Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Biology / Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.—No. 1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880 / Braille

Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.—No. 1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

210,887 braille cells · 219 embossed pages at 40×25 · 1,085 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠏⠗⠕⠙⠥⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠲⠀⠀⠠⠊⠞⠀⠍⠊⠛⠓⠞⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀⠃⠑⠀
⠥⠝⠊⠝⠞⠑⠗⠑⠎⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠉⠕⠝⠝⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠞⠕⠀⠛⠊⠧⠑
⠀⠎⠕⠍⠑⠞⠓⠊⠝⠛⠀⠗⠑⠛⠁⠗⠙⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠎⠁⠍⠏⠇⠊⠝⠛⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠍⠊⠇⠇⠊⠝⠛⠀⠕⠋⠀⠕⠗⠑⠎⠲⠀⠠⠕⠝⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠍⠕⠎⠞⠀
⠉⠕⠍⠏⠇⠑⠞⠑⠀⠉⠕⠝⠉⠑⠗⠝⠎⠀⠑⠝⠛⠁⠛⠑⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀
⠃⠥⠎⠊⠝⠑⠎⠎⠀⠁⠝⠽⠺⠓⠑⠗⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠕⠥⠝⠞⠗⠽⠀⠊⠎⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞
⠀⠕⠋⠀⠠⠁⠥⠛⠥⠎⠞⠥⠎⠀⠠⠗⠲⠀⠠⠍⠑⠽⠑⠗⠀⠀⠠⠉⠕⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀
⠑⠎⠞⠁⠃⠇⠊⠎⠓⠍⠑⠝⠞⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀⠛⠗⠕⠺⠝⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠛⠗⠕⠺⠞⠓⠀
⠁⠝⠙⠀⠙⠑⠧⠑⠇⠕⠏⠍⠑⠝⠞⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠉⠁⠗⠃⠕⠝⠁⠞⠑⠀
⠙⠊⠎⠞⠗⠊⠉⠞⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠃⠥⠎⠊⠝⠑⠎⠎⠀⠺⠁⠎⠀⠋⠊⠗⠎⠞⠀
⠑⠎⠞⠁⠃⠇⠊⠎⠓⠑⠙⠀⠁⠎⠀⠇⠕⠝⠛⠀⠁⠛⠕⠀⠁⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠽⠑⠁⠗⠀
⠼⠁⠓⠛⠛⠀⠶⠃⠑⠋⠕⠗⠑⠀⠠⠇⠊⠞⠞⠇⠑⠀⠠⠏⠊⠞⠞⠎⠃⠥⠗⠛⠀⠺⠁⠎⠀
⠙⠗⠑⠁⠍⠑⠙⠀⠕⠋⠶⠲⠀⠠⠁⠀⠇⠊⠞⠞⠇⠑⠀⠇⠕⠛⠀⠓⠕⠥⠎⠑⠂⠀⠁⠀
⠗⠑⠇⠊⠉⠀⠕⠋⠀⠎⠑⠧⠑⠝⠞⠑⠑⠝⠀⠽⠑⠁⠗⠎⠀⠏⠗⠑⠧⠊⠕⠥⠎⠂⠀⠺⠁⠎⠀
⠋⠕⠥⠝⠙⠀⠎⠥⠋⠋⠊⠉⠊⠑⠝⠞⠇⠽⠀⠁⠍⠏⠇⠑⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠝⠑⠑⠙⠎⠀
⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠃⠥⠎⠊⠝⠑⠎⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠏⠑⠗⠊⠕⠙⠲⠀
⠠⠓⠕⠺⠑⠧⠑⠗⠂⠀⠊⠞⠀⠺⠁⠎⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀⠇⠕⠝⠛⠀⠃⠑⠋⠕⠗⠑⠀
⠁⠙⠙⠊⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠓⠁⠙⠀⠞⠕⠀⠃⠑⠀⠍⠁⠙⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠝⠑⠺⠀
⠃⠥⠊⠇⠙⠊⠝⠛⠎⠀⠑⠗⠑⠉⠞⠑⠙⠲⠀⠠⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠽⠑⠁⠗⠀⠼⠁⠓⠛⠊⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠏⠗⠑⠎⠑⠝⠞⠀⠉⠕⠍⠏⠁⠝⠽⠀⠺⠁⠎⠀⠊⠝⠉⠕⠗⠏⠕⠗⠁⠞⠑⠙⠀
⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠁⠀⠉⠁⠏⠊⠞⠁⠇⠀⠎⠞⠕⠉⠅⠀⠕⠋⠀⠼⠑⠚⠂⠚⠚⠚⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠑⠧⠑⠗⠽⠀⠏⠗⠑⠏⠁⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠍⠕⠝⠑⠽⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠃⠥⠎⠊⠝⠑⠎⠎⠀⠎⠁⠛⠁⠉⠊⠞⠽⠀⠉⠕⠥⠇⠙⠀⠑⠋⠋⠑⠉⠞⠀⠺⠁⠎⠀⠍⠁⠙⠑⠀
⠞⠕⠀⠍⠑⠑⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠙⠑⠍⠁⠝⠙⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠏⠗⠕⠎⠏⠑⠗⠕⠥⠎⠀
⠑⠗⠁⠂⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀⠃⠥⠊⠇⠞⠀⠁⠀⠍⠊⠝⠊⠝⠛⠀⠍⠑⠞⠗⠕⠏⠕⠇⠊⠎⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.