,illu/ration     ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican  
,,supplem5t ,,no4 #hai     ,,new ,,york1
 ,,septemb] #ab1 #ahia4  ,sci5tific     
,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxxii1 ,no4
 #hai4  ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$    
#ahde  ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1  
#e a ye>4  ,sci5tific ,am]ican &        
,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4         99        
99       99       99       99           
,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4   ,i4            
,,a/ronomy4--,! ,/ory ( ! ,univ]se4--,by
 ,dr4 ,,william       ,,hugg9s4--,a     
valuable acc\nt ( mod]n views ( !       
=mation       ( ! univ]se1 & ( mod]n    
me?ods ( /udy+ ! problem4--#a           
illu/ration4  ,,ii4   ,,electricity4--,!
 ,production ( ,hydrog5 & ,oxyg5 ?r\gh  
! ,electrolysis ( ,wat]4--,a valuable   
pap] on ! electrolysis       ( wat] on a
 l>ge scale1 ) app>atus employ$         
!re=4--#d       illu/rations4  ,,iii4   
,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+4--,an ,engli%     
,/eam ,fire ,eng9e4--,a       light fire
 eng9e built = ,ea/ ,indian s]vice4--#a 
illu/ration4  ,,iv4   ,,m$ic9e ,,&      

,,hygi5e4--,a ,case ( ,dr[n+1 )         
,resuscitation4--,by       ,f4,a4       
,,burrall1 ,m4,d4--,a full acc\nt ( a   
rem>kable       case ( resuscitation f  
dr[n+1 ) full details       ( treatm5t4 
,v4    ,,metallurgy4--,h[ ,gas ,cyl9d]s 
are ,made4--,! manufacture       (      
cyl9d]s = highly compress$ gases1 a     
comp>atively       new & gr[+           
indu/ry4--#f illu/rations4        ,ref9+
 ,silv] ,bullion4--,! ,gutzk[ process 9 
ref9+ silv]       bullion ) sulphuric   
acid4--#a illu/ration4        ,!        
,treatm5t ( ,refractory ,ores4--,a new  
process = ! extraction       ( metal f  
refractory ore4--#a illu/ration4        
,weldless ,/eel ,*a9s4--,an exhau/ive   
exam9ation ( ?is curi\s       process1 &
 v full illu/rations4--#dc illu/rations4
  ,,vi4   ,,meteorology4--,climatic     
,*anges 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4          
--,by ,c4,a4,m4 ,,tab]4--,causes ( !    
climatic *anges !       s\!rn hemisph]e 
has und]gone4  ,,vii4  ,,milit>y        
,,tactics4--,! ,sy/em ( ,milit>y ,dove  

,cotes 9       ,europe4--,cont9uation ( 
?is pap]1 treat+ ( ! pigeon s]vice      
9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy4  ,,viii4  
,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,! ,isle ( ,man ,tw9
 ,screw       ,/eam] ,tynwald4--,a high 
spe$ /eam]1 ) a /eady sea-go+       spe$
 ( betwe5 #ah & #ai knots4--#b          
illu/rations4  ,,ix4                    
,,te*nology4--,ammonia4--,! manufacture 
( ammoniacal       gas = te*nical       
uses4--,full details ( its production4  
,musical ,in/rum5ts4--,_! con/ruction & 
capabilities4--,by       ,a4,j4         
,,hipk9s4--,second in/allm5t ( ?is      
highly int]e/+       s]ies ( lectures   
treat+ ( diff]5t k9ds ( in/rum5ts4      
,note on ,refrig]at+ ,app>atus4         
,%eet ,glass f ,molt5 ,metal4--,! me?od 
( mak+ %eets       ( glass f ! molt5    
mat]ial & manufacture ( metal plates    
by ! same me?od4  ,x4    ,,vet]9>y      
,,sci5ce4--,hi/orical ,developm5t ( !   
,horse%oe4--,by ,di/rict ,vet]9>ian     
,,zippelius4--,v curi\s                 
inve/igation ( ! developm5t ( !         

horse%oe4--#bb illu/rations4         99 
99       99       99       99     ,,!   
,,production ,,( ,,hydrog5 ,,& ,,oxyg5  
,,?r\gh ,,! ,,electrolysis ,,( ,,wat]4  
,all attempts to prep>e gase\s fluids   
indu/rially 7 premature z long z !re 7  
no means ( c>ry+ !m "u a suffici5tly    
dim9i%$ volume4 ,= a few ye>s pa/1 !    
trade has be5 deliv]+ /eel cyl9d]s t    
p]mit ( /or+1 )\t ! lea/ dang]1 a gas "u
 a pressure ( f #abj to #bjj atmosph]es4
 ,! problem ( deliv]y )\t pipe lay+ hav+
 be5 suffici5tly solv$1 t ( ! indu/rial 
production ( gases c\ld be confront$ 9  
its turn4 ,liquefi$ sulphur\s acid1     
*loride ( me?yl1 & c>bonic acid h be5   
successively deliv]$1 to comm]ce4 ,!    
c>bonic acid is n[ be+ us$ "r along 9   
laboratories = ! production ( an int5se 
coldness1 ?r\gh its expansion4 ,oxyg5 & 
nitrog51 prep>$ by *emical processes1   
soon foll[$1 & n[ ! indu/rial           
electrolysis ( wat] is ab\t to p]mit ( !
 deliv]y1 9 ! same mann]1 ( v pure oxyg5
 & hydrog5 at a price )9 "o's rea*4     

,be=e describ+ ! processes employ$ 9 ?is
 prep>ation1 we mu/ answ] a "q t _m (   
our read]s might be l$ to ask u1 & t is1
 :at c ^! gases be us$ =8 ,we %all try  
to expla94 ,a prime & important         
application ( pure hydrog5 is t (       
inflat+ balloons4 ,illum9at+ gas1 :i* is
 usually employ$ = want ( some?+ bett]1 
is s5sibly d5s] ?an hydrog5 & possesses 
less asc5sional =ce1 :5ce ! necessity ( 
light5+ ! balloon or ( increas+ its     
volume4 ,su* inconv5i5ces become s]i\s )
 dirigible balloons1 ^: surface1 on !   
contr>y1 x is necess>y to dim9i% z mu* z
 possible4 ,:5 ! increas+ int]e/ tak5 9 
a]o/ation at ,p>is 0 obs]v$1 an assur$  
annual output ( "s hundr$s ( cubic met]s
 ( eras = ! sole use ( balloons 0 =ese51
 ! adoption ( pure hydrog5 be+ only a "q
 ( ! net co/4  ,pure or slightly        
c>buret$ hydrog5 is capable ( be+       
sub/itut$ to advantage = coal gas =     
heat+ or light+4 ,su* an application is 
d\btless some:at premature1 b we %all   
see t x has already got out ( ! doma9 ( 

,utopia4 ,f9ally ! oxyhydrog5 bl[pipe1  
:i* is indisp5sable = ! treatm5t ( v    
refractory metals1 consumes l>ge        
quantities ( hydrog5 & oxyg54  ,= a few 
ye>s pa/1 oxyg5 has be5 employ$ 9       
!rapeutics2 x is f\nd 9 comm]ce ei!r 9 a
 gase\s /ate or 9 solution 9 wat] 79    
siphons72 x notably relieves p]sons     
afflict$ ) a/hma or depression2 & ! use 
( x is recomm5d$ 9 ! treatm5t (         
album5uria4 ,does x cure1 or at lea/    
does x contribute to cure1 anmia1 t     
t]rible affection ( l>ge cities1 & !    
prime s\rce ( s _m o!r tr\bles8 ,"h !   
op9ions ( physicians & physiologi/s are 
divid$1 & we limit ourselves to a m5tion
 ( ! "q )\t discuss+ x4  ,only fifte5   
ye>s ago x w\ld h be5 folly to desire to
 obta9 remun]ative results ?r\gh !      
electrolysis ( wat]4 ,su* rese>* 0      
subord9at$ to ! indu/rial production (  
electric en]gy4  ,we %all n endeavor to 
e/abli% ! priority ( ! exp]im5ts &      
discov]ies4 ,! "q 0 9 ! air1 & 0 tak5 up
 almo/ simultane\sly by ?ree able       

exp]im5t]s--a ,russian physici/1 ,pr(4  
,lat*9(1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,dr4         
,d',arsonval1 ! le>n$ pr(essor ( !      
,college ( ,france1 & ,comm&ant ,r5>d1  
director ( ! milit>y e/abli%m5t (       
a]o/ation at ,*alais4 ,mr4 ,d',arsonval 
collect$ oxyg5 = exp]im5ts 9 physiology1
 :ile ,comm&ant ,r5>d naturally direct$ 
8 att5tion to ! production ( pure       
hydrog54 ,! solutions ( ! "q are1 9     
fact1 alike 9 pr9ciple1 & yet !y h be5  
develop$ 9 a v diff]5t mann]1 & we      
believe t ,comm&ant ,r5>d's process is !
 complete/ f an indu/rial /&po9t4 ,we   
%all give an acc\nt ( x f a             
communication made by ?is em95t milit>y 
eng9e]1 "s "t ago1 to ! ,fr5* ,society (
 ,physics4  ,trans=mations ( !          
,voltamet]4--,9 a laboratory1 x is ( no 
consequ5ce :e!r a lit] ( hydrog5 co/s a 
c5time or a franc4 ,s long z x is a "q (
 a few lit]s1 "o may1 at 8 ease1 wa/e 8 
en]gy & employ co/ly sub/ances4  ,!     
int]nal resi/ance ( a voltamet] & ! co/ 
( plat9um electrodes ( a few grammes    

%\ld n arre/ ! physici/ 9 an exp]im5t2  
b1 9 a production on a l>ge scale1 x is 
necess>y to decrease ! resi/ance ( !    
liquid column to z great a degree z     
possible--t is to say1 to increase its  
section & dim9i% its ?ickness4 ,! fir/  
condition leads to a suppression ( !    
plat9um1 & ! second necessitates ! use (
 new pr9ciples 9 ! con/ruction ( !      
voltamet]4 ,a laboratory voltamet]      
consi/s ei!r ( a ,u-%ap$ tube or ( a    
tr\gh 9 :i* ! electrodes are cov]$ by   
bell glasses 7,fig4 #a1 ,a & ,b74 ,9    
ei!r case1 ! electric curr5t mu/ foll[ a
 tortu\s & n>r[ pa?1 9 ord] to pass f "o
 electrode to ! o!r1 :ile1 if !         
electrodes be left entirely free 9 !    
ba?1 ! gases1 ris+ 9 a spread+ =m1 w mix
 at a c]ta9 height4 ,x is necess>y to   
sep>ate !m by a p>tition 7,fig4 #a1 ,c74
 ,if ?is is isolat+ & imp]meable1 !re w 
be no int]e/ 9 rais+ ! electrodes       
s5sibly above its l[] edge4 ,n[1 ! ne>] 
toge!r ! electrodes are1 ! m x is       
necess>y to l[] ! p>tition4 ,! ext5sion 

( ! electrodes & ! br++ ( !m toge!r is !
 knotty "p ( ! "q4 ,?is w be %[n by a v 
simple calculation4  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #a4--;,a1 ,b1 ,,commone/ ,,=ms   
,,( ,,laboratory ,,voltamet]s4 ,c1      
,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,asc5t ,,( ,,bubbles   
,,9 ,a ,,voltamet]4  ,! visible         
electrolysis ( wat] beg9s at an         
,e4,m4,f4 ( ab\t #a4g ,v4 ,bel[ ?is !re 
is no dis5gagem5t ( bubbles4 ,if !      
,e4,m4,f4 be increas$ at ! t]m9als ( !  
voltamet]1 ! curr5t 7& consequ5tly !    
production ( gas7 w become proportional 
to ! excess ( ! value ov] #a4g ,v2 b1 at
 ! same "t1 ! curr5t w heat ! circuit--t
 is to say1 w produce a sup]flu\s "w1 & 
!re w be wa/e4 ,at #a4g ,v ! r5d]+ is at
 its maximum1 b ! useful effect is nil4 
,9 ord] to make an advantage\s use ( !  
in/rum5ts1 x is necess>y to admit a     
c]ta9 loss ( en]gy1 s mu* ! less1       
moreov]1 9 proportion z ! voltamet]s co/
 less2 & z ! sav+ is to be effect$ 9 !  
curr5t1 r ?an 9 ! app>atus1 we may admit
 ! use ( ?ree volts z a good            

proportion--t is to say1 a loss ( ab\t  
half ! disposable en]gy4 ,"u su*        
conditions1 a voltamet] hav+ an int]nal 
resi/ance ( #a ohm produces #j4fe lit] (
 hydrog5 p] h\r1 :ile x w dis5gage      
#f4ejj lit]s if its resi/ance be b      
#j4jjja ( an ohm4 ,x is true t1 9 ?is   
case1 ! curr5t w\ld be 9 ! neighborhood 
( #ae1jjj amp]es4 ,laboratory voltamet]s
 frequ5tly h a resi/ance ( a hundr$     
ohms2 x w\ld require a million 9        
d]ivation to produce ! same effect4 ,!  
specific resi/ance ( ! solutions t c be 
employ$ 9 ! production ( gases by       
electrolysis is1 9 r\nd numb]s1 tw5ty   
?\s& times great] ?an t ( m]cury4 ,9    
ord] to obta9 a resi/ance ( #j4jjja ( an
 ohm1 x is necess>y to s5sibly satisfy !
 equation              #bj1jjj l_/s     
#a_/aj1jjj  l express+ ! ?ickness ( !   
voltamet] express$ 9 met]s1 & s be+ !   
section 9 squ>e millimet]s4 ,= example3 
,= l  #a_/aj1 s  #bj1jjj1jjj1 say #bj   
squ>e met]s4 ,x w be se5 f ?is example  
:at %\ld be ! proportions ( app>atus    

design$ = a production on a l>ge scale4 
,! new pr9ciples t p]mit ( ! con/ruction
 ( su* voltamet]s are z foll[s3 7#a7 !  
sub/itution ( an alkal9e = ! acid       
solution1 ?us af=d+ a possibility (     
employ+ iron electrodes2 7#b7 !         
introduction ( a por\s p>tition betwe5 !
 electrodes1 = ! purpose ( sep>at+ !    
gases4  ,electrolytic                   
,liquid4--,comm&ant ,r5>d's exp]im5ts 7 
made ) #ae p] c5t1 solution ( cau/ic    
soda & wat] conta9+ #bg p] c5t4 ( acid4 
,^! are ! proportions t give ! maximum (
 conductivity4 ,exp]im5ts made ) a      
voltamet] hav+ plat9um electrodes       
sep>at$ by an int]val ( #c or #d        
c5timet]s %[$ t = a det]m9ate ,e4,m4,f4 
! alkal9e solution all[s ( ! passage ( a
 slight] int5s] curr5t ?an ! acidulat$  
wat]1 t is to say1 x is less resi/ant & 
m advantage\s f ! /&po9t ( ! consumption
 ( en]gy4  ,por\s ,p>tition4--,let u    
suppose t ! two p>ts ( ! tr\gh are      
sep>at$ by a p>tition conta9+ small     
*annels at "r angles ) its direction4 ,x

 is ^! *annels alone t mu/ conduct !    
electricity4 ,_! conductivity 7inv]se ( 
resi/ance7 is proportional to _! total  
section1 & inv]sely proportional to _!  
common l5g?1 :atev] be _! individual    
section4 ,x is1 !re=e1 advantage\s to   
employ p>titions t conta9 z _m op5+s z  
possible4  ,! sep>at+ effect ( ^!       
p>titions = ! gas is :olly due to       
capill>y ph5om5a4 ,we "k1 9 fact1 t wat]
 t5ds to expel gas f a n>r[ tube ) a    
pressure inv]sely proportional to !     
tube's radius4 ,9 ord] to trav]se !     
tube1 ! gase\s mass w h to ex]t a       
c\nt]-pressure great] ?an ?is capill>y  
pressure4 ,z long z ! pressure ( "o "p &
 ano!r ( ! wet wall diff]s to a degree  
less ?an ! capill>y pressure ( ! l>ge/  
*annel1 ! gases dis5gag$ 9 ! two p>ts ( 
! tr\gh w rema9 entirely sep>ate4 ,9    
ord] t ! mix+ may n take place ?r\gh !  
p>tition above ! level ( ! liquid 7dry  
p>tition71 ! latt] w h to be imp5etrable
 9 e "p t em]ges4 ,! /udy ( ! p>titions 
%\ld be direct$ to _! sep>at+ effect on 

! gases1 & to _! electric resi/ance4 ,9 
ord] to /udy ! fir/ ( ^! prop]ties1 !   
por\s p>tition1 fix$ by a h]metical jo9t
 to a glass tube1 is imm]s$ 9 ! wat]    
7,fig4 #b74 ,an increas+ pressure is    
ex]t$ f ! int]ior until ! passage (     
bubbles is obs]v$4 ,! pressure read at  
?is mom5t on ! manomet] indicates       
7trans=m$ above ! electrolytic solution7
 ! *anges ( level t ! ba? may und]go4 ,!
 diff]5t porcela9s & e>?s behave1 f ?is 
po9t ( view1 9 a v unequal mann]4 ,=    
example1 an e>!n vessel f ! ,pillivayt  
e/abli%m5t supports "s decimet]s ( wat]1
 :ile ! porcela9 ( ,b\lang]1 at         
,*oisy-le-,roi1 all[s ( ! passage ( !   
gas only at pressures great] ?an "o     
atmosph]e1 :i* is mu* m ?an is necess>y4
 ,wire gauze1 canvas1 & asbe/os clo?    
resi/ a few c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,x might  
be fe>$1 h[ev]1 t ! gases1 viol5tly     
project$ aga9/ ^! p>titions1 w\ld n     
pass1 ow+ to ! velocity acquir$4 ,^u ?is
 po9t exp]im5t is v reassur+4 ,aft]     
fill+ ) wat] a canvas bag fix$ to !     

extremity ( a rubb] tube1 x is possible 
to produce 9 ! int]ior a tumultu\s      
dis5gagem5t ( gas )\t any bubbles pass+ 
?r\gh4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#b4--;,,arrangem5t ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,(   
,,capill>y ,,reaction ,,9 ,,por\s       
,,vessels4  ,f an electrical po9t (     
view1 p>titions are ( v unequal quality4
 ,v>i\s p>titions hav+ be5 plac$ betwe5 
electrodes spac$ ?ree c5timet]s ap>t1   
curr5ts 7 obta9$ :i* indicat$ t1 ) ! be/
 ( porcela9s1 ! r5d]+ ( ! app>atus is   
dim9i%$ by "o-half4 ,asbe/os clo?       
introduces b an insignificant resi/ance4
  ,to ?is inconv5i5ce ( por\s vessels is
 add$ _! fragility1 _! high price1 & !  
impossibility ( obta9+ !m ( ! dim5sions 
t l>ge app>atus w\ld call =4 ,!         
selection ( asbe/os clo? is !re=e cle>ly
 indicat$2 b1 z x does n entirely       
sep>ate ! gases1 except at a pressure t 
does n exce$ a few c5timet]s ( wat]1 x 0
 always necess>y to br+ back ! v>iation 
( ! level to ^! n>r[ limits by a special
 arrangem5t4 ,we _c1 9 fact1 expect t ! 

entire pip+ %all be always 9 su*        
conditions t no diff]5ce 9 pressure c   
occur4 ,! levels are br\ght back to     
equality )9 ! effective limits by       
int]pos+ betwe5 ! voltamet] & ! pip+ an 
app>atus call$ a comp5sator1 :i* consi/s
 ( two vessels t communicate 9 ! int]ior
 "p ?r\gh a l>ge tube4 ,! gases ent] ea*
 vessel ?r\gh a pipe t deb\*es b5ea? !  
level ( ! wat]4 ,if a mom5t>y /oppage   
occurs 9 "o ( ! conduits1 ! wat] *anges 
level 9 ! comp5sator1 b ! pressure      
rema9s con/ant at ! orifice ( ! tubes4  
,! comp5sator is1 z may be se51 no?+ m  
?an a d\ble ,m>iotte flask4 ,:5 x is    
desir$ to obta9 pure gases1 !re is      
introduc$ into ! comp5sator a solution (
 t>t>ic acid1 :i* reta9s ! traces (     
alkalies c>ri$ along by ! curr5t ( gas4 
,! alkal9e solution1 moreov]1 de/roys ! 
ozone at ! mom5t ( its =mation4  ,x w be
 se5 t laboratory /udies h furni%$ all !
 elem5ts ( a problem :i* is n[ capable (
 ent]+ ! doma9 ( practice4 ,! *eapness (
 ! raw mat]ials p]mits ( con/ruct+      

app>atus ^: dim5sions w no long] be     
limit$ except by reasons ( ano!r nature4
 ,! electrodes may be plac$ 9 proximity 
at w1 ow+ to ! use ( ! por\s p>tition4  
,x may be se51 !n1 t ! app>atus w h a   
consid]able useful effect )\t its be+   
necess>y to wa/e ! electric en]gy beyond
 measure4  ,indu/rial ,app>atus4--,we h 
%[n h[ ! v concise rese>*es ( ,comm&ant 
,r5>d h fix$ ! be/ conditions = !       
con/ruction ( an indu/rial voltamet]4 ,x
 rema9s = u to describe ?is voltamet]   
itself1 & to %[ ! r5d]+ ( x4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,plant ,,=   
,,! ,,indu/rial ,,electrolysis ,,(      
,,wat]4  ,! indu/rial voltamet] consi/s 
( a l>ge iron cyl9d]4 ,a batt]y ( su*   
voltamet]s is %[n to ! left ( ,fig4 #c1 
& "o ( ! app>atus1 isolat$1 is repres5t$
 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! int]ior electrode is    
plac$ 9 an asbe/os clo? bag1 :i* is     
clos$ bel[ & ti$ at its upp] "p4 ,x is  
provid$ ) ap]tures :i* p]mit ( ! asc5t (
 ! gases 9 ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]4 ,!     
app>atus is h]metically seal$ at ! top1 

! two electrodes be+ naturally insulat$ 
) rubb]4 ,above ! level ( ! liquid !    
int]ior electrode is cont9u\s & =ms a   
*annel = ! gas4 ,! hydrog5 & oxyg51     
escap+ ?r\gh ! upp] orifices1 fl[ to !  
comp5sator4 ,! app>atus is provid$ ) an 
empty+ cock or a cock = fill+ ) di/ill$ 
wat]1 com+ f a res]voir situat$ above ! 
app>atus4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#d4--;,,details ,,( ,,an ,,indu/rial    
,,voltamet]4  ,! con/ants ( ! voltamet] 
e/abli%$ by ,comm&ant ,r5>d are z       
foll[s3        ,height ( ext]nal        
electrode       #c4dje m4               
int]nal                #c4bij           
,diamet] ( ext]nal              #j4cjj  
int]nal              #j4agd   ,! iron   
plate employ$ is #b millimet]s 9        
?ickness4 ,! electric resi/ance is ab\t 
#j4jjge ohm4 ,! app>atus gives #cfe     
amp]es "u #b4g volts1 & consequ5tly     
ne>ly #a kil[att4 ,its production 9     
hydrog5 is #aeh lit]s p] h\r4  ,x is    
cle> t1 9 an indu/rial exploitation1 a  
dynamo work+ "u #c volts is nev]        

employ$4 ,9 ord] to prop]ly utilize !   
p[] ( ! dynamo1 sev]al voltamet]s w be  
put 9 s]ies--a doz51 = example1 if !    
g5]at+ ma*9e is 9 proximity to !        
app>atus1 or a l>g] numb] if !          
voltamet]s are actuat$ by a dynamo      
situat$ at a di/ance1 say 9 ! vic9ity ( 
a wat]fall4 ,fig4 #c w give an idea ( a 
plant = ! electrolysis ( wat]4  ,x      
rema9s = u to say a few words z to ! net
 co/ ( ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases produc$  
by ! process t we h j describ$4 ,we may 
e/imate ! value ( a voltamet] at a      
hundr$ francs4 ,if ! app>atus op]ates   
)\t appreciable we>1 ! amortizem5t %\ld 
be calculat$ at a v l[ figure1 say #aj  
p] c5t41 :i* is l>ge4 ,9 cont9u\s       
op]ation x w\ld produce m ?an #a1ejj    
cubic met]s ( gas a ye>1 say a little   
less ?an "o c5time p] cubic met]4 ,!    
cau/ic soda is con/antly recup]at$ & is 
nev] de/roy$4 ,! sole product t         
disappe>s is ! di/ill$ wat]4 ,n[ "o     
cubic met] ( wat] produces m ?an #b1jjj 
cubic met]s ( gas4 ,! exp5se 9 wat]1 !n1

 does n am\nt to a c5time p] cubic met]4
 ,! great factor ( ! exp5se resides 9 ! 
electric en]gy4 ,! co/ ( surveillance w 
be m9imum & ! g5]al exp5ses ad libitum4 
,let u take ! case 9 :i* ! en]gy has to 
be borr[$ f a /eam eng9e4 ,suppos+ v    
small losses 9 ! dynamo & pip+1 we may  
c\nt ^u a production ( "o cubic met] (  
hydrog5 & #ejj cubic decimet]s ( oxyg5 =
 #aj horse-p[] tak5 ^u ! ma9 %aft1 say  
an exp5diture ( #aj kilogrammes ( coal  
or ( ab\t #be c5times--a little m 9     
,p>is1 & less 9 coal di/ricts4 ,if1     
consequ5tly1 we fix ! price ( ! cubic   
met] ( gas at #ej c5times1 we %all      
pres]ve a suffici5t m>g94 ,9 localities 
:]e a natural motive p[] is at our      
disposal1 ?is e/imate w h to be greatly 
r$uc$4 ,we may1 !re=e1 expect to see    
hydrog5 & oxyg5 take an important place 
9 ord9>y usages4 ,f ! /&po9t alone (    
pres]vation ( fuel1 t is to say1 (      
pot5tial en]gy ^u ! e>?1 ?is new conque/
 ( electricity is v pleas+4 ,wat]falls  
furni% utilizable en]gy 9 e locality1 &1

 9 ! future1 w p]haps console our       
great-gr&*ildr5 = ! unsp>+ wa/e t we are
 mak+ ( coal4--,la ,nature4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,cont9u$ 
f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #hah1 page #acjff4  
,,musical ,,in/rum5ts3 ,,_!             
,,con/ruction ,,& ,,capabilities4  ,by  
,a4,j4 ,,hipk9s1 ,f4,s4,a4  ,,lecture   
,,ii4   ,i w n[ invite y\r att5tion to !
 w9d in/rum5ts1 :i*1 9 ,h&el's "t1 7    
*iefly us$ to d\ble 9 unison ! p>ts (   
/r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,_! mod]n indep5d5t use 
dates f ,haydn2 x 0 ext5d$ & p]fect$ by 
,moz>t1 ,bee?ov51 & ,web]2 & !          
extraord9>y *anges & improvem5ts :i* h  
be5 effect$ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury h giv5 
w9d in/rum5ts an importance t is h>dly  
exce$$ by t ( ! /r+$1 9 ! =mation ( !   
mod]n or*e/ra4 ,! milit>y b&1 z x n[    
exi/s1 is a creation ( ! pres5t c5tury4 
,! s-call$ wood w9d in/rum5ts are !     
flute1 oboe1 bassoon1 & cl>9et4 ,x is z 
well to say at once t _! p>ticul>       
qualities ( tone d n absolutely dep5d ^u
 ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are made4 ,! =m is 

! mo/ important factor 9 det]m9+ !      
di/9ction ( tone quality1 s long z !    
sides ( ! tube are equally ela/ic1 z has
 be5 submitt$ to pro( by in/rum5ts made 
( v>i\s mat]ials1 includ+ pap]4 ,i      
consid] ?is has be5 suffici5tly         
demon/rat$ by ! indep5d5t exp]im5ts (   
,mr4 ,blaikley1 ( ,london1 & ,mr4       
,victor ,mahillon1 ( ,brussels4 ,b we   
mu/ /ill all[ ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,%eph]d       
,rock/ro's plea1 cle>ly set =? 9 a      
rec5tly publi%$ treatise on ! flute1 t !
 nature & ! sub/ance ( ! tube1 by       
reciprocity ( vibration1 ex]cise "s     
influ5ce1 al?\gh n s great z might h be5
 expect$1 on ! quality ( ! tone4 ,b ,i  
consid] ?is influ5ce is already         
ackn[l$g$ 9 my ref]5ce to equality (    
ela/icity 9 ! sides ( ! tube4  ,! flute 
is an in/rum5t ( emb\*ure--t is to say1 
"o 9 :i* a /ream ( air is driv5 f !     
play]'s lips aga9/ an edge ( ! bl[ hole 
to produce ! s\nd4 ,! oboe & bassoon h  
d\ble re$s1 & ! cl>9et a s+le re$1 made 
( a species ( cane1 z int]m$iate ag5ts (

 s\nd production4 ,!re are o!r flutes   
?an t ( emb\*ure--^? ) flageolet or     
:i/le heads1 :i*1 hav+ become obsolete1 
%all be res]v$ = lat] notice4 ,!re are  
no real t5or or bass flutes n[1 ^? 9 use
 be+ re/rict$ to ! upp] "p ( ! scale4 ,!
 pres5t flute dates f #ahcb1 :5 ,!obald 
,boehm1 a ,bav>ian flute play]1 produc$ 
! in/rum5t :i* is kn[n by 8 "n4 ,he     
entirely remodel$ ! flute1 be+ impell$  
to d s by sugge/ions f ! p]=mance ( !   
,engli% flauti/1 ,*>les ,ni*olson1 :o _h
 increas$ ! diamet] ( ! lat]al holes1 & 
by "s improvem5ts t _h be5 attempt$ 9 ! 
flute by a ,capta9 ,gordon1 ( ,*>les !  
,t5?'s ,swiss ,gu>d4 ,boehm has be5     
suffici5tly v9dicat$ f hav+ unfairly    
appropriat$ ,gordon's ideas4 ,! ,boehm  
flute1 s9ce #ahdf1 is a cyl9drical tube 
= ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( its l5g? f ! l[]    
end1 aft] :i* x is cont9u$ 9 a curv$    
conical prolongation to ! cork /opp]4 ,!
 f+] holes are dispos$ 9 a geometrical  
division1 & ! me*anism & position ( !   
keys are entirely diff]5t f :at _h be5  

be=e4 ,! full compass ( ! ,boehm flute  
is *romatic1 f middle ,c to ,c1 two     
octaves above ! treble clef ,c1 a range 
( ?ree octaves1 :i* is common to all    
conc]t flutes1 & is n peculi> to !      
,boehm model4 ,( c\rse ?is compass is   
p>tly produc$ by alt]+ ! pressure (     
bl[+4 ,columns ( air inclos$ 9 pipes    
vibrate l /r+s 9 sections1 b1 unlike    
/r+s1 ! vibrations progress 9 !         
direction ( l5g?1 n across ! direction (
 l5g?4 ,9 ! flute1 all notes bel[ ,d1 9 
! treble clef1 are produc$ by ! normal  
pressure ( w9d2 by an increas+ pressure 
( ov]bl[+ ! h>monics1 ,d 9 ! treble     
clef1 & ,a & ,b above x1 are            
successively atta9$4 ,! f+]holes & keys1
 by %ort5+ ! tube1 fill up ! requir$    
int]vals ( ! scale4 ,!re are high]      
h>monics /ill1 b flauti/s g5]ally pref] 
to d )\t !m :5 !y c get ! note requir$  
by a l[] h>monic4 ,9 ,boehm's flute1 8  
+5i\s me*anism all[s ! production ( !   
elev5 *romatic semitones int]m$iate     
betwe5 ! fundam5tal note ( ! flute & its

 fir/ h>monic1 by holes s dispos$ t1 9  
op5+ !m successively1 !y %ort5 ! column 
( air 9 exact proportion4 ,x is1 !re=e1 
ideally1 an equal temp]am5t in/rum5t & n
 a ,d major "o1 z ! conical flute 0     
consid]$ to be4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important 
?+ ,boehm did = ! flute 0 to enunciate !
 pr9ciple t1 to insure purity ( tone &  
correct intonation1 ! holes mu/ be put 9
 _! correct !oretical positions2 & at   
lea/ ! hole bel[ ! "o giv+ he s\nd mu/  
be op51 to insure p]fect v5t+4 ,boehm's 
flute1 h[ev]1 has n rema9$ z he left x4 
,improvem5ts1 appli$ by ,cl9ton1        
,pratt51 & ,c>te1 h introduc$ c]ta9     
modifications 9 ! f+]+1 :ile reta9+ !   
be/ features ( ,boehm's sy/em4 ,b x     
seems to me t ! re$y quality obta9$ f ! 
adoption ( ! cyl9drical bore :i* n[     
prevails does away ) ! sweet &          
*>act]i/ic tone quality ( ! old conical 
,g]man flute1 & gives u 9 its place "o t
 is n suffici5tly di/9ct f t ( ! cl>9et4
  ,! flute is ! mo/ facile ( all        
or*e/ral w9d in/rum5ts2 & ! device (    

d\ble tongu+1 ! quick repetition ( notes
 by tak+ a /accato ,t-/op 9 bl[+1 is    
well kn[n4 ,! flute g5]ally goes ) !    
viol9s 9 ! or*e/ra1 or su/a9s long notes
 ) ! o!r wood w9d in/rum5ts1 or is us$ 9
 ^? conv]sational passages ) o!r        
in/rum5ts t l5d su* a *>m to or*e/ral   
music4 ,! l[] notes are n p[]ful4 ,mr4  
,h5ry ,c>te has1 h[ev]1 design$ an alto 
flute 9 ,a1 desc5d+ to viol9 ,g1 )      
excell5t results4 ,!re is a flute :i*   
transposes a m9or ?ird high] ?an !      
ord9>y flute2 b x is n mu* us$ 9 !      
or*e/ra1 al?\gh us$ 9 ! army1 z is also 
a flute "o semitone high] ?an ! conc]t  
flute4 ,! piccolo1 or octave flute1 is m
 employ$ 9 ! or*e/ra1 & may d\ble !     
melody 9 ! highe/ octave1 or acc5tuate  
brilliant po9ts ( effect 9 ! score4 ,x  
is v %rill & excit+ 9 ! ov]bl[n notes1 &
 )\t great c>e may give a vulg> "* to ! 
music1 & = ?is reason ,sir ,ar?ur       
,sullivan has replac$ x 9 ! score (     
,ivanhoe by a high ,g flute4 ,! piccolo 
is exactly an octave high] ?an ! flute1 

except+ ! two l[e/ notes ( :i* x is     
defici5t4 ,! old cyl9drical e>-pi]c+    
fife is an obsolete in/rum5t1 be+       
sup]s$$ by a small army flute1 /ill1    
h[ev]1 call$ a fife1 us$ ) ! side drum 9
 ! drum & fife b&4  ,! transv]se or     
,g]man flute1 introduc$ into ! or*e/ra  
by ,lulli1 came into g5]al use 9 ! "t ( 
,h&el2 be=e t ! record]s1 or flute      
d\ces1 ! flute  bec ) beak or :i/le     
head1 7 pref]r$4 ,^! in/rum5ts 7 us$ 9 a
 family1 usually ( eight memb]s1 viz41 z
 _m sizes f treble to bass2 or 9 ?ree1  
treble1 alto or t5or1 & bass4 ,a f9e    
orig9al set ( ^? n[ r>e in/rum5ts1 eight
 9 numb]1 0 %[n 9 #ahij 9 ! music gall]y
 ( ! ,royal ,milit>y ,exhibition1 at    
,*elsea2 a loan collection admirably    
arrang$ by ,capta9 ,c4,b4 ,day4 ,!y 7   
obta9$ f ,hesse ,d>m/adt1 & _h _! out]  
case to pres]ve !m exactly l ! record]  
case repres5t$ 9 ! pa9t+ by ,holbe9 ( ! 
ambassadors1 or r1 ! s*ol>s1 rec5tly    
acquir$ = ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,!       
flageolet 0 ! late/ =m ( ! treble1 beak1

 or :i/le head flute4 ,! :i/le head is  
furni%$ ) a cavity conta9+ air1 :i*1    
%ap$ by a n>r[ groove1 /rikes aga9/ !   
%>p edge & excites vibration 9 ! conical
 pipe1 on ! same pr9ciple t an organ    
pipe is made to s\nd1 or ( ! action ( ! 
play]'s m\? & lips ^u ! bl[hole ( !     
flute4 ,z x w int]e/ ! audi5ce to he> ! 
tone ( ,%akespe>e's record]1 ,mr4 ,h5ry 
,c>te w play an air ^u "o4  ,! oboe     
takes ! next place 9 ! wood w9d b&4 ,!  
pr9ciple ( s\nd excitem5t1 t ( ! d\ble  
re$1 orig9at+ 9 ! flatt5+ ( ! end ( an  
oat or :eat /raw1 is ( great antiquity1 
b x c\ld only be appli$ by ins]tion 9   
tubes ( v n>r[ diamet]1 s t ! column (  
air %\ld n be wid] ?an ! tongue /raw or 
re$ act+ ^u x4 ,! little re$ b\nd r\nd &
 contract$ bel[ ! vibrat+ ends 9 ?is    
primitive =m p]mitt$ ! adju/m5t ( ! l[] 
op5 end 9 ! tube1 x might be ano!r long]
 re$ or pipe :i* inclos$ ! air column2 &
 ?us a conical pipe t gradually n>r[s to
 ! diamet] ( ! tongue re$ mu/ h be5 e>ly
 discov]$1 & 0 ! orig9al type ( !       

pa/oral & beautiful oboe ( ! mod]n      
or*e/ra4 ,l ! flute1 ! oboe has only !  
soprano regi/]1 ext5d+ f ,b flat or     
natural bel[ middle ,c to ,f above !    
treble clef1 two octaves & a fif?1 :i* a
 little exce$s ! flute d[nw>d4 ,!       
f\ndation ( ! scale is ,d major1 ! same 
z ! flute 0 be=e ,boehm alt]$ x4        
,trieb]t1 a skillful ,p>isian mak]1 tri$
 to adapt ,boehm's re=m ( ! flute to !  
oboe1 b s f> z ! geometrical division ( 
! scale 0 conc]n$1 he fail$1 because x  
alt]$ ! *>act]i/ic tone quality ( !     
in/rum5t1 s desirable = ! balance (     
or*e/ral coloration4 ,b ! f+]+ has be5  
modifi$ ) consid]able success1 al?\gh x 
is true by a mu* great] complication (  
means ?an ! m simple contrivances t     
prec$$ x1 :i* are /ill pref]r$ by !     
play]s4 ,! oboe re$ has be5 mu* alt]$   
s9ce ! e>li] ye>s ( ?is c5tury4 ,x 0    
=m]ly m l ! re$ ( ! %awm1 an in/rum5t f 
:i* ! oboe has be5 d]iv$2 & t ( ! pres5t
 bassoon4 ,x is n[ made n>r[]1 ) mu*    
advantage 9 ! ref9em5t ( ! tone4 ,z 9 ! 

flute1 ! notes up to ,c %>p 9 ! treble  
clef are produc$ by ! normal bl[+1 &    
simply %ort5+ ! tube by op5+ ! s\nd     
holes4 ,beyond t note1 increas$         
pressure1 or ov]bl[+1 assi/$ by a       
h>monic speak] key1 produces ! fir/     
h>monic1 t ( ! octave1 & s on4 ,! l[e/  
notes are r\gh & ! highe/ %rill2 f ,a to
 ,d above ! treble clef1 ! tone quality 
( ! oboe is ( a t5d] *>m 9 melody4      
,al?\gh n l\d1 its tone is p5etrat+ &   
prom95t4 ,its /accato has an agreeable  
effect4 ,! place ( ! oboe 9 ! wood w9d  
b& betwe5 ! flute & ! cl>9et1 ) !       
bassoon = a bass1 is beyond !           
possibility ( improvem5t by any *ange4  
,l ! flute1 !re 0 a complete family (   
oboes 9 ! sixte5? & e>ly 9 ! sev5te5?   
c5tury2 ! little s*almey1 ! discant     
s*almey1 f :i* ! pres5t oboe is d]iv$2 !
 alto1 t5or1 pomm]1 & bass pomm]s1 & !  
d\ble qu9t or contrabass pomm]4  ,9 all 
^! old f+] hole in/rum5ts ! scale beg9s 
) ! fir/ hole1 a note 9 ! bagpipe ) :i* 
! drones agree1 & n ! entire tube4 ,f ! 

bass & d\ble qu9t pomm]s came ultimately
 ! bassoon & contra-bassoon1 & f ! alto 
pomm]1 an obsolete in/rum5t = :i* ,ba*  
wrote1 call$ ! oboe di caccia1 or hunt+ 
oboe1 an appellation unexpla9$1 unless x
 _h orig9ally a horn-l tone1 & 01 z x   
has be5 sugge/$ to me by ,mr4 ,blaikley1
 us$ by ^? :o c\ld n make a real hunt+  
horn s\nd4 ,x 0 b5t to a knee %ape to   
facilitate p]=mance4 ,x 0 n exactly !   
cor ,anglais or ,engli% horn1 a mod]n   
in/rum5t ( ! same pit* :i* is b5t l x1 &
 ( simil> compass1 a fif? bel[ ! usual  
oboe4 ,! t5oroon1 ) :i* ! oboe di caccia
 has be5 comp>$1 0 a high bassoon really
 on octave & a fif? bel[4 ,x has be5    
sometimes ov]look$ t !re are two octaves
 9 pit* betwe5 ! oboe & bassoon1 :i* has
 l$ to "s confusion 9 recogniz+ ^!      
in/rum5ts4 ,!re 0 an int]m$iate in/rum5t
 a ?ird l[] ?an ! oboe1 us$ by ,ba*1    
call$ ! oboe d'amore1 :i* 0 probably us$
 ) ! cornemuse or bagpipe1 & ano!r1 a   
?ird high] ?an ! oboe1 call$ musette 7n 
! small bagpipe ( t "n74 ,! cor ,anglais

 is 9 pres5t use4 ,x is a melan*oly1 ev5
 m\rnful in/rum5t1 its sole use 9 !     
or*e/ra be+ v suitable = situations on !
 /age1 ! effect ( :i* x helps by        
depress+ ! m9d to sadness4 ,^? :o h he>d
 ,wagn]'s ,tri/an und ,isolde w rememb]1
 :5 ! fai?ful ,kurw5al sweeps ! horizon1
 & sees no help com+ on ! sea = ! dy+   
,tri/an1 h[ pa!tically ! re$ pipe ( a   
c>eless peasant ne>1 play$ 9 ! or*e/ra  
on a cor ,anglais1 colors ! pa9ful      
situation4  ,! bassoon is ! legitimate  
bass to ! oboe & to ! wood w9d 9 g5]al4 
,x 0 evolv$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury f !      
pomm]s & bomb>ds3 ! t5ors & basses ( !  
%awm or oboe family4 ,) ! old]          
in/rum5ts1 ! re$s 7 n tak5 hold (       
imm$iately by ! lips1 b 7 held 9 a k9d (
 cup1 call$ pir\ette1 :i* only all[$ a v
 small "p ( ! re$ to project4 ,9 ! oboe 
& bassoon ! play] has ! full control ( !
 re$ ) ! lips1 :i* is ( great           
importance1 bo? 9 expression &          
intonation4 ,! bassoon economizes l5g?1 
by be+ turn$ back ^u itself1 &1 f its   

appe>ance1 obta9s 9 ,italy & ,g]many !  
satirical appellation ( fagotto or      
fagott4 ,x is made ( wood1 & has n1 ow+ 
to _m difficulties z yet unsurm\nt$1    
und]gone ^? *anges ( con/ruction t h    
p>tly trans=m$ o!r wood w9d in/rum5ts4  
,f ?is reason--& p]haps ! necessity ( a 
bassoon play] becom+ intimately famili> 
) 8 in/rum5t--bassoons by "s ( ! old]   
mak]s--notably1 ,savory--are /ill s\ght 
aft]1 9 pref]5ce to m mod]n ones4 ,!    
in/rum5t1 al?\gh ) extraord9>y          
advantages 9 tone1 "*1 & adaptability1 t
 r5d] x valuable to ! compos]1 is yet   
complicat$ & caprici\s = ! p]=m]2 b its 
v imp]fections remove x f ! me*anical   
t5d5cies ( ! age1 (t5 damag+ to art2 &1 
z ! play] has to rely v mu* ^u 8 e> =   
correct intonation1 he gets1 9 reality1 
ne> to ! manipulation ( ! /r+$          
in/rum5ts4 ,! bassoons play readily ) ! 
violoncellos1 _! unit$ tone be+ (t5     
advantage\s = effect4 ,:5 n s us$1 x    
falls back into its natural relation%ip 
) ! wood w9d division ( ! or*e/ra4 ,!   

compass ( ! bassoon is f ,b flat1 an    
octave bel[ t 9 ! bass clef1 to ,b flat 
9 ! treble clef1 a range ( ?ree octaves1
 produc$ by normal pressure1 z f> z !   
bass clef ,f4 ,! ,f bel[ ! bass clef is 
! true l[e/ note1 ! o!r sev5 semitones  
desc5d+ to ! ,b flat be+ obta9$ by holes
 & keys 9 ! long jo9t & bell4 ,^! extra 
notes are n ov]bl[n4 ,! fundam5tal notes
 are ext5d$ z 9 ! oboes & flutes by     
ov]fl[+ to ano!r octave1 & aft]w>d to ! 
twelf?4 ,9 mod]n in/rum5ts yet high]    
notes1 by ! contrivance ( small h>monic 
holes & cross f+]+s1 c be secur$4 ,long 
notes1 scales1 arpeggios1 are all       
practicable on ?is s]viceable in/rum5t1 
& 9 full h>mony ) cl>9ets1 or oboes &   
horns1 x =ms "p ( a ri* & beautiful     
comb9ation4 ,!re is a v tell+ quality 9 
! upp] notes ( ! bassoon ( :i* compos]s 
h made use4 ,/ructurally1 a bassoon     
consi/s ( sev]al pieces1 ! w+1 butt1    
long jo9ts1 & bell1 & :5 fitt$ toge!r1  
!y =m a holl[ cone ( ab\t eight feet    
long1 ! air column tap]+ 9 diamet] f    

?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* at ! re$ to "o & 
?ree-qu>t] in*es at ! bell end4  ,! b5d+
 back at ! butt jo9t is pi]c$ 9 "o piece
 ( wood1 & ! prolongation ( ! d\ble tube
 is usually /opp$ by a flatt5$ oval     
cork1 b 9 "s mod]n bassoons ?is is      
replac$ by a prop]ly curv$ tube4 ,!     
height is ?us r$uc$ to a little ov] f\r 
feet1 & ! holes1 assi/$ by ! artifice ( 
pi]c+ !m obliquely1 are br\ght )9 rea* (
 ! f+]s4 ,! crook1 9 ! end ( :i* ! re$  
is ins]t$1 is ab\t twelve in*es long1 & 
is adju/$ to ! %ort] bran*4  ,!         
contra-bassoon is an octave l[] ?an !   
bassoon1 :i* implies t x %\ld g d[n to !
 d\ble ,b flat1 two octaves bel[ t 9 !  
bass clef1 b x is cu/om>y to d )\t !    
l[e/ z well z ! highe/ notes ( ?is      
in/rum5t4 ,x is r>ely us$1 b %\ld n be  
disp5s$ )4 ,messrs4 ,mahillon1 (        
,brussels1 produce a re$ contra-bass (  
metal1 int5d$ to replace !              
contra-bassoon ( wood1 b probably m ) ! 
view ( complet+ ! milit>y b& ?an =      
or*e/ral use4 ,x is a conical brass tube

 ( l>ge proportions1 ) sev5te5 lat]al   
holes ( wide diamet] & 9 geometrical    
relation1 s t = ea* s\nd "o key only is 
requir$4 ,! compass ( ?is contra-bass   
lies betwe5 ,d 9 ! d\ble bass octave & !
 l[] ,f ( ! treble clef4  ,!            
s>rusophones ( ,fr5* inv5tion are a     
complete family1 made 9 brass & )       
conical tubes pi]c$ accord+ to geometric
 relation1 s t ! s>rusophone is m equal 
?an ! oboe x copies & is int5d$1 at lea/
 = milit>y music1 to replace4 ,be+ on a 
l>g] scale1 ! s>rusophones are l\d] ?an 
! correspond+ in/rum5ts ( ! oboe family4
 ,!re are six s>rusophones1 f ! sopran9o
 9 ,e flat to ! contra-bass 9 ,b flat2 &
 to replace ! contra-bassoon 9 ! or*e/ra
 !re is a l[] contrabass s>rusophone    
made 9 ,c1 ! compass ( :i* is f ! d\ble 
bass octave ,b flat to ! high] ,g 9 !   
bass clef4  ,be=e leav+ ! d\ble re$ w9d 
in/rum5ts1 a few words %\ld be said ( a 
family ( in/rum5ts 9 ! sixte5? c5tury z 
important z ! s*almeys1 pomm]s1 &       
bomb>ds1 b long s9ce ext9ct4 ,?is 0 !   

cromorne1 a wood5 in/rum5t ) cyl9drical 
column ( air2 ! "n is consid]$ to rema9 
9 ! cremona /op ( ! organ4 ,! l[] end is
 turn$ up l a %eph]d's crook rev]s$1 f  
:5ce ! ,fr5* "n t\rneb\t4 ,cromorne is !
 ,g]man krummhorn2 !re is no ,engli%    
equival5t kn[n4  ,! tone1 z 9 all ! re$ 
in/rum5ts ( ! p]iod1 0 /rong & (t5      
bleat+4 ,! d\ble re$ 0 inclos$ 9 a      
pir\ette1 or cup1 & ! keys ( ! t5or or  
bass1 j ! same z ) simil> flutes &      
bomb>ds1 7 hidd5 by a b>rel-%ap$ cov]1  
pi]c$ ) small op5+s1 app>5tly int5d$ to 
modify ! too se>*+ tone z well z to     
protect ! t\* pieces :i* mov$ ! keys4 ,!
 compass 0 limit$ to fundam5tal notes1 &
 f ! cyl9drical tube & re$ 0 an octave  
l[] 9 pit* ?an ! l5g? w\ld %[4 ,9 all ^!
 in/rum5ts provision 0 made 9 ! holes & 
keys = transposition ( ! h&s accord+ to 
! play]'s habit ( plac+ ! "r or left h& 
above ! o!r4 ,! unus$ hole 0 /opp$ )    
wax4 ,!re is a f9e & complete set ( f\r 
cromornes 9 ! museum ( ! ,cons]vatoire  
at ,brussels4  ,we mu/ also place among 

d\ble-re$ in/rum5ts ! v>i\s bagpipes1   
cornemuses1 & musettes1 :i* are %awm or 
oboe in/rum5ts ) res]voirs ( air1 &     
furni%$ ) drones inclos+ s+le re$s4 ,i  
%all h m to say ab\t ! drone 9 ! ?ird   
lecture4 ,9 re/rict+ our att5tion to !  
,highl& bagpipe1 ) :i* we are m or less 
famili>1 x is surpris+ to f9d ! peculi> 
scale ( ! *aunt]1 or f+] pipe1 9 an old 
,arabic scale1 /ill prevail+ 9 ,syria & 
,egypt4 ,dr4 ,a4,j4 ,ellis' lecture on  
,! ,musical ,scales ( ,v>i\s ,nations1  
read be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 & pr9t$ 9 
! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society1 ,m>* #bg1 #ahhe1
 ,no4 #afhh1 vol4 xxxiii41 & 9 an       
app5dix1 ,octob] #cj1 #ahhe1 9 ! same   
volume1 %\ld be consult$ by any "o :o   
wi%es to "k m ab\t ?is curi\s simil>ity4
  ,we h n[ arriv$ at ! cl>9et4 ,al?\gh  
embody+ a v anci5t pr9ciple--! squeak]  
re$ :i* our little *ildr5 /ill make1 &  
cont9u$ 9 ! ,egyptian arghool--! cl>9et 
is ! mo/ rec5t memb] ( ! wood w9d b&4 ,!
 re$ initiat+ ! tone by ! play]'s brea? 
is a broad1 s+le1 /rik+ or beat+ re$1 s 

call$ because ! vibrat+ tongue t\*es !  
edges ( ! body ( ! cutt+ or fram+4 ,a   
cyl9drical pipe1 z t ( ! cl>9et1 drops1 
approximately1 an octave 9 pit* :5 !    
column ( air x conta9s is set up 9      
vibration by su* a re$1 because ! re$   
virtually closes ! pipe at ! end :]e x  
is ins]t$1 & l a /opp$ organ pipe sets  
up a node ( maximum cond5sation or      
r>efaction at t end4 ,?is peculi>ity    
int]f]es ) ! resonance ( ! ev5-numb]$   
p>tials ( ! h>monic scale1 & p]mits only
 ! odd-numb]$ p>tials1 #a1 #c1 #e1 & s  
on1 to s\nd4 ,! fir/ h>monic1 z we f9d 9
 ! cl>9et1 is !re=e ! ?ird p>tial1 or   
twelf? ( ! fundam5tal note1 & n !       
octave1 z 9 ! oboe & flute4  ,9 ! oboe !
 %ift+ ( ! nodes 9 a conical tube op5 at
 its base1 & n>r[+ to its apex1 p]mits !
 resonance ( ! complete s]ies ( !       
h>monic scale1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 &    
upw>d4 ,! flute has likewise ! complete 
s]ies1 because ?r\gh ! bl[hole x is a   
pipe op5 at bo? ends4 ,b :ile /at+ ! law
 :i* gov]ns ! pit* & h>monic scale ( !  

cl>9et1 affirm$ equally by obs]vation & 
demon/ration1 we are left at pres5t )   
only ! =m] :5 reg>d+ two v sl5d]1 almo/ 
cyl9drical re$ pipes1 discov]$ 9 #ahhi  
by ,mr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie :ile excavat+ at
 ,fay\m ! tomb ( an ,egyptian lady nam$ 
,maket4 ,mr4 ,petrie dates ^! pipes ab\t
 #aajj ,b4,c41 & !y 7 ! pr9cipal subject
 ( ,mr4 ,s\?gate's rec5t lectures ^u !  
,egyptian scale4  ,n[ ,mr4 ,j4 ,f9n1 :o 
made ^! anci5t pipes s\nd at ^! lectures
 ) an arghool re$ ( /raw1 0 able ^u !   
pipe :i* _h1 by f+] holes1 a tetra*ord1 
to repeat t tetra*ord a fif? high] by   
increas$ pressure ( bl[+1 & ?us =m an   
octave scale1 compris+ eight notes4     
,aga9/ ! laws ( nature1 says a fri5d (  
m9e1 = ! pipe hav+ dropp$ m ?an an      
octave ?r\gh ! re$1 0 at its fundam5tal 
pit*1 & %\ld h ov]bl[n a twelf?4  ,b    
,mr4 ,f9n all[s me to say ) ref]5ce to  
^? re$s1 p]haps ! olde/ s\nd+ musical   
in/rum5ts kn[n to exi/1 t 8 exp]im5ts ) 
/raw re$s seem to indicate l[1 m$ium1 & 
high octave regi/]s4 ,! fir/ & la/      

difficult to obta9 ) re$s z made by u4  
,he seeks ! fundam5tal tones ( ! ,maket 
pipes 9 ! fir/ or l[ regi/]1 an octave  
bel[ ! normal pit*4 ,by ?is ! fif?s     
rev]t to twelf?s4 ,i (f] no op9ion1 b w 
leave ?is curi\s ph5om5on to !          
consid]ation ( my fri5ds1 ,mr4          
,blaikley1 ,mr4 ,victor ,mahillon1 &    
,mr4 ,h]mann ,smi?1 ac\/icians intimate 
) w9d in/rum5ts4  ,! cl>9et 0 inv5t$    
ab\t ,a4,d4 #agjj1 by ,*ri/oph] ,d5n]1 (
 ,nuremb]g4 ,by 8 inv5tion1 an old] &   
small] in/rum5t1 ! *alumeau1 ( elev5    
notes1 )\t producible h>monics1 01 by an
 artifice ( rais+ a key to give access  
to ! air column at a c]ta9 po9t1 end[$ )
 a h>monic s]ies ( elev5 notes a twelf? 
high]4 ,! *alumeau be+ a cyl9drical     
pipe1 ! upp] p>tials c\ld only be 9 an  
odd s]ies1 & :5 ,d5n] made !m speak1 !y 
7 consequ5tly n an octave1 b a twelf?   
above ! fundam5tal notes4 ,?us1 an      
in/rum5t :i* rang$1 ) ! help ( eight f+]
 holes & two keys1 f ,f 9 ! bass clef to
 ,b flat 9 ! treble _h an addition giv5 

to x at once ( a second regi/] f ,c 9 ! 
treble clef to ,e flat above x4 ,! scale
 ( ! orig9al in/rum5t is /ill call$     
*alumeau by ! cl>9et play]2 ab\t !      
middle ( ! la/ c5tury x 0 ext5d$ d[n to 
,e4 ,! second regi/] ( notes1 :i* by ?is
 l5g!n+ ( pipe />t$ f ,b natural1       
receiv$ ! "n ( cl>9et1 or cl>ionet1 f ! 
cl>9o or cl>ion1 ! high solo trumpet ( !
 "t x 0 expect$ t ?is bright h>monic    
s]ies w\ld replace4  ,?is "n ( cl>9et1  
or cl>ionet1 became accept$ = ! entire  
in/rum5t1 includ+ ! *alumeau regi/]4 ,x 
is ! communication betwe5 ! ext]nal air 
& ! upp] "p ( ! air column 9 ! in/rum5t 
:i*1 initiat+ a v5tral segm5t or loop ( 
vibration1 =ces ! air column to divide =
 ! next possible p>tial1 ! twelf?1 t    
,d5n] has ! m]it ( hav+ made            
practicable4 ,at ! same "t !            
manipulation ( x pres5ts a difficulty 9 
le>n+ ! in/rum5t4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( ?+s
 t !re %\ld be a diff]5ce ( tone quality
 betwe5 ! l[] & upp] regi/]s ?us obta9$2
 & t ! highe/ fundam5tal notes1 ,g %>p1 

,a & ,b flat1 %\ld be colorless comp>$ )
 ! fir/ notes ( ! ov]bl[n s]ies4 ,?is is
 a difficulty ! play] has to cont5d )1 z
 well z ! complexity ( f+]+1 due to !re 
be+ no less ?an eighte5 s\nd holes4 ,mu*
 has be5 done to graft ,boehm's sy/em ( 
f+]+ ^u ! cl>9et1 b ! ?irte5 key sy/em1 
inv5t$ e>ly 9 ?is c5tury by ,iwan       
,mull]1 is /ill mo/ employ$4 ,! increas$
 complication ( me*anism is aga9/ a     
*ange1 & !re is ev5 a /rong] reason1 :i*
 ,i _c d bett] ?an translate1 9 !       
appropriate words ( ,m4 ,lavoix fils1 ! 
au?or ( a well-kn[n & admirable "w ^u   
in/rum5tation3      ,_m ?+s h /ill to be
 done1 b inv5tors mu/ n lose     ! po9t 
9 view1 t no tone quality is m necess>y 
to !     compos] ?an t ( ! cl>9et 9 its 
full ext5t2 t x     is v necess>y       
especially to avoid melt+ toge!r ! two  
regi/]s ( *alumeau & cl>9et1 s di/9ct f 
ea*     o!r4 ,if absolute ju/ness = ^!  
in/rum5ts is to be     acquir$ at !     
price ( ^? ine/imable qualities1 x w\ld 
be bett] a hundr$ times to leave x to   

virtuosi1 ?anks to     _! ability1 to   
palliate ! defects ( _! in/rum5t1     r 
?an sacrifice "o ( ! mo/ beautiful &    
int5sely     color$ voices ( our        
or*e/ra4  ,!re are sev]al cl>9ets (     
v>i\s pit*es1 & =m]ly m ?an are us$ n[1 
ow+ to ! difficulty ( play+ except 9 h&y
 keys4 ,9 ! mod]n or*e/ra ! ,a & ,b flat
 cl>9ets are ! mo/ us$2 9 ! milit>y b&1 
,b flat & ,e flat4 ,! ,c cl>9et is n mu*
 us$ n[4 ,all diff] 9 tone & quality2 ! 
,a "o is s(t] ?an ! ,b flat2 ! ,c is    
%rill4 ,! ,b flat is ! virtuoso         
in/rum5t4 ,9 milit>y b&s ! cl>9et takes 
! place :i* w\ld be t ( ! viol9 9 !     
or*e/ra1 b ! tone ( x is always         
*>act]i/ically diff]5t4 ,al?\gh         
introduc$ 9 ! "t ( ,h&el & ,ba* ^?      
compos]s made no use ( x4 ,) ,moz>t x   
fir/ became a lead+ or*e/ral in/rum5t4  
,! ,basset horn1 :i* has become !       
s5su\sly beautiful alto cl>9et 9 ,e     
flat1 is relat$ to ! cl>9et 9 ! same way
 t ! cor ,anglais is to ! oboe4 ,basset 
is equival5t to ,b>yton 7!re is a       

,basset flute figur$ 9 ,prtorius71 & ?is
 in/rum5t appe>s to h be5 inv5t$ by "o  
,horn1 liv+ at ,passau1 9 ,bav>ia1 ab\t 
#aggj4 ,8 "n giv5 to ! in/rum5t has be5 
mi/ranslat$ into ,italian z ,corno di   
,bassetto4 ,!re is a bass cl>9et employ$
 ) effect by ,mey]be] 9 ! ,hugu5ots1 b !
 *>act]i/ic cl>9et tone is less         
noticeable2 x is1 h[ev]1 l>gely us$ 9   
milit>y b&s4 ,! ,basset horn _h ! deep  
compass ( ! bass cl>9et :i* sep>ates x f
 ! pres5t alto cl>9et1 al?\gh x 0 m l ! 
alto 9 calib]4 ,! alto cl>9et is also   
us$ 9 milit>y b&s2 & probably :at !     
,basset horn w\ld h be5 writt5 = is     
divid$ betwe5 ! pres5t bass & alto      
cl>9ets4  ,prec$+ ! inv5tion ( !        
s>rusophone1 by :i* a p]fect$ oboe 0    
contriv$ 9 a brass in/rum5t1 a modifi$  
brass in/rum5t1 ! saxophone1 be>+ a     
simil> relation to ! cl>9et1 0 inv5t$ 9 
#ahdf by ,sax1 ^: "n w occur aga9 & aga9
 9 connection ) important inv5tions 9   
milit>y b& in/rum5ts4 ,! saxophone is   
play$ l ! cl>9et ) ! int]v5tion ( a     

beat+ re$1 b is n cyl9drical2 x has a   
conical tube l ! oboe4 ,! diff]5t %ape (
 ! column ( air *anges ! fir/ available 
h>monic obta9$ by ov]bl[+ to ! octave   
in/ead ( ! twelf?2 & also 9 consequ5ce (
 ! great] /r5g? ( ! ev5 h>monics1       
di/9ctly *ang+ ! tone quality4 ,!       
s>rusophone may fairly be reg>d$ z an   
oboe or bassoon2 b ! saxophone is n s   
closely relat$ to ! cl>9et4 ,!re are f\r
 sizes ( saxophone n[ made betwe5 high  
soprano & bass4 ,/>t+ f ! f\r?          
fundam5tal note1 ea* key c be employ$ 9 
! next high] octave1 by ! help ( o!r two
 keys1 :i*1 be+ op5$ successively1 set  
up a vibrat+ loop4 ,! saxophones1 al?\gh
 difficult to play1 fill an important   
place 9 ! milit>y music ( ,france &     
,belgium1 & h be5 employ$ ) advantage 9 
! ,fr5* or*e/ra4 ,! f+]+ ( all          
saxophones is t attribut$ to ,boehm4  ,!
 cup %ap$ m\?piece mu/ n[ take ! place (
 ! re$ 9 our att5tion4 ,"h ! lips fit   
aga9/ a holl[ cup %ap$ res]voir1 &1 act+
 z vibrat+ membranes1 may be comp>$ ) ! 

vocal *ords ( ! l>ynx4 ,!y h be5        
describ$ z act+ z true re$s4 ,ea*       
in/rum5t 9 :i* su* a m\?piece is employ$
 requires a slightly diff]5t =m ( x4 ,! 
,fr5* horn is ! mo/ important brass     
in/rum5t 9 mod]n music4 ,x consi/s ( a  
body ( conical %ape ab\t sev5 feet long1
 )\t ! crooks1 end+ 9 a l>ge bell1 :i*  
spreads out to a diamet] ( fifte5 in*es4
 ,! crooks are fitt$ betwe5 ! body & !  
m\?piece2 !y are a s]ies ( small]       
int]*angeable tub+s1 :i* ext5d 9 l5g? z 
!y desc5d 9 pit*1 & set ! in/rum5t 9    
diff]5t keys4 ,! m\?piece is a funnel   
%ap$ tube ( metal1 by pref]5ce silv]2 &1
 9 ! horn1 is exceptionally n cup %ap$1 
b ! rev]se3 x tap]s1 z a cone1 f        
?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* diamet] to ab\t a  
m9imum ( ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in*1 & is a 
qu>t] ( an in* :]e ! small] end ( !     
m\?piece is ins]t$ 9 ! upp] op5+ ( !    
crook4 ,! fir/ horn has a m\?piece ( r  
less diamet] ?an ! second4 ,! peculi>   
m\?piece & n>r[ tub+ h v mu* to d ) !   
s(t voice-l tone quality ( ! horn4 ,=   

conv5i5ce ( hold+1 ! tub+ is b5t 9 a    
spiral =m4 ,!re is a tun+ slide atta*$  
to ! body1 &1 ( late ye>s1 valves h be5 
add$ to ! horn1 simil> to ^? appli$ to !
 cornet & o!r w9d in/rum5ts4 ,!y h1 to a
 consid]able ext5t1 sup]s$$ h& /opp+1 by
 :i* exp$i5t ! intonation c\ld be alt]$ 
a semitone or :ole tone1 by depression (
 ! natural notes ( ! in/rum5t4 ,9 brass1
 or o!r in/rum5ts1 ! natural h>monics   
dep5d on ! pressure ( bl[+2 & ! brass   
diff]s entirely f ! wood w9d1 9 ?is     
respect1 t x is r>e1 or ) poor effect1 !
 l[e/ or fundam5tal note c be made to   
s\nd4 ,/opp+ ! horn is done by ext5d+ ! 
op5 h& "s way up ! bore2 !re is half    
/opp+ & :ole /opp+1 accord+ to !        
int]val1 ! half tone or :ole tone       
requir$4 ,z may be imag9$1 ! /opp$ notes
 are weak & dull comp>$ ) ! op54 ,on !  
o!r h&1 ! tub+ introduc$ = valves n be+ 
q con=mable 9 curve ) ! in/rum5t1 &     
hamp]$ ) indisp5sable jo9s1 unless 9 !  
be/ =m ( mod]n valve1 affects !         
smoo?ness ( tone4 ,no d\bt !re has be5 (

 late ye>s a great improvem5t 9 !       
manufacture ( valves4 ,_m horns are /ill
 made ) crooks cov]+ an octave f ,b flat
 to ,b flat1 #h feet #f in*es to #ag    
feet2 b mo/ play]s n[ use only ! ,f     
crook1 & tru/ to ! valves1 r ?an to     
*ange ! crooks1 s t we lose ! fullness (
 s\nd ( ^? bel[ ,f4 ,! natural horn 0   
orig9ally 9 ,d1 b 0 n always re/rict$ to
 t key2 !re h be5 horns = ,f1 ,g1 high  
,a1 & ,b flat4 ,?is may1 h[ev]1 be said 
= ! valve horn1 t x does n limit or     
re/rict compos]s 9 writ+ = ! op5 or     
natural notes1 :i* are always m         
beautiful 9 effect4  ,valves 7 inv5t$ & 
fir/ introduc$ 9 ,prussia ab\t ,a4,d4   
#ahae4 ,at fir/ !re 7 two1 b !re are n[ 
g5]ally ?ree4 ,9 ?is c\ntry & ,france !y
 are work$ by pi/ons1 :i*1 :5 press$    
d[n1 give access = ! air into *annels or
 supplem5t>y tub+s on "o side ( ! ma9   
bore1 ?us l5g!n+ x by a tone = ! fir/   
valve1 a semitone = ! second1 & a tone &
 a semitone = ! ?ird4 ,:5 releas$ by !  
f+]1 ! pi/on returns by ! action ( a    

spr+4 ,9 l>ge bass & contralto          
in/rum5ts1 a f\r? pi/on is add$1 :i*    
l[]s ! pit* two tones & a semitone4 ,by 
comb9+ ! use ( ?ree valves1 l[] notes   
are obta9$--?us1 = a major ?ird1 !      
second is depress$ ) ! ?ird2 = a f\r?1 !
 fir/ & ?ird2 & = ! tritone1 ! fir/1    
second1 & ?ird4 ,b ! intonation becomes 
imp]fect :5 valves are us$ toge!r1      
because ! l5g?s ( additional tub+ be+   
calculat$ = ! s+le depressions1 :5 add$ 
to ea* o!r1 !y are too %ort = ! deep]   
notes requir$4 ,by an +5i\s inv5tion (  
comp5sat+ pi/ons1 ,mr4 ,blaikley1 (     
,messrs4 ,boosey's1 has practically     
rectifi$ ?is error )\t extra mov+ p>ts  
or alt]$ f+]+4 ,9 ! valve section1 ea*  
alt]$ note becomes a fundam5tal = ano!r 
h>monic scale4 ,9 ,g]many a rot>y valve1
 a k9d ( /op cock1 is pref]r$ to !      
pi/on4 ,x is said to give great] fre$om 
( execution1 ! clos5ess ( ! %ake be+ its
 be/ po9t1 b is m exp5sive & liable to  
d]angem5t4 ,! inv5tion ( ,m4 ,adolphe   
,sax1 ( a s+le asc5d+ pi/on 9 place ( a 

gr\p ( desc5d+ ones1 by :i* ! tube is   
%ort5$ in/ead ( l5g!n$1 met1 = a "t1 )  
influ5tial support4 ,x is suitable = bo?
 conical & cyl9drical in/rum5ts1 & has  
six valves1 :i* are always us$          
indep5d5tly4 ,h[ev]1 practical          
difficulties h int]f]$ ) its success4 ,)
 any valve sy/em1 h[ev]1 a difficulty ) 
! ,fr5* horn is its great v>iation 9    
l5g? by crooks1 inimical to ! pr9ciple (
 ! valve sy/em1 :i* relies ^u an        
adju/m5t by aliquot p>ts4 ,x w1 h[ev]1  
be se5 t ! inv5tion ( valves has1 by    
trans=m+ & ext5d+ w9d in/rum5ts1 s z to 
become *romatic1 giv5 _m advantages to !
 compos]4 ,yet x mu/1 at ! same "t1 be  
conc$$1 9 spite ( ! increas+ favor %[n =
 valve in/rum5ts1 t ! tone mu/ issue m  
freely1 & ) m purity & beauty1 f a      
simple tube ?an f tubes ) jo9+s & o!r   
complications1 t int]f]e ) ! regul>ity &
 smoo?ness ( vibration1 &1 by me*anical 
facilities1 t5d to promote a dull       
uni=mity ( tone quality4  ,ow+ to !     
*anges ( pit* by crooks1 x is n easy to 

def9e ! compass ( ! ,fr5* horn4 ,betwe5 
,c 9 ! bass clef & ,g above ! treble w  
repres5t its s]viceable notes4 ,x is    
bett] t ! fir/ horn %\ld n desc5d bel[  
middle ,c1 or ! second rise above !     
high] ,e ( ! treble clef4 ,f\r are      
g5]ally us$ 9 mod]n scores4 ,! place ( !
 horn is ) ! wood w9d b&4 ,f ,h&el1 e   
compos] has writt5 = x1 & :at is kn[n z 
! small or*e/ra ( /r+ & wood w9d b&s    
comb9$ is complet$ by ?is beautiful     
in/rum5t4  ,! mo/ prom95t in/rum5ts t   
add to ! spl5dor ( ! full or*e/ra are   
trumpets & trombones4 ,!y are really    
memb]s ( "o family1 z ! "n trombone--big
 trumpet--implies1 & bl5d well toge!r4  
,! trumpet is an in/rum5t ( c\rt & /ate 
functions1 &1 z ! soprano in/rum5t1     
comes fir/4 ,x is :at is kn[n z an eight
 foot in/rum5t 9 pit*1 & gives ! diff]5t
 h>monics f ! ?ird to ! twelf?1 & ev5 to
 ! sixte5?4 ,x is made ( brass1 mix$    
metal1 or silv]1 & is ab\t five feet    
sev5 in*es 9 real l5g?1 :5 int5d$ = !   
key ( ,f )\t a slide2 b is twice turn$  

back ^u itself1 ! fir/ & ?ird l5g?s ly+ 
contigu\s1 & ! second ab\t two in*es f  
!m4 ,! diamet] is ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*  
along ! cyl9drical l5g?2 x !n wid5s out 
= ab\t fifte5 in*es1 to =m ! bell4  ,:5 
fitt$ ) a slide = transposition--an     
inv5tion = ! trumpet 9 ! la/ c5tury--?is
 d\ble tub+1 ab\t five in*es 9 l5g? on  
ea* side1 is connect$ ) ! second l5g?4  
,x is work$ f ! c5t] ) ! second & ?ird  
f+]s ( ! "r b&1 &1 :5 pull$ back1       
returns to its orig9al position by a    
spr+4 ,!re are five crooks4 ,! m\?piece 
is hemisph]ical & convex1 & ! exact %ape
 ( x is ( great importance4 ,x has a rim
 ) slightly r\nd$ surface4 ,! diamet] ( 
! m\?piece v>ies accord+ to ! play] & ! 
pit* requir$4 ,) ! fir/ crook1 or r     
%ank1 & m\?piece1 ! l5g? ( ! trumpet is 
increas$ to six feet1 & ! in/rum5t is !n
 9 ! key ( ,f4 ,! second %ank transposes
 x to ,e1 ! ?ird to ,e flat1 & ! f\r? to
 ,d4 ,! fif?1 & l>ge/--two feet "o & a  
half in*es long--ext5ds ! in/rum5t to   
eight feet1 & l[]s ! key to ,c4 ,! slide

 is us$ = transposition by a semitone or
 a :ole tone1 ?us mak+ new fundam5tals1 
& correct+ c]ta9 notes ( ! natural      
h>monic scale1 z ! sev5?1 elev5?1 &     
?irte5?1 :i* d n agree ) our musical    
scale4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,wyatt has rec5tly tak5 
out a pat5t = a d\ble-slide trumpet1 :i*
 possesses a complete *romatic scale4 ,9
 ! requir$ l5g? ( slide ! e> has always 
to assi/4 ,x is cle> t ! v %ort %ifts ( 
a d\ble slide dem& great nicety (       
manipulation4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 diff]5t ) 
! valve trumpet4 ,! natural trumpets are
 n limit$ to "o or two keys1 b ^? 9 ,f1 
,e1 ,e flat1 ,d1 ,b flat1 & ev5 ,a h be5
 employ$2 b1 usually1 ! valve trumpets  
are 9 ,f1 & ! high] ,b flat1 ) a gr[+   
incl9ation1 b an un=tunate "o1 to be    
re/rict$ to ! latt]1 x be+ easi] =      
cornet play]s4 ,! tone ( ! high ,b flat 
trumpet _c1 h[ev]1 comp>e ) ! ,f "o1 & )
 x ! l[e/ notes are lo/4 ,( c\rse1 :5   
!re are two or ?ree trumpets1 ! high ,b 
flat "o f9ds a place4 ,h[ev]1 ! valve   
sy/em appli$ to ! trumpet is n reg>d$ ) 

satisfaction1 z x makes ! tone dull4 ,= 
gr& h]oic effect1 valve trumpets _c     
replace ! natural trumpets ) slides1 :i*
 are n[ only to be he>d 9 ?is c\ntry4   
,! simple or field trumpet appe>s to    
exi/ n[ 9 "o repres5tative only1 ! ,e   
flat cavalry trumpet4 ,ba* wrote =      
trumpets up to ! tw5tie? h>monic--b =   
?is ! trumpet _h to be divid$ into a    
pr9cipal1 :i* end$ at ! t5? h>monic--& !
 cl>9o 9 two divisions1 ! fir/ ( :i* w5t
 f ! eigh? h>monic up to z high z !     
play] c\ld rea*1 & ! second cl>9o1 f !  
six? to ! twelf?4 ,! use ( ! cl>9et by  
compos]s ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury   
seems to h aboli%$ ^! v high trumpets4  
,s completely _h !y gone1 by ! "t (     
,moz>t1 t he _h to *ange ,h&el's trumpet
 p>ts1 to accommodate !m to p]=m]s ( 8  
own "t1 & transf] ! high notes to !     
oboes & cl>9ets4  ,hav+ allud$ to !     
cornet  pi/on1 x may be introduc$ "h1   
p>ticul>ly z f be+ betwe5 a trumpet & a 
bugle1 & ( f\r foot tone1 x is (t5 made 
to d duty = ! m noble trumpet4 ,b !     

di/9ctive feature ( ?is1 z ( ne>ly all  
brass in/rum5ts s9ce ! inv5tion (       
valves1 t5ds to a compromise in/rum5t1  
:i* owes its orig9 to ! bugle4 ,! cornet
  pi/on is n[ n v diff]5t f ! valve     
bugle 9 ,b flat on ! "o h& & f ! small  
valve trumpet 9 ! same key on ! o!r4 ,x 
is a hybrid betwe5 ?is high pit* trumpet
 & ! bugle1 b comp>$ ) ! latt] x has a  
mu* small] bell4 ,by ! use ( valves &   
pi/ons1 ) :i* x 0 ! fir/ to be end[$1 ! 
cornet c easily execute passages (      
consecutive notes t 9 ! natural trumpet 
c only be got an octave high]4 ,x is a  
facile in/rum5t1 & d\ble tongu+1 :i* is 
also possible ) ! horn & trumpet1 is "o 
( its popul> means = display4 ,x has a  
h>monic compass f middle ,c to ,c above 
! treble clef1 & c g high]1 b )         
difficulty4 ,a few l[] notes1 h[ev]1 are
 easily tak5 ) ! valves4  ,we n[ come to
 ! trombones1 gr&1 sonor\s tubes1 :i*1  
exi/+ 9 ?ree or f\r sizes s9ce ! sixte5?
 c5tury1 are among ! mo/ pot5t additions
 on occasion to ! full or*e/ra4 ,_!     

treble c be reg>d$ z ! ,engli% slide    
trumpet1 b x is n exactly s4 ,!re appe>s
 to h be5 z late z ,ba* a soprano       
trombone1 & x is figur$ by ,virdung1    
,a4,d4 #aeaa1 z no l>g] ?an ! field     
trumpet4 ,! trumpet is n on s l>ge a    
calib]1 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury _h its own
 family ( two cl>9os & ?ree tubas4 ,!   
old ,engli% "n ( ! trombone is sackbut4 
,! old wood5 cornet1 or ,g]man z9ke1 an 
obsolete1 cupp$ m\?piece in/rum5t1 !    
real bass ( :i*1 accord+ to family1 is !
 n[ obsolete s]p5t1 0 us$ 9 ! sixte5? & 
sev5te5? c5turies z ! treble in/rum5t 9 
comb9ation ) alto1 t5or1 & bass         
trombones4 ,! lead+ features ( ! trumpet
 are also f\nd1 z already inf]r$1 9 !   
trombone2 !re is ! cupp$ m\?piece1 !    
cyl9drical tub+1 &1 f9ally1 a gradual   
increase 9 diamet] to ! bell4 ,! slide  
us$ = ! trumpet appe>s = f\r c5turies1 &
 probably long]1 9 ! well kn[n          
con/ruction ( ! trombone4 ,9 ?is        
in/rum5t x consi/s ( two cyl9drical     
tubes p>allel ) ea* o!r1 ^u :i* two o!r 

tubes communicat+ by a pipe at _! l[]   
ends curv$ 9 a half circle glide )\t    
loss ( air4 ,! m\?piece is fitt$ to an  
upp] end1 & a bell to a l[] end ( !     
slide4 ,:5 ! slide is clos$1 ! in/rum5t 
is at its highe/ pit*1 & z ! column (   
air is l5g!n$ by draw+ ! slide out1 !   
pit* is l[]$4 ,by ?is contrivance a     
complete *romatic scale c be obta9$1 & z
 ! det]m9ation ( ! notes x produces is  
by e>1 we h 9 x ! only w9d in/rum5t t c 
comp>e 9 accuracy ) /r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,!  
play] holds a cross b> betwe5 ! two     
l5g?s ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* enables him to  
l5g!n or %ort5 ! slide at pleasure1 & 9 
! bass trombone1 z ! /ret* w\ld be too  
great = ! l5g? ( a man's arm1 a jo9t$   
h&le is atta*$ to ! cross b>4 ,! play]  
has sev5 positions1 ea* a semitone ap>t 
= elongation1 & ea* note has its own    
sy/em ( h>monics1 b 9 practice he only  
occasionally goes beyond ! fif?4 ,!     
pres5t trombones are ! alto 9 ,e flat   
desc5d+ to ,a 9 ! sev5? position2 ! t5or
 9 ,b flat desc5d+ to ,e2 ! bass 9 ,f   

desc5d+ to ,b1 & a high] bass 9 ,g      
desc5d+ to ,c %>p4 ,wagn]1 :o has made  
sev]al important innovations 9 writ+ =  
bass brass in/rum5ts1 requires an octave
 bass trombone 9 ,b flat2 an octave l[] 
?an ! t5or "o1 9 ! ,nibelung54 ,!       
fundam5tal tones ( ! trombone are call$ 
p$al notes4 ,!y are difficult to get &  
less valuable ?an h>monics because1 9   
all w9d in/rum5ts1 notes produc$ by     
ov]bl[+ are ri*] ?an ! fundam5tal notes 
9 tone quality4 ,valve trombones d n1   
h[ev]1 f9d favor1 ! defects ( intonation
 be+ m prom95t ?an 9 %ort] in/rum5ts4 ,b
 play+ ) wide bore tubas & _! k9dr$ is n
 advantage\s to ?is noble in/rum5t4  ,! 
s]p5t has be5 already m5tion$ z ! bass (
 ! obsolete z9k5 or wood5 cornets1      
/raight or curv$1 ) cupp$ m\?piece4 ,x  
ga9$ its s]p5t9e =m f ! facility giv5   
!reby to ! play] to cov] ! six holes ) 8
 f+]s4 ,9 c\rse ( "t keys 7 add$ to x1 &
 :5 *ang$ into a bassoon %ape its "n    
*ang$ to ! ,russian bass horn or basson 
,russe4 ,a ,p>isian in/rum5t mak]1      

,hal>y1 9 #ahag1 made ?is a complete    
in/rum5t1 aft] ! mann] ( ! key$ bugle ( 
,halliday1 & produc+ x 9 brass call$ x !
 ophicleide1 f two ,greek words mean+   
s]p5t & keys--key$ s]p5t--al?\gh x 0 m l
 a key$ bass bugle4 ,! wood5 s]p5t has  
gone out ( use 9 milit>y b&s )9         
recollection1 ! ophicleide f or*e/ras   
only rec5tly4 ,x has be5 sup]s$$ by !   
developm5t ( ! valv$ tubas4 ,! euphonium
 & bomb>don1 ! basses ( ! important     
family ( saxhorns1 n[ completely cov] ! 
gr\nd ( bass w9d in/rum5t music4 ,! key$
 bugle1 inv5t$ by ,joseph ,halliday1    
b&ma/] ( ! ,cavan militia1 9 #ahaj1 may 
be reg>d$ z ! prototype ( all ^!        
in/rum5ts1 except+ t ! keys h be5       
entirely replac$ by ! valve sy/em1 an   
almo/ contempor>y inv5tion by ,/lzel &  
,blumel1 9 ,prussia1 9 #ahae4 ,! valve  
in/rum5ts began to prevail z e>ly z     
#ahej4 ,! s\nd tube ( all bugles1       
saxhorns1 & tubas is conical1 ) a mu*   
wid] curve ?an ! horn4 ,! quality ( tone
 produc$ is a g5]al k9d ( tone1 n       

possess+ ! individuality ( any ( ! old] 
in/rum5ts4 ,all ^! valve in/rum5ts may  
be compreh5d$ "u ! ,fr5* "n ( saxhorn4  
,!re is a division betwe5 !m ( ! high]  
in/rum5ts or bugles1 :i* d n s\nd !     
fundam5tal note1 & ( ! l[]1 or tubas1   
:i* s\nd x readily4 ,prop]ly milit>y b& 
in/rum5ts1 ! second or bass division1   
has be5 tak5 ov] to ! or*e/ra2 & ,wagn] 
has made great use ( x 9 8 great scores4
 ,! soprano cornets1 bugles1 or         
flugelhorns & saxhorns are 9 ,e flat2 ! 
correspond+ alto in/rum5ts 9 ,b flat1   
:i* is also ! pit* ( ! ord9>y cornet4 ,!
 t5or1 b>yton1 & bass in/rum5ts foll[ 9 
simil> relation2 ! bass horns are1 z ,i 
h said1 call$ tubas2 & t ) f\r valves1 !
 euphonium4 ,! bomb>don1 or ,e flat     
tuba1 has mu* ri*] l[] notes4  ,=       
milit>y purposes1 ?is & ! contrabass--! 
helicon--are circul>4 ,f9ally1 !        
contrabass tubas 9 ,b flat1 & 9 ,c1 =   
,wagn]1 h imm5se dep? & pot5tiality (   
tone2 all ^! in/rum5ts are capable (    
pianissimo4  ,!re are _m v>ieties n[ (  

^! brass in/rum5ts1 ne>] p>ticul>s ( :i*
 may be f\nd 9 ,geva]t1 & o!r em95t     
musicians' works on in/rum5tation4 ,"o  
fact ,i w n pass by1 :i* is t1 f ! use (
 brass in/rum5ts 7:i* rise 9 pit* s     
rapidly "u increase ( temp]ature1 z ,mr4
 ,blaikley has %[n1 almo/ to !          
coeffici5t ( ! %>p5+ "u heat 9 organ    
pipes7 has come ab\t t rise 9 pit* :i*1 
f #ahaf to #ahdf--until repress$ by !   
au?ority ( ! late ,sir ,mi*ael ,co/a1 &1
 m rec5tly1 by ! action ( ! ,royal      
,milit>y ,college at ,knell] ,hall--is  
an extraord9>y feature 9 musical hi/ory4
 ,all previ\s v>iations 9 pit*--& !y h  
compris$ z mu* z a f\r? 9 !             
extremes--hav+ be5 due ei!r to          
transposition1 ow+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! 
human voice1 or to national or prov9cial
 measurem5ts4 ,! manufacture ( brass    
in/rum5ts is a di/9ct craft1 al?\gh "s (
 ! processes are simil> to ^? us$ by    
silv]smi?s1 copp]smi?s1 & brazi]s4  ,i h
 only "t to add a few words ab\t !      
p]cussion in/rum5ts :i* ! milit>y b&    

p]mits to connect ) ! w9d4 ,drums are1 )
 ! exception ( kettle drums1 indet]m9ate
 in/rum5ts1 h>dly1 9 !mselves1 to be    
reg>d$ z musical1 & yet important       
factors ( musical & especially rhy?mic  
effect4 ,! kettle drum is a caldron1    
usually ( brass or copp]1 cov]$ ) a     
vellum head b\nd at ! edge r\nd an iron 
r+1 :i* fits ! circle =m$ by ! upp] "p (
 ! metal body4 ,screws work+ on ?is r+  
tune ! vellum head1 or vibrat+ membrane 
z we may call x1 by tight5+ or slack5+  
x1 s z to obta9 any note ( ! scale )9   
its compass4 ,! tonic & dom9ant are     
g5]ally requir$1 b o!r notes are1 9 "s  
compositions1 us$2 ev5 octaves h be5    
employ$4 ,! use ,bee?ov5 made ( kettle  
drums may be reg>d$ among ! p>ticul>    
manife/ations ( 8 g5ius4 ,two kettle    
drums may be consid]$ among ! regul>    
con/itu5ts ( ! or*e/ra1 b ?is numb] has 
be5 ext5d$2 9 "o rem>kable in/ance1 t ( 
,b]lioz 9 8 ,requiem1 to eight pairs4   
,accord+ to ,mr4 ,victor de ,pontigny1  
^: article ,i am mu* indebt$ to 79 ,sir 

,george ,grove's diction>y7 ^u ! drum1 !
 relative diamet]s1 !oretically1 = a    
pair ( kettle drums are 9 ! proportion (
 #cj to #bf1 bass & t5or2 practically ! 
diamet] ( ! drums at ! ,fr5* op]a is #bi
 & #be in*es1 & ( ! ,cry/al ,palace b&1 
#bh & #bd in*es4 ,9 cavalry regim5ts !  
drums are slung s z to hang on ea* side 
( ! drumm]s horse's neck4 ,! be/ drum   
/icks are ( :alebone1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 a   
small wood5 button cov]$ ) sponge4 ,= ! 
bass drum & side drum ,i mu/ be cont5t  
to ref] to ,mr4 ,victor de ,pontigny's  
article1 & also = ! tamb\r9e1 b !       
,prov5cal tamb\r9es ,i h met ) h long1  
n>r[ s\nd bodies1 & are /rung ) a few v 
co>se /r+s :i* ! play] s\nds ) a hamm]4 
,?is in/rum5t is ! rhy?mic bass &       
support to ! simple gal\bet1 a          
cyl9drical pipe ) two holes 9 front & "o
 beh9d1 s\nd$ by ! same p]=m]4 ,!       
,engli% pipe & tabor is a simil>        
comb9ation1 also ) "o play]1 ( su* a    
pipe & a small drum-head tamb\r9e4      
,la/ly1 to conclude p]cussion in/rum5ts1

 cymbals are r\nd metal plates1 consi/+ 
( an alloy ( copp] & t9--say #hj p>ts to
 #bj--) sunk holl[ c5t]s1 f :i* ! ,greek
 "n4 ,!y are n exactly cla%$ toge!r to  
elicit _! s\nd1 b rubb$ across ea* o!r 9
 a slid+ fa%ion4 ,l ! triangle1 a /eel  
rod1 b5t into ! =m indicat$ by ! "n1 b  
op5 at "o corn] s z to make x an ela/ic 
rod1 free at bo? ends2 ! object is to   
add to ! or*e/ral matt] lum9\s cra%es1 z
 x 71 & dazzl+ po9ts ( light1 :5 extreme
 brilliancy is requir$4  ,9 conclusion1 
,i mu/ be all[$ to express my           
obligations to ,dr4 ,w4,h4 ,/one & ,mr4 
,victor ,mahillon1 to ,mr4 ,eb5ez]      
,pr\t1 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,%eph]d ,rock/ro1    
,mr4 ,lavoix fils1 & ,dr4 ,h4 ,riemann1 
^: writ+s conc]n+ w9d in/rum5ts h       
mat]ially help$ me2 to ,messrs4 ,boosey 
,co41 & to ,messrs4 ,rudall1 ,c>te      
,co41 = ! loan ( ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 !    
illu/rations2 & also to ,mr4 ,d4,j4     
,blaikley & ,mr4 ,h5ry ,c>te1 = valuable
 p]sonal aid on ! pres5t occasion4 ,_!  
k9dness 9 read+ ?r\gh my                

manuscript--,mr4 ,blaikley ?r\gh\t--& 9 
(f]+ fri5dly & g5]\s criticisms2 also _!
 pres5ce & assi/ance by trial ( ! v>i\s 
in/rum5ts1 ,i _c adequately ?ank !m =1  
or suffici5tly extol4  7,9 ! c\rse ( ?is
 lecture1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,c>te play$ ^u a   
conc]t flute1 also a ,b flat & a ,g     
flute1 an eight-key$ flute1 & a record]4
 ,mr4 ,d4,j4 ,blaikley cont9u$ !        
illu/rations ^u ! oboe1 bassoon1 cl>9et1
 ,fr5* horn1 slide trumpet1 valve t5or  
horn1 cornet  pi/on1 ,b flat t5or slide 
trombone1 ,b flat euphonium1 ,b flat    
contrabass tuba1 & ,b flat contrabass   
d\ble slide trombone47         99       
99       99       99       99     ,,h[  
,,gas ,,cyl9d]s ,,are ,,made4   ,!      
supply ( compress$ gas 9 metal cyl9d]s  
has n[ assum$ ! proportions ( an        
important indu/ry1 m especially s9ce x 0
 f\nd possible1 by ! ,br9 process1 to   
obta9 oxyg5 direct f ! atmosph]e4 ,!    
indu/ry is n exactly a new "o1 = c>bon  
dioxide & nitr\s oxide 7! latt] = ! use 
( d5ti/s7 h be5 suppli$ 9 a compress$   

/ate = _m ye>s4 ,n[1 ) ! creation ( !   
mod]n amateur photograph]1 :o c make    
lant]n slides1 & ! m g5]al adoption ( ! 
optical lant]n = ! purposes (           
demon/ration & amusem5t1 !re has aris5 a
 dem& = ! limelight su* z 0 nev]        
exp]i5c$ be=e1 & z ! limelight is       
dep5d5t ^u ! two gases1 hydrog5 & oxyg51
 = its support1 ^! gases are n[ suppli$ 
9 l>ge quantities comm]cially4 ,at fir/ 
! gas cyl9d]s 7 made ( wr\ght iron2 !y 7
 cumbr\s & heavy1 & ! pressure ( !      
inclos$ gas 0 s l[ t a receptacle to    
hold only t5 feet 0 a mo/ unwieldy      
conc]n4 ,b times h *ang$1 & a cyl9d] (  
ab\t ! same size1 b half ! weight1 is n[
 made to hold f\r times ! quantity ( gas
 at ! enorm\s initial pressure ( #a1hjj 
p\nds on e squ>e in*4 ,?is means !      
pressure :i* an ord9>y locomotive boil] 
has to )/& multipli$ by twelve4 ,! *ange
 is due to improv$ me?ods ( manufacture 
& to ! employm5t ( mild /eel ( special  
quality 9 lieu ( ! wr\ght iron previ\sly
 employ$4 ,! cyl9d]s are n[ made )\t    

jo9t or seam1 & ! process ( manufacture 
is mo/ int]e/+4 ,a %ort "t ago we _h an 
opportunity ( wat*+ ! v>i\s necess>y    
op]ations involv$ 9 mak+ ^! cyl9d]s at !
 ,birm+ham works ( ,messrs4 ,taunton1   
,delam>d  ,co41 by ^: c\rtesy we 7      
enabl$ to make notes ( ! process4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #b4  ,beg9n+ ) ! raw mat]ial1 we 
7 %[n a disk ( metal l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1
 & measur+ ?irty in*es 9 diamet] &      
?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,f su* 
a blank a cyl9d] de/9$ to hold #ajj feet
 ( compress$ gas c be con/ruct$1 & !    
fir/ op]ation is to heat ! blank 9 a    
furnace1 & aft]w>d to /amp x into !     
cup-l =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,to all int5ts 
& purposes ?is repres5ts ! end ( a f9i%$
 cyl9d]1 b x is f> too bulky to =m ! end
 ( "o ( ! size indicat$2 inde$1 x 9     
reality conta9s en\gh metal to make !   
entire vessel4 ,by a s]ies ( op]ations x
 is n[ heat$ & drawn out long] & long]1 
:ile its ?ickness dim9i%es & its diamet]
 gr[s less4 ,^! op]ations are c>ri$ out 

by means ( a numb] ( hydraulic rams1 :i*
 regul>ly decrease 9 size4 ,fig4 #c     
r\ghly repres5ts "o ( ^! rams ) ! plung]
 ready to desc5d & =ce its way into !   
p>tially =m$ r$ hot gas cyl9d]1 ,c1 &   
fur!r into ! well1 ,w4 ,! plung] may be 
comp>$ to a f+] & ! cyl9d] to a glove1  
:ile ! well may repres5t a hole into :i*
 bo? are ?ru/ 9 ord] to r$uce ! ?ickness
 ( ! glove4 ,) huge tongs ! cyl9d]1 fre%
 f ! furnace1 is plac$ 9 position1 b j  
be=e ! plung] presses into ! r$ hot cup1
 "o ( ! workm5 empties into ! latt] a   
little wat]1 s z to p>tially cool !     
bottom & prev5t its be+ ?ru/ out by !   
p[]ful plung]4 ,oil is also us$         
pl5tifully1 s t z ! plung] works sl[ly  
d[n ! r$ hot mass1 x is surr\nd$ by     
smoky flames4 ,x pres5tly =ces ! cyl9d] 
into ! well1 & :5 ! end ( ! /roke is    
rea*$1 a /op piece is ins]t$ ?r\gh an   
op5+ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! well1 s z to arre/ 
! edge ( ! cyl9d] :ile ! rev]se action (
 draw+ out ! plung] is proce$$ )4       
,directly ! f+] is drawn out ( !        

glove--9 o!r words1 imm$iately ! plung] 
is rais$ out ( ! cyl9d]--! latt] drops  
d[n bel[ ) a heavy ?ud1 /ill 9 a r$ hot 
condition4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #c4     
,?is op]ation ( hot draw+ is repeat$    
aga9 & aga9 9 rams ( dim9i%+ size until 
! cyl9d] assumes ! diamet] & l5g?       
requir$4 ,?is hot draw+ leaves ! surface
 ( ! metal m>k$ ) longitud9al l9es1 n   
unlike ! glaci] scrat*es on a rock1     
albeit !y are /raight] & m regul>4 ,b ! 
next op]ation n only oblit]ates ^!      
m>k+s1 & gives ! metal a smoo? surface l
 t ( poli%$ silv]1 b x also conf]s ^u ! 
mat]ial a homog5eity :i* x did n be=e   
possess1 & )\t :i* x w\ld nev] be> !    
pressure :i* x is de/9$ to )/& :5 f9i%$4
 ,?is op]ation consi/s 9 a f9al         
application ( ! hydraulic ram :ile !    
metal rema9s p]fectly cold1 in/ead ( r$ 
hot1 z 9 ! previ\s cases4  ,z ! result (
 ^! v>i\s hydraulic op]ations1 we h a   
p]fectly =m$ cyl9d] clos$ at "o end1 &  
we n[ foll[ x into ano!r dep>tm5t ( !   
works1 :5 its op5 end is once m br\ght 9

 a furnace to a r$ heat4 ,! object ( ?is
 is to make ! metal s(t :ile ! %\ld] &  
neck ( ! vessel are =m$4 ,to accompli%  
?is1 ! heat$ op5 end ( ! cyl9d] is laid 
horizontally ^u a k9d ( semicircul>     
cradle1 & is held !re by tongs h&l$ by  
two m54 ,ano!r workman places ov] ! op5 
end a die ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 & :ile 
! cyl9d] is sl[ly turn$ r\nd 9 its      
cradle1 two sl$ge hamm]s are br\ght d[n 
) frequ5t bl[s ^u ! die1 clos+ 9 ! end (
 ! cyl9d]1 b leav+ a c5tral hole z %[n 9
 ,fig4 #e4 ,fur!r op]ations r$uce ! op5+
 /ill m until x is clos$ altoge!r1 & a  
projection is =m$ z %[n at ,fig4 #f4    
,?is projection is n[ bor$ ?r\gh1 & !   
cyl9d] is ready = te/+4  ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #d4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4  ,! cyl9d] is  
submitt$ to a wat] te/1 ! liquid be+ =c$
 9 until ! gauge %[s a pressure ( two   
tons to ! squ>e in*4 ,cyl9d]s h be5 kn[n
 to give way "u ?is ordeal1 b )\t any   
dang]\s consequ5ces4 ,! metal simply    
rips up1 mak+ a report at ! mom5t (     

fracture z l\d z a gun4 ,! wond]ful     
/r5g? ( ! metal employ$ may be gaug$ by 
! circum/ance t ! walls ( ! cyl9d]      
design$ to hold #ajj feet ( gas are only
 five-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4     
,dur+ ! manufacture ( ! cyl9d]1 z we h  
already indicat$1 mu* oil is us$1 &1 s  
f> z /eel c be saturat$ ) t fluid--9 !  
popul> s5se--! metal is 9 t /ate4 ,x is 
ess5tial t ?is oil %\ld be completely   
got rid (1 & ?is is c>efully done be=e !
 cyl9d] is *>g$ ) gas4 ,previ\s to su*  
*>g+1 ! vessel has to be fitt$ ) its    
valve4 ,( ^! valves !re are ?ree k9ds1  
kn[n respectively z ! ,br91 ! ,birm+ham1
 & ! ,man*e/]4 ,ea* has its admir]s1 b  
we _c "h discuss _! individual m]its4   
,! *>g+ ( ! cyl9d] is br\ght ab\t by a  
p[]ful pump hav+ ?ree cyl9d]s s arrang$ 
t ! compress$ cont5ts ( ! fir/ cyl9d]   
are /ill fur!r compress$ 9 ! second1 &  
/ill m highly 9 ! ?ird4 ,! fill+ ( a    
#ajj ft4 cyl9d] occupies ab\t half an   
h\r4--,photographic ,news4         99   
99       99       99       99           

,,hi/orical ,,developm5t ,,( ,,!        
,,horse%oe4  ,,by ,,di/rict ,,vet]9>ian 
,,zippelius1 ,,( ,,wurtzburg4           
,translat$ by ,s4,e4 ,web]1 ,v4,s4#a    
,footnote #a3 ,f ,!ir>ztli*e            
,mit!ilung51 organ des    ,v]e9s badis*]
 ,!ir>zte1 ,k>lsruhe1 ,no4 ,,iv41       
,april1    #ahia4--,vet]9>y ,ar*ives4   
,k9d1 g5tle /e$1 nobly /&+1       ,f\r  
%oes w ,i put on y\r feet1       ,firm &
 good1 t y'll be fleet1       ,t is     
,don>'s hamm] say+4        ,to ! woods &
 homew>d g1       ,always on ! /raight  
road ?ro'1       ,f> f :at is bad1 /ill 
flee+1       ,t is ,don>'s hamm] say+4  
,%\ld w\nds & pa9 become di/ress+1      
,blood to blood %all fl[1       ,bone to
 bone %all gr[1       ,t is ,don>'s     
hamm] say+4        ,c>ry ! rid]1 true   
little /e$1       ,onw>d to all good    
luck br++2       ,c>ry him !nce & back )
 spe$1       ,t is ,don>'s hamm] say+4  
--,old ,m]esburg] ,song4  ,! horse      
appe>$ comp>atively late 9 ! gr\p (     
dome/ic animals4 ,9 se>*+ ! monum5ts ( !

 anci5ts1 :i* h furni%$ ! f\ndation =   
our pres5t culture1 t is1 ( ! littoral  
inhabitants ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ( ! p ( 
,mesopotamia1 we f9d 9 ,egypt ! fir/    
traces ( ! horse4 ,b ev5 "h x appe>s    
late1 on ! monum5ts ( ! fir/ rul+       
patricians ( human orig94#b ,especially 
dur+ ! p]iod ( ,memphis 7,i-,x ,dyna/y71
 !n "u ! rules ( ,!bes 7,,xi-,,xvi      
,dyna/y71 !re is no trace ( ! horse4    
,footnote #b3 ,until ! "t ,m5es1 ) :om  
hi/orical times    beg91 rul$ 9 ,egypt  
among vision>y h]oes or my?ological     
gods4  ,x is fir/ 9 ! transition p]iod1 
f ! late rule ( ,!bes 7,,xvii-,,xx      
,dyna/y7 to ! s-call$ p]iod ( ,sut      
7,,xxi-,,xxx ,dyna/y7 t !re appe>s1 9 ! 
wall pictures ( ! ,ph>aohs' tombs1      
repres5tations ( ! horse4 ,! olde/1 n[  
kn[n1 picture ( ! horse is f\nd on !    
walls ( ! tombs ( ,seti ,i4 7#adeh-aejg 
,b4,c47 "u ^: reign ! ,israelite w&]$ f 
,egypt4 ,! horses ( ! mortu>y pictures  
are v well drawn1 & h an unmi/akable    
ori5tal type4 ,!re has !re=e und\bt$ly  

exi/$ 9 ,egypt high culture1 = ov]      
#d1jjj ye>s1 )\t repres5tation ( !      
horse1 :i* 0 ! next animal dome/icat$   
aft] ! cat4  ,f ?is "t on we f9d ! horse
 frequ5tly repres5t$ bo? by ! va+lori\s 
despots ( ,mesopotamia & on ! s-call$   
,etruscan vases1 :i* appe>$ aft] !      
influ5ce ( ,greek art1 :51 on almo/ e   
urn1 horses 9 lively action & 9 v>i\s   
=ms ( bodily developm5t1 almo/ always ( 
an ori5tal type1 are to be recogniz$4 ,b
 nei!r "h1 nor 9 ,hom]1 nor 9 ! _m lat] 
repres5tations ( ! horse on ! ,roman    
triumphal ar*es1 etc41 are to be f\nd   
horses ^: ho(s h any trace ( protection4
 ,records1 :i* describe to u ! mis=tunes
 ( armies1 ^: horses _h run _! feet     
sore1 we f9d on ! contr>y at a v e>ly   
"t1 z 9 ,diodorus1 reg>d+ ! cavalry (   
,alex&] ! ,great1 9 ,x5ophon1 reg>d+ !  
retreat ( ! t5 ?\s&1 9 ,polybius1 reg>d+
 ! cavalry ( ,hannibal 9 ,etruria1 etc4 
,x is also kn[n t ! cavalry ( ! l+ui/   
,k+ ( ,pontus1 ,mi?ridates ! ,great1 at 
times & specially at ! siege ( ,cyzicus 

7 delay$1 9 ord] to let ! ho(s ( !      
horses gr[4  ,on ! contr>y x seems      
/range t ( ! ,huns alone1 ^: horsem5    
swept ov] :ole cont95ts f ! ,asiatic    
highl&s l a ?und]/orm1 su* tr\ble _h n  
become kn[n ei!r ?r\gh ! num]\s au?ors (
 ! ea/]n & we/]n ,roman empire or f     
,gallia4  ,horse%oe+1 v likely1 0 inv5t$
 by diff]5t nations at ab\t ! same p]iod
 dur+ ! migration ( ! nations1 & ! v>i\s
 k9ds ( new inv5tions 7 br\ght toge!r 9 
,g]many only1 aft] ea* _h acquir$ a     
national /amp accord+ to climate &      
usefulness4  ,9 ?is way come f ! s\? !  
?91 plate-l horse%oes1 ) /av$ rim1 cov]+
 ! :ole ho(2 f ! ,mongolian tribes (    
middle ,asia ! ,/oll5eis5 7calk %oe72   
:ile to our nor!rn ance/ors1 & inde$ !  
,normans1 mu/ be ascrib$ ) great        
probability ! inv5tion ( ! ,griff5eis5  
7gripe %oe71 especially = ! protection (
 ! toes4  ,all v>ieties ( ! horse%oe (  
s\!rn ,europe are easily di/+ui%$ f !   
,roman s-call$ ,kureis5 7cure %oe71 (   
:i* sev]al h be5 une>!d at v>i\s        

excavations & are pres]v$ at !          
,romo-,g]manic ,museum 9 ,m5tz 7,ma9z71 
,g]many4 ,! %oes1 ,figs4 #a & #b1 ea*   
repres5t ?9 iron plates1 cov]+ ! :ole   
ho(1 :i* 9 "s cases h an op5+ 9 !       
middle1 ( sev]al c5timet]s 9 diamet]4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4  ,^! plates1    
app>5tly set =? to suit ori5tal &       
occid5tal body con=mation1 are ei!r     
directly provid$ ) loops or h ar\nd !   
out] m>g9 a brim sev]al c5timet]s high1 
9 :i* r+s are fa/5$4 ,?r\gh ! loops or  
r+s small ropes 7 drawn1 & 9 ?is way !  
%oe 0 fa/5$ to ! cr[n ( ! ho( & to !    
pa/]n4 ,suffici5t secur+ ( ! toe 0 want+
 9 all ^! %oes1 &1 on acc\nt ( ?is1 !   
movem5t ( ! animal ) ! same mu/ h be5 v 
clumsy1 & we c see f ?is t ! ropes mu/ h
 made ! cr[n ( ! ho( & pa/]n sore 9 a   
%ort "t4 ,"o ( ^! %oes#c evid5tly 0 !   
object ( improvem5t1 to prev5t ! animal 
f slipp+ z well z f friction1 & we !re=e
 f9d on x ?ree iron cubes #a c5timet]s  
high1 :i* 7 fa/5$ correspond+ to our    
toes & calks ( to-day1 & (f] a v e>ly   

ready pro(1 f our climatic & m\nta9\s   
conditions1 :i* lat] occur1 pr9cipally 9
 s\!rn ,g]many1 t ?is /yle ( horse%oe+ 0
 n caus$ by error1 b by a well f\nd$    
local & national int]e/ or want4        
,footnote #c3 ,n illu/rat$4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4  ,aside f !    
s-call$ ,kureis5 7cure %oe7 = diseas$   
ho(s1 we f9d v little f ! ,romans on    
horse%oe+ or ho( protection1 & !re=e we 
mu/ obs]ve special precautions ) all _! 
lit]ature on ! subject4 ,x is because ( 
?is t ,i excuse ,pr(4 ,sittl's          
communication 9 ! preface (             
,w9ckelmann's ,ges*i*te d] ,kun/ 9      
,alt]?um 7,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,art71 :i*  
conta9s a notice t ,fabretti1 9 "s rais$
 "w 9 ,plazzo ,matti1 ( a repres5tation 
( a hunt by ! ,emp]or ,galli5us 7,b>toli
 ,admir& ,ant4 ,tab4 #bd71 %[$ t at t "t
 horse%oes fa/5$ by nails1 ! same z     
to-day1 7 us$ 7,fabretti de ,column4    
,traj4 ,c4 #g pag4 #bbe2 ,conf4         
,montlanc4 ,antiq4 ,explic4 ,t4 #d1 pag4
 #gi74 ,?is /atem5t proves itself       

errone\s1 because he 0 n aw>e t ! foot (
 ! horse 0 repair$ by an inexp]i5c$     
sculptor4  ,h[ !n did out ( ?is ,roman  
cure %oe develop ! horse%oe+ ( s\!rn    
,europe8  ,x 0 to be expect$1 ) ! ,roman
 horse%oe1 t ! mode ( fa/5+ became      
unsatisfactory & necessitat$ a rem$y or 
*ange4 ,an attempt ( ?is k9d has be5    
pres]v$ 9 ! s-call$ ,asiatis*5          
,kopp5eis5sole 7,asiatic cap-iron-sole7 
7,fig4 #c71 :i* ! ,hon4 ,mr4 ,lydt9 at  
,k>lsruhe _h made accord+ to a model ( !
 ,circassian ,horse ,tribe ,%aloks1 &   
also accord+ to ! rev]se ( ,lycian co9s 
7call$ ,triguetra74  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #c4  ,?is horse%oe plate1 likely 
orig9at+ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 cov]s ! :ole
 surface ( ! sole1 l ! ,roman %oes1 ) ! 
exception ( ! wall region1 :i* conta9s a
 rim #a c5timet] high1 & above ?is rises
 at "o side t[>d ! heel ?ree beak-l     
projections1 ab\t #d c5timet]s high & #a
 c5timet] wide at ! base1 be+ po9t$     
above & turn$ d[n1 :i* 7 fa/5$ 9 ! wall 
( ! ho(1 9 ! =m ( a hook4  ,?is mode (  

fa/5+ evid5tly 0 also insuffici5t1 & s !
 fa/5+ ( ! %oe by nails 0 adopt$4 ,^!   
iron plates us$ = %oes 7 too ?9 to all[ 
nails ) sunk5 heads to be us$1 s only   
nails ) blades & cubical %ap$ heads 7   
applicable4 ,^! nail heads1 #f to #h 9  
numb]1 :i* left ! toe & ! back "p ( !   
heel free1 s]v$ at ! same "t to secure !
 horse f slipp+1 :i* ! smoo? plates1    
cov]+ ! :ole ho( surface1 )\t d\bt      
facilitat$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4   
,%oes ( ?is k9d1 aft] ! old ,roman /yle1
 ) a v /rong rim b5t upw>d1 likely prov$
 v com=table = ! purpose ( protection1 9
 ! ,si]ras ( ! ,pyr5ean p59sula1 :]e !y 
seem to h be5 9 use = a long "t2 = 9 !  
twelf? c5tury we f9d 9 ,spa9 ! :ole =m (
 ! ,roman %oe1 only fa/5$ by nails      
7,figs4 #d & #e74 ,at fir/ ! %oe seems  
to h be5 cut (f at ! heel end1 b z      
app>5tly aft] be+ on = "s "t1 bruises 7 
notic$1 ! %oe 0 made long] at ! heel1 & 
?is "p 0 turn$ up s z to prev5t !m f    
becom+ loose too soon1 z bo? ! ,spani%  
horse%oes ( ?is p]iod %[1 & !           

acquisition 0 ev5 lat] transf]r$ to     
,engl& 7,fig4 #g74  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #e4  ,! %oe conta9+ a groove 7,fig4    
#f71 :i* we %all see lat]1 made its     
appe>ance 9 ,g]many 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 
,f ?is "t1 accord+ to our pres5t k1     
ceases ! p]iod ( ! ,roman horse%oe4 ,its
 influ5ce1 h[ev]1 la/$ a great deal     
long]1 & has ev5 rema9$ until our pres5t
 day4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4  ,its   
successor became p>tly !                
,arabo-,turkomanic & p>tly ! ,s\?we/    
,european horse%oe4  ,= ! desc5dants ( !
 ,numidian light cavalry1 ! ,roman & old
 ,spani% horse%oe 0 evid5tly too heavy =
 _! s&y1 roadless des]ts1 s !y made x   
?9n] & omitt$ ! b5t-up rim1 because x   
prev5t$ ! quick movem5t ( ! horse4 ,= ! 
protection ( ! nail heads ! out] m>g9 ( 
! %oe 0 /av$1 s z to =m a small rim on !
 out] surface ( ! %oe1 ?us prev5t+ !    
nail heads f be+ worn & ! %oe lo/ too   
soon4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #i4  ,a horse%oe ( t k9d is %[n  

by ,fig4 #h1 :i* 0 us$ 9 ,nor? ,africa 9
 ! twelf? c5tury1 & became ! model = all
 =ms ( horse%oes ( ! ,mahometan tribes4 
,ev5 n[ q simil> %oes 7,fig4 #i7 are    
made s\? & ea/ f ! ,caspian ,sea1 at !  
,amu-,d>ja1 9 ,sam>k&1 etc41 :i* 7      
probably introduc$ "u ,tam]lane1 !      
conqu]or ( ne>ly ! :ole ( ,asia ,m9or 9 
! f\rte5? c5tury4  ,! s-call$ ,s>matis*e
 7,s>matian7 horse%oe 7,figs4 #aj &     
#aa71 ( ,s\? ,russia1 %[s 9 its =m1 at !
 same "t1 traces ( ! la/ nam$ %oe1      
h[ev]1 greatly influ5c$ by ! ,mongolian 
%oe1 ! ,gold55 ,horde1 :i* at ! turn ( !
 sixte5? to ! sev5te5? c5tury play$     
havoc at ! ,volga & ! ,aral4 ,! unusual 
wid? ( ! toe1 & especially ! lightness (
 ! iron1 rem9ds u ( ! ,turkomanic       
horse%oe1 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 ! l>ge   
bean-%ap$ holes1 z well z ! calks1 7    
furni%$ ?r\gh ,mongolian influ5ce4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4  ,! ,s>matian 
tribes 7 pr9cipally horsem51 & x is n   
surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! coat ( arms ( ! =m]
 k+dom ( ,pol& 9 ! second & ?ird        

quadrate %[s a silv] rid] 9 armor on a  
silv] runn+ horse %od ) gold5 %oes1 & t 
at pres5t ab\t #a1jjj families 9 #be    
l9eages ( ! ,poli% ,c\nts ,ja/rzembiec  
,bolesezy1 ! s-call$ ,polnis*e ,hufeis5 
,adel 7,poli% ,horse%oe ,nobility71 at !
 same "t also c>ri$ ! horse%oe on _!    
coats ( arms4 ,! silv] horse%oe 9 a blue
 field appe>s "h z a symbol ( !         
,h]be/pf>des 7autumnal horse71 to :i*1  
aft] ! *ri/ianization ( ,pol&1 0 add$ ! 
gold5 cross4 ,! noblem5 p>ticipat+ 9 !  
murd] ( ! holy ,/anislaus 9 #ajhd _h to 
c>ry ! horse%oe rev]s$ on _! escut*eon4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4  ,f ! ,african
 & ,turkomanic horse%oe1 ?r\gh ! turn+  
up ( ! toes & heels1 orig9at$ lat] !    
,turki%1 ,grecian & ,mont5egr9 horse%oe 
( ! pres5t z %[n by ,fig4 #ab4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4  ,by ! ,moori%
 invasion 9 ,spa91 ! ,spani%-,go?ic     
horse%oe+ 0 also modifi$1 ?r\gh :i* !   
%oe became smoo?1 /av$ at ! m>g91 v     
broad 9 ! toe1 & turn$ up at toe & heel1
 & at a lat] p]iod ! old op5 ,spani%    

national horse%oe 7,fig4 #ac7 0         
develop$4 ,z we ?us see1 we c 9 no way  
d5y ! ,arabian-,turki% orig9 ( ?is %oe4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4  ,z ,france _h
 receiv$ h] :ole culture f ! s\?1 & z ! 
crusades especially br\ght ! ,roman     
nation 9 close contact ) !m = c5turies1 
s x _c appe> /range t ! old ,fr5*       
horse%oe1 a =m ( :i* has be5 pres]v$ by 
,b\rgelat & is repres5t$ by ,fig4 #ad1  
/ill rema9$ 9 ! smoo?1 turn$ up 9 front 
& beh9d1 l ! %oe ( ! s\!rn climates1 )  
,asiatic traces1 :i* hold on ! gr\nd1 ! 
same z all s\!rn %oe+1 by ! nail heads4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4  ,! transit ( 
! ,g]man empire1 9 ord] to keep up !    
hi/orical c\rse1 once m br+s u back to !
 middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,at ?is "t     
,attila1 ! ,godegisel 7gods' sc\rge71   
left 8 wood5 capitol 9 ! l[l&s ne> !    
riv] ,!is1 to g to ! ,roman empire & to 
! ,g]man & ,gallican prov9ces1 !re to   
spread indescribable mis]y to ! horrors 
( judgm5t day4  ,! foll[+ is a pray] 9  
^? days ( horror3        ,kle9] ,huf1   

kle9es ,ross1       ,krumm] ,sabel1     
spitz ,ges*oss--       ,blitzess*nell   
und sattlefe/3       ,s*rim uns ,h]r von
 ,hunn5pe/4  ,we are at pres5t rem9d$ ( 
^? times ( fright1 :5 dur+ ! cle>+ &    
till+ ( ! soil1 a small r\ghly made     
horse%oe is f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,g]many1 ab\t 
z f> z ! wat] b\nd>y ( ! ,?ur+ian =e/1 &
 occasionally on1 b pr9cipally ar\nd    
,augsburg1 & 9 ,france z f> z ! ,loire4 
,^! %oes1 cov]+ ! m>g9 or wall ( ! foot1
 %[ slight traces ( hav+ be5 bevel$ on !
 l[] surface1 & conta9 two b5t calks v  
sup]ficially plac$4 ,occasionally !y are
 %>p5$ & turn$ 9 two directions4 ,!     
*>act]i/ic wide bean-%ap$ nail holes are
 conical on ! inside1 & are frequ5tly   
plac$ s ne> ! out] m>g9 ( ! %oe t f !   
pressure ! ho(s 7 likely to split op54  
,! nail heads 7 %ap$ l a sleigh runn]1 &
 almo/ entirely sunk into ! %oe4 ,x     
evid5tly 0 n b5t up at ! toe1 l ! old =m
 ( ^! k9ds ( %oes4  ,^! %oes1 accord+ to
 our conception ( to-day1 7 s c>elessly 
f9i%$ t 9 ! sci5tific circles (         

hi/orical rese>*es !y 71 until v        
rec5tly1 look$ ^u z saddle m\nt+s or    
some?+ simil>1 & n z horse%oes4  ,?is   
%oe 0 = "s "t1 :ile x 0 pl5tifully f\nd 
9 ,france1 reg>d$ z ( ,celtic make2 b   
?is is c]ta9ly n ! case1 z x is ( ,huni%
 & ,hung>ian nationalitat 7nationality74
 ,an exactly sci5tific pro(1 x is true1 
accord+ to our pres5t k1 _c be furni%$2 
h[ev]1 x w /& well en\gh until ! error  
is prov$4  ,?is peculi> k9d ( horse%oe  
has be5 f\nd 9 ,s\? ,g]many & ,nor!a/   
,france1 z f> z ! region ( ,orleans1    
:]e1 z x has be5 prov$1 ! ,huns appe>$4 
,?is1 !re=e1 speaks = _! desc5dants3    
#a/1 ! f> ext5d$ & yet %>ply limit$     
places ( f9d+ ! %oe2 #b;d1 ! small size 
corresponds to ! hi/orically prov$      
smallness ( ! ,huni% horse2 #c;d1 ! ha/y
 & c>eless make1 :i* does n indicate t x
 0 made by settl$ workm52 #d?1 !        
horse%oe 7,fig4 #ae7 bespeaks ! ,huni%  
workman%ip ( ! pres5t ,*9ese %oe1 :i*1 9
 mak+ ( ! nail holes1 %[s to-day relat$ 
t\*es ( ! productions ( ! ,mongolian    

ance/ors4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4    
,aside f ! peculi> %ap$ nail holes1 !   
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,huni% %oe consi/s 9 !   
*anges ( ! calks = summ] & w9t] %oe+1 z 
well z 9 ! s9k+ ( ! nail heads4 ,!      
,huns1 !re=e1 aside f ! indi/9ctly m>k$ 
attempts ( ! ,romans 9 ?is direction1   
:i* are ! only ones kn[n to me1 mu/ be  
reg>d$ z ! inv5tors n only ( ! calks1 b 
p>tly1 next to ! ,normans1 also ( !     
%>p5$ w9t] %oe+1 & ( ! n unimportant    
inv5tion ( s9k+ ! nail heads obs]v$ 9   
,fig4 #ae4  ,! ,huni% %oe+ 0 !re=e an   
important inv5tion = ! ,g]mans4 ,aft]   
c5turies lat]1 :]ev] horse%oe+ 0        
practic$1 x 0 done solely accord+ to    
,huni% me?ods2 :]eby ! %oe 0 v possibly 
made heavi]1 0 m c>efully f9i%$ & 9     
c\rse ( "t %[$ an attempt to b5d ! toe  
7,fig4 #af;a74  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#af4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af;,a4  ,9 !
 ,bomb]g ,dom we f9d an eque/rian /atue1
 n unkn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 :i* 0 =m]ly 
held to be t ( ,emp]or ,conrad ,,iii4   
,at pres5t h[ev] ! op9ion prevails      

g5]ally t x repres5ts ,/eph5 ,i41 d5    
,heilig5 7,/eph5 ,i41 ! ,sa9t74  ,/eph5 
,i41 ! fir/ k+ ( ,hung>y1 =m]ly 0 a     
hea!n1 & 0 nam$ ,najk4 ,he reign$ f #iig
 to #ajch4 ,8 important ev5ts 7 ! _m    
victori\s w>s l$ aga9/ rebelli\s        
*iefta9s ( 8 c\ntry1 & he 0 canoniz$ 9  
#ajhg4 ,8 eque/rian monum5t 9 ,bomb]g   
,dom 01 9 consequ5ce1 h>dly made be=e ! 
ye> #ajhg4 ,not)/&+ t ! ,huns _h be5    
defeat$ #ejj ye>s be=e on ! pla9s (     
,catalania1 ! horse ( ! above m5tion$   
monum5t c>ries1 z ,i h conv9c$ myself   
p]sonally1 ,huni% horse%oes1 modifi$1   
h[ev]1 by blade-%ap$ calks j !n com+    
into use4 ,?is is pro( t1 at lea/ 9     
,hung>y1 ! ,huni% me?od ( %oe+ 0 pres]v$
 an extraord9>y long "t4 ,by ?is x has n
 become improbable t at lea/ ! _m %oes (
 ?is k9d :i* 7 f\nd on ! ,le*field come1
 n directly f ! ,huns1 b f _!           
successors1 ! ,hung>ians1 ^: invasions  
took place 9 ! fir/ half ( ! t5? c5tury4
  ,ab\t ! same "t ( ! ,hung>ian         
invasions1 ! ,normans began to di/urb ! 

s\?we/]n "p ( ,europe ) _! ,vik+        
exp$itions4 ,_! sea k+s seem to h be5   
eque/rians at v e>ly times1 & to h _h _!
 horses %od1 al?\gh p]haps only 9 w9t]2 
at lea/ ! excavation ( ! ,vik+ %ip 9    
#ahha disclos$ ! rema9s ( a horse :i* 0 
%od4 ,! %oe+ consi/$ only ( a toe       
protection--,brodd] 7,brud]1            
,bro!r7--provid$ ) a small %>p calk1 &  
fa/5$ by two nails4  ,:5 lat]1 9 ! ye>  
#aacj1 ! ,norwegian k+ ,sig>d           
,yorsalaf>1 dur+ 8 j\rney to ,j]usalem1 
ent]$ ,con/ant9ople1 8 horse is said to 
h c>ri$ only ! small toe-protect+ %oes4 
,! art ( horse%oe+1 imm$iately aft] !   
migration ( ! nations1 came ne> our     
improvem5t ( ! same to-day2 especially  
ne> ! reput$ discov]ies met )1 :i*      
consi/ simply ( iron protection = ! m>g9
 ( ! ho(1 fa/5$ by nails4 ,! heads 7    
sunk into ! %oe s z to increase its     
firmness4 ,special consid]ation 0 giv5  
to local & climatic conditions ?r\gh !  
introduction ( toes & heels4  ,!        
me*anism ( ! ho( also f\nd rem>kable    

consid]ation1 inasmu* z !y app>5tly     
avoid$ driv+ nails too close to ! heel  
end ( ! %oe4 ,not)/&+ ?is e>ly          
improvem5t 9 ! art ( horse%oe+1 ! ,huns 
7z /at$ be=e7 took a prom95t "p4 ,x     
appe>s to h tak5 a long "t aft] !       
migration ( ! nations = %oe+ to become  
g5]al1 z is %[n by v>i\s descriptions ( 
t\rnam5ts1 pictures ( horses1 etc4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4  ,we w m5tion 
9 ! fir/ place ! ,p]cival des ,wolfram  
von ,es*5ba*1 z well z ,*ri/ von        
,troies1 :]e !re is a great deal said   
ab\t horses1 horse grooms1 & t\rnam5ts1 
b n[h]e 9 ^? works is any m5tion made ( 
horse%oe+4 ,likewise is f\nd ! horse on 
! coat ( arms ( ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 9
 ! ,manessi collection 9 ,p>is1 :i* 0   
begun 9 ,switz]l& 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury2 b1
 al?\gh we f9d ?is horse mo/ beautifully
 f9i%$1 x 0 n %od4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #ai4  ,dur+ ! "t ( ! crusades1         
#ajif-abia1 h[ev]1 !re appe>$ sudd5ly 9 
,g]many a plate-l horse%oe ( s\!rn "*   
7,figs4 #ah & #ai71 :i* 0 occasionally  

b5t upw>d at ! heel end1 & 0 v heavy4 ,!
 toe 0 v broad sometimes1 & 0 also b5t  
upw>d4 ,9 ?is =m we h se5 ! %oes ( !    
,balkan & ,pyrean p59sula4 ,! %oe 0     
rem>kably n>r[ at ! heel1 & 0 suppli$ ) 
calks1 :i* acc\nts = ! highness ( ! back
 "p ( ! %oe4 ,frequ5tly we f9d "o calk  
set diagonally1 b ! o!r drawn out w$ge  
%ap$1 & %>p2 s t !re exi/$ a great      
simil>ity betwe5 ?is iron %ank & t us$  
by ,c\nt ,e9si$el = w9t] %oe+4          
,sometimes bo? %anks 7 %>p5$ 9 ?is way1 
or 7 provid$ ) blade-%ap$ calks well set
 =w>d4 ,! =m ( nail holes us$ 0 v       
*>act]i/ic ( t ( ! ,huns1 b !y 7        
decid$ly small] & squ>e1 z 7 se5 9 !    
,african %oe ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! nail 
heads 7 slightly sunk1 :i* 0 accord+ to 
s\!rn cu/oms4  ,t ?is %oe really belongs
 to ! p]iod ( ! crusades is prov$ by !  
num]\s horse pictures :i* h be5 pres]v$ 
f t "t2 ( :i* we w m5tion ! manuscript (
 ,he9ri* von ,veldecka 7,eneidt7#d 9 !  
ye> #aahj1 :i* belongs to ! mo/ valuable
 p>ts ( ,g]man hi/ory ( art4            

,footnote #d3 ,w&]ung5 des ,a5eas       
7,travels ( ,a5eas74  ,?is s\? ,european
 ,huni% horse%oe _h rema9$ ! /&>d =m    
dur+ ! middle ages & until ! ?irty ye>s 
w>1 at lea/ 9 ,s\? ,g]many4 ,! %oe 0    
cont9ually improv$1 & rea*$ its highe/  
po9t ( p]fection ab\t ! "t ( !          
,bau]n-krieg 7,revolution ( !           
,peasants71 at a "t :51 "u ! lead]%ip ( 
! ,r5aissance1 ! :ole art ( me*anics1 & 
especially t ( blacksmi?+1 _h tak5 an   
extraord9>ily great /ride 7,figs4 #bj & 
#ba74  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4  ,! %oe       
7,figs4 #bb & #bc7 is f\nd 9 ,franconia1
 9 all places :]e1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1  
battles _h be5 f\ght ) ! rebelli\s      
peasants4 ,we may1 !re=e1 be ju/ifi$ 9  
fix+ its orig9 ma9ly f t p]iod1 = :i*   
also speaks its high p]fection ( =m4 ,we
 f9d "h /ill ! b5t-up heel & toe 7!     
latt] broad & ?97 ( ! s\? ,european =m4 
,! /av$ rim ( ! ,spani% ,arabic         
,turkomanic %oe is obs]v$ to be und]go+ 
a *ange to t ( a groove4 ,! broad       

surface ( ! %oe evid5tly l$ to ! bevel+ 
( ! same1 s z to less5 sole pressure4 ,!
 size ( ! nail holes rema9s /ill l t ( !
 ,huns2 b ! unsunk s\!rn nail heads yet 
s]ve to improve ! hold on ! gr\nd4 ,!   
calks 7 next plac$ =w>d1 p]haps f an    
uncultivat$ s5se ( beauty1 or f ! high  
b5d+ up ( ! h9d "p ( ! %oe1 :i* w\ld    
necessitate a high & heavy unsightly    
calk4  ,f ?is "t on horse%oe+ 9 s\?     
,g]many fell back v quickly1 & loses all
 sci5tific holds ( support aft] ! ?irty 
ye>s w>4 ,9 ! mean "t toe protection 9 !
 =m ( a calk _h spread f ! cold] nor?   
ov] s\!rn ,g]many2 :]eas ?is nor? ,g]man
 inv5tion did n f9d favor 9 ,engl& 9    
consequ5ce ( h] mild oceanic climate4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb  ,also1 ! calks
 9 ,engl&1 z well z 9 ! s\!rn c\ntries1 
on ! same gr\nd1 !re=e1 ) good reason1  
c\ld at no "t be adopt$4 ,?is did1      
h[ev]1 n int]f]e ) ! use ( ! calk 9 !   
cold] s\? ,g]many1 :]e aft] a use (     
ne>ly #a1ejj ye>s x has ma9ta9$ its     
local & climatic adaptation4 ,not)/&+ ! 

occasional ap+ by =eign]s1 x has rema9$ 
victori\s 9 its orig9al =m1 & has be5   
*os5 9 _m c\ntries4  ,! hi/orical       
developm5t ( ! horse%oe 9 g5]al1 f ab\t 
! "t ( ,emp]or ,maximilian until ! sev5 
ye>s w>1 furni%es a true picture ( !    
confus$ condition ( ?+s at t p]iod ( "t1
 :i*1 to make intelligible1 w\ld require
 a sep>ate & complete treatise4 ,int]e/+
 z x is to ! sci5ti/ to foll[ up ?is    
developm5t & mode ( pres5t ,g]man       
horse%oe+1 :i*1 aside f ! national toe &
 calk1 is ! ,engli% =m & has become     
influ5tial1 & ) full "r1 = a p]iodical (
 ?is k9d fur!r1 m compreh5sive1 /atem5t 
w\ld "u all circum/ances take up too mu*
 room2 !re=e ,i mu/ drop ! p51 al?\gh   
reluctantly4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,%eet ,,glass ,,f ,,molt5 ,,metal4   ,!
 pres5t practice 9 mak+ metal %eets is  
to ca/ +ots or slabs & !n r$uce ^! by   
repeat$ roll+s & reheat+4 ,attempts h   
be5 previ\sly made to produce %eets     
directly f molt5 metal by p\r+ ! metal3 

7#a7 betwe5 two revolv+ roll]s2 or 7#b7 
betwe5 a revolv+ :eel & ! surface ( an  
inclos+ fix$ semicircul> segm5t4 ,by ^! 
means none b v ?9 plates c\ld be        
satisfactorily produc$4 ,9 ?is inv5tion 
by ,c4,m4 ,piel/ick]1 ,london1 ! ma*9]y 
consi/s ( a l>ge receiv+ roll] ( #e ft4 
diamet] m or less1 & ( a l5g? equal to t
 ( ! plate to be produc$4 ,) ?is are    
comb9$ small =m+ roll]s arrang$ 9       
succession "p way r\nd ! p]iph]y ( !    
l>ge roll]1 & revolv+ at ! same rate z !
 l>ge roll]4 ,! roll]s c be cool$ by a  
curr5t ( wat] circulat+ ?r\gh !m4 ,!    
molt5 metal fl[s on to ! surface ( !    
l>ge roll] & is prev5t$ f escap+        
sideways by flanges ) :i* ! l>ge roll]  
is provid$4 ,^! flanges embrace ! small 
roll]s & are ( a dep? great] ?an t ( !  
?icke/ plate :i* x is propos$ to roll4  
,! di/ance betwe5 ! l>ge roll] & ! small
 roll]s c be adju/$ accord+ to ! desir$ 
?ickness ( ! plate4 ,:5 deal+ ) metals (
 high melt+ po9t1 su* z /eel1 ! fir/    
small roll] is made ( refractory mat]ial

 & is heat$ f inside by ! flame ( a bl[ 
pipe4 ,! roll]s are coat$ ) plumbago or 
o!r mat]ial to prev5t adhesion to !     
molt5 metal4 ,9 ! case ( metals ( high  
melt+ po9t ! ma*9e is f$ direct f a     
furnace divid$ into two comp>tm5ts by a 
wall or bridge 9 :i* is a /opp] :i* c be
 op]at$ s z to regulate ! fl[ ( metal4  
,:5 appli$ to =m+ %eets ( glass1 !      
roll]s %\ld be w>m$ by a bl[ pipe flame 
z above describ$1 & ! %eet ( glass      
/ret*$ & anneal$ z x leaves ! la/ roll]4
         99       99       99       99  
99     ,,weldless ,,/eel ,,*a9s4   ,at !
 ,royal ,naval ,exhibition1 ,london1    
,messrs4 ,william ,reid  ,co4 are       
exhibit+ _! weldless /eel *a9s1 :i* we  
n[ illu/rate4  ,( ! _m advantages claim$
 = /eel *a9s1 x may be prom95tly not$ t 
a v important sav+ ( weight is effect$  
on acc\nt ( _! possess+ su* a high      
break+ /ra91 comp>$ ) ! ord9>y weld$    
iron *a9s4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 x may be  
/at$ t a giv5 l5g? ( ! weldless /eel *a9
 is #ce to #dj p] c5t4 less 9 weight ?an

 an equival5t l5g? ( iron *a91 w /& !   
same break+ /ra9 z ! latt]1 & inde$1 :]e
 /eel ( special quality is us$ 9 mak+ ! 
weldless *a9s1 ?is diff]5ce c be        
increas$ z mu* z #gj to #hj p] c5t4     
,:]eas sup]ior iron *a9s break at a /ra9
 at #ag tons p] squ>e in*1 ^! weldless  
/eel *a9s w /& a /ra9 ( #bh to #cj tons1
 ) #bj to #bf p] c5t4 elongation4       
,illu/ration3 ,figures #a4 ,?r\gh #i41  
#a;a1 #a;b & #c;a                       
,,manufacture ,,( ,,weldless ,,*a9s4    
,aga91 !re is great] security 9 _! use f
 ! fact t !re are no welds1 & !y give   
w>n+ ( ! limit ( /ra9 to :i* !y c be>   
be+ approa*$1 by elongation1 :i* c be   
c>ri$ to a consid]able ext5t be=e ! *a9 
breaks4 ,moreov]1 ov]1 9 *a9s made by   
?is process1 ! l9ks are all exactly     
alike4 ,?\gh ! life ( a weldless /eel   
*a9 is said to be twice t ( an ord9>y   
"o1 ! price p] l5g? is little m ?an t ( 
be/ iron *a9s4  ,!y are made 9 l5g?s ( f
 #dj to #ej feet1 be+ compress$ f a     
solid roll$ /eel b>1 ! section ( :i* is 

%ap$ l a f\r-po9t$ />4 ,9 ! fir/ place  
holes are pi]c$ at int]vals d[n ! l5g? (
 ! b>1 ?us det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! sev]al    
l9ks4 ,!n ! b> is not*$ betwe5 ! holes s
 z to give ! ext]nal =m ( ! l9ks4 ,!    
next /ep is flatt5+ out1 :i* presses !  
l9ks into %ape on _! inn] side1 b leaves
 ! op5+s /ill clos$ by a plate ( metal4 
,!y are !n /amp$ out s z to r\nd !m up1 
& ! metal inside !m is pun*$ out1 & !   
edges clean$1 or trimm$ (f4 ,! l9ks are 
n[ p>t$ f "o ano!r & /amp$ aga91 to     
insure equal ?ickness 9 all p>ts ( !    
*a94 ,! only processes n[ to be gone    
?r\gh are dress+ & f9i%+4 ,accord+ to ! 
die us$1 ! %ape ( ! l9ks c be v>i$ to   
suit any requir$ patt]n4 ,! l5g?s ( *a9 
?us made are jo9$ by spiral r+s made (  
s(t /eel1 ! convolutions be+ aft]w>d    
hamm]$ toge!r till !y become solid4 ,a  
r+ ( ?is description1  in* diamet]1     
und]w5t a /ra9 ( #df1bjj lb41 t is1 #bc 
tons to ! squ>e in*1 its elongation be+ 
#ba p] c5t4  ,^! *a9s h pass$           
satisfactorily ! te/s ( ! ,bureau       

,v]itas1 & bo? t association & ,lloyd's 
h accept$ _! use on ! same conditions & 
"u ! same te/s z ord9>y *a9s4  ,s mu* = 
! g5]al idea ( pun*+ /eel *a9s4 ,we w n[
 describe a rec5t inv5tion by :i*       
sup]ior /eel *a9s are produc$1 ! au?or (
 :i* is ,mr4 ,hippolyte ,rongi]1 (      
,birm+ham1 ,eng4 ,he says3  ,my inv5tion
 has = its object ! manufacture (       
weldless /ay$ *a9s1 :]e( ea* l9k1 toge!r
 ) its cross /rut or /ay1 is made ( "o  
piece ( metal )\t any weld or jo9t2 & ! 
inv5tion consi/s 9 produc+ a *a9 ( /ay$ 
l9ks f a b> ( cruci=m section by !      
consecutive s]ies ( pun*+1 twi/+ & /amp+
 op]ations h]e9aft] describ$1 ! pun*+   
op]ations be+ entirely p]=m$ on ! metal 
:5 9 ! cold /ate4  ,figs4 #a to #aj %[ !
 progressive /ages 9 ! manufacture ( !  
*a91 & ! rema9+ figures %[ ! s]ies (    
tools t are employ$4  ,! g5]al me?od (  
op]ation ( mak+ /ay$ *a9s accord+ to my 
inv5tion is s f> simil> to ! me?ods     
h]et(ore propos$ = mak+ un/ay$ *a9s f ! 
b> ( cruci=m section t ! l9ks are =m$   

alt]nately out ( ! "o & ! o!r pair (    
diametrically opposite webs ( ! rod1 !  
l9ks1 :5 sev]$ & complet$1 be+ already  
en*a9$ toge!r at ! "t ( _! =mation4 ,!  
successive op]ations diff]1 h[ev]1 9 _m 
important practical respects f ^?       
h]et(ore propos$1 z w appe> f ! foll[+  
detail$ description ( ! successive /eps 
9 ! process illu/rat$ by ,figs4 #a to   
#aj4  ,i w di/+ui% ! "o pair (          
diametrically opposite webs ( ! b> & !  
not*es & mortises pun*$ !re9 & ! l9ks   
=m$ !refrom f ! o!r pair by an index    
figure #a affix$ to ! ref]5ce lett]s    
app]ta9+ !reto4  a a are "o pair (      
diametrically opposite webs1 & a' a' !  
o!r pair ( webs ( ! b>4  ,illu/ration3  
,figures #b;a-b1 #f;a1 #d;a-b1 #g a-b & 
#aj a-b                ,,manufacture ,,(
 ,,weldless ,,*a9s  ,! fir/ op]ation    
illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a is to pun* out ( ! 
edge ( "o ( ! webs1 a1 a s]ies ( %all[  
not*es1 b1 at equal int]vals ap>t1      
correspond+ to ! pit* ( ! l9ks to be =m$
 out ( t pair ( webs & situat$ :]e !    

spaces w ultimately be =m$ betwe5 ! ends
 ( t s]ies ( l9ks4 ,! not*es are made ) 
bevel$ ends1 & are no deep] ?an is      
absolutely necess>y 7= ! purpose ( a    
guide /op 9 ! subsequ5t op]ations1 z    
h]e9aft] describ$71 s z to avoid1 z f> z
 possible1 weak5+ ! b> transv]sely4 ,?is
 op]ation is repeat$ ^u "o ( ! pairs (  
webs a'2 b :]eas 9 ! fir/ op]ation (    
not*+ ! web ! pit* ( ! not*es is det]m9$
 by ! fe$ me*anism1 9 ?is second        
op]ation ( not*+ ! not*es1 b1 cut 9 !   
web1 a1 s]ve z guides to influ5ce &     
comp5sate = any inaccuracy ( ! fe$      
me*anism1 s t ! second set ( not*es1 b'1
 %all be int]m$iate ( & rigor\sly       
equidi/ant f ! fir/ set ( not*es1 b4    
,?is comp5sation is effect$ by ! not*es1
 b1 fitt+ on to a bevel$ /op on ! b$ ( !
 pun*+ tool by :i* ! not*es1 b'1 are    
cut1 ! bevel$ ends ( ! not*es1 b1 caus+ 
! b> "u ! pressure ( ! pun* to adju/    
itself 9 ! longitud9al direction 7if    
necess>y7 suffici5tly to rectify any    
inaccuracy ( fe$4 ,^! not*es1 b b'1     

simil>ly s]ve z guides to insure        
uni=mity ( spac+ 9 ! subsequ5t op]ations
 ( pun*+ out ! l9ks4  ,! second op]ation
 7illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b7 is to pun* out (
 ! pair ( opposite webs1 a a1 pairs (   
oblong mortises--two pairs1 c c1 & "o   
pair1 d d4 ,^! ?ree pairs ( mortises    
7:i* might be pun*$ at sep>ate          
op]ations1 b are pref]ably pun*$ at "o  
/roke ( ! press7 are situat$ z close z  
possible up to ! faces ( ! o!r pairs (  
webs1 a' a'1 ! pairs ( mortises1 c c1   
be+ s spac$ z to correspond 9 position  
to ! eyes ( ! l9ks to be =m$1 to :i* !y 
correspond approximately 9 =m1 :ile !   
pair1 d1 correspond 9 position to !     
not*es1 b1 & !re=e to ! int]vals by :i* 
! l9ks =m$ out ( ! same pair ( webs1 a  
a1 w be sep>at$ :5 complet$4 ,?is       
op]ation is cont9u$ along ! :ole l5g? ( 
! pair ( webs1 a4 ,x w be obs]v$ t a    
consid]able ?ickness ( metal is left at 
a99 betwe5 ! not*es1 b1 & ! mortises1 d4
 ,?is is ( prim>y importance & is "o ( !
 ess5tial features ( my me?od (         

manufacture1 inasmu* z by fir/ pun*+ out
 ! mortises1 d1 ! subsequ5t removal ( ! 
metal f betwe5 ! out] ends ( ! l9ks is  
greatly facilitat$1 :ile by leav+ !     
solid metal1 a991 ! transv]se /r5g? ( ! 
webs1 a a1 is n mat]ially dim9i%$1 s t  
:5 ! op]ation ( pun*+ ! mortises1 c & d1
 9 ! o!r pair ( webs1 a'1 is p]=m$ ! b> 
w n be b5t & crippl$1 z w\ld inevitably 
be ! case 7 ! :ole ( ! metal opposite ! 
not*es1 b1 :i* is ultimately to be      
remov$1 to be pun*$ out at s e>ly a /age
 ( ! manufacture4 ,! op]ation ( pun*+ ! 
pairs ( mortises1 c' & d1 hav+ be5      
repeat$ along ! o!r pair ( webs1 a'1 x w
 be obs]v$ t l ! not*es1 b1 ! mortises1 
c d1 9 ! "o pair ( webs alt]nate ) ^?1  
c' d'1 9 ! o!r pair ( webs4  ,! ?ird    
op]ation 7illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c7 is to   
elongate ! mortises1 c d1 & br+ !       
mortises1 c c'1 m ne>ly to ! f9al =m4   
,?is is p]=m$ by pun*es simil> to b l>g]
 79 ! direction ( ! l5g? ( ! rod7 ?an ^?
 us$ 9 ! second op]ation4  ,! ?ird      
op]ation1 :i* is repeat$ ^u bo? pairs ( 

webs1 a a a' a'1 may be consid]$ z a    
second /age ( ! second op]ation1 x be+  
pref]able to pun* out ! mortises 9 two  
/ages 9 ord] to remove suffici5t metal  
)\t unduly /ra9+ ! b>4  ,! f\r? op]ation
 7illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d7 consi/s 9 r\ghly
 %ap+ ! ends ( ! l9ks ext]nally by pun*+
 out ! portions1 a991 ( ! webs1 a1      
betwe5 ! l9ks ly+ 9 ! same plane or =m$ 
out ( ! same pair ( webs4 ,?is op]ation 
is repeat$ on ! o!r pair ( webs1 a'4 ,up
 to ?is po9t a cont9u\s core ( metal has
 be5 left at ! int]section ( ! two pairs
 ( webs4  ,! fif? op]ation 7illu/rat$ 9 
,fig4 #e7 consi/s 9 pun*+ out !         
portions1 e1 ( ! core at ea* side ( !   
cross /ay ( ! l9k1 s z to sep>ate !     
cross /ay f ! out] ends ( ! adjac5t     
l9ks4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ by remov+ a
 portion only ( ! metal ( ! core :i*    
int]v5es betwe5 ! cross /ay & ! out]    
ends ( ! adjac5t l9ks en*a9$ ) ! l9k "u 
op]ation--t is to say1 portions1 e991 ( 
! core are tempor>ily left atta*$ to !  
out] ends ( ! l9ks 9 ord] to avoid      

crippl+ or b5d+ ! b>1 :i* might occur 7 
! :ole ( ?is metal1 :i* is ultimately to
 be remov$1 to be pun*$ out at once1 ^! 
portions1 e991 be+ support$ by ! b$ die 
9 ! op]ation ( pun*+ out ! spaces1 e1 z 
h]e9aft] describ$4 ,?is op]ation hav+   
be5 repeat$ ^u bo? pairs ( webs1 x w be 
obs]v$ t ! rod-l =m ( ! *a9 is n[ only  
ma9ta9$ by ! portion ( ! core at !      
po9ts1 f1 :]e ! inn] side ( ! eye or b[ 
( "o l9k is unit$ ) t ( ! next "o4 ,!   
sev]+ ( ^! int]v5+ portions ( ! core & !
 break+ up ( ! rod into ! con/itu5t l9ks
 ( ! *a9 con/itute ! six? op]ation4  ,! 
six? op]ation 7illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #f7 is 
p]=m$ by torsion1 & = ?is purpose "o end
 ( ! rod is held fix$ :ile ! o!r is     
twi/$ once or twice 9 opposite          
directions1 until by fatigue ( ! metal  
at ! po9ts1 f1 ! :ole ( ! l9ks are sev]$
 almo/ at ! same in/ant1 & a *a9 (      
r\ghly =m$ /ay$ l9ks is produc$4  ,!    
sev5? op]ation 7illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #g7 is
 to remove ! sup]flu\s project+ pieces (
 metal bo? f ! inside & outside ( ! ends

 ( ! l9ks4 ,= ?is purpose ! two ends (  
ea* l9k are op]at$ on at ! same "t by   
two pairs ( pun*es correspond+ to !     
outl9e ( ! ends ( ! l9k4  ,! eigh?      
op]ation 7illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #h7 is to   
br+ ! ends ( ! l9ks to _! f9i%$ r\nd$   
=m4 ,?is is p]=m$ by /amp+ bo? ends (   
ea* l9k at ! same "t betwe5 pairs ( %ap+
 dies or swages4  ,! n9? op]ation       
7illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #i7 is to br+ !      
middle portion ( ea* l9k--t is to say1 !
 side memb]s & ! cross /ay--to ! f9i%$  
r\nd$ =m1 :i* is also p]=m$ by means ( a
 pair ( dies or swages4  ,! t5? & la/   
op]ation 7illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aj7 is to  
contract ! l9k slightly 9 ! lat]al      
direction 9 ord] to correct any         
imp]fections at ! sides left by ! two   
previ\s op]ations & br+ ! l9k to a m    
p]fect & /rong] =m1 z %[n4 ,?is op]ation
 has ! important result ( /r5g!n+ ! l9k 
consid]ably by contract+ or r5d]+ m     
po9t$ ! ar*$ =m ( ! b[ or end ( ! l9k1 &
 also by ?ick5+ ! metal at t "p :]e !   
we> is greate/1 ?is ?ick5+ ( ! metal at 

! ends ( ! l9k occurr+ 9 ! direction ( !
 l9e ( /ra9 7z indicat$ by x 9 ,fig4    
#aj7 & be+ br\ght ab\t by ! compression 
or upsett+ ( ! metal at ! end ( ! l9k4  
,x may be pref]able to p]=m ?is op]ation
 imm$iately aft] ! sev5? op]ation1 & ,i 
res]ve ! "r to d s4  ,9 ! case ( l>ge   
cables only ! metal is pref]ably heat$ =
 ! eigh?1 n9?1 & t5? op]ations4  ,i w n[
 ref] to ! figures :i* illu/rate ! s]ies
 ( tools :]eby ! above m5tion$ op]ations
 are p]=m$4  ,fig4 #a;a %[s a plan 7!   
pun* be+ 9 section7 & ,fig4 #a;b an     
elevation ( ! b$ die ( ! tool by :i* !  
not*es b ( ! fir/ op]ation are p]=m$4 ,!
 fe$ me*anism is n %[n1 b might be ( any
 ord9>y int]mitt5t k9d4 g is a groove 9 
! b$1 9 :i* lies ! l[] v]tical web ( !  
rod1 ( cruci=m section1 ! two horizontal
 webs ly+ ^u ! b$ ) ! edge ( ! web to be
 not*$ ly+ j ov] ! die1 9 :i* works !   
pun*1 ,b1 ( :i* ,b' is ! cutt+ edge4 ,! 
pun* is op]at$ 9 ! usual way1 its l[]   
end1 :i* does n rise out ( ! die1 act+ z
 a guide4 ,b99 is ! bevel$ /op 9 !      

groove1 g1 :i* by fitt+ 9 ! not*es1 b or
 b'1 corrects inaccuracies ( ! fe$4     
,fig4 #b;a is a sectional plan & ,fig4  
#b;b an elevation ( ! tool by :i* !     
second op]ation is p]=m$1 ! same tool   
be+ also us$ = p]=m+ ! ?ird op]ation4   
7,illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c;a47 h h are a    
pair ( b$-dies hav+ a space h' betwe5 !m
 to receive ! l[] web ( ! b>1 & hav+    
not*es1 ,c ,c & ,d ,d1 9 _! inn] ends1  
=m+ c\nt]p>ts ( ! pun*es by :i* ! pairs 
( mortises1 c d1 ,fig4 #b1 are pun*$ 9 !
 pair ( webs ly+ ^u ! b$-dies1 h4 ,^!   
b$-dies are fitt$ to slide a little 9   
opposite directions ^u a suitable b$    
plate & are caus$ by ! incl9$ cams1 i'1 
on ! guides1 i1 ( ! press head 7:i* pass
 ?r\gh correspond+ ap]tures 9 ! b$-dies1
 h7 to approa* ea* o!r at ! mom5t !     
pun*es come d[n on ! "w1 s z to grip !  
l[] web ( ! rod & support ! pair ( webs 
be+ op]at$ on close up to ! sides ( !   
l[] web ly+ 9 ! space h'1 :ile :5 !     
pun*es rise ! b$-dies move ap>t1 s t !  
web is q free 9 said space h' & ! rod   

may be easily f$ =w>d = a fre% /roke ( !
 press4 ,b99 is ! bevel$ /op 9 ! space1 
k'1 z 9 ! tool fir/ describ$4 ,! b$-dies
 h h a second set ( not*es ,c' ,d' at _!
 out] ends1 simil> to b long] ?an ^? ,c 
,d1 s t by rev]s+ ! b$-dies !y w =m     
c\nt]p>ts = a second set ( pun*es       
correspond+ !reto = p]=m+ ! ?ird        
op]ation--i4e41 enl>g+ ! mortises1 c d1 
z repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #c & #c;a2 or1     
in/ead ( adapt+ ! dies1 h1 to p]=m ! two
 op]ations1 sep>ate tools may be us$ = !
 second & ?ird op]ations4  ,fig4 #d;a is
 an elevation & ,fig4 #d;b a sectional  
plan ( ! tool = p]=m+ ! f\r?            
op]ation--namely1 remov+ ! portion a991 
,figs4 #c1 #c;a1 #d;a1 & #d;b4 ,?is is  
done by a pair ( pun*es1 ,a991          
correspond+ 9 %ape to ! ends ( ! l9k 9 !
 r\gh & to ! ap]ture %[n 9 ! b$-die1 k1 
,fig4 #d;b1 :i* has a groove1 k'1 to    
admit ! l[] web ( & to guide ! rod4 ,!  
bevel$ /op1 ,b991 us$ 9 op]at+ on ! pair
 ( webs1 a1 corresponds to ! not*es1 b'2
 b 9 op]at+ on ! webs1 a'1 ! /op mu/ be 

replac$ by "o correspond+ to ! ap]ture  
left by ! removal ( ! portion1 a994     
,fig4 #e;a is an elevation1 ,fig4 #e;b a
 plan1 & ,fig4 #e;c a longitud9al       
v]tical section ( ! tool = p]=m+ ! fif? 
op]ation1 ! "w be+ %[n 9 section 9 !    
latt] figure4 ,x consi/s ( a b$-die1 l1 
) groove1 m1 to receive ! l[] web1 b    
t]m9at+ at a di/ance f ! die ap]tures1 s
 z to leave supports1 n1 = ! p>ts1 e991 
( ! rod to resi/ ! d[nw>d pressure ( !  
pun*es1 ,e1 :i* remove ! portions1 e1 f 
ea* side ( ! cross /ay1 z %[n 9 ,figs4  
#e;b & #e;c4 ,! correct position ( ! "w 
9 reg>d to ! pun*es is insur$ by ^!     
support+ p>ts1 n1 :i* t]m9ate ! grooves1
 m4  ,fig4 #f;a is an elevation ( ! w9* 
= p]=m+ ! six? op]ation4  ,fig4 #g;a is 
an elevation & ,fig4 #g;b a plan ( !    
tool = p]=m+ ! sev5? op]ation4 ,p ,p are
 ! pun*es = trimm+ ! outside & ,q ,q ^? 
= trimm+ ! inside ( ! ends ( ! l9ks4 ,! 
l9ks adjac5t to ! "o to be op]at$ on are
 br\ght toge!r into ! position %[n 9    
dott$ l9es1 ! b$-die hav+ an ap]ture 9 x

 to admit ( ?is1 s t bo? ends ( ! l9k to
 be trimm$ may be op]at$ on toge!r4  ,! 
tool = p]=m+ ! eigh? op]ation consi/s ( 
a pair ( swages1 ! bottom "o only be+   
%[n 9 ,fig4 #h;a4 ,! swages correspond  
to ! int5d$ r\nd$ sectional =m ( ! ends 
( ! l9k1 :i* is plac$ 9 position betwe5 
! swages 9 a simil> mann] to t describ$ 
= ,fig4 #g;b1 s t bo? ends are r\nd$ or 
f9i%$ (f at once4  ,fig4 #i;a is a plan 
( ! bottom swage ( ! tool = p]=m+ ! n9? 
op]ation1 ! upp] swage correspond+ !reto
 at lea/ 9 s f> z ! middle "p ( ! l9k to
 be op]at$ on is conc]n$4  ,! tool =    
p]=m+ ! t5? op]ation is repres5t$ 9     
elevation & plan 9 ,figs4 #aj;a & #aj;b4
 ,x consi/s ( a pair ( b$-dies1 ,r1     
fitt$ to slide toge!r & op]at$ by !     
cams1 s1 on ! guide rods1 ,s1 ! op]ation
 be+ simil> to t ( ! tool %[n 9 ,figs4  
#b;a & #b;b1 except t !re are no pun*es1
 & t ! l9k :i* lies 9 ! cavity ( ! dies 
is m]ely compress$ 9 ! lat]al direction 
by ! inw>d motion ( ! b$-dies4  ,my     
inv5tion fur!r comprises a modification 

( ! above describ$ process1 :i* has =   
its object to enable ! weldless /ay$    
l9ks to be made z %ort & p>ticul>ly z   
n>r[ z may be necess>y 9 ord] to adapt !
 *a9 to run ov] ! %eaves ( pulley blocks
 & to suit o!r purposes = :i* %ort-l9k  
weld$ *a9 has h]et(ore only be5         
available4  ,illu/ration3 ,figures      
#e;a-c1 #h;a1 #i;a1 #aj-ab              
,,manufacture ,,( ,,weldless ,,*a9s4  ,9
 ! manufacture ( *a9s by ! a=esaid      
process ( pun*+ !re is a practical      
m9imum limit = ! dim5sions ( ! pun*es   
:i* _c be r$uc$ )\t compromis+ _!       
effici5cy1 & consequ5tly ! wid? 7& !re=e
 ! l5g?7 ( ! l9k mu/ necess>ily be> a   
c]ta9 proportion to ! ?ickness ( ! web (
 metal out ( :i* x is =m$1 s9ce ! bread?
 ( ! l9k dep5ds on ! l5g? ( ! cross /ay1
 :i* is det]m9$ by ! bread? ( ! mortises
 =m+ ! eyes ( ! l9k4 ,! pres5t          
modification enables ^! dim5sions to be 
r$uc$ )\t r$uc+ ! dim5sions1 &          
consequ5tly ! effici5cy1 ( ! pun*es :i* 
=m ! eyes ( ! l9k4 ,! modification      

applies to :at ,i h designat$ ! fif?    
op]ation ( ! above describ$ process2 & x
 consi/s 9 pun*+ out ! middle ( ! cross 
/ay 7s z to leave only two %ort /umps   
jutt+ inw>d f ! side memb]s ( ! l9k71   
?is op]ation s]v+ to int]rupt !         
cont9uity ( ! core1 :i* 0 ! object ( !  
fif? op]ation4 ,= ?is purpose ,i        
sub/itute = ! pair ( pun*es illu/rat$ 9 
,figs4 #e;a & #e;c a s+le pun*1 :i*     
removes t "p ( ! core ( ! cruci=m b> :i*
 is situat$ at ! middle ( ! /rut4 ,?is  
tool is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aa1 & !      
effect ( its op]ation is %[n 9 ,fig4    
#ab4 ,! subsequ5t op]ations1 h]e9       
designat$ ! six?1 sev5?1 eigh?1 & n9?   
op]ations1 are p]=m$ z h]e9be=e         
describ$2 b ! t5? op]ation has ! effect 
( clos+ toge!r ! two /umps1 g g1 until  
!y abut toge!r at ! middle ( ! l9k &    
toge!r con/itute a cross /rut or /ay1   
:i* prev5ts any fur!r lat]al collapse ( 
! l9k4 ,9 ! op]ation ( clos+ up ! gap   
betwe5 ! /umps1 g g1 ! l9k is br\ght to 
! n>r[ =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 ! eyes ( !   

l9ks be+ only j wide en\gh to receive ! 
end ( ! adjac5t l9k en*a9$ !re) )\t     
gripp+ x4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ by a   
tool simil> to t %[n 9 ,figs4 #aj;a &   
#aj;b1 above ref]r$ to4         99      
99       99       99       99     ,,an  
,,engli% ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9e4   ,!    
/eam fire eng9e ( :i* we give an engrav+
 is "o specially built = ! ,indian      
gov]nm5t by ,messrs4 ,%&1 ,mason  ,co41 
,london4 ,x has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/
 /eam fire eng9e suppli$ = ! prov9ce (  
,upp] ,burma1 hav+ be5 pur*as$ prim>ily 
= ! royal palace1 & to s]ve = !         
protection ( ! cantonm5t ( ,m&alay4 ,!  
eng9e is plac$ v]tically 9 front ( !    
boil]1 & consi/s ( a d\ble act+ pump )  
valves :i* c be tak5 out = r5ewal or    
exam9ation 9 two or ?ree m9utes4 ,!     
capacity is #bjj gallons p] m9ute1 & !  
height ( jet #adj ft4 ,z %[n 9 !        
engrav+1 ! =e "p ( ! ma*9e =ms a hose   
reel & tool box1 & c be in/antly sep>at$
 f ! eng9e to all[ ( ! indep5d5t use ( !
 latt] at a fire4  ,illu/ration3        

,,improv$ ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9e4  ,!    
eng9e is con/ruct$ ) wr\ght iron side   
frames1 =e c>riage & :eels1 & /eel      
axles1 spr+s1 etc4 ,! tool box1         
coa*man's seat1 & o!r p>ts are ( teak4  
,x is provid$ ) ,messrs4 ,%&1 ,mason    
,co4's quick /eam+ boil]1 9 :i* #ajj lb4
 pressure c be rais$ f cold wat] 9 f    
five to sev5 m9utes1 an extra l>ge fire 
box = burn+ wood1 ) fire door at ! back1
 fe$ pump1 & injector1 fre% wat] tank1  
coal bunk]1 & o!r fitt+s & arrangem5ts =
 c>ry+ ! suction pipe4 ,a pole & sway   
b>s are fitt$ = two ponies1 & wood cross
 b>s to pass ov] ! backs ( ! animals at 
! tops ( ! coll>s4 ,two m5 are c>ri$ on 
! ma*9e1 a coa*man on ! box seat & a    
/ok] on ! footbo>d at ! re> ( ! eng9e4  
,! :ole =ms a v light & readily         
transportable fire eng9e4--,! ,eng9e]4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,milit>y ,,dove ,,cotes
 ,,9 ,,europe4#a     ,footnote #a3      
,cont9u$ f ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( ,july  
#aa1 p4 #bc4   ,france4--,! hi/ory ( !  

a]ial po/al s]vice & ( ! c>ri] pigeons (
 ! siege ( ,p>is has be5 ?or\ghly       
writt51 & is s well kn[n t x is useless 
to recapitulate x 9 ?is place4 ,x w     
suffice to say t sixty-f\r balloons     
cross$ ! ,prussian l9es dur+ ! w> (     
#ahgj-ahga1 c>ry+ ) !m #cfj pigeons1    
#cjb ( :i* 7 aft]w>d s5t back to ,p>is1 
dur+ a t]rible w9t]1 )\t previ\s tra9+1 
& f localities (t5 situat$ at a di/ance 
( ov] #abj miles4 ,despite ! %oot+ at !m
 by ! enemy1 #ih return$ to _! cotes1   
#ge ( !m c>ry+ microscopic dispat*es4   
,!y ?us introduc$ into ! capital        
#aej1jjj (ficial dispat*es & a million  
private ones r$uc$ by photo-micrographic
 processes4 ,! :ole1 pr9t$ 9 ord9>y     
*>act]s1 w\ld h =m$ a libr>y ( #ejj     
volumes4 ,"o ( ^! c>ri]s1 :i* rea*$     
,p>is on ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahga1 a few 
days previ\s to ! armi/ice1 c>ri$ alone 
ne>ly #dj1jjj dispat*es4  ,! pigeon t   
br\ght ! news ( ! victory ( ,c\lmi]s    
/>t$ f ,la ,l\pe at t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+
 on ! t5? ( ,novemb]1 & rea*$ ,p>is a   

few m9utes be=e noon4 ,! acc\nt ( !     
,villejuif affair 0 br\ght f ,p>is to   
,t\rco+ 7,nord7 by a :ite pigeon belong+
 to ,mr4 ,descampes4 ,?is pigeon is n[  
pres]v$ 9 a /uff$ /ate 9 ! museum ( !   
city4 ,! c>ri] pigeon s]vice 0 n        
prolong$ beyond ! #a/ ( ,febru>y1 & our 
w+$ bro!rs ( arms 7 sold at a l[ price  
at auction by ! gov]nm5t1 :i*1 once m1  
%[$ itself ungrateful to its s]vants z  
soon z x no long] _h ne$ ( _! s]vices4  
,aft] ! commune1 ,mr4 ,la ,p]re de ,roo 
submitt$ to ! presid5t ( ! republic a   
project = ! organization ( milit>y dove 
cotes = connect+ ! ,fr5* /rongholds )   
ea* o!r4 ,mr4 ,?i]s treat$ ! project z  
*im]ical1 s ! execution ( x 0 delay$ up 
to ! "t at :i* we saw x appli$ 9 =eign  
c\ntries4  ,9 #ahgg1 ! gov]nm5t accept$ 
a gift ( #dbj pigeons f ,mr4 ,de ,roo1 &
 _h ! ,adm9i/ration ( ,po/ ,(fices      
con/ruct 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,acclimatization a 
model pigeon h\se1 :i* 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahgh1 
& 0 capable ( accommodat+ #bjj pairs4   
,at pres5t1 ! majority ( our =tresses   

conta9 dove cotes1 :i* are p]fectly     
organiz$ & "u ! direction ( ! eng9e]    
corps ( ! army4  ,! map 9 ,fig4 #a gives
 ! approximate sy/em su* z x results f  
docum5ts consult$ 9 =eign milit>y       
reviews4  ,accord+ to ,lieut5ant        
,grigot1 an (fic] ( ! ,belgian army1 :o 
has writt5 a v good book entitl$ ,sci5ce
 ,colombophile1 a rational organization 
( ! ,fr5* sy/em requires a c5tral /ation
 at ,p>is & ?ree second>y c5t]s at      
,langres1 ,lyons & ,t\rs1 ! latt] be+   
e/abli%$ 9 view ( a new invasion4  ,z ! 
di/ance ( ,p>is f ! fronti] ( ! nor? is 
b #adc miles at ! mo/1 ! city w\ld h no 
ne$ ( any int]m$iate /ation 9 ord] to   
communicate ) ! v>i\s places ( ! said   
fronti]4 ,langres w\ld s]ve z a relay   
betwe5 ,p>is & ! fronti] ( ! nor!a/4 ,= 
! places ( ! s\!a/ x w\ld require at    
lea/ two relays1 ,lyons & ,langres1 or  
,dijon4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4           
#a4--,,!oretic ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,fr5*     
,,sy/em ,,( ,,milit>y ,,dove ,,cotes4   
,z ,p>is has t5 directions to s]ve1 x   

%\ld !re=e possess t5 diff]5t dove      
cotes1 ( #gbj birds ea*1 & ?is w\ld give
 a total ( #g1bjj pigeons4 ,accord+ to !
 same pr9ciple1 ,langres1 :i* has five  
directions to provide =1 %\ld h #c1fjj  
pigeons4  ,cont9u+ ?is calculation1 we  
f9d t x w\ld require #be1jjj pigeons = !
 dove cotes z a :ole appropriat$ to !   
fronti]s ( ! nor?1 nor!a/1 ea/1 & s\!a/1
 )\t tak+ into acc\nt our fronti]s ( !  
ocean & ! ,pyr5ees4  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #b4--;,,basket ,,= ,,c>ry+       
,,pigeons4  ,a law ( ! #c;d ( ,july1    
#ahgg1 supplem5t$ by a decree ( ! #ae? (
 ,novemb]1 organiz$ ! application (     
c>ri] pigeons 9 ,france4  ,"o ( ! la/   
enum]ations %[s t !re exi/ 9 ,p>is      
#aa1jjj pigeons1 #e1jjj ( :i* are tra9$1
 &1 9 ! suburbs1 #g1jjj1 ( :i* #c1jjj   
are tra9$4 ,at ,r\baix1 a city (        
#ajj1jjj inhabitants1 !re are #ae1jjj   
pigeons4 ,watrelos1 a small neighbor+   
city ( #aj1jjj inhabitants1 has no less 
?an #c1jjj c>ri] pigeons belong+ to ?ree
 societies1 ! olde/ ( :i*1 t (          

,sa9t-,esprit1 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahfi4  ,9     
entire ,france1 !re are ab\t #ajj1jjj   
tra9$ pigeons1 & =ty-sev5 dep>tm5ts hav+
 pigeon-fancy+ societies4               
,g]many4--,aft] ! w> ( #ahgj1 ,prussia1 
:i* _h obs]v$ ! s]vices r5d]$ by pigeons
 dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is1 0 ! fir/ p[] to  
organize milit>y dove cotes4  ,9 !      
autumn ( #ahga1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,w>          
commission$ ,mr4 ,leutz51 a v compet5t  
amateur ( ,cologne1 to /udy ! mo/       
favorable processes = ! recruitm5t1     
re>+1 & tra9+ ( c>ri] pigeons1 z well z 
= ! organization ( a sy/em ( /ations ^u 
! we/]n fronti]4  ,9 #ahgb1 ,mr4        
,bism>ck hav+ receiv$ a numb] (         
magnific5t ,belgian pigeons z a pres5t1 
a re>+ /ation 0 e/abli%$ at !           
,zoological ,g>d5 ( ,b]l91 "u !         
direction ( ,dr4 ,bod9as4  ,9 #ahgd     
milit>y dove cotes 7 in/all$ at         
,cologne1 ,metz1 ,/rassburg1 & ,b]l94   
,s9ce t "t !re h be5 organiz$1 or at    
lea/ project$1 ab\t fifte5 new /ations  
^u ! fronti] ( ,france1 ^u ! m>itime    

coa/s ( ! nor?1 or ^u ! ,russian        
fronti]4  ,b]l9 rema9s ! pr9cipal re>+  
/ation1 ) two pigeon h\ses ( #ejj       
pigeons ea*2 b x is at ,cologne t is    
c5traliz$ ! g5]al adm9i/ration ( milit>y
 dove cotes "u ,mr4 ,leutz5's direction4
 ,! o!r /ations are directly dep5d5t ^u 
! comm&ant ( ! place1 "u ! control ( !  
inspector ( milit>y telegraphy4 ,!      
,wilhelm%av5 dove cote1 by way (        
exception1 dep5ds ^u ! ,admiralty4 ,9   
ea* dove cote !re is a sub(fic] ( !     
eng9e] corps & an exp]i5c$ civil pigeon 
fanci]1 on a mon?ly sal>y ( n9ety m>ks1 
assi/$ by two ord]lies4 ,9 "t ( w>1 ?is 
p]sonnel has to be d\bl$ & comm&$ by an 
(fic]4  ,! am\nt appropriat$ to !       
milit>y dove cotes1 :i* 9 #ahge 0 ab\t  
#ac1jjj francs1 rose 9 #ahhh to m ?an   
#fj1jjj francs4  ,z a rule1 ea* dove    
cote %\ld be provid$ ) #a1jjj pigeons1 b
 ?is numb] does n appe> to h be5 yet    
rea*$ except at ,?orn1 ,metz1 &         
,/rassburg4  ,g]many has n conf9$ h]self
 to ! organization ( milit>y dove cotes1

 b1 l o!r nations1 has endeavor$ to aid 
& direct pigeon fancy+1 s z to be able1 
:5 necess>y1 to f9d ready prep>$        
res\rces 9 ! civil dove cotes4 ,! g5]als
 make x _! duty to be pres5t1 z f> z    
possible1 at ! races ( private          
societies1 & ! ,emp]or aw>ds gold m$als 
= flights ( m ?an #abj miles4  ,on !    
#ac? ( ,janu>y1 #ahha1 n9ete5 ( ^!      
societies1 at ! head ( :i* mu/ be plac$ 
! ,columbia1 ( ,cologne1 comb9$ into a  
f$]ation4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> !           
association already includ$ sixty-six   
societies4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,decemb]1 #ahhh1 
x includ$ sev5ty-eight1 ) #eb1bdj c>ri] 
pigeons ready = mobilization4  ,! fir/  
two articles ( ! /atutes ( ! ,f$]ation  
are z foll[s3  ,i4 ,! object ( !        
,f$]ation is to unite 9 "o organization 
all societies ( pigeon fanci]s 9 ord] to
 improve ! s]vice ( c>ri] pigeons1 :i*1 
9 case ( w>1 ! c\ntry mu/ put to pr(it4 
,,ii4 ,! ,f$]ation !re=e proposes3 7a7  
,to aid ! activity ( pigeon-fancy+      
societies & to direct ! voyages ( !     

societies accord+ to a det]m9$ plan2 7b7
 to =m it9]5t societies & on ?is        
occasion to organize expositions &      
auction sales ( pigeons2 7c7 to ma9ta9  
relations ) ! ,prussian ,m9i/] ( ,w>2   
7d7 to obta9 dim9utions & favors =      
transportation2 7e7 to make ef=ts = !   
ext]m9ation ( vultures2 7f7 to obta9 a  
legal protection = pigeons2 & 7g7 to    
publi% a special p]iodical = !          
in/ruction ( fanci]s4  ,italy4--,! fir/ 
milit>y dove cote 9 ,italy 0 in/all$ 9  
#ahgf at ,ancona by ! twelf? regim5t (  
artill]y4 ,9 #ahgi1 a second /ation 0   
e/abli%$ at ,bologna4 ,at pres5t !re are
 9 ! k+dom1 besides ! c5tral po/ at     
,rome1 "s fifte5 dove cotes1 ! pr9cipal 
ones ( :i* are e/abli%$ at ,naples1     
,gaeta1 ,alex&ria1 ,bologna1 ,ancona &  
,plac5za4 ,!re are at lea/ two on !     
,fr5* fronti] at ,f5e/rella & ,exilles1 
& two o!rs 9 ,s>d9ia1 at ,cagli>i &     
,maddal5a4 ,! complete sy/em includes   
tw5ty-?ree2 moreov]1 !re are two 9      
op]ation at ,mass\a & ,assab4  ,! co/ ( 

ea* cote am\nts to ab\t #a1jjj francs4  
,! pigeons are regi/]$ & tak5 c>e ( by a
 pigeon bre$] 7a sub(fic]7 assi/$ by a  
soldi]4 ,! head ( ! s]vice is ,comm&ant 
( ,eng9e]s ,malagoli1 "o ( ! mo/        
di/+ui%$ ( pigeon fanci]s4  ,we repres5t
 9 ,fig4 #b "o ( ! baskets us$ 9 ,france
 = c>ry+ ! birds to :]e !y are to be set
 free4--,la ,nature4         99       99
       99       99       99     ,,!     
,,isle ,,( ,,man ,,tw9 ,,screw ,,/eam]  
,,tynwald4   ,we place on record !      
details ( ! fir/ high spe$ tw9 screw    
/eam] built = ! s]vice4 ,( ?is vessel1  
nam$ ! ,tynwald1 we give a pr(ile & an  
engrav+ ( /]n1 %[+ ! me?od ( support+ ! 
brackets = propell] %aft+4              
,illu/ration3 ,tw9 screws--re> view  ,! 
,tynwald is #bfe feet long1 #cd feet #f 
in*es beam1 & #ad feet #f in*es dep?    
m\ld$1 ! gross tonnage be+ #idf tons4 ,!
 desire ( ! own]s to put ! vessel       
alt]nately on two di/9ct s]vices requir$
 special arrangem5t ( ! saloons4 ,runn+ 
betwe5 ,liv]pool & ! isl& !re 0 no      

necessity = sleep+ accommodation1 z !   
passage is made 9 ab\t ?ree h\rs2 & !   
%ip _h to be suit$ to c>ry imm5se cr[ds4
 ,b z ! own]s wi%$ on special occasions 
to run ! vessel f ,glasg[ to ,manxl& x 0
 necess>y to s arrange ! saloons z to   
admit ( sleep+ accommodation be+ provid$
 on ^! occasions4 ,on ! ,liv]pool run ! 
vessel w c>ry f #hjj to #ijj pass5g]s4  
,a spaci\s prom5ade is an indisp5sable  
desid]atum1 & ! upp] or %elt] deck has  
be5 made flu% f /em to /]n1 ! only      
ob/ructions 9 addition to ! eng9e &     
boil] cas+s1 & ! deck & c>go work+      
ma*9]y1 be+ a small deck h\se aft )     
special /ate rooms1 ticket & po/ (fices1
 & ! companion way to ! saloons bel[4   
,on ! ma9 deck =w>d is a %elt]$ prom5ade
 = second class pass5g]s1 :ile on ! l[] 
deck bel[ are d9+ saloons1 ! s(as ( :i* 
may be improvis$ = sleep+ accommodation4
 ,at ! extreme aft] end ( ! ma9 deck is 
! fir/ class saloon1 ) ! ladies' room   
=w>d on ! />bo>d side1 &1 !re be+ no    
alley way =w>d1 ! ladies' lavatories are

 provid$ on ! />bo>d side ( ! eng9e     
cas+4 ,on ! port side are ! g5tlem5's   
lavatories1 & smok+ saloon & b>4 ,! d9+ 
saloon is aft on ! l[] deck1 ) ladies'  
room =w>d4 ,9 ! two saloons & ladies'   
rooms s(a b]?s c be arrang$ to          
accommodate #beb pass5g]s4 ,! crew &    
petty (fic]s are accommodat$ 9 ! =w>d "p
 ( ! %ip4 ,z ! pr(ile %[s1 ! vessel is  
divid$ by transv]se bulkheads into sev5 
wat]tight comp>tm5ts1 & !re are d\ble   
bottoms4 ,%e has six l>ge boats & sev]al
 rafts4  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,liv]pool   
,,& ,,isle ,,( ,,man ,,tw9 ,,screw      
,,/eam] ,,tynwald4  ,! tw9 screws are   
revolv$ by sep>ate triple expansion     
eng9es1 /eam be+ suppli$ by two         
d\ble-end$ boil]s4 ,ea* boil] is plac$  
=e & aft1 & ea* has a sep>ate uptake &  
funnel4 ,!re are ?ree /okeholds1 & to   
v5tilate !m & supply suffici5t air = !  
furnaces !re is 9 ea* a #f foot fan     
driv5 by an indep5d5t eng9e runn+ at    
#bej revolutions4 ,^! h be5 suppli$ by  
,messrs4 ,w4,h4 ,all5  ,co41 ,london4 ,!

 boil]s are ( /eel & adapt$ = a work+   
pressure ( #afj lb4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,!y 
are #af feet 9 diamet] & #ah feet long1 
& !re are eight furnaces 9 ea* boil]1   
sixte5 9 all1 ! diamet] ( ea* furnace   
be+ #c feet #d in*es4  ,! cyl9d]s ( !   
ma9 eng9es are #bb 941 #cf 941 & #eg 94 
9 diamet] respectively1 ) a pi/on /roke 
( #c ft4 ,! high-pressure cyl9d]s are   
ea* fitt$ ) a pi/on valve1 & !          
int]m$iate & l[-pressure cyl9d]s )      
d\ble-port$ slide valves1 all ( :i* are 
work$ by ! usual d\ble ecc5tric & l9k   
motion valve ge>1 by :i* ! cut-(f c be  
v>i$ z requir$4 ,all ! %aft+ is =g$ (   
,siem5s-,m>t9 mild /eel ( ! be/ quality1
 ea* ( ! ?ree sep>ate cranks be+ built  
up4 ,! cond5s]s are plac$ at ! outsides 
( ! eng9e room1 & ! air1 fe$1 & bilge   
pumps are betwe5 ! eng9es & ! cond5s]s &
 work$ by lev]s f ! l[-pressure eng9e   
cros%ead4 ,!re are two c5trifugal pumps1
 ea* work$ by a sep>ate eng9e =         
circulat+ wat] ?r\gh ! cond5s]1 & ^! are
 s arrang$ t !y c be connect$ to !      

bilges 9 ! ev5t ( an accid5t to ! %ip4  
,9 ! eng9e room !re is fitt$ an auxili>y
 fe$ donkey ( ! duplex type & made by ! 
,fairfield ,company4  ,?is pump has all 
! usual connections1 s t x c be us$ =   
fe$+ ! boil]s f ! hot well1 = fill+ !   
fre% wat] tanks1 = pump+ f ! bilges1 or 
f ! sea z a fire eng9e4 ,! eng9es are   
arrang$ 9 ! %ip ) ! />t+ plat=m betwe5  
!m2 & ! h&les = work+ ! ?rottle valves1 
/>t+ valves1 rev]s+ ge> 7,br[n's comb9$ 
/eam & hydraulic71 & dra9 cocks are     
br\ght toge!r at "o end ( ! plat=m1 s t 
! eng9e] 9 *>ge c readily control bo?   
eng9es4 ,! two sets ( eng9es are b\nd   
toge!r by two beams bolt$ to ! fram+ (  
ea* eng9e4 ,?is feature 0 introduc$ into
 ! design = /ead9ess4  ,! me?od (       
support+ ! propell] %aft brackets is    
int]e/+1 & we reproduce a photograph t  
indicates ! arrangem5t adopt$4 ,in/ead (
 ! ,a frame =m+ "p ( ! same =g+ z ! /]n 
frame1 ! ,fairfield ,company h built up 
! support+ arms ( /eel plates rivet$    
toge!r1 z is cle>ly %[n4 ,!re is an     

advantage 9 co/ & ) less risk 9         
undiscov]$ flaws 9 mat]ial4  ,an int]e/+
 *ange has be5 made 9 ! /eam pipes4     
,cases ( copp] /eam pipes bur/+ :5      
subject$ to high pressure h n be5       
infrequ5t1 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,la+1 ! eng9e]+   
director on ! ,fairfield ,bo>d1 )       
*>act]i/ic desire to advance eng9e]+    
practice1 has be5 devot+ mu* att5tion to
 ?is "q lately4 ,he has made v exhau/ive
 te/s ) lap weld$ iron /eam pipes ( all 
diamet]s1 b pr9cipally ( #aj 94 diamet] 
& #c_/h 94 ?ickness ( mat]ial1 made by  
,messrs4 ,a4  ,j4 ,/u>t  ,clydesdale1   
,limit$1 & ! results h be5 su* z to     
induce him to introduce ^! into vessels 
rec5tly built by ! company4 ,x may be   
/at$ t ! pipes only bur/ at a hydraulic 
pressure ( #c1jjj lb4 to ! squ>e in*es4 
,! ,tynwald 0 tri$ on ! ,clyde ab\t a   
mon? ago1 & on two runs on ! mile1 ! "o 
) & ! o!r aga9/ ! tide1 ! mean spe$ 0   
#ai4ch knots--! maximum 0 #ai knots--& !
 indicat$ horse p[] develop$ 0 #e1bjj1 !
 /eam pressure be+ #afj lb41 & ! vacuum 

#bh lb4 ,s9ce t "t ! vessel has made    
sev]al runs f ,liv]pool & f ,glasg[ to !
 ,isle ( ,man1 & has ma9ta9$ a /eady    
seago+ spe$ ( betwe5 #ah & #ai          
knots4--,eng9e]+4         99       99   
99       99       99     ,,! ,,treatm5t 
,,( ,,refractory ,,ores4   ,mr4 ,jas4   
,j4 ,%$lock1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,t4   
,d5ny1 ( ,au/ralia1 has con/ruct$ on    
behalf ( ! ,metallurgical ,syndicate1 ( 
#aje ,gre%am ,h\se1 ,london1 an app>atus
 on a comm]cial scale1 :i*1 x is said1  
effects at ! smalle/ exp5se1 & ) ! be/  
economical results1 ! entire sep>ation (
 metals f _! ores4 ,9 treat+ ores by ?is
 process1 ! /one is cru%$ 9 ! usual way1
 ei!r by rolls or /amps1 ! cru%$ ore be+
 convey$ into an app>atus1 :]e ea* atom 
is subject$ to ! action ( gases "u      
pressure1 :]eby ! :ole ( ! sulphur & o!r
 mat]ials :i* r5d] ! ore refractory are 
sep>at$4 ,! ore is !n convey$ into a    
vessel conta9+ an absorb+ fluid metal1 s
 con/ruct$ t e p>ticle ( ! ore is br\ght
 into contact ) ! metal4 ,= ! production

 ( r$uc+ gases1 /eam & air are pass$    
?r\gh highly heat$ mat]ials1 hav+ an    
aff9ity = oxyg51 & ! gases s produc$ are
 utiliz$ = rais+ ! ore to a high        
temp]ature4 ,by ?is means ! sulphur &   
o!r metalloids & base metals are        
volatiliz$ & elim9at$1 & ! gold 9 ! ore 
is !n 9 su* a condition z to alloy      
itself or become amalgamat$ ) ! fluid   
metal ) :i* x is br\ght into close      
contact4 ,! tail+s pass+ (f1 wor?less1  
are convey$ to ! dump4  ,! app>atus 9 ! 
backgr\nd is t 9 :i* ! /eam is g5]at$1 &
 :i*1 9 comb9ation ) ! due proportion ( 
atmosph]ic air1 is fir/ sup]heat$ 9     
pass+ ?r\gh ! he>? or b$ on :i* ! fire  
is support$4 ,! sup]heat$ /eam & air "u 
pressure are !n =c$ ?r\gh ! fire1 :i* is
 automatically ma9ta9$ at a consid]able 
dep?1 by :i* means ! products (         
combu/ion are ma9ly hydrog5 & c>bonic   
oxide4 ,^! gases are !n convey$ by means
 ( ! ma9 & bran* pipes to ! cyl9drical  
app>atus 9 ! =egr\nd1 into :i* ! ore to 
be act$ ^u is driv5 "u pressure by means

 ( ! gases1 :i*1 be+ ignit$1 raise ! ore
 to a high temp]ature4 ,! ore is ma9ta9$
 9 a /ate ( viol5t agitation4 ,ea*      
p>ticle be+ kept sep>ate f its fell[s is
 consequ5tly v rapidly act$ ^u by !     
gases4 ,! ore fre$ f its refractory     
con/itu5ts is !n f$ into a vessel       
conta9+ ! fluid metal1 9 :i* ea* p>ticle
 ( ore is sep>at$ f ! o!rs1 & be+ act$  
^u by ! fluid metal is absorb$ into x1 !
 tail+s or refuse pass+ (f fre$ f any   
gold :i* may h be5 9 ! ore4             
,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,!        
,,treatm5t ,,( ,,refractory ,,ores4     
,quantities ( refractory ores treat$ by 
?is process are said to h demon/rat$ t !
 :ole ( ! gold 9 ! ore is extract$4 ,!  
successful outcome ( ^! trials is /at$  
to h result$ 9 ! ,anglo-,fr5*           
,exploration ,co4 acquir+ ! "r to "w !  
process on ! v>i\s gold fields ( ,s\?   
,africa4 ,x is anticipat$ t ! process w 
?us be imm$iately br\ght to a te/ by    
means ( app>atus erect$ on ! gold fields
 "u circum/ances & conditions ( absolute

 practical "w4 ,z is well kn[n1         
gold-be>+ ores 9 ,s\? ,africa :i* are   
bel[ ! wat] l9e are1 by reason ( !      
pres5ce ( sulphur1 extremely difficult  
to deal )1 & are consequ5tly ( small    
comm]cial value4 ,! gold 9 ^! ores1 x is
 ma9ta9$1 w1 by ! new process1 be       
extract$ & sav$1 & make all ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 successful & unsuccessful m9+ 9 t
 c\ntry4  ,x w h be5 se5 t ! peculi> &  
ess5tial features ( ! inv5tion consi/ 9 
subject+ e p>ticle ( ! ore "u treatm5t  
to ! process 9 all its /ages in/ead ( 9 
bulk1 !reby insur+ t no portion %all    
escape be+ act$ ^u by ! gases & !       
absorb+ metal4 ,?is is done             
automatically & 9 a v rapid mann]4 ,x is
 /at$ t ?is me?od ( treatm5t is         
applicable to all ores1 ! mo/ refractory
 be+ readily r$ucible by its means4 ,!  
advantages claim$ = ?is process are3    
simplicity ( ! app>atus1 x be+          
practically automatic2 t e p>ticle ( !  
ore is sep>ately act$ ^u 9 a rapid &    
effici5t mann]2 t ! app>atus is         

adaptable to exi/+ mill+ plants2 & t !re
 is an abs5ce ( elaborate & exp5sive    
plant & ( ! ref9em5ts ( electrical or   
*emical sci5ce4 ,^! advantages imply t !
 "w c be done s economically z to comm5d
 ! new process to ! favorable           
consid]ation ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 m9es
 or m9+ prop]ty4--,iron4         99     
99       99       99       99           
,,ref9+ ,,silv] ,,bullion4   ,a numb] ( 
ye>s ago ! au?or devis$ a me?od = ref9+ 
silv] bullion by sulphuric acid1 9 :i*  
iron 0 sub/itut$ = copp] z precipitant (
 silv]1 ! pr9cipal feature be+ !        
sep>ation ( pure cry/als ( silv]        
sulphate4 ,a full description ( ?is     
process may be f\nd 9 ,p]cy's           
,metallurgy1 ,silv] & ,gold1 page #dgi4 
,! process has be5 ext5sively work$ 9   
,san ,francisco & 9 ,g]many 9 ref9+     
bullion to ! am\nt ( m ?an a hundr$     
million doll>s' wor? ( silv]4 ,its m    
g5]al application has be5 hamp]$1 h[ev]1
 by ! circum/ance t ! pat5t _h be5      
secur$ by "o firm :i* limit$ itself to  

its utilization 9 its ,cali=nia works4  
,! pat5t hav+ expir$1 ! au?or lately    
introduc$ a modification ( ! process by 
:i* ! app>atus & manipulations are      
greatly *eap5$ & simplifi$4 ,9 ! foll[+ 
acc\nt is giv5 a %ort description ( !   
process 9 its pres5t %ape4  ,prep>+ !   
,silv] ,sulphate4--,! bullion1 conta9+1 
ess5tially1 silv]1 copp] & gold1 is     
dissolv$ by boil+ ) sulphuric acid 9 ca/
 iron pots4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! new    
process & ! usual practice consi/s 9 !  
use ( a mu* l>g] quantity ( acid4 ,?us1 
9 ref9+ ord9>y silv] dore1 f\r p>ts (   
acid are us$ to "o "p ( bullion4 ,( ?is 
acid "o "p is *emically & me*anically   
consum$ 9 ! dissolv+ process1 & ! rema9+
 ?ree p>ts are fully recov]$ & at once  
ready = reutilization1 z w be describ$  
h]eaft]4 ,9 ! usual process--und]/&+    
!reby1 "h & 9 ! foll[+1 ! process       
practic$ at ! ,unit$ ,/ates m9ts1 =     
in/ance--two p>ts ( acid are employ$ =  
"o ( bullion2 all ( ?is is lo/1 p>tly   
?r\gh ! dissolv+ & p>tly 9 be+ aft]w>d  

mix$ ) wat]1 previ\s to ! precipitation 
( ! silv] by copp]4 ,economy 9 acid be+ 
!re=e imp]ative1 ! silv] solution f9ally
 becomes mu* conc5trat$1 & x requires   
high heat & c>eful managem5t to f9i% !  
solution ( ! bullion4 ,b>s conta9+ m ?an
 ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( copp] _c be dissolv$
 at all1 ow+ to ! sep>ation ( copp]     
sulphate insoluble 9 ! small am\nt (    
free acid f9ally rema9+4 ,! advantage   
ga9$ by dissolv+ bullion ) abundance (  
free acid 9 ! improv$ process is s      
evid5t t x m]ely requires to be po9t$   
out4 ,= bullion conta9+ #bj p] c5t4 (   
copp] ! au?or employs six p>ts ( acid to
 "o ( bullion2 = bas] metal /ill m acid1
 & s on1 nev] los+ m ?an ! /o*iometrical
 p]c5tage ( acid & recov]+ ! rema9d]4 ,9
 ?is description he1 h[ev]1 conf9es     
himself to ! treatm5t ( ord9>y silv] ore
 ) less ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( copp]4  ,9 !  
diagram ,a ,a repres5t two ref9+ pots1  
#d ft4 9 diamet] & #c ft4 9 dep?1 ea*   
capable ( dissolv+ at "o op]ation z mu* 
z #djj p\nds ( bullion4 ,! acid is /or$ 

9 ! ca/ iron res]voir1 ,b1 :i* is plac$ 
on a level suffici5tly high to *>ge into
 ,a by gravitation1 & is compos$ ( fre% 
conc5trat$ acid mix$ ) ! some:at dilute 
acid rega9$ f a previ\s op]ation4 ,aft] 
! bullion is fully dissolv$ all ! acid  
/ill available is run f ,b into ,a ,a4  
,! temp]ature & /r5g? are !reby r$uc$1 !
 fum+ ceases1 any /ill undissolv$ copp] 
sulphate dissolves1 & ! gold settles4 ,9
 assum+ t ! settl+ ( ! gold takes place 
9 ,a itself1 ! au?or foll[s ! practice (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates m9ts4 ,9 private       
ref9]ies1 :]e ref9+ is c>ri$ on         
cont9u\sly1 ! settl+ may take place 9 an
 int]m$iate vessel1 & ,a ,a be at once  
re*>g$4 ,ow+ to ! l>ge am\nt ( free acid
 pres5t1 ! temp]ature mu/ fall          
consid]ably be=e ! sep>ation ( silv]    
sulphate comm5ces1 & suffici5t "t may be
 all[$ = settl+ if ! int]m$iate vessel  
be judici\sly arrang$4  ,illu/ration    
,sep>at+ ! ,silv] ,sulphate4--,! cl>ifi$
 solution is siphon$ (f ! gold f ,a ,a  
into ,c1 :i* is an op5 ca/ iron pan1 say

 #h ft4 by #d ft4 & #a ft4 deep4 ,x is  
support$ by means ( a flange 9 ano!r    
l>g] pan--n %[n 9 ! diagram--into :i*   
wat] may be admitt$ = cool+4 ,/eam is   
bl[n into ! acid solution1 /ill v hot1 z
 soon z ,c is fill$4 ,! /eam is         
introduc$ ab\t #a 94 bel[ ! surface ( ! 
liquid1 bl[+ p]p5dicul>ly d[nw>d f a    
nozzle made ( lead pipe ?r\gh an ap]ture
 #a_/h 94 9 diamet]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances
 ! absorption ( ! /eam is ne>ly p]fect1 
& takes place )\t any spla%+4 ,!        
temp]ature rises ) ! increas+ dilution1 
& may be regulat$ by ! less exp]i5c$ by 
manipulat+ ! cool+ tank4 ,an actual     
boil+ is n desir$1 because x protracts  
unnecess>ily ! op]ation by ! less p]fect
 cond5sation ( ! /eam4 ,no sep>ation (  
silv] sulphate occurs dur+ ?is op]ation 
7&1 consequ5tly1 !re is no clott+ ( !   
/eam nozzle71 ! l>ge am\nt ( free acid1 
comb9$ ) ! increase ( temp]ature1       
comp5sat+ = ! dim9ution ( ! solubility (
 ! sulphate by ! dilution4 ,! mo/       
important po9t 9 ?is proc$ure is to "k  

:5 to /op ! admission ( /eam4 ,to       
det]m9e ?is1 ! op]ator takes a drop or  
two ( ! solution ^u a cold iron plate by
 means ( a glass rod & obs]ves :e!r aft]
 cool+ ! sample congeals p>tly or :olly 
into a :ite mass ( silv] bisulphate1 or 
:e!r ! silv] sep>ates z a monosulphate 9
 deta*$ yell[ cry/als1 leav+ a "m liquor
 beh9d4 ,z soon z ! latt] po9t has be5  
rea*$1 /eam is %ut (f & ! solution is   
all[$ to cry/allize1 cold wat] be+      
admitt$ into ! out] pan4 ,! op]ator may 
n[ be c]ta9 t ! liquid w no long]       
congeal into a s(t mass ( silv]         
bisulphate1 :i* on contact ) wat] w     
dis9tegrate into p[d]1 ob/9ately reta9+ 
a l>ge am\nt ( free acid2 b ! silv] w   
sep>ate z a monosulphate 9 h>d & l>ge   
yell[ cry/als reta9+ no acid & pres]v+  
_! physical *>act]i/ics :5 ?r[n into    
wat]4 ,aft] cool+ to1 say1 #hj ,f41 !   
silv] sulphate w h coat$ ! pan ,c ab\t  
#a 94 ?ick4 ,!re w also be f\nd a       
deposit ( copp] sulphate :5 ! "m acid1  
aft] hav+ be5 us$ ov] & ov] aga91 has   

be5 suffici5tly saturat$ !re)4 ,lead    
sulphate sep>ates 9 a cl\d1 :i*1 h[ev]1 
w h>dly settle at ?is /age4  ,! :ole    
op]ation j describ$1 :i* con/itutes !   
mo/ ess5tial feature ( ! au?or's        
improvem5t ^u 8 old process describ$ 9  
,dr4 ,p]cy's "w1 is a %ort "o1 z ! acid 
requires by no means great dilution4 ,! 
/eam has m]ely to furni% en\gh wat] to  
dilute ! free acid pres5t to1 say1 #fb  
,b4 ,areometrical det]m9ation is1 (     
c\rse1 n possible1 on acc\nt ( !        
dissolv$ sulphates4  ,r$uc+ ! ,silv]    
,sulphate to ,f9e ,silv]4--,! "m acid is
 pump$ f ,c to ! res]voir1 ,b1 = ?is    
purpose an iron pipe connect+ ! top ( ,b
 ) a recess 9 ! bottom ( ,c4 ,! tank1   
,b1 is ca/ z a clos$ vessel1 ) a manhole
 9 ! top1 :i* is ord9>ily kept clos$ by 
an iron plate re/+ on a rubb] pack+4 ,! 
air is exhau/$ f ,b by a /eam injector1 
& ! acid rises f ,c & ent]s ,b )\t com+ 
9 contact ) any valves4 ,! volume ( fre%
 comm]cial acid necess>y = ano!r        
dissolv+ op]ation1 say #hjj p\nds1 m or 

less1 = ref9+ #hjj p\nds ( bullion 9 ,a 
,a1 is lift$ f "s o!r receptacle into ,b
 9 ! same mann]4 ,! mixture ( ! two     
acids 9 ,b n[ repres5ts ! volume ( acid 
to be employ$ = dissolv+ & settl+ ! next
 *>ge ( #hjj p\nds ( bullion 9 ,a ,a4 ,9
 ?is res]voir1 ,b1 ! cl\d ( lead        
sulphate m5tion$ above f9ds an          
opportunity = settl+4  ,! cry/als (     
silv] sulphate are deta*$ f ,c by an    
iron %ovel & ?r[n into ,d4 ,d is a lead 
l9$ tank ab\t #d ft4 by #d ft4 & #c ft4 
deep4 ,x is divid$ into two comp>tm5ts  
by means ( a horizontal1 p]=at$ false   
bottom made ( wood4 ,f ! l[] comp>tm5t a
 lead pipe dis*>ges into ! lead l9$     
res]voir1 ,e4 ,w>m di/ill$ wat] is all[$
 to p]colate ! cry/als until ! usual    
ammonia te/ indicates t ! copp] sulphate
 has be5 suffici5tly dissolv$4 ,!n !    
outfl[ is clos$1 %eets ( iron are ?r[n  
on & into ! cry/als1 ! app>atus is fill$
 ) hot di/ill$ wat]1 & /eam is mod]ately
 admitt$ into ! l[] comp>tm5t4 ,f]r\s   
sulphate is =m$1 & 9 connection ) ! iron

 rapidly r$uces ! silv] sulphate to !   
metallic /ate1 ! r$uc$ silv] reta9+ !   
heavy compact "* ( ! cry/als4 ,:5 !     
reaction is complet$1 z indicat$ by !   
*lor9e te/1 ! liquid is dis*>g$ into ,e1
 ! iron %eets are remov$ & ! silv] is   
sweet5$ ei!r 9 ! same vessel1 ,d1 or 9 a
 special filt]+ vessel :i* re/s on :eels
 & may be run directly to ! hydraulic   
press4  ,! vat1 ,e1 is ! great res]voir 
:]e all liquids hold+ silv] sulphate 9  
solution are collect$2 = in/ance1 t f   
sweet5+ ! gold & f wa%+ ! tools4 ,%eets 
( iron "h precipitate all silv] & copp]1
 & ! result+ solution ( f]r\s sulphate  
is1 ) ! usual precautions1 dis*>g$ into 
! sew]4 ,occasionally :5 copp] & silv] h
 accumulat$ 9 ,e 9 suffici5t am\nt !    
mass is ?r[n into ,d1 silv] sulphate    
cry/als are add$ & %eet copp] is ?r[n 91
 in/ead ( %eet iron4 ,!re results a hot1
 neutral1 conc5trat$ solution ( copp]   
sulphate1 :i* may be run at once into a 
cry/alliz+ vat = ! sep>ation ( comm]cial
 cry/als ( copp] sulphate4 ,x w be      

readily und]/ood1 ( c\rse1 t if !re %\ld
 be any advantage 9 manufactur+ t       
comm]cial article1 besides ! am\nt      
prep>$ z describ$1 :i* repres5ts m]ely !
 copp] conta9$ 9 ! bullion1 copp] %eets 
may be regul>ly employ$ = r$uc+ ! silv] 
sulphate 9 ,d4 ,! au?or tru/s t !       
practical ref9] w recognize t !         
manufacture ( comm]cial copp] sulphate  
is ?us effect$ 9 a m rational &         
economical mann] ?an by ! pres5t me?od (
 evaporat+ f #be ,b4 to #ce ,b41 & (    
saturat+ by oxidiz$ copp]1 g5]ally 9 a v
 incomplete mann]1 ! l>ge am\nt ( free  
acid left f ! ref9+ by ! usual process4 
,h[ev]1 ! sale ( copp] sulphate is b    
r>ely s pr(itable t a ref9]y %\ld n     
gladly disp5se ) t tr\blesome & bulky   
manufacture1 especially ! gov]nm5t      
e/abli%m5ts1 :i*1 besides1 wa/e mu*     
valuable space ) ! cry/alliz+ vats4  ,! 
great sav+ 9 sulphuric acid1 am\nt+ to  
ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( ! pres5t consumption1
 has already be5 po9t$ out4 ,ano!r      
advantage ! au?or m]ely m5tions1 namely1

 ! easi] cond5sation ( ! sulphur\s fumes
 9 ref9]ies situat$ 9 cities1 because ! 
l>g] am\nt ( acid available = dissolv+  
greatly facilitates work+ & makes !     
usual frequ5t admission ( air into !    
ref9+ pot = ! purpose ( /irr+ & te/+    
unnecess>y4  ,! m air is exclud$ f !    
ref9+ fumes ! easi] !y c be cond5s$4    
,"w may be c>ri$ on cont9u\sly1 !       
vessels ,c & ,d be+ empty by ! "t a new 
solution is f9i%$ 9 ,a ,a4 ,?us1 ! plant
 %[n 9 ! diagram1 cov]+ #bf ft4 by #af  
ft41 all[s ! ref9+ ( #dj1jjj ounces (   
f9e silv] 9 #bd h\rs2 t is1 f\r *>ges 9 
,a ,a ( #hjj p\nds ea*4--,f4 ,gutzk[1   
,eng4 & ,m9+ ,j4         99       99    
99       99       99     ,a ,,case ,,(  
,,dr[n+1 ,,) ,,resuscitation4  ,by      
,f4,a4 ,,burrall1 ,m4,d41 ,new ,york4   
,z is usual at ?is season1 casualties f 
dr[n+ are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,no class
 ( em]g5cies is ( a m />tl+ "*1 & ,i ?9k
 t a hi/ory ( ! case :i* ,i n[ pres5t   
(f]s "s peculi> features1 & w n be )\t  
int]e/ to physicians4  ,! accid5t :i*   

=ms ! subject ( ?is pap] occurr$ ,augu/ 
#bi1 #ahij1 at ,s\? ,h>pswell1 ,casco   
,bay1 ,me41 :]e ,i 0 pass+ my vacation4 
,at ab\t #i4cj ,a4,m41 ,m4 ,b----1 an   
,am]ican1 ag$ eighte51 ! son ( a        
fi%]man1 a "y man ( /eady habits & a    
good con/itution1 ) excell5t muscul>    
developm5t1 & :o _h nev] be=e requir$ ! 
aid ( a physician1 0 se5 by ! resid5ts (
 ! village to fall =w>d f a skiff into !
 wat] & g d[n ) uplift$ h&s4 ,i c\ld n  
le>n t he rose at all aft] ! fir/       
subm]sion4 ,two m5 7 /&+ ne> a bluff :i*
 ov]look$ ! bay1 & aft] an in/ant's     
delay 9 decid+ t an accid5t _h occurr$1 
!y ran ov] an unev5 & undulat+ pa/ure = 
a di/ance ( two hundr$ & fifty paces to 
! %ore4 ,"o ( !m1 aft] a quick decision 
n to swim out to :]e ! "y man _h fall5 9
 & dive = him1 remov$ tr\s]s & boots &  
wad$ out five y>ds to a boat1 :i* he    
drew into ! %ore & ent]$ ) 8 companion1 
tak+ him to a ya*t :i* lay two hundr$ & 
=ty y>ds f ! %ore1 9 ! padlock$ cab9 (  
:i* 0 a boat hook4 ,! padlock 0 unfa/5$1

 ! boat hook tak51 & !y proce$$ by !    
boat directly to :]e ! "y man lay4 ,he 0
 se5 ?r\gh ! cle> wat]1 ly+ at a dep? ( 
n9e feet at ! bottom ( ! bay1 on 8 back1
 ) upturn$ face & arms ext5d$ f ! sides 
( ! body4 ,he 0 quickly seiz$ by ! boat 
hook1 drawn head upw>d to ! surface1 & )
 ! inf]ior portion ( ! body hang+ ov] ! 
/]n ( ! boat1 & ! sup]ior support$ 9 !  
arms ( 8 rescu]1 0 r[$ rapidly to !     
%ore1 :]e he 0 roll$ a few times1 & !n  
plac$ prone ^u a tub = fur!r roll+4 ,i 0
 told t mu* wat] came f 8 m\?4 ,meantime
 ,i _h be5 s5t = to :]e ,i 0 sitt+1 "o  
hundr$ & fifty-"o y>ds f ! sc5e1 & ,i   
arriv$ to f9d him app>5tly lifeless on !
 tub1 & to be address$ ) ! rem>k1 ,well1
 doctor1 ,i suppose we are do+ all t c  
be done4  ,i h giv5 ^! details1 z f a   
/udy ( !m ,i 0 aid$ 9 decid+ ! "t (     
subm]sion1 z well z ! int]vals :i*      
transpir$ be=e ! intellig5t use (       
rem$ies4 ,x is also rem>kable t1 not)/&+
 all :i* has be5 writt5 ab\t ready      
rem$ies = dr[n+1 no "o pres5t knew any?+

 ab\t !m1 al?\gh liv+ 9 a seaf>+        
community4  ,i imm$iately direct$ t !   
pati5t %\ld at once be plac$ ^u ! gr\nd1
 :i* 0 slop+1 & arrang$ 8 rubb] boots "u
 ! back ( ! head & nape ( ! neck1 s t ! 
head %\ld be slightly elevat$ & ! neck  
ext5d$1 :ile ! head 0 turn$ some:at ^u !
 side1 t fluids might dra9 f ! m\?4 ,!  
day 0 cle> & mod]ately w>m4 ,respiration
 _h ceas$1 b no "t 0 lo/ 9 comm5c+      
artificial respiration4 ,! pati5t _h on 
a %irt & pantaloons1 :i* 7 imm$iately   
unbutton$ & made loose1 & plac+ myself  
at 8 head1 ,i us$ ! ,silve/] me?od1     
because ,i 0 m accu/om$ to x ?an any    
o!r4 ,x seems to me m easy ( application
 ?an any o!r1 & ,i h (t5 f\nd x ( s]vice
 9 ! asphyxia ( ! newly born4  ,!       
pati5t's surface 0 cold1 !re 0 ext5sive 
cyanosis1 & 8 expression 0 s *ang$ t he 
0 n recogniz$ by 8 fell[ t[nsm51 b      
suppos$ to be a /rang]4 ,! eyelids 7    
clos$1 ! pupils contract$1 & ! inf]ior  
maxilla firmly set aga9/ ! sup]ior4 ,"o 
( ! m5 :o _h br\ght him a%ore _h        

endeavor$ to f9d ! he>t's impulse by    
plac+ 8 h& ^u ! *e/1 b 0 unable to      
detect any motion4  ,i cont9u$ !        
artificial respiration f #i4de until    
#aj1 :5 ,i direct$ "o ( 8 rescu]s to    
make pressure ^u ! ribs1 z ,i br\ght !  
arms d[n ^u ! *e/4 ,?is assi/ance made  
expiration m complete4 ,:5 nature resum$
 ! respiratory act ,i am unable to say1 
b ! artificial brea?+ 0 cont9u$ 9 all   
its details = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 & !n
 expiration 0 aid$ by pressure on ! *e/ 
= half an h\r long]4 ,friction upw>d 0  
also appli$ to ! l[] extremities1 & !   
surface became w>m ab\t half an h\r aft]
 ! beg9n+ ( treatm5t4  ,ab\t tw5ty      
m9utes aft] t51 two hypod]mic syr+efuls 
( br&y 7 adm9i/]$1 b ,i did n repeat    
?is1 s9ce ,i ?9k alcohol is likely to   
increase r ?an dim9i% asphyxia1 if giv5 
9 any consid]able quantity4 ,a !rmomet]1
 ) ! m]cury %ak5 d[n bel[ ! scale1 at   
?is "t did n rise4 ,at #aa4h ! pulse 0  
#hb2 respiration1 #bg2 temp]ature1 #ig4 
,aft] a natural respiration _h comm5c$1 

! wet clo?+ 0 remov$1 & ! pati5t 0 plac$
 9 blankets4 ,ammonia 0 occasionally    
appli$ to ! no/rils1 s9ce1 al?\gh       
respiration _h return$1 !re 0 no sign ( 
consci\sness2 ! natural respiration 0 at
 fir/ att5d$ by ! expulsion ( fro?y     
fluid f ! lips1 :i* gradually dim9i%$1 &
 auscultation reveal$ ! pres5ce ( a few 
pulmon>y rales1 :i* also pass$ away4    
,!re 7 ef=ts at vomit+1 & pallor succe$$
 cyanosis2 !re 7 also clonic            
contractions ( ! flexors ( ! =e>m4 ,!   
pupils dilat$ slightly at ab\t "o h\r   
aft] beg9n+ treatm5t4 ,unconsci\sness 0 
/ill pr(\nd1 & l\d %\t+ into ! e>       
elicit$ no response4 ,mu/>d s9apisms 7  
appli$ to ! prcordium1 & ! ,f>adic      
curr5t to ! sp9e4  ,c(fee 0 also        
adm9i/]$ by a ready me?od :i*1 z a      
sy/ematic proc$ure1 01 ,i believe1 novel
 :5 ,i introduc$ x to ! pr(ession 9 !   
,m$ical ,record1 9 #ahgf4 ,i take !     
lib]ty ( ref]r+ to ?is1 s9ce ,i ?9k x is
 n[ sometimes ov]look$4 ,x 0 describ$ z 
foll[s3      ,a simple exam9ation :i*   

any "o c make ( 8 own buccal     cavity 
w %[ t po/]ior to ! la/ mol> tee?1 :5   
! jaws are clos$1 is an op5+ b\nd$ by ! 
mol>s1 !     body ( ! sup]ior1 & ! ramus
 ( ! inf]ior maxilla4 ,if     on ei!r   
side ! *eek is held well out f ! jaw1 a 
pocket1 or gutt]1 is =m$1 into :i*      
fluids may be p\r$1     & !y w pass into
 ! m\? ?r\gh ! op5+ beh9d !     mol>s1 z
 well z ?r\gh ! int]/ices betwe5 ! tee?4
     ,:5 9 ! m\? !y t5d to create a     
disposition to swall[1     & by ?is     
me?od a consid]able quantity ( liquid   
may be     adm9i/]$4  ,aft] ,i _h work$ 
) ! pati5t 9 ! op5 air1 = f\r &         
?ree-qu>t] h\rs1 he 0 c>ri$ to a cottage
 ne> by & plac$1 /ill unconsci\s1 9 b$4 
,!re _h be5 an alv9e evacuation dur+ !  
"t 9 :i* he lay 9 ! blankets4           
,consci\sness began to return 9 ! e>ly  
"p ( ! foll[+ morn+1 & ) its adv5t x 0  
discov]$ t ! memory ( ev]y?+ :i* _h     
occurr$ f half an h\r previ\s to !      
accid5t1 up to ! return ( consci\sness1 
_h be5 completely oblit]at$4 ,) ?is     

exception ! convalesc5ce 0 /eady &      
uncomplicat$1 & ( ab\t a week's         
duration4 ,f a lett] :i* ,i rec5tly     
receiv$ f my pati5t1 ,i le>n$ t ! lapse 
( memory /ill rema9s4  ,my exp]i5ce )   
?is case has taught me t1 unless ! data 
h be5 tak5 v accurately1 we _c dep5d ^u 
any /atem5ts z to ! "t ( subm]sion 9    
cases ( dr[n+4 ,my fir/ supposition 0 t 
my pati5t _h be5 f ?irte5 to fifte5     
m9utes "u wat]1 b a c>eful inve/igation 
r$uc$ ! suppos$ "t by "o-half4 ,?is     
makes ! "t ( subm]sion ab\t six m9utes1 
& t :i* elaps$ be=e ! intellig5t use (  
rem$ies ab\t ?ree m9utes long]4  ,= a   
long "t ! op9ion ( ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie 
conc]n+ ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 ! lungs ( !  
dr[n$ 0 accept$1 :o says t ! admission (
 wat] into ! lungs is prev5t$ by a spasm
 ( ! muscles ( ! glottis _c1 h[ev]1 be  
d\bt$1 s9ce we are unable to acc\nt = x 
9 any o!r mann]4  ,lat] exp]im5ts made  
by a committee ( ! ,royal               
,m$ico-,*irurgical ,society1 ( ,london1 
demon/rat$1 on ! contr>y1 t 9 dr[n$     

animals n only 7 all ! air passages *ok$
 ) fro?y fluid1 m or less bloody1 b t   
bo? lungs 7 highly gorg$ ) blood1 s t !y
 7 heavy1 d>k color$1 & pitt$ on        
pressure1 & on be+ cut exud$ an         
abundance ( blood-t+$ fluid ) _m air    
bubbles 9 x4 ,dr4 ,r4,l4 ,b[les#a also  
holds t ! lungs ( ! dr[n$ conta9 wat]1 &
 supports 8 views by a li/ ( cases4 ,9 8
 words1 ,^! examples %[ v conclusively t
 9 cases ( dr[n+ 9 man1 wat] does exi/ 9
 ! lungs1 t ! wat] only v gradually &   
aft] a long "t is effectually expell$1 &
 t x is absolutely impossible t any     
relief %\ld be af=d$ 9 t way by !       
,silve/] me?od4 ,dr4 ,b[les believes t !
 me?od ( ,dr4 ,m>%all ,hall is sup]ior  
to any o!r 9 ?is class ( cases4 ,he ?9ks
 t on acc\nt ( ! imm$iate adoption &    
cont9u$ use ( ! prono-lat]al position1  
?is me?od is m to be tru/$ ?an any o!r =
 keep+ ! ph>ynx cle> ( ob/ruction4 ,x   
also empties ! /oma* & gradually cle>s !
 lungs ( ! wat]y & fro?y fluids1 & w    
surely & g5tly introduce suffici5t air  

at ea* inspiration to take ! place ( !  
fluid :i* has be5 expell$4 ,9 ! light ( 
ev5 my limit$ exp]i5ce ,i _c b feel t   
,dr4 ,b[les' op9ion conc]n+ ! ,silve/]  
me?od w\ld admit ( "s modification4 ,?is
 is (t5 ! case ) v positive /atem5ts    
conc]n+ m$ical matt]s4 ,9 my own case ! 
,silve/] me?od answ]$ well1 b ,i 0 mu*  
impress$ ) ,dr4 ,b[les' claims = !      
,m>%all ,hall me?od1 & %\ld be> !m 9 m9d
 7 ,i call$ ^u to att5d ano!r case (    
dr[n+4     ,footnote #a3 ,resuscitation 
( ! ,app>5tly ,dr[n$1 by ,r4,l4         
,b[les1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41           
,m$ico-,*irurgical ,transactions1 vol4  
lxxii41 #ahhi4  ,i ?9k x mu/ be admitt$ 
t pull+ ! tongue =w>d z a means ( op5+ !
 glottis1 :i* has become a /&>d treatm5t
 9 asphyxia1 is unsci5tific1 & n w>rant$
 by ! results ( exp]im5ts made to       
det]m9e its value4#b     ,footnote #b3  
,dragg+ on ! tongue's tip w\ld n affect 
its    base or ! epiglottis suffici5tly 
to make x a praisewor?y    proc$ure4    
,m$ico-,*irurgical ,transactions1 vol4  

lxxii4 ,see also    ,m$ical ,record1    
,april #d1 #ahia4 ,pull+ out ! tongue is
 a    mi/ake1 s9ce irritation ( n]ves ( 
deglutition /ops !                      
diaphragm4--,m$ical ,times & ,gazette]4 
,dr4 ,b[les also believes t ! safety ( !
 pati5t is mo/ p]fectly secur$ by keep+ 
him on "o side dur+ ! :ole treatm5t1 "o 
lung be+ ?us kept q free4 ,) ! acc\nt ( 
my case ,i h br\ght =w>d su* views ( o!r
 writ]s z x seem$ to me w\ld be (       
practical s]vice & ?r[ light on a       
subject :i* is ( great importance1 s9ce 
! ye>ly record ( mortality f dr[n+ is by
 no means inconsid]able4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 
t a k ( :at ought to be done 9 cases (  
dr[n+ %\ld be mu* m g5]ally diffus$ ?an 
is ! case at pres5t4 ,x %\ld be "o ( !  
items ( s*ool in/ruction1 s9ce no "o c  
tell :5 su* k may be ( imm5se importance
 9 sav+ life1 & ! "t lo/ 9 secur+ m$ical
 aid w\ld involve a fatal result4  ,x is
 also v desirable t all d\bt %\ld be    
remov$1 by ! decision ( compet5t m$ical 
au?orities1 z to :i* ready me?od or     

me?ods are ! be/1 s9ce !re are sev]al 9 
! field4 ,) ?is %\ld be decid$ :at is ! 
be/ means = secur+ pat5cy ( ! air       
passages1 &1 9 %ort1 a v c>eful revision
 ( ! treatm5t n[ recomm5d$ = dr[n+1 9   
ord] t !re may be no d\bt z to ! c\rse  
:i* %\ld be adopt$ 9 su* a s]i\s        
em]g5cy4--,m$ical ,record4         99   
99       99       99       99     ,,!   
,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4#a  ,footnote  
#a3 ,presid5tial address be=e ! ,briti% 
,association1 ,c>diff1 #ahia4  ,by ,dr4 
,,william ,,hugg9s4   ,! op5+ meet+ ( ! 
,briti% ,association 0 held 9 ,p>k      
,hall1 ,c>diff1 ,augu/ #ah1 :]e a l>ge &
 brilliant audi5ce assembl$1 includ+1 9 
8 ri*ly trimm$ (ficial robes1 ! ,m>quis 
( ,bute1 :o ?is ye> holds (fice z mayor 
( ,c>diff4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! proce$+s
 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,abel took ! *air1 b ?is 
0 only pro =ma1 & 9 ord] t he might1    
aft] a few complim5t>y s5t5ces1 resign x
 to ! presid5t-elect1 ,pr(essor ,hugg9s1
 ! em95t a/ronom]1 :o at once1 amid     
applause1 assum$ ! presid5cy & proce$$  

to deliv] ! op5+ address4  ,dr4 ,hugg9s 
said t ! v rem>kable discov]ies 9 our k 
( ! heav5s :i* _h tak5 place dur+ ! pa/ 
?irty ye>s--a p]iod ( amaz+ &           
ev]-increas+ activity 9 all bran*es (   
sci5ce--_h n pass$ unnotic$ 9 !         
addresses ( successive presid5ts2 /ill1 
x seem$ to him fitt+ t he %\ld speak (  
^? new] me?ods ( a/ronomical rese>* :i* 
_h l$ to ^? discov]ies1 & :i* _h become 
possible by ! introduction into !       
obs]vatory1 s9ce #ahfj1 ( ! spectroscope
 & ! mod]n photographic plate4          
,spectroscopic a/ronomy _h become a     
di/9ct & ackn[l$g$ bran* ( ! sci5ce1    
possess+ a l>ge lit]ature ( its own1 &  
obs]vatories specially devot$ to x4 ,! m
 rec5t discov]y ( ! gelat9e dry plate _h
 giv5 a fur!r great impetus to ?is mod]n
 side ( a/ronomy1 & _h op5$ a pa?way    
into ! unkn[n ( :i* ev5 an en?usia/     
?irty ye>s ago w\ld sc>cely h d>$ to    
dream4   ,,h]s*el',s ,,!ory4  ,x 0 n[ "s
 ?irty ye>s s9ce ! spectroscope gave u =
 ! fir/ "t c]ta9 k ( ! nature ( !       

heav5ly bodies1 & reveal$ ! fundam5tal  
fact t t]re/rial matt] is n peculi> to !
 sol> sy/em1 b is common to all ! />s   
:i* are visible to u4 ,pr(essor ,r[l& _h
 s9ce %[n u t if ! :ole e>? 7 heat$ to !
 temp]ature ( ! sun1 its spectrum w\ld  
resemble v closely ! sol> spectrum4 ,9 !
 nebul1 ! eld] ,h]s*el saw portions ( ! 
fi]y mi/ or %9+ fluid1 out ( :i* !      
heav5s & ! e>? _h be5 sl[ly fa%ion$4 ,= 
a "t ?is view ( ! nebul gave place to t 
:i* reg>d$ !m z ext]nal                 
galaxies--cosmical s& heaps1 too remote 
to be resolv$ into sep>ate />s1 ?\gh1   
inde$1 9 #aheh1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] %[$ t
 ! obs]vations ( nebul up to t "t 7     
really 9 favor ( an evolutional         
progress4 ,9 #ahfd he 7! speak]7 br\ght 
! spectroscope to be> ^u !m2 ! bright   
l9es :i* fla%$ ^u ! eye %[$ ! s\rce ( ! 
light to be gl[+ gas1 & s re/or$ ^!     
bodies to :at is probably _! true place1
 z an e>ly /age ( sid]eal life4 ,at t   
e>ly "t our k ( /ell> spectra 0 small4  
,= ?is reason p>tly1 & probably also "u 

! undue influ5ce ( !ological op9ions !n 
widely preval5t1 he unwisely wrote 9 8  
orig9al pap] 9 #ahfd1 t 9 ^! objects we 
no long] h to d ) a special modification
 ( our own type ( sun1 b f9d ourselves 9
 pres5ce ( objects possess+ a di/9ct &  
peculi> plan ( /ructure4 ,two ye>s lat]1
 h[ev]1 9 a lecture be=e ?is            
association1 he took a tru] position4   
,our views ( ! univ]se1 he said1 are    
und]go+ important *anges2 let u wait = m
 facts ) m9ds unfett]$ by any dogmatic  
!ory1 &1 !re=e1 free to receive ! tea*+1
 :atev] x may be1 ( new obs]vations4    
,,! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis4  ,let !m turn  
aside = a mom5t f ! nebul 9 ! sky to !  
conclusions to :i* philosoph]s _h be5   
irresi/ibly l$ by a consid]ation ( !    
features ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,we _h be=e u 9
 ! sun & planets obvi\sly n a haphaz>d  
aggregation ( bodies1 b a sy/em re/+ ^u 
a multitude ( relations po9t+ to a      
common physical cause4 ,f ^!            
consid]ations ,kant & ,laplace =mulat$ !
 nebul> hypo!sis1 re/+ x on gravitation 

alone1 = at t "t ! sci5ce ( !           
cons]vation ( en]gy 0 practically       
unkn[n4 ,^! philosoph]s %[$ h[1 on !    
supposition t ! space n[ occupi$ by !   
sol> sy/em 0 once fill$ by a vapor\s    
mass1 ! =mation ( ! sun & planets c\ld  
be reasonably acc\nt$ =4 ,by a totally  
diff]5t me?od ( reason+1 mod]n sci5ce   
trac$ ! sol> sy/em backw>d /ep by /ep to
 a simil> /ate ( ?+s at ! beg9n+4       
,accord+ to ,helmholtz1 ! sun's heat 0  
ma9ta9$ by ! contraction ( 8 mass1 at ! 
rate ( ab\t #bbj feet a ye>4 ,:e!r at ! 
pres5t "t ! sun 0 gett+ hott] or cold]  
we did n c]ta9ly "k4 ,we c\ld reason    
back to ! "t :5 ! sun 0 suffici5tly     
exp&$ to fill ! :ole space occupi$ by ! 
sol> sy/em1 & 0 r$uc$ to a great gl[+   
nebula4 ,?\gh man's life1 ! life ( !    
race p]haps1 0 too %ort to give u direct
 evid5ce ( any di/9ct /ages ( s augu/ a 
process1 /ill ! probability 0 great t ! 
nebul> hypo!sis1 especially 9 ! m       
precise =m giv5 to x by ,ro*e1 did      
repres5t broadly1 not)/&+ "s            

difficulties1 ! succession ( ev5ts ?r\gh
 :i* ! sun & planets _h pass$4          
,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,william ,,hugg9s1 
,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! 
,,briti% ,,association4  ,dr4 ,hugg9s is
 "o ( ! mo/ em95t a/ronom]s ( ! pres5t  
day1 & 8 spectroscopic rese>*es on !    
cele/ial bodies h _h ! mo/ important    
results4 ,he is a ,d4,c4,l4 ( ,ox=d1    
,,ll4,d4 ( ,cambridge1 & ,ph4,d (       
,leyd54 ,dr4 ,hugg9s 0 born 9 #ahbd &   
educat$ at ! ,city ( ,london ,s*ool4 ,he
 cont9u$ 8 /udies1 giv+ mu* ( 8 "t to   
exp]im5ts 9 natural philosophy &        
physical sci5ce4 ,9 #ahee ,dr4 ,hugg9s  
erect$ a private obs]vatory at 8        
resid5ce on ,tulse ,hill1 :]e he has    
c>ri$ out valuable prismatic rese>*es ) 
! spectroscope4--,daily ,graphic4       
,,o!r ,,speculations4  ,! nebul>        
hypo!sis ( ,laplace requir$ a rotat+    
mass ( fluid :i* at successive epo*s    
became un/able f excess ( motion1 & left
 beh9d r+s1 or m probably1 p]haps1      
lumps1 ( matt] f ! equatorial regions4  

,to "s ?9k]s 0 sugge/$ a diff]5t view ( 
?+s1 accord+ to :i* x 0 n necess>y to   
suppose t "o "p ( ! sy/em               
gravitationally support$ ano!r4 ,! :ole 
might consi/ ( a cong]ies ( discrete    
bodies1 ev5 if ^! bodies 7 ! ultimate   
molecules ( matt]4 ,! planets might h   
be5 =m$ by ! gradual accretion ( su*    
discrete bodies4 ,on ! view t ! mat]ial 
( ! cond5s+ sol> sy/em consi/$ ( sep>ate
 p>ticles or masses1 we _h no long] !   
fluid pressure :i* 0 an ess5tial "p (   
,laplace's !ory4 ,faye1 9 8 !ory (      
evolution f meteorites1 _h to ?r[ ov] 8 
fundam5tal idea ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 &  
=mulat$ in/ead a diff]5t succession (   
ev5ts ( :i* ! out] planets 7 =m$ la/1 a 
!ory :i* _h difficulties ( its own4     
,pr(essor ,george ,d>w9 _h rec5tly %[n1 
f an inve/igation ( ! me*anical         
conditions ( a sw>m ( meteorites1 t on  
c]ta9 assumptions a meteoric sw>m might 
behave z a co>se gas1 & 9 ?is way br+   
back ! fluid pressure ex]cis$ by "o "p (
 ! sy/em on ! o!r1 :i* 0 requir$ by     

,laplace's !ory4 ,"o *ief assumption    
consi/$ 9 suppos+ t su* inela/ic bodies 
z meteoric /ones might atta9 ! effective
 ela/icity ( a high ord] :i* 0 necess>y 
to ! !ory ?r\gh ! sudd5 volatilization (
 a "p ( _! mass at an enc\nt]1 by :i*   
:at 0 virtually a viol5t explosive 0    
introduc$ betwe5 ! two collid+ /ones4   
,pr(essor ,d>w9 0 c>eful to po9t out t x
 mu/ necess>ily be obscure z to h[ a    
small mass ( solid matt] c\ld take up a 
v l>ge am\nt ( en]gy 9 a small fraction 
( a second4   ,,helmholtz',s ,,discov]y4
  ,! old view ( ! orig9al matt] ( !     
nebul1 t x consi/$ ( a fi]y mi/1        
a tumultu\s cl\d1       ,in/9ct ) fire &
 nit]1  fell at once ) ! rise ( ! sci5ce
 ( !rmodynamics4 ,9 #ahed1 ,helmholtz   
%[$ t ! supposition ( an orig9al fi]y   
condition ( ! nebul\s /uff 0 unnecess>y1
 s9ce 9 ! mutual gravitation ( widely   
sep>at$ matt] we _h a /ore ( pot5tial   
en]gy suffici5t to g5]ate ! high        
temp]ature ( ! sun & />s4 ,we c\ld      
sc>cely g wrong 9 attribut+ ! light ( ! 

nebul to ! conv]sion ( ! gravitational  
en]gy ( %r9kage into molecul> motion4 ,!
 inquisitiv5ess ( ! human m9d did n all[
 u to rema9 cont5t ) ! int]pretation ( !
 pres5t /ate ( ! cosmical masses1 b     
sugge/$ ! "q--                          
,:at see'/ ?\ else       ,9 ! d>k       
backw>d & abysm ( "t8  ,:at 0 ! orig9al 
/ate ( ?+s8 ,h[ _h x come ab\t t by !   
side ( age+ worlds we _h nebul 9 a      
relatively y\ng] /age8 ,_h any ( !m     
receiv$ _! bir? f d>k suns1 :i* _h      
collid$ into new life1 & s belong$ to a 
second or lat] g5]ation ( ! heav5ly     
bodies8   ,,look+ ,,backw>d4  ,dur+ !   
%ort hi/oric p]iod !re 0 no record ( su*
 an ev5t2 /ill x w\ld seem to be only   
?r\gh ! collision ( d>k suns1 ( :i* !   
numb] mu/ be increas+1 t a tempor>y     
rejuv5esc5ce ( ! heav5s 0 possible1 & by
 su* ebb+s & fl[+s ( /ell> life t !     
inevitable end to :i* evolution 9 its   
app>5tly uncomp5sat$ progress 0 c>ry+ u 
c\ld1 ev5 = a little1 be delay$4 ,we    
c\ld n refuse to admit z possible su* an

 orig9 = nebul4 ,9 consid]+1 h[ev]1 !   
=mation ( ! exi/+ nebul we mu/ be> 9 m9d
 t1 9 ! "p ( ! heav5s )9 our k51 ! />s  
/ill 9 ! e>ly & middle /ages ( evolution
 exce$$ greatly 9 numb] ^? :i* appe>$ to
 be 9 an advanc$ condition (            
cond5sation4 ,inde$1 we f\nd "s />s :i* 
might be reg>d$ z n f> advanc$ beyond ! 
nebul> condition4 ,x might be t !       
cosmical bodies :i* 7 /ill nebul\s ow$  
_! lat] developm5t to "s conditions ( ! 
"p ( space :]e !y occurr$1 su* z        
conceivably a great] orig9al homog5eity1
 9 consequ5ce ( :i* cond5sation began   
less e>ly4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( space          
cond5sation might h be5 /ill fur!r      
delay$1 or ev5 h n yet begun4 ,if light 
matt] 7 sugge/$ by ! spectrum ( ^!      
nebul1 x might be ask$ fur!r1 z a pure  
speculation1 :e!r 9 !m we 7 witness+    
possibly a lat] cond5sation ( ! light   
matt] :i* _h be5 left beh9d1 at lea/ 9 a
 relatively great] proportion1 aft] !   
fir/ gr[? ( worlds into :i* ! heavi]    
matt] cond5s$1 ?\gh n )\t "s entanglem5t

 ( ! light] sub/ances4 ,! wide ext5t &  
great diffus5ess ( ?is bright-l9e       
nebulosity ov] a l>ge "p ( !            
con/ellation ( ,orion might be reg>d$1  
p]haps1 z po9t+ 9 ?is direction4 ,!     
diffuse nebul\s matt] /ream+ r\nd !     
,pleiades might possibly be ano!r       
in/ance1 ?\gh ! "* ( its spectrum _h n  
yet be5 asc]ta9$4   ,,! ,,motions ,,(   
,,! ,,/>s4  ,besides its m direct use 9 
! *emical analysis ( ! heav5ly bodies1 !
 spectroscope _h giv5 to u a great &    
unexpect$ p[] ( advance along ! l9es ( !
 old] a/ronomy4 ,9 ! future a high]     
value might1 inde$1 be plac$ ^u ?is     
indirect use ( ! spectroscope ?an ^u its
 *emical revelations4 ,by no direct     
a/ronomical me?ods c\ld motions (       
approa* or ( recession ( ! />s be ev5   
detect$1 mu* less c\ld !y be measur$4 ,a
 body com+ directly t[>d u or go+       
directly f u appe>$ to /& /ill4 ,9 !    
case ( ! />s we c\ld receive no         
assi/ance f *ange ( size or (           
brightness4 ,! />s %[$ no true disks 9  

our in/rum5ts1 & ! ne>e/ ( !m 0 s f> (f 
t if x 7 approa*+ u at ! rate ( a hundr$
 miles 9 a second ( "t1 a :ole c5tury ( 
su* rapid approa* w\ld n d m ?an        
increase its brightness by ! "o-=tie?   
"p4 ,/ill x 0 =m]ly only too cle> t1 s  
long z we 7 unable to asc]ta9 directly  
^? compon5ts ( ! />s' motions :i* lay 9 
! l9e ( sight1 ! spe$ & direction ( !   
sol> motion 9 space1 & _m ( ! great     
problems ( ! con/itution ( ! heav5s mu/ 
h rema9$ m or less imp]fectly kn[n4 ,n[ 
! spectroscope _h plac$ 9 our h&s ?is   
p[]1 :i*1 ?\gh s ess5tial1 _h previ\sly 
appe>$ almo/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s to lie    
=ev] beyond our grasp2 x enabl$ u to    
measure directly1 &1 "u favorable       
circum/ances1 to )9 a mile p] second1 or
 ev5 less1 ! spe$ ( approa* or (        
recession ( a heav5ly body4 ,?is me?od (
 obs]vation _h ! great advantage = !    
a/ronom] ( be+ indep5d5t ( ! di/ance ( !
 mov+ body1 & 01 !re=e1 z applicable & z
 c]ta9 9 ! case ( a body on ! extreme   
conf9es ( ! visible univ]se1 s long z x 

0 bright en\gh1 z 9 ! case ( a neighbor+
 planet4   ,,algol ,,& ,,spica4  ,by    
obs]vations ) ! ,potsdam spectograph1   
,pr(essor ,vogel f\nd t ! bright /> (   
,algol pulsat$ backw>d & =w>d 9 ! visual
 direction 9 a p]iod correspond+ to !   
kn[n v>iation ( its light4 ,!           
explanation :i* _h be5 sugge/$ = ! />'s 
v>iability1 t x 0 p>tially eclips$ at   
regul> int]vals ( #fh4h h\rs by a d>k   
companion l>ge en\gh to cut (f ne>ly    
five-six?s ( its light1 01 !re=e1 ! true
 "o4 ,! d>k companion1 no long] able to 
hide itself by its obscur5ess1 0 br\ght 
out into ! light ( direct obs]vation by 
means ( its gravitational effects4      
,sev5te5 h\rs be=e m9imum ,algol 0 rec$+
 at ! rate ( ab\t #bd miles a second1   
:ile sev5te5 h\rs aft] m9imum x 0 f\nd  
to be approa*+ ) a spe$ ( ab\t #bh      
miles4 ,f ^! data1 toge!r ) ^? ( !      
v>iation ( its light1 ,vogel f\nd1 on ! 
assumption t bo? />s h ! same d5sity1 t 
! companion1 ne>ly z l>ge z ! sun1 b )  
ab\t "o-f\r? 8 mass1 revolv$ ) a        

velocity ( ab\t fifty-five miles a      
second4 ,! bright /> ( ab\t twice ! size
 & mass mov$ ab\t ! common c5t] (       
gravity ) ! spe$ ( ab\t #bf miles a     
second4 ,! sy/em ( ! two />s1 :i* 7 ab\t
 #c millions ( miles ap>t1 consid]$ z a 
:ole1 0 approa*+ u ) a velocity ( #b4d  
miles a second4 ,! great diff]5ce 9     
lum9osity ( ! two />s1 n less ?an fifty 
times1 sugge/$ r t !y 7 9 diff]5t /ages 
( cond5sation1 & dissimil> 9 d5sity4 ,x 
0 obvi\s t if ! orbit ( a /> ) an       
obscure companion 0 incl9$ to ! l9e (   
sight1 ! companion w\ld pass above or   
bel[ ! bright /> & produce no v>iation (
 its light4 ,su* sy/ems might be num]\s 
9 ! heav5s4 ,9 ,vogel's photographs1    
,spica1 :i* 0 n v>iable1 by a small     
%ift+ ( its l9es reveal$ a backw>d &    
=w>d p]iodical pulsation due to orbital 
motion4 ,z ! pair :irl$ r\nd _! common  
c5t] ( gravity1 ! bright /> 0 sometimes 
advanc+1 at o!rs rec$+4 ,!y revolv$ 9   
ab\t f\r days1 ea* /> mov+ ) a velocity 
( ab\t #ef miles a second 9 an orbit    

probably ne>ly circul>1 & possess$ a    
comb9$ mass ( r m ?an two & "o-half     
times t ( ! sun4 ,tak+ ! mo/ probable   
value = ! />'s p>allax1 ! greate/ angul>
 sep>ation ( ! />s w\ld be f> too small 
to be detect$ ) ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes4
   ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,photography4       
,ref]r+ to ! new & great p[] :i* mod]n  
photography _h put into ! h&s ( !       
a/ronom]1 ! presid5t said t ! mod]n     
silv] bromide gelat9e plate1 except =   
its gra9$ texture1 met 8 ne$s at all    
po9ts4 ,x possess$ extreme s5sitiv5ess1 
x 0 always ready = use1 x c\ld be plac$ 
9 any position1 x c\ld be expos$ = h\rs1
 la/ly x did n ne$ imm$iate developm5t1 
& = ?is reason c\ld be expos$ aga9 to ! 
same object on succe$+ nights1 s z to   
make up by sev]al in/allm5ts1 z ! wea!r 
might p]mit1 ! total "t ( exposure :i* 0
 deem$ necess>y4 ,)\t ! assi/ance (     
photography1 h[ev] greatly ! res\rces ( 
g5ius might ov]come ! optical &         
me*anical difficulties ( con/ruct+ l>ge 
telescopes1 ! a/ronom] w\ld h to dep5d 9

 ! la/ res\rce ^u 8 eye4 ,n[1 we c\ld n 
by ! =ce ( cont9u$ look+ br+ into view  
an object too feebly lum9\s to be se5 at
 ! fir/ & ke5e/ mom5t ( vision4 ,b !    
feeble/ light :i* fell ^u ! plate 0 n   
lo/1 b tak5 9 & /or$ up cont9u\sly4 ,ea*
 h\r ! plate ga!r$ up #c1fjj times !    
light en]gy :i* x receiv$ dur+ ! fir/   
second4 ,x 0 by ?is p[] ( accumulation t
 ! photographic plate might be said to  
increase1 almo/ )\t limit1 ?\gh n 9     
sep>at+ p[]1 ! optical means at !       
disposal ( ! a/ronom] = ! discov]y or ! 
obs]vation ( fa9t objects4   ,,two      
,,examples4  ,two pr9cipal directions   
might be po9t$ out 9 :i* photography 0 (
 great s]vice to ! a/ronom]4 ,x enabl$  
him )9 ! comp>atively %ort "t ( a s+le  
exposure to secure p]man5tly ) great    
exactness ! relative positions ( hundr$s
 or ev5 ( ?\s&s ( />s1 or ! m9ute       
features ( nebul or o!r objects1 or !   
ph5om5a ( a pass+ eclipse1 a task :i* by
 means ( ! eye & h& c\ld only be        
accompli%$1 if done at all1 aft] a v    

great exp5diture ( "t & labor4          
,photography put x 9 ! p[] ( ! a/ronom] 
to accompli% 9 ! %ort span ( 8 own life1
 & s ent] into _! fruition1 great works 
:i* o!rwise mu/ h be5 pass$ on by him z 
a h]itage ( labor to succe$+ g5]ations4 
,! second great s]vice :i* photography  
r5d]$ 0 n simply an aid to ! p[]s !     
a/ronom] already possess$4 ,on !        
contr>y1 ! plate1 by record+ light waves
 :i* 7 bo? too small & too l>ge to      
excite vision 9 ! eye1 br\ght him into a
 new region ( k1 su* z ! infra-r$ & !   
ultra-violet p>ts ( ! spectrum1 :i* mu/ 
h rema9$ =ev] unkn[n b = artificial     
help4   ,a ,,photographic ,,*>t4  ,!    
pres5t ye> w\ld be memorable 9          
a/ronomical hi/ory = ! practical beg9n+ 
( ! photographic *>t & catalogue ( !    
heav5s :i* took _! orig9 9 an           
int]national conf]5ce :i* met 9 ,p>is 9 
#ahhg4 ,! decisions ( ! conf]5ce 9 _!   
f9al =m provid$ = ! con/ruction ( a     
great *>t ) exposures correspond+ to =ty
 m9utes' exposure at ,p>is1 :i* x 0     

expect$ w\ld rea* d[n to />s ( ab\t !   
f\rte5? magnitude4 ,z ea* plate 0 to be 
limit$ to f\r squ>e degrees1 & z ea* />1
 to avoid possible errors1 0 to appe> on
 two plates1 ov] #bb1jjj photographs    
w\ld be requir$4 ,a second set ( plates 
= a catalogue 0 to be tak51 ) a %ort]   
exposure1 :i* w\ld give />s to ! elev5? 
magnitude only4 ,! plans 7 to be pu%$ on
 z actively a possible1 ?\gh z f> z     
might be practicable plates = ! *>t 7 to
 be tak5 concurr5tly4 ,photograph+ !    
plates = ! catalogue 0 b ! fir/ /ep 9   
?is "w1 & only suppli$ ! data = !       
elaborate measurem5ts :i* w\ld h to be  
made1 :i* 71 h[ev]1 less labori\s ?an   
w\ld be requir$ = a simil> catalogue )\t
 ! aid ( photography4   ,a ,,delicate   
,,op]ation4  ,! det]m9ation ( ! di/ances
 ( ! fix$ />s f ! small app>5t %ift ( _!
 positions :5 view$ f widely sep>at$    
positions ( ! e>? 9 its orbit 0 "o ( !  
mo/ ref9$ op]ations ( ! obs]vatory4 ,!  
great precision ) :i* ?is m9ute angul>  
quantity1 a fraction ( a second only1 _h

 to be measur$1 0 s delicate an op]ation
 ) ! ord9>y micromet]1 ?\gh1 inde$1 x 0 
) ?is in/rum5t t ! classical obs]vations
 ( ,sir ,rob]t ,ball 7 made1 t a special
 in/rum5t1 9 :i* ! measures 7 made by   
mov+ ! two halves ( a divid$ object     
glass1 kn[n z a heliomet]1 _h be5 press$
 into ?is s]vice1 & q rec5tly1 9 !      
skillful h&s ( ,dr4 ,gill & ,dr4 ,elk91 
_h l>gely increas$ our k 9 ?is          
direction4 ,x 0 obvi\s t photography    
might be "h ( great s]vice1 if we c\ld  
rely ^u measurem5ts ( photographs ( !   
same />s tak5 at suitable int]vals ( "t4
 ,pr(essor ,prit*>d1 to :om 0 due !     
honor ( hav+ op5$ ?is new pa?1 aid$ by 8
 assi/ants1 _h prov$ by elaborate       
inve/igations t measures = p>allax might
 be safely made ^u photographic plates1 
)1 ( c\rse1 ! advantages ( leisure &    
repetition2 & he _h already by ?is me?od
 det]m9$ ! p>allax = tw5ty-"o />s ) an  
accuracy n inf]ior to t ( values        
previ\sly obta9$ by purely a/ronomical  
me?ods4   ,,photographic ,,revelations4 

,! rem>kable successes ( a/ronomical    
photography1 :i* dep5d$ ^u ! plate's p[]
 ( accumulation ( a v feeble light act+ 
cont9u\sly ?r\gh an exposure ( sev]al   
h\rs1 7 wor?y to be reg>d$ z a new      
revelation4 ,! fir/ *apt] op5$ :51 9    
#ahhj1 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,drap] obta9$ a       
picture ( ! nebula ( ,orion2 b a m      
important advance 0 made 9 #ahhc1 :5    
,dr4 ,common1 by 8 photographs1 br\ght  
to our k details & ext5sions ( ?is      
nebula hi!rto unkn[n4 ,a fur!r          
disclosure took place 9 #ahhe1 :5 !     
,bro!rs ,h5ry %[$ = ! fir/ "t 9 great   
detail ! spiral nebulosity issu+ f !    
bright /> ,maia ( ! ,pleiades1 & %ortly 
aft]w>d nebul\s /reams ab\t ! o!r />s ( 
?is gr\p4 ,9 #ahhf ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 by     
means ( a photograph to :i* ?ree h\rs'  
exposure _h be5 giv51 %[$ ! :ole        
backgr\nd ( ?is gr\p to be nebul\s4  ,9 
! foll[+ ye> ,mr4 ,rob]ts m ?an d\bl$ = 
u ! great ext5sion ( ! nebul> region :i*
 surr\nds ! trapezium 9 ! con/ellation (
 ,orion4 ,by 8 photographs ( ! great    

nebula 9 ,&rom$a1 he _h %[n ! true      
significance ( ! d>k canals :i* _h be5  
se5 by ! eye4 ,!y 7 9 reality spaces    
betwe5 successive r+s ( bright matt]1   
:i* appe>$ ne>ly /raight1 ow+ to !      
incl9ation 9 :i* !y lay relatively to u4
 ,^! bright r+s surr\nd$ an undef9$     
c5tral lum9\s mass4 ,rec5t photographs  
by ,mr4 ,russell %[$ t ! great rift 9 ! 
,milky ,way 9 ,argus1 :i* to ! eye 0    
void ( />s1 0 9 reality uni=mly cov]$ ) 
!m4   ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s4  ,!  
heav5s 7 ri*ly b v irregul>ly inwr\ght )
 />s4 ,! bright] />s clu/]$ into well   
kn[n gr\ps ^u a backgr\nd =m$ ( an      
enlacem5t ( /reams & convolut$ w9d+s &  
int]tw9$ spirals ( fa9t] />s1 :i* became
 ri*] & m intricate 9 ! irregul>ly rift$
 zone ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,we1 :o =m$ "p ( 
! emblazonry1 c\ld only see ! design    
di/ort$ & confus$2 "h cr[d$1 !re        
scatt]$1 at ano!r place sup]pos$4 ,!    
gr\p+s due to our position 7 mix$ up )  
^? :i* 7 real4 ,c\ld we suppose t ea*   
lum9\s po9t _h no relation to ! o!rs ne>

 x ?an ! accid5tal neighbor%ip ( gra9s (
 s& ^u ! %ore1 or ( p>ticles ( !        
w9d-bl[n du/ ( ! des]t8 ,surely e /> f  
,sirius & ,vega d[n to ea* gra9 ( !     
light du/ ( ! ,milky ,way _h its pres5t 
place 9 ! heav5ly patt]n f ! sl[ evolv+ 
( its pa/4 ,we saw a sy/em ( sy/ems1 = !
 broad features ( clu/]s & /reams &     
spiral w9d+s m>k+ ! g5]al design 7      
reproduc$ 9 e "p4 ,! :ole 0 9 motion1   
ea* po9t %ift+ its position by miles e  
second1 ?\gh f ! augu/ magnitude ( _!   
di/ances f u & f ea* o!r1 x 0 only by ! 
accumulat$ movem5ts ( ye>s or (         
g5]ations t "s small *anges ( relative  
position reveal$ !mselves4   ,,! ,,"w   
,,( ,,! ,,future4  ,! deciph]+ ( ?is    
wond]fully intricate con/itution ( !    
heav5s w\ld be und\bt$ly "o ( ! *ief    
a/ronomical works ( ! com+ c5tury4 ,!   
prim>y task ( ! sun's motion 9 space1   
toge!r ) ! motions ( ! bright] />s1 _h  
be5 already put well )9 our rea* by !   
spectroscopic me?od ( ! measurem5t ( /> 
motions 9 ! l9e ( sight4 ,a/ronomy1 !   

olde/ ( ! sci5ces1 _h m ?an r5ew$ h]    
y\?4 ,at no "t 9 ! pa/ _h %e be5 s      
bright ) unb\nd$ aspirations & hopes4   
,nev] 7 h] temples s num]\s1 nor ! cr[d 
( h] vot>ies s great4  ,! ,briti%       
,a/ronomical ,association =m$ )9 ! ye>  
numb]$ already ab\t #fjj memb]s4 ,happy 
0 ! lot ( ^? :o 7 /ill on ! ea/]n side (
 life's m]idian6 ,already1 alas6 !      
orig9al f\nd]s ( ! new] me?ods 7 fall+  
out--,kir*h(f1 ,ang/rom1 ,d',arre/1     
,sec*i1 ,drap]1 ,becqu]el2 b _! places 7
 m ?an fill$2 ! pace ( ! race 0 ga9+1 b 
! goal 0 n & nev] w\ld be 9 sight4 ,s9ce
 ! "t ( ,newton our k ( ! ph5om5a (     
nature _h wond]fully increas$1 b man    
ask$ p]haps m e>ne/ly n[ ?an 9 8 days1  
:at 0 ! ultimate reality beh9d ! reality
 ( ! p]ceptions8 ,7 !y only ! pebbles ( 
! bea* ) :i* we _h be5 play+8 ,did n !  
ocean ( ultimate reality & tru? lie     
beyond8         99       99       99    
99       99     ,,climatic ,,*anges ,,9 
,,! ,,s\!rn ,,hemisph]e4  ,by ,c4,a4,m4 
,,tab]4   ,hav+ _h occasion to cruise a 

consid]able "t ov] ! ,s\!rn ,ocean1 ,i h
 _h my att5tion direct$ to its prevail+ 
w9ds & curr5ts1 & ! way 9 :i* !y affect 
its temp]ature1 & also to ! ice-worn    
appe>ance ( its isolat$ l&s4  ,x is n[  
g5]ally conc$$ t ! l&s situat$ 9 ! high 
latitudes ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e h 9 !     
remote pa/ be5 cov]$ ) ice %eets1 simil>
 to ! l&s :i* lie )9 ! ant>ctic circle4 
,! %ores ( ,s\!rn ,*ile1 f latitude #dj 
to ,cape ,horn1 %[ conv9c+ evid5ce (    
hav+ be5 ov]run by heavy glaci]s1 :i*   
sc\r$ out ! num]\s deep *annels t       
sep>ate ! ,patagonian coa/ f its isl&s4 
,! ,falkl& ,isl&s & ,s\? ,georgia ab\nd 
) deep fri?s2 ,new ,zeal& & ,k]guel5 ,l&
 also exhibit ! same evid5ce ( hav+ be5 
ice-lad5 regions2 & x is said t ! s\!rn 
l&s ( ,africa & ,au/ralia %[ t ice      
accumulat$ at "o "t to a consid]able    
ext5t on _! %ores4 ,at ?is date we f9d !
 s\!rn ice %eets mo/ly conf9$ to regions
 )9 ! ant>ctic circle2 /ill ! l&s (     
,*ile1 ,s\? ,georgia1 & ,new ,zeal&     
possess glaci]s rea*+ ! l[ l&s1 :i* are 

probably gr[+ 9 bulk2 = x appe>s t !    
ant>ctic cold is sl[ly on ! increase1 & 
! reasons = its increase are ! same z ! 
causes :i* br\ght ab\t ! frigid p]iod   
:i* ov]ran ) ice all l&s situat$ 9 !    
high s\!rn latitudes4  ,:y !re %\ld be a
 sl[ increase ( cold on ?is portion ( ! 
globe is because ( ! indep5d5t          
circulation ( ! wat]s ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean4
 ,! /rong we/]ly w9ds ( ! s\!rn         
latitudes are con/antly bl[+ ! surface  
wat]s ( ! sea f we/ to ea/ ar\nd !      
globe4 ,?is causes an effectual b>ri]1  
:i* ! w>m tropical curr5ts _c p5etrate  
to any great ext5t4 ,= in/ance1 !       
tropical wat]s ( ! high ocean levels1   
:i* lie abrea/ ,brazil 9 ! ,atlantic & !
 ea/ coa/ ( ,africa 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 
are n attract$ f> into ! s\!rn sea1     
because ! surface wat]s ( ! latt] sea   
are bl[n by ! we/]ly w9ds f we/ to ea/  
ar\nd ! globe4 ,consequ5tly ! tropical  
wat]s mov+ s\?w>d are turn$ away by !   
prevail+ w9ds & curr5ts f ent]+ ! ,s\!rn
 ,ocean4 ,?us ! ice is accumulat+ on its

 l&s1 & ! temp]ature ( its wat]s sl[ly  
fall+ ?r\gh _! contact ) ! increas+ ice2
 & su* conditions w cont9ue until ! l&s 
( ! high s\!rn latitudes are aga9 cov]$ 
) glaci]s1 & a s\!rn ice p]iod p]fect$4 
,b :ile ?is ga!r+ ( ice is be+ br\ght   
ab\t1 ! ant>ctic cont95t1 n[ ne>ly cov]$
 ) an ice %eet1 w1 ?r\gh ! ext5sion (   
glaci]s out into its %all[ wat]s1 cov] a
 l>g] area ?an n[2 = :]e ! wat]s are    
%oal ! gr[+ glaci]s1 re/+ on a firm     
bottom1 w advance into ! sea1 & ?is     
advancem5t w cont9ue :]ev] ! %all[ wat]s
 ext5d4 ,especially w ?is be ! case :]e 
! sn[fall is great4  ,"u su* conditions1
 x appe>s t ! only ext5sive body ( %all[
 wat] ext5d+ f ! ice-clad s\!rn cont95t 
is ! %oal *annel :i* sep>ates ! ,s\?    
,%etl&s f ,cape ,horn1 :i* is a region (
 great sn[fall4 ,!re=e1 %\ld ! ant>ctic 
ice ga9 suffici5t ?ickness to re/ on !  
bottom ( ?is %all[ sea1 x w\ld move into
 ! ,cape ,horn *annel1 & ev5tually close
 x4 ,! ice gr[? w\ld n be entirely f !  
s\!rn cont95t1 b also f l&s 9 ! region (

 ,cape ,horn4 ,?us ! ant>ctic cont95t & 
,s\? ,am]ica w\ld be connect$ by an     
i/hmus ( ice1 & consequ5tly ! indep5d5t 
circulation ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean arre/$4   
,h5ce x w be se5 t ! we/]ly w9ds1 in/ead
 ( bl[+ ! surface wat]s ( ! ,s\!rn      
,ocean con/antly ar\nd ! globe1 z !y are
 kn[n to d to-day1 w\ld in/ead bl[ !    
surface wat]s away f ! ea/]ly side ( !  
ice-=m$ i/hmus1 :i* w\ld cause a l[ sea 
level along its ,atlantic side1 & ?is l[
 sea level w\ld attract ! tropical wat]s
 f _! high level aga9/ ,brazil well into
 ! s\!rn seas1 & s wa% ! ant>ctic       
cont95t to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,s\? ,%etl&s4   
,! tropical wat]s ?us attract$ s\?w>d   
w\ld be cool] ?an ! tropical wat]s (    
to-day1 ow+ to ! great ext5sion ( cold 9
 ! s\!rn latitudes4 ,/ill !y w\ld beg9 !
 sl[ process ( rais+ ! temp]ature ( !   
,s\!rn ,ocean1 & w\ld 9 "t melt ! ice 9 
all s\!rn l&s4 ,n only ! ,brazil curr5ts
 w\ld p5etrate ! s\!rn seas1 z we h %[n1
 b also ! wat]s f ! high level ( !      
tropical ,indian ,ocean :i* n[ pass d[n 

! ,mozambique ,*annel w\ld rea* a mu*   
high] latitude ?an n[4  ,! ice-made     
i/hmus unit+ ,s\? ,am]ica to ! ant>ctic 
cont95t w\ld on acc\nt ( its location be
 ! la/ body ( ice to melt f ! s\!rn     
hemisph]e1 x be+ situat$ to w9dw>d ( !  
tropical curr5ts & also 9 a region :]e !
 fall ( sn[ is great2 yet x w\ld        
ev5tually melt away1 & ! indep5d5t      
circulation ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean aga9 be   
e/abli%$4 ,b x w\ld require a long "t = 
ice %eets to aga9 =m on s\!rn l&s1      
because ( ! lack ( iceb]gs to cool !    
s\!rn wat]s4 ,/ill1 _! temp]ature w\ld  
gradually l[] ) ! exclusion ( ! tropical
 wat]s1 & consequ5tly ice w\ld sl[ly    
ga!r on ! ant>ctic l&s4  ,! above !ory  
?us briefly pres5t$ to acc\nt = !       
climatic *anges ( ! high s\!rn latitudes
 is 9 full accord ) ! simple work+s (   
nature z c>ri$ on to-day2 & x is        
probable t ! =mation ( cont95ts &       
oceans1 z well z ! e>?'s motions 9 its  
pa? ar\nd ! sun1 h met ) little *ange   
s9ce ! cold era ic$ ! l&s ( ! high      

latitudes4  ,at an e>ly age1 previ\s to 
! appe>ance ( frigid p]iods1 ! ocean    
wat]s ( ! high latitudes probably did n 
possess an indep5d5t circulation        
suffici5t to l[] ! temp]ature s t       
glaci]s c\ld =m4 ,?is may h be5 ow+ to !
 %all[ sea bottom s\? ( ,cape ,horn hav+
 be5 above ! surface ( ! wat]1 ! *annel 
hav+ s9ce be5 =m$ by a comp>atively     
small *ange 9 ! ocean's level4 ,=1 :ile 
consid]+ ?is subject1 x is well to keep 
9 m9d t :5ev] ! we/]n cont95t ext5d$ to 
! ant>ctic circle x prev5t$ ! indep5d5t 
circulation ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean wat]s1    
consequ5tly dur+ su* times ice p]iods   
c\ld n h occurr$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4   
,x w be notic$ t accord+ to ! views giv5
 above1 ! sev]al !ories :i* h be5       
publi%$ to acc\nt = great climatic      
*anges neglect to set =? ! only         
efficaci\s me?ods ?r\gh :i* nature works
 = convey+ & )draw+ tropical heat       
suffici5t to cause temp]ate & frigid    
p]iods 9 ! high latitudes4 ,:ile lack ( 
space =bids an explanation ( ! causes   

:i* w\ld p]fect an ice p]iod 9 ! nor!rn 
hemisph]e1 ,i w say t x c\ld be ma9ly   
br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! indep5d5t           
circulation ( ! arctic wat]s1 :i* n[    
l>gely prev5t ! tropical wat]s ( ! ,nor?
 ,atlantic f ent]+ ! arctic seas1 ?us   
caus+ ! accumulation ( ice %eets on     
,gre5l&4 ,b be=e a nor!rn ice p]iod c be
 p]fect$1 x seems t x w ne$ to co-op]ate
 ) a cold p]iod 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 & 9
 ord] to h ! ice ( a nor!rn frigid p]iod
 melt away1 x w\ld require ! assi/ance (
 a mild climate 9 ! high s\!rn          
latitudes4--,sci5ce4         99       99
       99       99       99             
,,ammonia4   ,9 ! majority ( refrig]at+ 
& ice ma*9es ammonia gas is ! sub/ance  
us$ = produc+ ! refrig]ation1 al?\gh !re
 are o!r ma*9es 9 :i* o!r mat]ial is    
employ$1 "o ( ^! be+ anhydr\s sulphur\s 
acid1 :i* is also a gas4 ,ammonia (     
itself is a colorless gas1 b little m   
?an "o half z heavy z air4 ,9 its       
composition ammonia consi/s ( two gases1
 nitrog5 & hydrog51 9 ! proportion by   

weight ( "o "p nitrog5 & ?ree p>ts      
hydrog54 ,! gas hydrog5 is "o ( !       
con/itu5ts ( wat] & is highly           
inflammable 9 ! pres5ce ( air or oxyg51 
:ile ! o!r compon5t ( ammonia1 nitrog51 
=ms ! bulk or ab\t f\r-fif?s ( !        
atmosph]e4 ,nitrog5 by itself is an in]t
 gas1 colorless & un9flammable4         
,ammonia1 al?\gh compos$ ( m ?an        
?ree-f\r?s its weight ( hydrog51 is n   
inflammable 9 air1 on acc\nt ( its      
comb9ation ) ! nitrog54 ,?is comb9ation1
 x w be und]/ood1 is n a simple mixture1
 b ! two gases are *emically comb9$1 =m+
 a new sub/ance :i* has *>act]i/ics &   
prop]ties entirely diff]5t f ei!r ( !   
gases ent]+ into its composition :5 tak5
 alone or :5 simply mix$ toge!r )\t     
*emical combu/ion4 ,ammonia _c be       
produc$ by ! direct comb9ation ( ^!     
elem5ts1 b x has be5 f\nd t x is        
sometimes made or produc$ 9 a v         
extraord9>y mann]1 :i* goes to %[ t !re 
is yet consid]able to be le>n$ 9 reg>d  
to ! *emi/ry ( ammonia4 ,animal or      

vegetable sub/ances :5 putrefy+ or      
suff]+ de/ructive di/illation almo/     
inv>iably give rise to an abundant      
production ( ?is sub/ance4  ,! common   
me?od = ! manufacture ( ammonia is to   
produce x f ! salt kn[n z sal-ammoniac4 
,sal-ammoniac z a cry/al is obta9$ 9    
v>i\s ways1 pr9cipally f ! ammoniacal   
liquor ( gas works1 also f ! cond5s$    
products ( ! di/illation ( bones & o!r  
animal refuse 9 ! prep>ation ( animal   
*>coal1 & :i* is ( a highly alkal9e     
nature4 ,?is liquid is !n treat$ ) a    
slight excess ( muriatic acid to        
neutralize ! free alkali1 & at ! same "t
 ! c>bonates & sulphides are decompos$ )
 ! evolution ( c>bonic acid & sulphuret$
 hydrog54 ,all animal matt]1 ! meat1    
bones1 etc41 conta9 consid]able c>bon1  
:ile ! nitrog5 f :i* ! ammonia is       
produc$ =ms a small] portion ( !        
sub/ance4 ,! object is !n to get rid ( !
 c>bon & sulphur1 leav+ ! nitrog5 to    
comb9e1 ?r\gh *emical aff9ity1 ) a      
portion ( ! hydrog5 ( ! wat]1 ! oxyg5   

:i* is set free go+ to =m ! c>bonic acid
 by comb9+ ) ! c>bon4 ,! liquor aft] be+
 neutraliz$ is evaporat$ to dryness1    
leav+ a cry/alliz$ salt conta9+ a       
portion ( t>ry matt]4  ,! salt is !n    
purifi$ by sublimation1 t is1 x is heat$
 9 a clos$ iron vessel until x is       
trans=m$ into a gas :i* sep>ates &      
leaves1 9 a c>boniz$ /ate1 all =eign    
sub/ance4 ,aft] ?is gas is cool$1 x     
cond5ses & aga9 =ms cry/als :i* are 9 a 
mu* pur] condition4 ,if necess>y to     
fur!r purify x1 x is aga9 sublim$4 ,!   
iron vessels 9 :i* ! sublimation takes  
place are l9$ ) clay & cov]$ ) lead4 ,! 
clay l9+ & lead cov]+ are necess>y1 = if
 ! gas evolv$ dur+ ! process (          
sublimation came 9 contact ) ! iron     
surface1 ! gas w\ld be contam9at$ & !   
iron corrod$4 ,sublim$ sal-ammoniac has 
a fibr\s texture & is t\gh & difficult  
to p[d]4 ,x has a %>p1 salty ta/e & is  
soluble 9 two & a half p>ts ( cold & 9 a
 mu* small] quantity ( hot wat]4 ,dur+ !
 process ( sublimation ! ammonia is n   

decompos$4 ,b !re are sev]al ways 9 :i* 
! gas may be decompos$1 & a c]ta9       
portion ( x is decompos$ 9 ! ord9>y use 
( x 9 refrig]at+ ma*9es4 ,if electric   
sp>ks are pass$ ?r\gh ! gas1 x suff]s   
decomposition1 ! nitrog5 & hydrog5 !n   
be+ 9 ! condition ( a simple mixture4   
,:5 decompos$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! volume ( ! 
gas is d\bl$ & ! proportion is f\nd to  
be ?ree measures ( hydrog5 to "o (      
nitrog51 :ile ! weight ( ! two          
con/itu5ts is 9 ! proportion ( ?ree p>ts
 hydrog5 to f\rte5 ( nitrog54  ,!       
ammonia gas may also be decompos$ by    
pass+ ?r\gh a r$ hot tube1 & ! pres5ce (
 heat$ iron causes a slight degree (    
decomposition4 ,?is sal-ammoniac is     
p[d]$ & mix$ ) moi/ slak$ lime & !n     
g5tly heat$ 9 a flask1 :5 a l>ge        
quantity ( gase\s ammonia is dis5gag$4  
,! gas mu/ be collect$ ov] m]cury or by 
displacem5t4 ,! gas ?us produc$ has a   
/rong1 pung5t odor1 z c easily be       
det]m9$ by any "o work+ ar\nd ! ammonia 
ice or refrig]at+ ma*9es1 = z our fri5d1

 ,otto ,luhr1 says1 ,x is ! wor/ /uff ,i
 ev] smell$ 9 my life4 ,! gas is highly 
alkal9e & comb9es readily ) acids1      
completely neutraliz+ !m1 & ! aqua      
ammonia is "o ( ! be/ sub/ances to put  
on a place burn$ by sulphuric acid1 z   
has be5 le>n$ by ^? work+ ) t sub/ance1 
= al?\gh aqua ammonia ( full /r5g? is   
highly corrosive & ( itself w bli/] !   
fle%1 yet :5 us$ to neutralize ! effect 
( a burn f sulphuric acid its great     
aff9ity = ! acid prev5ts x f injur+ !   
sk9 "u su* conditions4  ,! di/ill$ gas1 
su* z has j be5 describ$1 is ! anhydr\s 
ammonia us$ 9 ! compressor sy/em (      
refrig]ation1 :ile x is ! aqua ammonia t
 is us$ 9 ! absorption sy/em (          
refrig]ation4 ,aqua ammonia or liquor   
ammonia is =m$ by dissolv+ ! ammonia gas
 9 wat]4 ,"o volume ( wat] w dissolve   
sev5 hundr$ times its bulk ( ?is gas1 & 
is !n kn[n z aqua ammonia1 9            
contradi/9ction to anhydr\s ammonia1 !  
latt] designat+ t]m mean+ )\t wat]1 :ile
 ! t]m aqua is ! ,lat9 ^w = wat]4       

,anhydr\s ammonia1 ! gas1 may be r$uc$  
to ! liquid =m at ord9>y temp]atures :5 
submitt$ to a pressure ( ab\t #ie p\nds4
 ,dur+ ! process ( liquefaction !       
ammonia gives up a l>ge am\nt ( heat1   
:i* if absorb$ or radiat$ :ile ! ammonia
 is 9 ! liquid condition1 ! gas :5 all[$
 to exp& w absorb f its surr\nd+s an    
am\nt ( heat equal to t radiat$1 produc+
 a v great l[]+ ( temp]ature4 ,x is ?is 
pr9ciple t is utiliz$ 9 refrig]ation &  
ice mak+4 ,9 ! absorption sy/em1 :]e    
aqua ammonia is us$1 ! liquor is conta9$
 9 a retort to :i* heat is appli$ by    
means ( a /eam coil1 & a great "p ( !   
gas :i* 0 held 9 solution by ! wat] is  
expell$1 & c>ries ) x a small am\nt (   
wat] or vapor4 ,?is passes into a       
sep>ator 9 ! top ( a cond5s]1 f :i* !   
wat] returns aga9 to ! retort1 ! ammonia
 gas1 "u consid]able pressure1 pass+    
into ! cool]s4 ,^! are l>ge receptacles 
9 :i* ! gas is p]mitt$ to exp&4 ,by su* 
expansion heat is absorb$ & ! temp]ature
 ( ! surr\nd+s is l[]$4 ,f ! cool]s !   

gas returns to ! absorb]1 f :i* x is    
pump$1 9 liquid =m1 into ! retort1 to be
 aga9 heat$1 ! gas expell$ & ! process  
repeat$4 ,z ! gas passes ?r\gh ! diff]5t
 processes1 be+ heat$ "u pressure1      
cool$1 exp&$ aga91 m or less            
decomposition takes place1 presumably f 
a comb9ation ( a small portion ( !      
nitrog5 ) vegetable1 animal1 or m9]al   
matt] t f9ds its way into ! sy/em4 ,su* 
decomposition1 ) ! loss ( nitrog51      
leaves a small portion ( free hydrog51  
:i* is ! gas t c be drawn f ! top ( !   
absorb]1 ignit$ & burn$4 ,! pres5ce (   
hydrog5 gas 9 ! absorb] is n necess>ily 
detrim5tal to ! effectiv5ess ( ! sy/em1 
b z hydrog5 does n possess ! qualities (
 absorb+ heat 9 ! same way & to ! same  
ext5t z ammonia1 ! pres5ce ( hydrog5    
makes ! op]ation ( ! app>atus some:at   
less effici5t4--,/ation>y ,eng9e]4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,! refrig]at+ app>atus illu/rat$ &      
describ$ 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican      
,,supplem5t ( ,june #be1 ,no4 #hab1 is  

sub/antially t pat5t$ by ,messrs4 ,erny1
 ,sub]s  ,hoos1 ( ,philadelphia4 ,!     
illu/ration 0 copi$ f _! pat5ts (       
,novemb] & ,febru>y la/4         99     
99       99       99       99   ,a ,,new
 ,,catalogue ,,( ,,valuable ,,pap]s     
,conta9$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican        
,,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free
 ( *>ge to any address4 ,,munn  ,,co41  
#cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4         99  
99       99       99       99   ,,!     
,,sci5tific ,,am]ican  ,,ar*itects ,,&  
,,build]s ,,edition4  #b4ej a ,ye>4     
,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4  ,?is is a      
,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific       
,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day (
 ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty    
l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two     
hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1          
practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e 
,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ )       
elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e         
engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+       
examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural          
,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4  ,a      

special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea*  
numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans =
 private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1      
includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m 
exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color
 are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1        
,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills (        
,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4  ,no o!r 
build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1
 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z !  
,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s (       
dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s 
plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m   
o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4       
,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is
 "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful    
sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+  
or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( 
any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/    
endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f
 :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t &  
money4  ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+       
,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1        
,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out (       
,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an       

ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s'    
,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/  
reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1   
,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances  
are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( 
! mak]s1 etc4  ,! fullness1 ri*ness1    
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,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4  ,a   
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,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1        
,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1       
,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry    
p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$   
free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4        
,,munn  ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1          #cfa
 ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4         99   
99       99       99       99   ,,build+
 ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4  ,9      
connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ 
,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1    
,messrs4 ,munn  ,co4 furni% plans &     
specifications = build+s ( e k9d1       
includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1       
,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4  

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exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1        
details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s     
build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be       
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ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4          
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c\ntry4  ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,!       
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likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are   

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cov]s4  ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy (   
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ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4  ,a lib]al disc\nt 
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subjects1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$1 =    
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99       99       99       99       99  
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bus9ess !y h _h =ty-five ye>s' exp]i5ce1
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