Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Biology / Scientific American Supplement No. 819 / Braille

Scientific American Supplement No. 819 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

225,414 braille cells · 240 embossed pages at 40×25 · 405 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠠⠎⠽⠗⠊⠁⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠠⠑⠛⠽⠏⠞⠲⠀⠠⠙⠗⠲⠀⠠⠁⠲⠠⠚⠲⠀⠠⠑⠇⠇⠊⠎⠄⠀
⠇⠑⠉⠞⠥⠗⠑⠀⠕⠝⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠍⠥⠎⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠠⠎⠉⠁⠇⠑⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠠⠧⠁⠗⠊⠕⠥⠎⠀⠠⠝⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠂⠀⠗⠑⠁⠙⠀⠃⠑⠋⠕⠗⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠠⠎⠕⠉⠊⠑⠞⠽⠀⠕⠋⠀⠠⠁⠗⠞⠎⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠏⠗⠊⠝⠞⠑⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠠⠚⠕⠥⠗⠝⠁⠇⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠎⠕⠉⠊⠑⠞⠽⠂⠀⠠⠍⠁⠗⠉⠓⠀⠼⠃⠛⠂⠀
⠼⠁⠓⠓⠑⠂⠀⠠⠝⠕⠲⠀⠼⠁⠋⠓⠓⠂⠀⠧⠕⠇⠲⠀⠭⠭⠭⠊⠊⠊⠲⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀
⠁⠝⠀⠁⠏⠏⠑⠝⠙⠊⠭⠂⠀⠠⠕⠉⠞⠕⠃⠑⠗⠀⠼⠉⠚⠂⠀⠼⠁⠓⠓⠑⠂⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑
⠀⠎⠁⠍⠑⠀⠧⠕⠇⠥⠍⠑⠂⠀⠎⠓⠕⠥⠇⠙⠀⠃⠑⠀⠉⠕⠝⠎⠥⠇⠞⠑⠙⠀⠃⠽⠀⠁⠝⠽
⠀⠕⠝⠑⠀⠺⠓⠕⠀⠺⠊⠎⠓⠑⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠅⠝⠕⠺⠀⠍⠕⠗⠑⠀⠁⠃⠕⠥⠞⠀⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀
⠉⠥⠗⠊⠕⠥⠎⠀⠎⠊⠍⠊⠇⠁⠗⠊⠞⠽⠲⠀⠀⠠⠺⠑⠀⠓⠁⠧⠑⠀⠝⠕⠺⠀
⠁⠗⠗⠊⠧⠑⠙⠀⠁⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠇⠁⠗⠊⠝⠑⠞⠲⠀⠠⠁⠇⠞⠓⠕⠥⠛⠓⠀
⠑⠍⠃⠕⠙⠽⠊⠝⠛⠀⠁⠀⠧⠑⠗⠽⠀⠁⠝⠉⠊⠑⠝⠞⠀⠏⠗⠊⠝⠉⠊⠏⠇⠑⠤⠤⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠎⠟⠥⠑⠁⠅⠑⠗⠀⠗⠑⠑⠙⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀⠇⠊⠞⠞⠇⠑⠀⠉⠓⠊⠇⠙⠗⠑⠝⠀
⠎⠞⠊⠇⠇⠀⠍⠁⠅⠑⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠉⠕⠝⠞⠊⠝⠥⠑⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠠⠑⠛⠽⠏⠞⠊⠁⠝⠀⠁⠗⠛⠓⠕⠕⠇⠤⠤⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠇⠁⠗⠊⠝⠑⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠍⠕⠎⠞⠀⠗⠑⠉⠑⠝⠞⠀⠍⠑⠍⠃⠑⠗⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠺⠕⠕⠙⠀⠺⠊⠝⠙⠀
⠃⠁⠝⠙⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠗⠑⠑⠙⠀⠊⠝⠊⠞⠊⠁⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠞⠕⠝⠑⠀⠃⠽⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠏⠇⠁⠽⠑⠗⠄⠎⠀⠃⠗⠑⠁⠞⠓⠀⠊⠎⠀⠁⠀⠃⠗⠕⠁⠙⠂⠀⠎⠊⠝⠛⠇⠑⠂⠀
⠎⠞⠗⠊⠅⠊⠝⠛⠀⠕⠗⠀⠃⠑⠁⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠗⠑⠑⠙⠂⠀⠎⠕⠀⠉⠁⠇⠇⠑⠙⠀
⠃⠑⠉⠁⠥⠎⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠧⠊⠃⠗⠁⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠕⠝⠛⠥⠑⠀⠞⠕⠥⠉⠓⠑⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑
⠀⠑⠙⠛⠑⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠃⠕⠙⠽⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠥⠞⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠕⠗⠀
⠋⠗⠁⠍⠊⠝⠛⠲⠀⠠⠁⠀⠉⠽⠇⠊⠝⠙⠗⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠏⠊⠏⠑⠂⠀⠁⠎⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠕⠋
⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠇⠁⠗⠊⠝⠑⠞⠂⠀⠙⠗⠕⠏⠎⠂⠀⠁⠏⠏⠗⠕⠭⠊⠍⠁⠞⠑⠇⠽⠂⠀⠁⠝⠀
⠕⠉⠞⠁⠧⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀⠏⠊⠞⠉⠓⠀⠺⠓⠑⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠕⠇⠥⠍⠝⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠊⠗⠀
⠊⠞⠀⠉⠕⠝⠞⠁⠊⠝⠎⠀⠊⠎⠀⠎⠑⠞⠀⠥⠏⠀⠊⠝⠀⠧⠊⠃⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠃⠽⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.