Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Biology / Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.—No. 1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880 / Braille

Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.—No. 1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 2 — contracted English braille (EBAE-compatible subset). Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 1 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

182,701 braille cells · 186 embossed pages at 40×25 · 1,085 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠀⠍⠥⠇⠞⠊⠏⠇⠊⠑⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠁⠀⠞⠕⠝⠆⠀⠹⠊⠎⠀⠏⠗⠑⠎⠎⠥⠗⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠮⠝
⠀⠺⠑⠊⠛⠓⠫⠀⠃⠽⠀⠏⠇⠁⠉⠬⠀⠋⠳⠗⠀⠏⠳⠝⠙⠎⠀⠘⠥⠀⠮⠀⠍⠁⠔⠀
⠎⠉⠁⠇⠑⠀⠏⠁⠝⠂⠀⠯⠀⠮⠀⠋⠥⠇⠉⠗⠥⠍⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠍⠁⠔⠀⠇⠑⠧⠻⠀⠊⠎⠀
⠁⠙⠚⠥⠌⠫⠀⠥⠝⠞⠊⠇⠀⠮⠀⠞⠺⠕⠀⠺⠑⠊⠛⠓⠞⠎⠀⠃⠁⠇⠁⠝⠉⠑⠲⠀⠀⠠⠮⠀
⠁⠞⠞⠁⠡⠍⠢⠞⠎⠀⠉⠕⠝⠎⠊⠌⠀⠷⠒⠀⠠⠊⠲⠀⠠⠚⠁⠺⠎⠀⠿⠀⠓⠕⠇⠙⠬⠀
⠗⠳⠝⠙⠂⠀⠎⠟⠥⠜⠑⠂⠀⠯⠀⠋⠇⠁⠞⠀⠃⠜⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠃⠑⠀⠎⠥⠃⠍⠊⠞⠞⠫⠀
⠞⠕⠀⠞⠢⠎⠊⠕⠝⠲⠀⠠⠠⠊⠊⠲⠀⠠⠁⠗⠗⠁⠝⠛⠑⠍⠢⠞⠎⠀⠿⠀⠓⠕⠇⠙⠬⠀
⠃⠑⠁⠍⠎⠀⠯⠀⠉⠕⠇⠥⠍⠝⠎⠀⠔⠀⠧⠜⠊⠳⠎⠀⠺⠁⠽⠎⠀⠁⠞⠀⠸⠮⠀⠑⠝⠙⠎⠂
⠀⠯⠀⠉⠕⠍⠏⠗⠑⠎⠎⠬⠀⠮⠍⠀⠥⠝⠞⠊⠇⠀⠮⠽⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠉⠗⠥⠩⠫⠀⠕⠗⠀
⠃⠥⠉⠅⠇⠑⠲⠀⠠⠠⠊⠊⠊⠲⠀⠠⠞⠺⠕⠀⠍⠁⠎⠎⠊⠧⠑⠀⠛⠗⠁⠙⠥⠁⠞⠫⠀
⠊⠗⠕⠝⠀⠃⠑⠁⠍⠎⠂⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠏⠇⠁⠉⠫⠀⠉⠗⠕⠎⠎⠺⠊⠎⠑⠀⠕⠝⠀⠮
⠀⠺⠁⠽⠎⠂⠀⠯⠀⠥⠎⠫⠀⠿⠀⠞⠺⠊⠌⠬⠀⠩⠁⠋⠞⠎⠂⠀⠗⠁⠊⠇⠗⠕⠁⠙⠀
⠁⠭⠇⠑⠎⠂⠀⠑⠞⠉⠲⠀⠠⠠⠊⠧⠲⠀⠠⠁⠀⠋⠁⠉⠑⠀⠏⠇⠁⠞⠑⠂⠀⠁⠃⠳⠞⠀
⠋⠳⠗⠀⠋⠑⠑⠞⠀⠎⠟⠥⠜⠑⠂⠀⠿⠀⠓⠕⠇⠙⠬⠀⠏⠇⠁⠞⠑⠎⠀⠷⠀⠃⠕⠊⠇⠻⠀
⠊⠗⠕⠝⠀⠝⠑⠜⠇⠽⠀⠵⠀⠇⠜⠛⠑⠀⠃⠽⠀⠮⠀⠏⠻⠊⠍⠑⠞⠻⠂⠀⠯⠀⠉⠗⠥⠩⠬⠀
⠔⠀⠮⠀⠍⠊⠙⠙⠇⠑⠀⠃⠽⠀⠿⠉⠬⠀⠧⠜⠊⠳⠎⠀⠩⠁⠏⠫⠀⠏⠊⠑⠉⠑⠎⠀
⠁⠛⠁⠔⠌⠀⠭⠲⠀⠠⠧⠲⠀⠠⠁⠏⠏⠜⠁⠞⠥⠎⠀⠿⠀⠃⠢⠙⠬⠀⠁⠀⠃⠑⠁⠍⠀⠃⠽⠀
⠉⠗⠥⠩⠬⠀⠁⠝⠀⠁⠝⠛⠥⠇⠜⠀⠏⠊⠑⠉⠑⠀⠊⠝⠞⠕⠀⠭⠆⠀⠯⠀⠔⠀⠮⠀⠎⠁⠍⠑
⠀⠉⠕⠝⠝⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠠⠠⠧⠊⠲⠀⠠⠩⠑⠜⠎⠀⠿⠀⠉⠥⠞⠞⠬⠀⠷⠋⠀⠃⠜⠎⠀
⠷⠀⠍⠑⠞⠁⠇⠀⠯⠀⠍⠑⠁⠎⠥⠗⠬⠀⠮⠀⠿⠉⠑⠀⠗⠑⠟⠥⠊⠗⠫⠲⠀⠀⠠⠔⠀
⠉⠕⠝⠝⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠾⠀⠹⠊⠎⠀⠍⠁⠔⠀⠍⠁⠡⠔⠑⠀⠶⠀⠐⠎⠂⠀⠟⠀⠕⠇⠙⠂⠀
⠱⠊⠡⠀⠸⠓⠀⠃⠑⠢⠀⠥⠎⠫⠀⠔⠀⠮⠀⠊⠝⠋⠁⠝⠉⠽⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠎⠥⠃⠚⠑⠉⠞⠀
⠃⠽⠀⠁⠀⠿⠍⠻⠀⠏⠗⠷⠑⠎⠎⠕⠗⠂⠀⠯⠀⠁⠀⠝⠑⠺⠀⠎⠏⠑⠉⠊⠁⠇⠀⠍⠁⠡⠔⠑
⠀⠿⠀⠮⠀⠎⠁⠍⠑⠀⠏⠥⠗⠏⠕⠎⠑⠀⠵⠀⠁⠞⠞⠁⠡⠍⠢⠞⠀⠠⠧⠲⠂⠀⠯⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀
⠎⠑⠑⠍⠫⠀⠞⠕⠀⠅⠔⠅⠀⠁⠀⠏⠊⠑⠉⠑⠀⠷⠀⠗⠁⠊⠇⠗⠕⠁⠙⠀⠊⠗⠕⠝⠀⠵⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.