil+1 com+ f di/ant p>ts1 e>n$ f #cjs4 to #dbs4 p] week4 ,f9i%+ smi?s1 accu/om$ to ! "w1 ga9$ f ,l#c to ,l#d p] week44,! =g+ smi?1 if accu/om$ to 8 "w1 ga9$ f ,l#e to ,l#f p] week1 & "s few e>n$ ,l#aj p] week4 ,9 mak+ :at are te*nically call$ insides1 ^? :o 7 be/ paid1 7 g5]ally clock- & wat*mak]s1 f all ! di/ricts r\nd1 :o receiv$ f ,l#c to ,l#d p] week4 ,! sett]s-up--p]sons :o put ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e toge!r--*>g$ ,l#bj = _! assi/ance2 &1 a six qu>t] ma*9e1 c\ld be put toge!r 9 a =tnight or ?ree weeks4 #dbf4 ,good workm51 be+ ?us induc$ to des]t less pr(itable bran*es ( _! bus9ess1 9 ord] to supply ?is extraord9>y dem&1 ! ma/]s1 9 o!r trades1 soon f\nd _! m5 leav+ !m1 )\t be+ aw>e ( ! imm$iate reason3 "s ( ! m intellig5t1 h[ev]1 asc]ta9$ ! cause4 ,!y w5t f ,birm+ham to ,nott+ham1 9 ord] to exam9e into ! circum/ances :i* _h s$uc$ almo/ all ! j\rneym5 clockmak]s f _! own work%ops2 & x 0 soon app>5t1 t ! m5 :o _h be5 work+ z clockmak]s 9 ,birm+ham1 at ! rate ( #bes4 a week1 c\ld e>n ,l#b by work+ at lace frame-mak+ 9 ,nott+ham4 ,on exam9+ ! nature ( ?is pr(itable "w1 ! ma/] clockmak]s p]ceiv$ t "o "p ( ! bobb9 net ma*9es1 t :i* held ! bobb9s1 c\ld easily be made 9 _! own work%ops4 ,!y !re=e contract$ ) ! ma*9e-mak]s1 :o _h already m "w ord]$ ?an !y c\ld execute1 to supply ! bobb9 c>ri]s1 at a price :i* enabl$ !m1 on _! return home1 to give su* increas$ wages z 7 suffici5t to reta9 _! own workm51 z well z yield !mselves a good pr(it4 ,?us an additional facility 0 af=d$ = ! con/ruction ( ^! bobb9 net ma*9es3 & ! conclusion 0 n difficult to be =ese54 ,! imm5se supply ( bobb9 net ?us p\r$ into ! m>ket1 spe$ily r$uc$ its price2 ?is r$uction 9 price1 r5d]$ ! ma*9es by :i* ! net 0 made1 less valuable2 "s few ( ! e>lie/ produc]s1 = a %ort "t1 c>ri$ on a pr(itable trade2 b multitudes 7 disappo9t$1 & _m ru9$4 ,! l[ price at :i* ! fabric sold1 toge!r ) its lightness & beauty1 comb9$ to ext5d ! sale2 & ultimately1 new improvem5ts 9 ! ma*9es1 r5d]$ ! old] ones /ill less valuable4 #dbg4 ,! bobb9 net trade is1 at pres5t1 bo? ext5sive & increas+2 &1 z x may1 probably1 claim a l>g] portion ( public att5tion at "s future "t1 x w be int]e/+ to describe briefly its actual /ate4 ,a lace frame on ! mo/ improv$ pr9ciple1 at ! pres5t day1 manufactur+ a piece ( net two y>ds wide1 :5 work$ night & day1 w produce six hundr$ & tw5ty racks p] week4 ,a rack is two hundr$ & =ty holes2 & z 9 ! ma*9e to :i* we ref]1 ?ree racks are equal 9 l5g? to "o y>d1 x w produce #ba1dic squ>e y>ds ( bobb9 net annually4 ,?ree m5 keep ?is ma*9e con/antly work+2 &1 !y 7 paid 7by piece-"w7 ab\t #bes4 ea* p] week1 9 #ahcj4 ,two boys1 work+ only 9 ! day-"t1 c prep>e ! bobb9s = ?is ma*9e1 & are paid f #bs4 to #ds4 p] week1 accord+ to _! skill4 ,=ty-six squ>e y>ds ( ?is net weigh two p\nds ?ree ounces2 s t ea* squ>e y>d weighs a little m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( an ounce4 #dbh4 ,= a cond5s$ & g5]al view ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?is trade1 we %all avail ourselves ( a /atem5t by ,mr ,william ,felk91 ( ,nott+ham1 dat$ ,septemb]1 #ahca1 & entitl$ ,facts & ,calculations illu/rative ( ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,bobb9 ,net ,trade4 ,x appe>s to h be5 collect$ ) c>e1 & conta9s1 9 a s+le %eet ( pap]1 a body ( facts ( ! greate/ importance4 99 #dbi4 ,! total capital employ$ 9 ! factories1 = prep>+ ! cotton1 9 ^? = weav+ ! bobb9 net1 & 9 v>i\s processes to :i* x is subject1 is e/imat$ at above ,l#b1jjj1jjj1 & ! numb] ( p]sons :o receive wages1 at above two hundr$ ?\s&4 ,comp>ison ( ! value ( ! raw mat]ial import$1 ) ! value ( ! goods manufactur$ !refrom ,am\nt ( ,sea ,isl& cotton annually us$ #a1fjj1jjj lbs41 value ,l#abj1jjj2 ?is is manufactur$ into y>n1 weigh+ #a1jjj1jjj lbs41 value ,l#ejj1jjj4 ,!re is also us$ #be1jjj lbs4 ( raw silk1 :i* co/s ,l#cj1jjj1 & is d\bl$ into #aj1jjj lbs4 ?r[n1 wor? ,l#dj1jjj4 ,raw ,mat]ial2 ,manufacture2 ,squ>e y>ds produc$2 ,value p] sq4 yd47s4 d472 ,total value 7,l7 ,cotton #a1fjj1jjj2 lbs2 ,p[] ,net2 #f1gej1jjj2 #a #c2 #dba1hge ,h& ditto2 #ae1gej1jjj2 #a #i2 #a1cgh1abe ,fancy ditto2 #aej1jjj2 #c #f2 #bf1bej ,silk1 #be1jjj lbs2 ,silk ,goods2 #gej1jjj2 #a #i2 #fe1fbe #bc1djj1jjj2 #a1hia1hge 99 ,i _c omit ! opportunity ( express+ my hope t ?is example w be foll[$ 9 o!r trades4 ,we %\ld ?us obta9 a body ( in=mation equally important to ! workman1 ! capitali/1 ! philosoph]1 & ! /atesman4 ,! br[n nets :i* are sold 9 ! ,nott+ham m>ket are 9 "p dispos$ ( by ! ag5ts ( twelve or fifte5 ( ! l>g] mak]s1 i4e4 to ! am\nt ( ab\t ,l#bej1jjj a ye>4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! rema9d]1 i4e4 ab\t ,l#a1jej1jjj a ye>1 is sold by ab\t two hundr$ ag5ts1 :o take ! goods f "o w>eh\se to ano!r = sale4 ,( ?is production1 ab\t half is export$ 9 ! unembroid]$ /ate4 ,! exports ( bobb9 net are 9 great "p to ,hamburgh1 = sale at home & at ,leipzic & ,frank=t fairs4 ,antw]p1 & ! re/ ( ,belgium2 to ,france1 by contrab&2 to ,italy1 & ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?\gh a v suitable article1 yet ! quantity s5t ea/w>d ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 has hi!rto be5 too trifl+ = notice4 ,?ree-eigh?s ( ! :ole production are sold unembroid]$ at home4 ,! rema9+ "o-eigh? is embroid]$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & increases ! ultimate value z "u1 viz4 ,embroid]y ,increases value ,ultimate wor? ,l ,l ,on p[] net #aca1hdj #eec1gae ,on h& net #a1bje1hfj #b1ehc4ihe ,on fancy net #gh1gej #aje1jjj ,on silk net #aji1cge #age1jjj ,total embroid]y1 wages & pr(its #a1ebe1hbe ,ultimate total value #c1dag1gjj ,f ?is x appe>s1 t 9 ! op]ations ( ?is trade1 :i* _h no exi/5ce tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,l#abj1jjj orig9al co/ ( cotton becomes1 :5 manufactur$1 ( ! ultimate value ( ,l#c1bdb1gjj /]l+4 ,z to weekly wages paid1 ,i haz>d ! foll[+ z ! judgem5t ( ^? conv]sant ) ! respective bran*es1 viz4 ,9 f9e sp9n+ & d\bl+1 adults #bes42 *ildr5 #gs43 "w twelve h\rs p] day4 ,9 bobb9 net mak+2 m5 work+ ma*9es1 #ahs42 appr5tices1 y\?s ( fifte5 or m1 #ajs42 by p[]1 fifte5 h\rs2 by h&1 eight to twelve h\rs1 accord+ to wid?4 ,9 m5d+2 *ildr5 #ds42 wom5 #hs42 "w n9e to f\rte5 h\rs ad libitum4 ,9 w9d+1 ?read+1 etc41 *ildr5 & "y wom51 #es43 irregul> "w1 accord+ to ! progress ( ma*9es4 ,9 embroid]y2 *ildr5 sev5 ye>s old & upw>ds1 #as4 to #cs42 "w t5 to twelve h\rs2 wom51 if regul>ly at "w1 #es4 to #gs4 #f;d42 twelve to f\rte5 h\rs4 ,z an example ( ! effect ( ! wages ( lace embroid]y1 etc41 x may be obs]v$1 x is (t5 ! case t a /ock+ weav] 9 a c\ntry village w e>n only #gs4 a week1 & 8 wife & *ildr5 #gs4 to #ads4 m at ! embroid]y frame4 #dcj4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! h&-ma*9es employ$ 9 ! bobb9 net manufacture are work$ 9 %ops1 =m+ "p (1 or atta*$ to1 private h\ses4 ,! subjo9$ li/ w %[ ! k9ds ( ma*9]y employ$1 & classes ( p]sons to :om x belongs4 ,bobb9 net ma*9]y n[ at "w 9 ! ,k+dom ,h& lev]s #f qu>t] #ejj ,h& circul>s #f qu>t] #ajj #g qu>t] #bjj #g qu>t] #cjj #h qu>t] #cjj #h qu>t] #djj #aj qu>t] #cjj #i qu>t] #ajj #ab qu>t] #cj #aj qu>t] #cjj #af qu>t] #bj #ab qu>t] #ajj #bj qu>t] #a ,h& transv]se1 pu%]1 ,h& rot>y #aj qu>t] #ej /raight bolt1 etc4 av]ag+ #e qu>t]s #gej #ab qu>t] #ej #bjej #adea ,total h& ma*9es #ceja ,p[] #f qu>t] #ajj #g qu>t] #dj #h qu>t] #cej #aj qu>t] #bgj #ab qu>t] #bbj #af qu>t] #bj ,total p[] ma*9es #ajjj ,total numb] ( ma*9es #deja #gjj p]sons own #a ma*9e1 #gjj ma*9es4 #bbf #b #deb #aha #c #edc #if #d #chd #dj #e #bjj #ba #f #abf #ag #g #aai #ai #h #aeb #ag #i #aec #ab #aj #abj #h #aa #hh #f #ab #gb #e #ac #fe #e #ad #gj #d #af #fd #be own respectively #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb1 #cc1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ej1 #fj1 #fh1 #gj1 #ge1 #ie1 #aje1 #bjf #aaib ,numb] ( own]s ( ma*9es--#achb ,hold+ toge!r #dejj ma*9es4 ,! h& workm5 consi/ ( ! above-nam$ own]s #ajjj ,& ( j\rneym5 & appr5tices #djjj #ejjj ,^! ma*9es are di/ribut$ z foll[s ,nott+ham #abdj ,new ,rad=d #adj ,old ,rad=d & ,bloomsgrove #bdj ,ison ,gre5 #afj ,bee/on & ,*ilwell #acj ,new & ,old ,sn5ton #ahj ,d]by & its vic9ity #ahe ,l\ghbor\gh & its vic9ity #che ,leice/] #ie ,mansfield #he ,tiv]ton #bbj ,b>n/able l#hj ,*>d #aij ,isle ( ,wight #hj ,9 sundry o!r places #iij #dejj ,( ! above own]s1 "o ?\s& "w 9 _! own ma*9es1 & ent] into ! class ( j\rneym5 z well z t ( ma/]s 9 op]at+ on ! rate ( wages4 ,if !y r$uce ! price ( _! goods 9 ! m>ket1 !y r$uce _! own wages fir/2 &1 ( c\rse1 ev5tually ! rate ( wages ?r\gh\t ! trade4 ,x is a v lam5table fact1 t "o-half1 or m1 ( ! "o ?\s& "o hundr$ p]sons specifi$ 9 ! li/ z own+ "o1 two1 & ?ree ma*9es1 h be5 compell$ to mortgage _! ma*9es = m ?an _! wor? 9 ! m>ket1 & are 9 _m cases totally insolv5t4 ,_! ma*9es are pr9cipally n>r[ & mak+ %ort pieces1 :ile ! absurd sy/em ( blea*+ at s mu* a piece goods ( all l5g?s & wid?s1 & dress+ at s mu* all wid?s1 has caus$ ! new ma*9es to be all wide1 & capable ( produc+ long pieces2 ( c\rse to ! s]i\s disadvantage1 if n utt] ru91 ( ! small own] ( n>r[ ma*9es4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ above1 t wages h be5 r$uc$1 say #be p] c5t 9 ! la/ two ye>s1 or f #bds4 to #ahs4 a week4 ,ma*9es h increas$ 9 ! same "t "o-eigh? 9 numb]1 or f f\r ?\s& to f\r ?\s& five hundr$1 & "o-six? 9 capacity ( production4 ,x is des]v+ ! s]i\s notice ( all proprietors ( exi/+ ma*9es1 t ma*9es are n[ introduc+ into ! trade ( su* p[] ( production z mu/ /ill m ?an ev] depreciate 79 ! abs5ce ( an imm5sely increas$ dem&7 ! value ( _! prop]ty4 #dca4 ,f ?is ab/ract1 we may =m "s judgem5t ( ! importance ( ! bobb9 net trade4 ,b ! ext5t to :i* x bids fair to be c>ri$ 9 future1 :5 ! ea/]n m>kets %all be m op5 to our indu/ry1 may be conjectur$ f ! fact :i* ,mr ,felk9 subsequ5tly /ates t ',we c export a durable & elegant article 9 cotton bobb9 net1 at #d;d4 p] squ>e y>d1 prop] = c]ta9 useful & ornam5tal purposes1 z curta9s1 etc42 & ano!r article us$ = _m purposes 9 female dress at #f;d4 ! squ>e y>d4' #dcb4 ,( pat5ts4 ,9 ord] to enc\rage ! inv5tion1 ! improvem5t1 or ! importation ( ma*9es1 & ( discov]ies relat+ to manufactures1 x has be5 ! practice 9 _m c\ntries1 to grant to ! inv5tors or fir/ introduc]s1 an exclusive privilege = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,su* monopolies are t]m$ pat5ts2 & !y are grant$1 on ! paym5t ( c]ta9 fees1 = diff]5t p]iods1 f five to tw5ty ye>s4 ,! foll[+ table1 compil$ f ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ,pat5ts1 #ahbi1 %[s ! exp5se & duration ( pat5ts 9 v>i\s c\ntries3 ,c\ntries2 ,exp5se 7,l s4 d472 ,t]m ( ye>s2 ,numb] grant$ 9 six ye>s1 end+ 9 #ahbf47,rep4 p4 #bdc47 ,engl&2 #abj #j #j2 #ad2 #iad ,irel&2 #abe #j #j2 #ad2 ,scotl&2 #ajj #j #j2 #ad2 ,am]ica2 #f #ae #j2 #ad2 ,france2 #ab #j #j2 #e2 #cb #j #j2 #aj2 #fj #j #j2 #ae2 #ajia ,ne!rl&s2 ,l#f to ,l#cj2 #e1 #aj4 #ae ,au/ria2 #db #aj #j2 #ae2 #ajii ,spa97#c997 ,inv5tor2 #bj #i #d2 #ae2 ,improv]2 #ab #e #g2 #aj2 ,import]2 #aj #d #h2 #f2 #dcc4 ,x is cle>ly ( importance to pres]ve to ea* inv5tor ! sole use ( 8 inv5tion1 until he %all h be5 amply repaid = ! risk & exp5se to :i* he has be5 expos$1 z well z = ! tal5t he has ex]t$ 9 complet+ x4 ,b1 ! degrees ( m]it are s v>i\s1 & ! difficulties ( legislat+ ^u ! subject s great1 t x has be5 f\nd almo/ impossible to frame a law :i* %all n1 practically1 be op5 to ! mo/ s]i\s objections4 ,! difficulty ( def5d+ an ,engli% pat5t 9 any judicial trial1 is v great2 & ! numb] ( in/ances on record 9 :i* ! def5ce has succe$$1 are comp>atively few4 ,?is circum/ance has induc$ "s manufactur]s1 no long] to reg>d a pat5t z a privilege by :i* a monopoly price may be secur$3 b !y sell ! pat5t article at su* a price1 z w m]ely produce ! ord9>y pr(its ( capital2 & ?us secure to !mselves ! fabrication ( x1 because no competitors c d]ive a pr(it f invad+ a pat5t s ex]cis$4 #dcd4 ,! law ( copyright1 is1 9 "s measure1 alli$ to t ( pat5ts2 & x is curi\s to obs]ve1 t ^? species ( prop]ty :i* require ! highe/ tal5t1 & ! greate/ cultivation--:i* are1 m ?an any o!r1 ! pure creations ( m9d--%\ld h be5 ! late/ to be recogniz$ by ! ,/ate4 ,=tunately1 ! means ( decid+ on an infr+em5t ( prop]ty 9 reg>d to a lit]>y production1 are n v]v difficult2 b ! pres5t laws are1 9 "s cases1 productive ( consid]able h>d%ip1 z well z ( imp$im5t to ! advancem5t ( k4 #dce4 ,:il/ discuss+ ! g5]al exp$i5cy ( limitations & re/rictions1 x may be desirable to po9t out "o :i* seems to promise advantage1 ?\gh by no means free f grave objections4 ,! "q ( p]mitt+ by law1 ! exi/5ce ( p>tn]%ips 9 :i* ! responsibility ( "o or m ( ! p>tn]s is limit$ 9 am\nt1 is peculi>ly important 9 a manufactur+1 z well z a comm]cial po9t ( view4 ,9 ! =m] light1 x appe>s calculat$ to aid t division ( lab\r1 :i* we h already prov$ to be z advantage\s 9 m5tal z x is 9 bodily op]ations2 & x might possibly give rise to a m advantage\s di/ribution ( tal5t1 & its comb9ations1 ?an at pres5t exi/s4 ,!re are 9 ?is c\ntry1 _m p]sons possess$ ( mod]ate capital1 :o d n !mselves enjoy ! p[] ( inv5tion 9 ! me*anical & *emical arts1 b :o are tol]able judges ( su* inv5tions1 & excell5t judges ( human "*4 ,su* p]sons might1 ) great success1 employ !mselves 9 f9d+ out inv5tive workm51 ^: want ( capital prev5ts !m f realiz+ _! projects4 ,if !y c\ld ent] into a limit$ p>tn]%ip ) p]sons s circum/anc$1 !y might re/ra9 )9 prop] b\nds ! imag9ation ( ! inv5tor1 & by supply+ capital to judici\s s*emes1 r5d] a s]vice to ! c\ntry1 & secure a pr(it = !mselves4 #dcf4 ,among/ ! re/rictions int5d$ = ! g5]al b5efit ( our manufactur]s1 !re exi/$ a few ye>s ago "o by :i* workm5 7 =bidd5 to g out ( ! c\ntry4 ,a law s completely at v>iance ) ev]v pr9ciple ( lib]ty1 ought nev] to h be5 enact$4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until exp]i5ce _h conv9c$ ! legislature ( its ineffici5cy1 t x 0 repeal$4 99 ,:51 aft] ! la/ w>1 ! r5ew$ int]c\rse betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,cont95t became ext5sive1 x 0 soon f\nd t x 0 impossible to discov] ! v>i\s disguises :i* ! workm5 c\ld assume2 & ! effect ( ! law 0 r1 by ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 to det] ^? :o _h left ! c\ntry f return+1 ?an to *eck _! disposition to migrate4 #dcf4 7#d997 ,! pr9ciple1 t gov]nm5t ,ought to int]f]e z little z possible betwe5 workm5 & _! employ]s1 is s well e/abli%$1 t x is important to gu>d aga9/ its misapplication4 ,x is n inconsi/5t ) ?is pr9ciple to insi/ on ! workm5 be+ paid 9 money--= ?is is m]ely to protect !m f be+ deceiv$2 & /ill less is x a deviation f x to limit ! numb] ( h\rs dur+ :i* *ildr5 %all "w 9 factories1 or ! age at :i* !y %all comm5ce t species ( lab\r--= !y are n free ag5ts1 nor are !y capable ( judg+1 if !y 72 & bo? policy & humanity concur 9 dem&+ = !m "s legislative protection4 ,9 bo? cases x is z "r & politic to protect ! weak] p>ty f fraud or =ce1 z x w\ld be impolitic & unju/ to int]f]e ) ! am\nt ( ! wages ( ei!r4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,tw5ty eight %ill+s p] cwt = ! f9]1 tw5ty "o %ill+s p] cwt = ! co>s] pap]s4 #b4 ,i _c omit ! opportunity ( express+ my hope t ?is example w be foll[$ 9 o!r trades4 ,we %\ld ?us obta9 a body ( in=mation equally important to ! workman1 ! capitali/1 ! philosoph]1 & ! /ateman4 #c4 ,! exp5se ( a pat5t 9 ,spa9 is /at$ 9 ! report to be respectively #bjjj1 #abjj & #ajjj reals4 ,if ^! are reals ( vellon1 9 :i* acc\nts are usually kept at ,madrid1 ! above sums are correct2 b if !y are reals ( plate1 ! above sums ought to be ne>ly d\bl$4 #d4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbd ! law aga9/ workm5 go+ abroad1 z well z ! laws prev5t+ !m f comb9+1 7 repeal$1 aft] ! fulle/ enquiry by a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,9 #ahbe an attempt to re-enact "s ( ! mo/ objectionable 0 made1 b x fail$4 ,*apt] #cd ,on ! ,exportation ( ,ma*9]y #dcg4 ,a few ye>s only h elaps$1 s9ce our workm5 7 n m]ely prohibit$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t f transport+ !mselves to c\ntries 9 :i* _! indu/ry w\ld produce = !m high] wages1 b 7 =bidd5 to export ! great] "p ( ! ma*9]y :i* !y 7 employ$ to manufacture at home4 ,! reason assign$ = ?is prohibition 01 ! appreh5sion t =eign]s might avail !mselves ( our improv$ ma*9]y1 & ?us compete ) our manufactur]s4 ,x 01 9 fact1 a sacrifice ( ! int]e/s ( "o class ( p]sons1 ! mak]s ( ma*9]y1 = ! imag9$ b5efit ( ano!r class1 ^? :o use x4 ,n[1 indep5d5tly ( ! impolicy ( int]f]+1 )\t necessity1 betwe5 ^! two classes1 x may be obs]v$1 t ! fir/ class1 or ! mak]s ( ma*9]y1 are1 z a body1 f> m intellig5t ?an ^? :o only use x2 & ?\gh1 at pres5t1 !y are n ne>ly s num]\s1 yet1 :5 ! removal ( ! prohibition :i* cramps _! +5uity %all h _h "t to op]ate1 !re appe>s good reason to believe1 t _! numb] w be greatly increas$1 & may1 9 "t1 ev5 surpass t ( ^? :o use ma*9]y4 #dch4 ,! advocates ( ^! prohibitions 9 ,engl& seem to rely greatly ^u ! possibility ( prev5t+ ! k ( new contrivances f be+ convey$ to o!r c\ntries2 & !y take mu* too limit$ a view ( ! possible1 & ev5 probable1 improvem5ts 9 me*anics4 #dci4 ,= ! purpose ( exam9+ ?is "q1 let u consid] ! case ( two manufactur]s ( ! same article1 "o situat$ 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* lab\r is v *eap1 ! ma*9]y bad1 & ! modes ( transport sl[ & exp5sive2 ! o!r engag$ 9 manufactur+ 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* ! price ( lab\r is v high1 ! ma*9]y excell5t1 & ! means ( transport exp$iti\s & economical4 ,let !m bo? s5d _! produce to ! same m>ket1 & let ea* receive su* a price z %all give to him ! pr(it ord9>ily produc$ by capital 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t 9 su* circum/ances ! fir/ improvem5t 9 ma*9]y w occur 9 ! c\ntry :i* is mo/ advanc$ 9 civilization2 because1 ev5 admitt+ t ! +5uity to contrive 7 ! same 9 ! two c\ntries1 ! means ( execution are v diff]5t4 ,! effect ( improv$ ma*9]y 9 ! ri* c\ntry w be p]ceiv$ 9 ! common m>ket1 by a small fall 9 ! price ( ! manufactur$ article4 ,?is w be ! fir/ intimation to ! manufactur] ( ! poor c\ntry1 :o w endeav\r to meet ! dim9ution 9 ! sell+ price ( 8 article by increas$ indu/ry & economy 9 8 factory1 b he w soon f9d t ?is rem$y is tempor>y1 & t ! m>ket-price cont9ues to fall4 ,he w ?us be induc$ to exam9e ! rival fabric1 9 ord] to detect1 f its /ructure1 any improv$ mode ( mak+ x4 ,if1 z w\ld mo/ usually happ51 he %\ld be unsuccessful 9 ?is attempt1 he mu/ endeav\r to contrive improvem5ts 9 8 own ma*9]y1 or to acquire in=mation respect+ ^? :i* h be5 made 9 ! factories ( ! ri*] c\ntry4 ,p]haps aft] an ineffectual attempt to obta9 by lett]s ! in=mation he requires1 he sets out to visit 9 p]son ! factories ( 8 competitors4 ,to a =eign] & rival manufactur] su* e/abli%m5ts are n easily accessible1 & ! m rec5t ! improvem5ts1 ! less likely he w be to ga9 access to !m4 ,8 next /ep1 !re=e1 w be to obta9 ! k he is 9 se>* ( f ! workm5 employ$ 9 us+ or mak+ ! ma*9es4 ,)\t draw+s1 or an exam9ation ( ! ma*9es !mselves1 ?is process w be sl[ & t$i\s2 & he w be liable1 aft] all1 to be deceiv$ by artful & design+ workm51 & be expos$ to _m *ances ( failure4 ,b suppose he returns to 8 own c\ntry ) p]fect draw+s & in/ructions1 he mu/ !n beg9 to con/ruct 8 improv$ ma*9es3 & ^! he _c execute ei!r s *eaply or s well z 8 rivals 9 ! ri*] c\ntries4 ,b aft] ! lapse ( "s "t1 we %all suppose ! ma*9es ?us labori\sly improv$1 to be at la/ complet$1 & 9 work+ ord]4 #ddj4 ,let u n[ consid] :at w h occurr$ to ! manufactur] 9 ! ri* c\ntry4 ,he w1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 h realiz$ a pr(it by supply+ ! home m>ket1 at ! usual price1 ) an article :i* x co/s him less to produce2 he w !n r$uce ! price bo? 9 ! home & =eign m>ket1 9 ord] to produce a m ext5d$ sale4 ,x is 9 ?is /age t ! manufactur] 9 ! poor c\ntry fir/ feels ! effect ( ! competition2 & if we suppose only two or ?ree ye>s to elapse betwe5 ! fir/ application ( ! new improvem5t 9 ! ri* c\ntry1 & ! comm5cem5t ( its employm5t 9 ! poor c\ntry1 yet w ! manufactur] :o contriv$ ! improvem5t 7ev5 suppos+ t dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t he has made only "o /ep7 h realiz$ s l>ge a portion ( ! outlay :i* x requir$1 t he c af=d to make a mu* great] r$uction 9 ! price ( 8 produce1 & ?us to r5d] ! ga9s ( 8 rivals q inf]ior to 8 own4 #dda4 ,x is cont5d$ t by admitt+ ! exportation ( ma*9]y1 =eign manufactur]s w be suppli$ ) ma*9es equal to our own4 ,! fir/ answ] :i* pres5ts itself to ?is argum5t is suppli$ by almo/ ! :ole ( ! pres5t volume2 ,t 9 ord] to succe$ 9 a manufacture1 x is necess>y n m]ely to possess good ma*9]y1 b t ! dome/ic economy ( ! factory %\ld be mo/ c>efully regulat$4 ,! tru?1 z well z ! importance ( ?is pr9ciple1 is s well e/abli%$ 9 ! ,report ( a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons ',on ! ,export ( ,tools & ,ma*9]y'1 t ,i %all avail myself ( ! op9ions & evid5ce !re /at$1 be=e ,i (f] any obs]vations ( my own3 ,suppos+1 inde$1 t ! same ma*9]y :i* is us$ 9 ,engl& c\ld be obta9$ on ! ,cont95t1 x is ! op9ion ( "s ( ! mo/ intellig5t ( ! witnesses t a want ( arrangem5t 9 =eign manufactories1 ( division ( lab\r 9 _! "w1 ( skill & p]sev]ance 9 _! workm51 & ( ent]prise 9 ! ma/]s1 toge!r ) ! comp>atively l[ e/imation 9 :i* ! ma/] manufactur]s are held on ! ,cont95t1 & ) ! comp>ative want ( capital1 & ( _m o!r advantage\s circum/ances detail$ 9 ! evid5ce1 w\ld prev5t =eign]s f int]f]+ 9 any great degree by competition ) our pr9cipal manufactur]s2 on :i* subject ! ,committee submit ! foll[+ evid5ce z wor?y ! att5tion ( ! ,h\se3 ,i w\ld ask :e!r1 ^u ! :ole1 y consid] any dang] likely to arise to our manufactures f competition1 ev5 if ! ,fr5* 7 suppli$ ) ma*9]y equally good & *eap z our own8 ,!y w always be beh9d u until _! g5]al habits approximate to ours2 & !y mu/ be beh9d u = _m reasons t ,i h be=e giv54 ,:y mu/ !y be beh9d u8 ,"o o!r reason is1 t a cotton manufactur] :o left ,man*e/] sev5 ye>s ago1 w\ld be driv5 out ( ! m>ket by ! m5 :o are n[ liv+ 9 x1 provid$ 8 k _h n kept pace ) ^? :o h be5 dur+ t "t con/antly pr(it+ by ! progressive improvem5ts t h tak5 place 9 t p]iod3 ?is progressive k & exp]i5ce is our great p[] & advantage4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$1 t ! con/ant1 nay1 almo/ daily1 improvem5ts :i* take place 9 our ma*9]y itself1 z well z 9 ! mode ( its application1 require t all ^? means & advantages allud$ to above %\ld be 9 con/ant op]ation3 & t1 9 ! op9ion ( sev]al ( ! witnesses1 al?\gh ,europe 7 possess$ ( e tool n[ us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 along ) ! assi/ance ( ,engli% artisans1 :i* %e may h 9 any numb]1 yet1 f ! natural & acquir$ advantages possess$ by ?is c\ntry1 ! manufactur]s ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom w\ld = ages cont9ue to reta9 ! sup]iority !y n[ enjoy4 ,x is inde$ ! op9ion ( _m1 t if ! exportation ( ma*9]y 7 p]mitt$1 ! exportation w\ld (t5 consi/ ( ^? tools & ma*9es1 :i*1 al?\gh already sup]s$$ by new inv5tions1 /ill cont9ue to be employ$1 f want ( opportunity to get rid ( !m3 to ! detrim5t1 9 _m in/ances1 ( ! trade & manufactures ( ! c\ntry3 & x is matt] wor?y ( consid]ation1 & fully borne out by ! evid5ce1 t by su* increas$ =eign dem& = ma*9]y1 ! +5uity & skill ( our workm5 w\ld h great] scope2 & t1 important z ! improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y h lately be51 !y might1 "u su* circum/ances1 be fairly expect$ to increase to a degree beyond all prec$5t4 ,! _m important facilities = ! con/ruction ( ma*9es & ! manufactur+ ( commodities :i* we possess1 are enjoy$ by no o!r c\ntry2 nor is x likely t any c\ntry c enjoy !m to an equal ext5t = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,x is admitt$ by ev]yone1 t our skill is unrivall$2 ! indu/ry & p[] ( our p unequall$2 _! +5uity1 z display$ 9 ! cont9uol improvem5t 9 ma*9]y1 & production ( commodities1 )\t p>allel2 & app>5tly1 )\t limit4 ,! fre$om :i*1 "u our gov]nm5t1 e man has1 to use 8 capital1 8 lab\r1 & 8 tal5ts1 9 ! mann] mo/ conducive to 8 int]e/s1 is an ine/imable advantage2 canals are cut1 & railroads con/ruct$1 by ! volunt>y association ( p]sons ^: local k enables !m to place !m 9 ! mo/ desirable situations2 & ^! great advantages _c exi/ "u less free gov]nm5ts4 ,^! circum/ances1 :5 tak5 toge!r1 give su* a decid$ sup]iority to our p1 t no injuri\s rivalry1 ei!r 9 ! con/ruction ( ma*9]y or ! manufacture ( commodities1 c reasonably be anticipat$4 #ddb4 ,b1 ev5 if x 7 desirable to prev5t ! exportation ( a c]ta9 class ( ma*9]y1 x is abdundantly evid5t1 t1 :il/ ! exportation ( o!r classes is all[$1 x is impossible to prev5t ! =bidd5 "o f be+ smuggl$ out2 & t1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! additional risk has be5 well calculat$ by ! smuggl]4 #ddc4 ,x w\ld appe>1 also1 f v>i\s circum/ances1 t ! imm$iate exportation ( improv$ ma*9]y is n q s c]ta9 z has be5 assum$2 & t ! p[]ful pr9ciple ( self-int]e/ w urge ! mak]s ( x1 r to pu% ! sale 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,:5 a great mak] ( ma*9]y has contriv$ a new ma*9e = any p>ticul> process1 or has made "s great improvem5t ^u ^? 9 common use1 to :om w he naturally apply = ! purpose ( sell+ 8 new ma*9es8 ,und\bt$ly1 9 by f> ! majority ( cases1 to 8 ne>e/ & be/ cu/om]s1 ^? to :om he has imm$iate & p]sonal access1 & ^: capability to fulfil any contract is be/ kn[n to him4 ,) ^!1 he w communicate & (f] to take _! ord]s = ! new ma*9e2 nor w he ?9k ( writ+ to =eign cu/om]s1 s long z he f9ds ! home dem& suffici5t to employ ! :ole =ce ( 8 e/abli%m5t4 ,?us1 !re=e1 ! ma*9e-mak] is himself int]e/$ 9 giv+ ! fir/ advantage ( any new improvem5t to 8 own c\ntrym54 #ddd4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! ma*9e-mak]s 9 ,london greatly pref] home ord]s1 & d usually *>ge an additional price to _! =eign cu/om]s4 ,ev5 ! measure ( ?is pref]5ce may be f\nd 9 ! evid5ce be=e ! ,committee on ! ,export ( ,ma*9]y4 ,x is diff]5tly e/imat$ by v>i\s eng9e]s2 b appe>s to v>y f five up to tw5ty-five p] c5t on ! am\nt ( ! ord]4 ,! reasons are3 #a4 ,if ! ma*9]y be complicat$1 "o ( ! be/ workm51 well accu/om$ to ! mode ( "w 9 ! factory1 mu/ be s5t out to put x up2 & !re is always a consid]able *ance ( 8 hav+ (f]s t w induce him to rema9 abroad4 #b4 ,if ! "w be ( a m simple k9d1 & c be put up )\t ! help ( an ,engli% workman1 yet = ! cr$it ( ! h\se :i* supplies x1 & to prev5t ! accid5ts likely to occur f ! want ( suffici5t in/ruction 9 ^? :o use x1 ! p>ts are frequ5tly made /rong]1 & exam9$ m att5tively1 ?an !y w\ld be = an ,engli% pur*as]4 ,any defect or accid5t also w\ld be att5d$ ) m exp5se to repair1 if x occurr$ abroad1 ?an 9 ,engl&4 #dde4 ,! class ( workm5 :o make ma*9]y1 possess mu* m skill1 & are paid mu* m highly ?an t class :o m]ely use x2 &1 if a free exportation 7 all[$1 ! m valuable class w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 be greatly increas$2 =1 not)/&+ ! high rate ( wages1 !re is no c\ntry 9 :i*it c at ?is mom5t be made1 ei!r s well or s *eaply z 9 ,engl&4 ,we might1 !re=e1 supply ! :ole _w ) ma*9]y1 at an evid5t advantage1 bo? to ourselves & our cu/om]s4 ,9 ,man*e/]1 & ! surr\nd+ di/rict1 _m ?\s& m5 are :olly occupi$ 9 mak+ ! ma*9]y1 :i* gives employm5t to _m hundr$ ?\s&s :o use x2 b ! p]iod is n v remote1 :5 ! :ole numb] ( ^? :o us$ ma*9es1 0 n great] ?an ! numb] ( ^? :o at pres5t manufacture !m4 ,h5ce1 !n1 if ,engl& %\ld ev] become a great export] ( ma*9]y1 %e w\ld necess>ily conta9 a l>ge class ( workm51 to :om skill w\ld be indisp5sable1 &1 consequ5tly1 to :om high wages w\ld be paid2 & al?\gh h] manufactur]s might probably be comp>atively few] 9 numb]1 yet !y w\ld und\bt$ly h ! advantage ( be+ ! fir/ to d]ive pr(it f improvem5t4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 any dim9ution 9 ! dem& = ma*9]y1 w\ld1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be felt by a class mu* bett] able to meet x1 ?an t :i* n[ suff]s ^u e *eck 9 ! consumption ( manufactur$ goods2 & ! result+ mis]y w\ld !re=e assume a mitigat$ "*4 #ddf4 ,x has be5 fe>$1 t :5 o!r c\ntries h pur*as$ our ma*9es1 !y w cease to dem& new ones3 b ! /atem5t :i* has be5 giv5 ( ! usual progress 9 ! improvem5t ( ! ma*9]y employ$ 9 any manufacture1 & ( ! av]age "t :i* elapses be=e x is sup]s$$ by su* improvem5ts1 is a complete reply to ?is objection4 ,if our cu/om]s abroad did n adopt ! new ma*9]y contriv$ by u z soon z !y c\ld procure x1 !n our manufactur]s w\ld ext5d _! e/abli%m5ts1 & und]sell _! rivals 9 _! own m>kets4 #ddg4 ,x may also be urg$1 t 9 ea* k9d ( ma*9]y a maximum ( p]fection may be imag9$1 beyond :i* x is impossible to advance2 & c]ta9ly ! la/ advances are usually ! smalle/ :5 comp>$ ) ^? :i* prec$e !m3 b x %\ld be obs]v$1 t ^! advances are g5]ally made :5 ! numb] ( ma*9es 9 employm5t is already l>ge2 & :51 consequ5tly1 _! effects on ! p[] ( produc+ are v consid]able4 ,b ?\gh x %\ld be admitt$ t any "o species ( ma*9]y may1 aft] a long p]iod1 arrive at a degree ( p]fection :i* w\ld r5d] fur!r improvem5t ne>ly hopeless1 yet x is impossible to suppose t ?is c be ! case ) respect to all k9ds ( me*anism4 ,9 fact ! limit ( improvem5t is r>ely approa*$1 except 9 ext5sive bran*es ( national manufactures2 & ! numb] ( su* bran*es is1 ev5 at pres5t1 v small4 #ddh4 ,ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! exportation ( ma*9]y1 is1 t x w\ld facilitate ! transf] ( capital to any m advantage\s mode ( employm5t :i* might pres5t itself4 ,if ! exportation ( ma*9]y 7 p]mitt$1 !re w\ld d\btless arise a new & increas$ dem&2 &1 suppos+ any p>ticul> bran* ( our manufactures to cease to produce ! av]age rate ( pr(it1 ! loss to ! capitali/ w\ld be mu* less1 if a m>ket 7 op5 = ! sale ( 8 ma*9]y to cu/om]s m fav\rably circum/anc$ = its employm5t4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 new improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y %\ld be imag9$1 ! manufactur] w\ld be m readily enabl$ to c>ry !m into effect1 by hav+ ! =eign m>ket op5$ :]e he c\ld sell 8 old ma*9es4 ,! fact1 t ,engl& c1 not)/&+ h] taxation & h] high rate ( wages1 actually und]sell o!r nations1 seems to be well e/abli%$3 & x appe>s to dep5d on ! sup]ior goodness & *eapness ( ^? raw mat]ials ( ma*9]y ! metals--on ! excell5ce ( ! tools--& on ! admirable arrangem5ts ( ! dome/ic economy ( our factories4 #ddi4 ,! diff]5t degrees ( facility ) :i* capital c be transf]r$ f "o mode ( employm5t to ano!r1 has an important effect on ! rate ( pr(its 9 diff]5t trades & 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,suppos+ all ! o!r causes :i* influ5ce ! rate ( pr(it at any p]iod1 to act equally on capital employ$ 9 diff]5t occupations1 yet ! real rates ( pr(it w\ld soon alt]1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t degrees ( loss incurr$ by remov+ ! capital f "o mode ( inve/m5t to ano!r1 or ( any v>iation 9 ! action ( ^? causes4 #dej4 ,?is pr9ciple w appe> m cle>ly by tak+ an example4 ,let two capitali/s h emb>k$ ,l#aj1jjj ea*1 9 two trades3 ,a 9 supply+ a di/rict ) wat]1 by means ( a /eam-eng9e & iron pipes2 ,b 9 manufactur+ bobb9 net4 ,! capital ( ,a w be exp5d$ 9 build+ a h\se & erect+ a /eam-eng9e1 :i* co/s1 we %all suppose1 ,l#cjjj2 & 9 lay+ d[n iron pipes to supply 8 cu/om]s1 co/+ ,l#gjjj4 ,! greate/ "p ( ?is latt] exp5se is paym5t = lab\r1 & if ! pipes 7 to be tak5 up1 ! damage aris+ f t op]ation w\ld r5d] !m ( little value1 except z old metal2 :il/ ! exp5se ( _! removal w\ld be consid]able4 ,let u1 !re=e1 suppose1 t if ,a 7 oblig$ to give up 8 trade1 he c\ld realize only ,l#djjj by ! sale ( 8 /ock4 ,let u suppose aga9 t ,b1 by ! sale ( 8 bobb9 net factory & ma*9]y1 c\ld realize ,l#hjjj & let ! usual pr(it on ! capital employ$ by ea* p>ty be ! same1 say #bj p] c5t3 !n we h ,capital inve/$2 ,money :i* w\ld arise f sale ( ma*9]y2 ,annual rate ( pr(it p] c5t2 ,income ,l ,l ,l ,l ,wat] works #aj1jjj #djjj #bj #bjjj ,bobb9 net ,factory #aj1jjj #hjjj #bj #bjjj ,n[1 if1 f competition1 or any o!r cause1 ! rate ( pr(it aris+ f wat]-works %\ld fall to #bj p] c5t1 t circum/ance w\ld n cause a transf] ( capital f ! wat]-works to bobb9 net mak+2 because ! r$uc$ income f ! wat]-works1 ,l#ajjj p] annum1 w\ld /ill be great] ?an t produc$ by inve/+ ,l#djjj1 7! :ole sum aris+ f ! sale ( ! mat]ials ( ! wat]-works71 9 a bobb9 net factory1 :i* sum1 at #bj p] c5t1 w\ld yield only ,l#hjj p] annum4 ,9 fact1 ! rate ( pr(it1 aris+ f ! wat]-works1 mu/ fall to less ?an #h p] c5t be=e ! proprietor c\ld increase 8 income by remov+ 8 capital into ! bobb9 net trade4 #dea4 ,9 any enquiry into ! probability ( ! injury aris+ to our manufactur]s f ! competition ( =eign c\ntries1 p>ticul> reg>d %\ld be _h to ! facilities ( transport1 & to ! exi/5ce 9 our own c\ntry ( a mass ( capital 9 roads1 canals1 ma*9]y1 etc41 ! great] portion ( :i* may fairly be consid]$ z hav+ repaid ! exp5se ( its outlay1 & also to ! *eap rate at :i* ! abundance ( our fuel enables u to produce iron1 ! basis ( almo/ all ma*9]y4 ,x has be5 ju/ly rem>k$ by ,m4 de ,villefosse1 9 ! memoir be=e allud$ to1 t ,ce que l'on nomme en ,france1 la "q du prix des f]s1 e/1 a proprem5t p>l]1 la "q du prix des bois1 et la "q1 des moy5s de communications int]ieures p> les r\tes1 fleuves1 rivi]es et canaux4 ,! price ( iron 9 v>i\s c\ntries 9 ,europe has be5 /at$ 9 section #bae ( ! pres5t volume2 & x appe>s1 t 9 ,engl& x is produc$ at ! lea/ exp5se1 & 9 ,france at ! greate/4 ,! l5g? ( ! roads :i* cov] ,engl& & ,wales may be e/imat$ r\ghly at tw5ty ?\s& miles ( turnpike1 & "o hundr$ ?\s& miles ( road n turnpike4 ,! int]nal wat] communication ( ,engl& & ,france1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to collect in=mation on ! subject1 may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,9 ,france ,miles 9 l5g? ,navigable riv]s #dffh ,navigable canals #iae4e ,navigable canals 9 progress ( execution 7#ahbd7 #achh #figa4e 7#a997 ,b1 if we r$uce ^! numb]s 9 ! proportion ( #c4g to #a1 :i* is ! relative area ( ,france z comp>$ ) ,engl& & ,wales1 !n we %all h ! foll[+ comp>ison3 ,portion ( ,france equal 9 size to ,engl& & ,wales ,engl&7#b997 ,miles ,miles ,navigable riv]s #abge4e #abfa4f ,tidal navigation7#c997 #ede4i ,canals1 direct #bjbc4e ,canals1 bran* #aej4f #bagd4a #bagd4a #bdg4d ,canals comm5c$ --- #cge4a ,total #ciie4e #ahhd4a ,population 9 #ahca #ac1hid1ejj #h1fjh1ejj ,?is comp>ison1 betwe5 ! int]nal communications ( ! two c\ntries1 is n (f]$ z complete2 nor is x a fair view1 to contra/ ! weal?ie/ portion ( "o c\ntry ) ! :ole ( ! o!r3 b x is ins]t$ ) ! hope ( induc+ ^? :o possess m ext5sive in=mation on ! subject1 to supply ! facts on :i* a bett] comp>ison may be in/itut$4 ,! in=mation to be add$1 w\ld consi/ ( ! numb] ( miles 9 ea* c\ntry1 ( seacoa/1 ( public roads1 ( railroads1 ( railroads on :i* locomotive eng9es are us$4 #deb4 ,"o po9t ( view1 9 :i* rapid modes ( conveyance increase ! p[] ( a c\ntry1 des]ves att5tion4 ,on ! ,man*e/] ,railroad1 = example1 above half a million ( p]sons travel annually2 & suppos+ ea* p]son to save only "o h\r 9 ! "t ( transit1 betwe5 ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool1 a sav+ ( five hundr$ ?\s& h\rs1 or ( fifty ?\s& work+ days1 ( t5 h\rs ea*1 is effect$4 ,n[ ?is is equival5t to an addition to ! actual p[] ( ! c\ntry ( "o hundr$ & sixty-sev5 m51 )\t increas+ ! quantity ( food consum$2 & x %\ld also be rem>k$1 t ! "t ( ! class ( m5 ?us suppli$1 is f> m valuable ?an t ( m]e lab\r]s4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,?is table is extract$ & r$uc$ f "o ( ,rav9et1 ,dictionnaire ,hydrographique4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,p>is4 #ahbd4 #b4 ,i am indebt$ to ,f4 ,page4 ,esq4 ( ,spe51 = t portion ( ?is table :i* relates to ! int]nal navigation ( ,engl&4 ,^? only :o h !mselves collect$ /ati/ical details c be aw>e ( ! exp5se ( "t & lab\r1 ( :i* ! few l9es x conta9s are ! result4 #c4 ,! tidal navigation includes3 ! ,?ames1 f ! m\? ( ! ,m$way2 ! ,sev]n1 f ! ,holmes3 ! ,tr5t1 f ,tr5t ,falls 9 ! ,humb]2 ! ,m]sey f ,runcorn ,gap4 ,*apt] #ce ,on ! ,future ,prospects ( ,manufactures1 z ,connect$ ) ,sci5ce #dec4 ,9 review+ ! v>i\s processes (f]$ z illu/rations ( ^? g5]al pr9ciples :i* x has be5 ! ma9 object ( ! pres5t volume to support & e/abli%1 x is impossible n to p]ceive t ! arts & manufactures ( ! c\ntry are intimately connect$ ) ! progress ( ! sev]] sci5ces2 & t1 z we advance 9 ! c>e] ( improvem5t1 e /ep requires1 = its success1 t ?is connection %\ld be r5d]$ m intimate4 ,! appli$ sci5ces d]ive _! facts f exp]im5t2 b ! reason+s1 on :i* _! *ief utility dep5ds1 are ! prov9ce ( :at is call$ ab/ract sci5ce4 ,x has be5 %[n1 t ! division ( lab\r is no less applicable to m5tal productions ?an to ^? 9 :i* mat]ial bodies are conc]n$2 & x foll[s1 t ! ef=ts = ! improvem5t ( its manufactures :i* any c\ntry c make ) ! greate/ probability ( success1 mu/ arise f ! comb9$ ex]tions ( all ^? mo/ skill$ 9 ! !ory1 z well z 9 ! practice ( ! arts2 ea* lab\r+ 9 t dep>tm5t = :i* 8 natural capacity & acquir$ habits h r5d]$ him mo/ fit4 #ded4 ,! pr(it aris+ f ! successful application to practice ( !oretical pr9ciples1 w1 9 mo/ cases1 amply rew>d1 9 a pecuni>y s5se1 ^? by :om !y are fir/ employ$2 yet ev5 "h1 :at has be5 /at$ ) respect to pat5ts1 w prove t !re is room = consid]able am5dm5t 9 our legislative enactm5ts3 b ! discov]y ( ! great pr9ciples ( nature dem&s a m9d almo/ exclusively devot$ to su* inve/igations2 & ^!1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 frequ5tly require co/ly app>atus1 & exact an exp5se ( "t q incompatible ) pr(essional avocations4 ,x becomes1 !re=e1 a fit subject = consid]ation1 :e!r x w\ld n be politic 9 ! ,/ate to comp5sate = "s ( ^? privations1 to :i* ! cultivators ( ! high] dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce are expos$2 & ! be/ mode ( effect+ ?is comp5sation1 is a "q :i* int]e/s bo? ! philosoph] & ! /atesman4 ,su* consid]ations appe> to h _h _! j influ5ce 9 o!r c\ntries1 :]e ! pursuit ( sci5ce is reg>d$ z a pr(ession1 & :]e ^? :o are successful 9 its cultivation are n %ut out f almo/ e object ( hon\rable ambition to :i* _! fell[ c\ntrym5 may aspire4 ,hav+1 h[ev]1 already express$ "s op9ion ^u ^! subjects 9 ano!r publication17#a997 ,i %all "h cont5t myself ) ref]r+ to t "w4 #dee4 ,!re 01 inde$1 9 our own c\ntry1 "o s+le position to :i* sci5ce1 :5 concurr+ ) indep5d5t =tune1 might aspire1 z conf]r+ rank & /ation1 an (fice d]iv+1 9 ! e/imation ( ! public1 m ?an half its value f ! comm&+ k ( its possessor2 & x is extraord9>y1 t ev5 t solit>y dignity--t b>ony by t5ure 9 ! _w ( ,briti% sci5ce--! *air ( ! ,royal ,society1 %\ld h be5 covet$ = adv5titi\s rank4 ,x is m extraord9>y1 t a ,pr9ce1 di/+ui%$ by ! lib]al views he has inv>iably tak5 ( public affairs--& em95t = 8 patronage ( e in/itution calculat$ to alleviate ^? mis]ies f :i*1 by 8 rank1 he is himself exempt$--:o is /at$ by 8 fri5ds to be ! w>m admir] ( k1 & mo/ anxi\s = its advancem5t1 %\ld h be5 s imp]fectly in=m$ by ^? fri5ds1 z to h wre/$ f ! head ( sci5ce1 ! only civic wrea? :i* c\ld adorn its br[47#b997 ,9 ! mean:ile ! ,presid5t may le>n1 ?r\gh ! only m$ium by :i* 8 elevat$ /ation admits approa*1 t ^? evils :i* 7 anticipat$ f 8 election1 h n prov$ to be imag9>y1 & t ! advantages by "s expect$ to result f x1 h n yet become app>5t4 ,x may be "r also to /ate1 t :il/ _m ( ! inconv5i5ces1 :i* h be5 exp]i5c$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 h result$ f ! conduct ( 8 own support]s1 ^? :o 7 compell$ to diff] f him1 h subsequ5tly (f]$ no vexati\s opposition3 !y wait 9 pati5ce1 conv9c$ t ! =ce ( tru? mu/ ultimately "w its c]ta91 ?\gh sil5t c\rse2 n d\bt+ t :5 ,8 ,royal ,highness is correctly in=m$1 he w himself be among/ ! fir/ to be influ5c$ by its p[]4 #def4 ,b y\ng] in/itutions h aris5 to supply ! defici5cies ( ! old2 & v rec5tly a new comb9ation1 diff]+ entirely f ! old] societies1 promises to give additional /ead9ess to ! future m>* ( sci5ce4 ,! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 :i* held its fir/ meet+ at ,york7#c997 9 ! ye> #ahca1 w\ld h act$ z a p[]ful ally1 ev5 if ! ,royal ,society 7 all t x might be3 b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( t body su* an association is almo/ necess>y = ! purposes ( sci5ce4 ,! p]iodical assemblage ( p]sons1 pursu+ ! same or diff]5t bran*es ( k1 always produces an excitem5t :i* is fav\rable to ! developm5t ( new ideas2 :il/ ! long p]iod ( repose :i* succe$s1 is advantage\s = ! prosecution ( ! reason+s or ! exp]im5ts !n sugge/$2 & ! recurr5ce ( ! meet+ 9 ! succe$+ ye>1 w /imulate ! activity ( ! enquir]1 by ! hope ( be+ !n enabl$ to produce ! successful result ( 8 lab\rs4 ,ano!r advantage is1 t su* meet+s br+ toge!r a mu* l>g] numb] ( p]sons actively engag$ 9 sci5ce1 or plac$ 9 positions 9 :i* !y c contribute to x1 ?an c ev] be f\nd at ! ord9>y meet+s ( o!r in/itutions1 ev5 9 ! mo/ popul\s capitals2 & comb9$ ef=t t[>ds any p>ticul> object c ?us be m easily arrang$4 #deg4 ,b p]haps ! greate/ b5efit :i* w accrue f ^! assemblies1 is ! int]c\rse :i* !y _c fail to promote betwe5 ! diff]5t classes ( society4 ,! man ( sci5ce w d]ive practical in=mation f ! great manufactur]s--! *emi/ w be indebt$ to ! same s\rce = sub/ances :i* exi/ 9 su* m9ute quantity1 z only to become visible 9 mo/ ext5sive op]ations--& p]sons ( weal? & prop]ty1 resid5t 9 ea* neighb\rhood visit$ by ^! migratory assemblies1 w d]ive great] advantages ?an ei!r ( ^? classes1 f ! real in/ruction !y may procure respect+ ! produce & manufactures ( _! c\ntry1 & ! enlight5$ gratification :i* is ev] att5dant on ! acquisition ( k47#d997 #deh4 ,?us x may be hop$ t public op9ion %all be br\ght to be> ^u ! _w ( sci5ce2 & t by ?is int]c\rse light w be ?r[n ^u ! *>act]s ( m51 & ! pret5d] & ! *>latan be driv5 into m]it$ obscurity4 ,)\t ! action ( public op9ion1 any adm9i/ration1 h[ev] anxi\s to c\nt5ance ! pursuits ( sci5ce1 & h[ev] ready torew>d1 by weal? or hon\rs1 ^? :om !y might ?9k mo/ em95t1 w\ld run ! risk ( act+ l ! bl9d man rec5tly c\*$1 :o1 hav+ no mode ( e/imat+ degrees ( di/ance1 mi/ook ! ne>e/ & mo/ insignificant = ! l>ge/ objects 9 nature3 x becomes1 !re=e1 d\bly important1 t ! man ( sci5ce %\ld mix ) ! _w4 #dei4 ,x is highly probable t 9 ! next g5]ation1 ! race ( sci5tific m5 9 ,engl& w spr+ f a class ( p]sons altoge!r diff]5t f t :i* has hi!rto scantily suppli$ !m4 ,requir+1 = ! success ( _! pursuits1 previ\s education1 leisure1 & =tune1 few are s likely to unite ^! ess5tials z ! sons ( our weal?y manufactur]s1 :o1 hav+ be5 enri*$ by _! own ex]tions1 9 a field connect$ ) sci5ce1 w be ambiti\s ( hav+ _! *ildr5 di/+ui%$ 9 its ranks4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$1 t ?is desire 9 ! p>5ts w\ld acquire great additional int5sity1 if worldly hon\rs occasionally foll[$ successful ef=ts2 & t ! c\ntry w\ld ?us ga9 = sci5ce1 tal5ts :i* are frequ5tly r5d]$ useless by ! unsuitable situations 9 :i* !y are plac$4 #dfj4 ,! discov]]s ( iod9e & brom9e1 two sub/ances hi!rto undecomp\nd$1 7 bo? among/ ! class ( manufactur]s1 "o be+ a mak] ( saltpetre at ,p>is1 ! o!r a manufactur+ *emi/ at ,m>seilles2 & ! inv5tor ( balloons fill$ ) r>efi$ air1 0 a pap] manufactur] ne> ,lyons4 ,! desc5dants ( ,mongolfi]1 ! fir/ a]ial travell]1 /ill c>ry on ! e/abli%m5t ( _! prog5itor1 & comb9e great sci5tific k ) skill 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! arts1 to :i* ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! family h appli$ !mselves4 #dfa4 ,*emical sci5ce may1 9 _m in/ances1 be ( great importance to ! manufactur]1 z well z to ! m]*ant4 ,! quantity ( ,p]uvian b>k :i* is import$ into ,europe is v consid]able2 b *emi/ry has rec5tly prov$ t a l>ge portion ( ! b>k itself is useless4 ,! alkali ,qu9ia :i* has be5 extract$ f x1 possesses all ! prop]ties = :i* ! b>k is valuable1 & only =ty ounces ( ?is sub/ance1 :5 9 comb9ation ) sulphuric acid1 c be extract$ f a hundr$ p\nds ( ! b>k4 ,9 ?is in/ance !n1 ) e ton ( useful matt]1 ?irty-n9e tons ( rubbi% are transport$ across ! ,atlantic4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! sulphate ( qu9ia n[ us$ 9 ?is c\ntry is import$ f ,france1 :]e ! l[ price ( ! alcohol1 by :i* x is extract$ f ! b>k1 r5d]s ! process *eap2 b x _c be d\bt$1 t :5 m settl$ =ms ( gov]nm5t %all h giv5 security to capital1 & :5 advanc+ civilization %all h spread itself ov] ! /ates ( ,s\!rn ,am]ica1 ! alkal9e m$ic9e w be extract$ f ! woody matt] by :i* its efficacy is impair$1 & t x w be export$ 9 its mo/ cond5s$ =m4 #dfb4 ,! aid ( *emi/ry1 9 extract+ & 9 conc5trat+ sub/ances us$ = human food1 is ( great use 9 di/ant voyages1 :]e ! space occupi$ by ! /ores mu/ be economiz$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,?us ! ess5tial oils supply ! voyag] ) flav\r2 ! conc5trat$ & cry/alliz$ vegetable acids pres]ve 8 heal?2 & alcohol1 :5 suffici5tly dilut$1 supplies ! _s necess>y = 8 daily consumption4 #dfc4 ,:5 we reflect on ! v small numb] ( species ( plants1 comp>$ ) ! multitude t are kn[n to exi/1 :i* h hi!rto be5 cultivat$1 & r5d]$ useful to man2 & :5 we apply ! same obs]vation to ! animal _w1 & ev5 to ! m9]al k+dom1 ! field t natural sci5ce op5s to our view seems to be inde$ unlimit$4 ,^! productions ( nature1 v>i$ & innum]able z !y are1 may ea*1 9 "s future day1 become ! basis ( ext5sive manufactures1 & give life1 employm5t1 & weal?1 to millions ( human be+s4 ,b ! crude treasures p]petually expos$ be=e our eyes1 conta9 )9 !m o!r & m valuable pr9ciples4 ,all ^!1 likewise1 9 _! numb]less comb9ations1 :i* ages ( lab\r & rese>* c nev] exhau/1 may be de/9$ to furni%1 9 p]petual succession1 new s\rces ( our weal? & ( our happ9ess4 ,sci5ce & k are subject1 9 _! ext5sion & increase1 to laws q opposite to ^? :i* regulate ! mat]ial _w4 ,unlike ! =ces ( molecul> attraction1 :i* cease at s5sible di/ances2 or t ( gravity1 :i* decreases rapidly ) ! increas+ di/ance f ! po9t ( its orig92 ! fur!r we advance f ! orig9 ( our k1 ! l>g] x becomes1 & ! great] p[] x be/[s ^u its cultivators1 to add new fields to its dom9ions4 ,yet1 does ?is cont9ually & rapidly increas+ p[]1 in/ead ( giv+ u any reason to anticipate ! exhau/ion ( s f]tile a field1 place u at ea* advance1 on "s high] em95ce1 f :i* ! m9d contemplates ! pa/1 & feels irresi/ibly conv9c$1 t ! :ole1 already ga9$1 be>s a con/antly dim9i%+ ratio to t :i* is conta9$ )9 ! /ill m rapidly exp&+ horizon ( our k4 #dfd4 ,b1 if ! k ( ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( ! bodies :i* surr\nd u1 z well z our imp]fect acqua9tance ) ! less tangible elem5ts1 light1 electricity1 & heat1 :i* my/]i\sly modify or *ange _! comb9ations1 concur to conv9ce u ( ! same fact2 we mu/ rememb] t ano!r & a high] sci5ce1 itself /ill m b\ndless1 is also advanc+ ) a giant's /ride1 & hav+ grasp$ ! mighti] masses ( ! univ]se1 & r$uc$ _! w&]+s to laws1 has giv5 to u 9 its own cond5s$ language1 expressions1 :i* are to ! pa/ z hi/ory1 to ! future z prophecy4 ,x is ! same sci5ce :i* is n[ prep>+ its fett]s = ! m9ute/ atoms t nature has creat$3 already x has ne>ly *a9$ ! e!real fluid1 & b\nd 9 "o h>moni\s sy/em all ! intricate & spl5did ph5om5a ( light4 ,x is ! sci5ce ( calculation--:i* becomes cont9ually m necess>y at ea* /ep ( our progress1 & :i* mu/ ultimately gov]n ! :ole ( ! applications ( sci5ce to ! arts ( life4 #dfe4 ,b p]haps a d\bt may arise 9 ! m9d1 :il/ contemplat+ ! cont9ually increas+ field ( human k1 t ! weak arm ( man may want ! physical =ce requir$ to r5d] t k available4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 has /amp$ ) ! indelible "* ( tru?1 ! maxim1 t k is p[]4 ,x n m]ely gives to its vot>ies control ov] ! m5tal faculties ( _! species1 b is itself ! g5]ator ( physical =ce4 ,! discov]y ( ! expansive p[] ( /eam1 its cond5sation1 & ! doctr9e ( lat5t heat1 has already add$ to ! population ( ?is small isl&1 millions ( h&s4 ,b ! s\rce ( ?is p[] is n )\t limit1 & ! coal-m9es ( ! _w may ultimately be exhau/$4 ,)\t adv]t+ to ! !ory1 t new deposits ( t m9]al are n accumulat+ "u ! sea1 at ! e/u>ies ( "s ( our l>g] riv]s2 )\t anticipat+ ! application ( o!r fluids requir+ a less supply ( caloric ?an wat]--we may rem>k t ! sea itself (f]s a p]5nial s\rce ( p[] hi!rto almo/ unappli$4 ,! tides1 twice 9 ea* day1 raise a va/ mass ( wat]1 :i* might be made available = driv+ ma*9]y4 ,b suppos+ heat /ill to rema9 necess>y1 :5 ! exhau/$ /ate ( our coal fields r5d]s x exp5sive3 long be=e t p]iod arrives1 o!r me?ods w probably h be5 inv5t$ = produc+ x4 ,9 "s di/ricts1 !re are spr+s ( hot wat]1 :i* h fl[$ = c5turies un*ang$ 9 temp]ature4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! isl& ( ,is*ia1 by deep5+ ! s\rces ( ! hot spr+s only a few feet1 ! wat] boils2 & !re c be little d\bt t1 by bor+ a %ort di/ance1 /eam ( high pressure w\ld issue f ! orifice47#e997 ,9 ,icel&1 ! s\rces ( heat are /ill m pl5tiful2 & _! proximity to l>ge masses ( ice1 seems almo/ to po9t out ! future de/9y ( t isl&4 ,! ice ( its glaci]s may enable its inhabitants to liquefy ! gases ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( me*anical =ce2 & ! heat ( its volcanoes may supply ! p[] necess>y = _! cond5sation4 ,?us1 9 a future age1 p[] may become ! /aple commodity ( ! ,icel&]s1 & ( ! inhabitants ( o!r volcanic di/ricts27#f997 & possibly ! v process by :i* !y w procure ?is article ( ex*ange = ! luxuries ( happi] climates may1 9 "s measure1 tame ! trem5d\s elem5t :i* occasionally deva/ates _! prov9ces4 #dff4 ,p]haps to ! sob] eye ( inductive philosophy1 ^! anticipations ( ! future may appe> too fa9tly connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,:5 "t %all h reveal$ ! future progress ( our race1 ^? laws :i* are n[ obscurely indicat$1 w !n become di/9ctly app>5t2 & x may possibly be f\nd t ! dom9ion ( m9d ov] ! mat]ial _w advances ) an ev]accel]at+ =ce4 ,ev5 n[1 ! imprison$ w9ds :i* ! e>lie/ poet made ! ,grecian w>rior be> = ! protection ( 8 fragile b>k2 or ^? :i*1 9 m mod]n times1 ! ,lapl& wiz>ds sold to ! delud$ sailors--^!1 ! unreal creations ( fancy or ( fraud1 call$ at ! comm& ( sci5ce1 f _! %ad[y exi/5ce1 obey a holi] spell3 & ! unruly ma/]s ( ! poet & ! se] become ! ob$i5t slaves ( civiliz$ man4 ,nor h ! wild imag9+s ( ! satiri/ be5 q unrivall$ by ! realities ( aft] ye>s3 z if 9 mock]y ( ! ,college ( ,laputa1 light almo/ sol> has be5 extract$ f ! refuse ( fi%2 fire has be5 sift$ by ! lamp ( ,davy1 & ma*9]y has be5 taught ari?metic in/ead ( poetry4 #dfg4 ,9 :atev] light we exam9e ! triumphs & a*ievem5ts ( our species ov] ! creation submitt$ to its p[]1 we explore new s\rces ( wond]4 ,b if sci5ce has call$ into real exi/5ce ! visions ( ! poet--if ! accumulat+ k ( ages has blunt$ ! %>pe/ & di/anc$ ! l(tie/ ( ! %afts ( ! satiri/1 ! philosoph] has conf]r$ on ! morali/ an obligation ( surpass+ weight4 ,9 unveil+ to him ! liv+ miracles :i* teem 9 ri* exub]ance ar\nd ! m9ute/ atom1 z well z ?r\gh\t ! l>ge/ masses ( ev]-active matt]1 he has plac$ be=e him resi/less evid5ce ( immeasurable design4 ,surr\nd$ by e =m ( animate & inanimate exi/5ce1 ! sun ( sci5ce has yet p5etrat$ b ?r\gh ! out] fold ( nature's maje/ic robe2 b if ! philosoph] 7 requir$ to sep>ate1 f among/ ^? c\ntless evid5ces ( creative p[]1 "o be+1 ! ma/]piece ( its skill2 & f t be+ to select "o gift1 ! *oice/ ( all ! attributes ( life2 turn+ )9 8 own brea/1 & consci\s ( ^? p[]s :i* h subjugat$ to 8 race ! ext]nal _w1 & ( ^? high] p[]s by :i* he has subjugat$ to himself t creative faculty :i* aids 8 falt]+ conceptions ( a deity1 ! humble wor%ipp] at ! alt> ( tru? w\ld pron\nce t be+1 man2 t end[m5t1 human reason4 ,b h[ev] l>ge ! int]val t sep>ates ! l[e/ f ! highe/ ( ^? s5ti5t be+s :i* inhabit our planet1 all ! results ( obs]vation1 enlight5$ by all ! reason+s ( ! philosoph]1 comb9e to r5d] x probable t1 9 ! va/ ext5t ( creation1 ! pr\de/ attribute ( our race is b1 p]*ance1 ! l[e/ /ep 9 ! gradation ( intellectual exi/5ce4 ,=1 s9ce e portion ( our own mat]ial globe1 & e animat$ be+ x supports1 af=d1 on m scrut9iz+ enquiry1 m p]fect evid5ce ( design1 x w\ld inde$ be mo/ unphilosophical to believe t ^? si/] sph]es1 ob$i5t to ! same law1 & gl[+ ) light & heat radiant f ! same c5tral s\rce--& t ! memb]s ( ^? k9dr$ sy/ems1 almo/ lo/ 9 ! remot5ess ( space1 & p]ceptible only f ! c\ntless multitude ( _! congregat$ globes %\ld ea* be no m ?an a float+ *aos ( un=m$ matt]2 or1 be+ all ! "w ( ! same ,almighty ,ar*itect1 t no liv+ eye %\ld be gladd5$ by _! =ms ( beauty1 t no intellectual be+ %\ld exp& its faculties 9 decyph]+ _! laws4 ,,notes3 #a4 ,reflections on ! ,decl9e ( ,sci5ce 9 ,engl&1 & on "s ( its ,causes4 #hvo4 #ahcj4 ,fell[es4 #b4 ,! ,duke ( ,sussex 0 propos$ z ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society 9 opposition to ! wi% ( ! ,c\ncil 9 opposition to ! public decl>ation ( a body ( ,fell[s1 compris+ ! l>ge/ portion ( ^? by ^: lab\rs ! "* ( ,engli% sci5ce _h be5 ma9ta9$ ,! ari/ocracy ( rank & ( p[]1 aid$ by su* allies z x c always comm&1 set itself 9 array aga9/ ! pr\d] ari/ocracy ( sci5ce4 ,out ( ab\t sev5 hundr$ memb]s1 only two hundr$ & ?irty ballot$2 & ! ,duke ( ,sussex _h a majority ( eight4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 x 0 inde$ extraord9>y1 t ,8 ,royal ,highness %\ld h condesc5d$ to accept ! fruits ( t d\btful & inauspici\s victory4 ,! circum/ances prec$+ & att5d+ ?is s+ul> conte/ h be5 mo/ ably detail$ 9 a pamphlet entitl$ ,a ,/atem5t ( ! ,circum/ances connect$ ) ! late ,election = !1 ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society1 #ahca1 pr9t$ by ,r4 ,taylor1 ,r$ ,lion ,c\rt1 ,fleet ,/reet4 ,! :ole tone ( ! tract is /rik+ly contra/$ ) t ( ! productions ( "s ( ^? p]sons by :om x 0 ,8 ,royal ,highness's mis=tune to be support$4 #c4 ,! second meet+ took place at ,ox=d 9 ,june #ahcb1 & surpass$ ev5 ! sangu9e anticipations ( its fri5ds4 ,! ?ird annual meet+ w take place at ,cambridge 9 ,june #ahcc4 #d ,! advantages likely to arise f su* an association1 h be5 s cle>ly /at$ 9 ! address deliv]$ by ! ,rev4 ,mr ,v]non ,h>c\rt1 at its fir/ meet+1 t ,i w\ld /rongly recomm5d its p]usal by all ^? :o feel int]e/$ 9 ! success ( ,engli% sci5ce4 ,vide ,fir/ ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,york4 #ahcb4 #e ,9 #ahbh1 ! au?or ( ^! pages visit$ ,is*ia1 ) a committee ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,naples1 deput$ to exam9e ! temp]ature & *emical con/itution ( ! spr+s 9 t isl&4 ,dur+ ! few fir/ days1 sev]al spr+s :i* _h be5 repres5t$ 9 ! in/ructions z "u ! boil+ temp]ature1 7 f\nd1 on deep5+ ! excavations1 to rise to ! boil+ po9t4 #f ,see section #cea4 ,,! ,,end4