Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Biology / Scientific American Supplement No. 819 / Braille

Scientific American Supplement No. 819 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

225,414 braille cells · 240 embossed pages at 40×25 · 405 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠑⠟⠥⠁⠇⠇⠽⠀⠑⠇⠁⠎⠞⠊⠉⠂⠀⠁⠎⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀⠃⠑⠑⠝⠀⠎⠥⠃⠍⠊⠞⠞⠑⠙⠀
⠞⠕⠀⠏⠗⠕⠕⠋⠀⠃⠽⠀⠊⠝⠎⠞⠗⠥⠍⠑⠝⠞⠎⠀⠍⠁⠙⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠧⠁⠗⠊⠕⠥⠎⠀
⠍⠁⠞⠑⠗⠊⠁⠇⠎⠂⠀⠊⠝⠉⠇⠥⠙⠊⠝⠛⠀⠏⠁⠏⠑⠗⠲⠀⠠⠊⠀⠉⠕⠝⠎⠊⠙⠑⠗⠀
⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀⠃⠑⠑⠝⠀⠎⠥⠋⠋⠊⠉⠊⠑⠝⠞⠇⠽⠀⠙⠑⠍⠕⠝⠎⠞⠗⠁⠞⠑⠙⠀
⠃⠽⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠊⠝⠙⠑⠏⠑⠝⠙⠑⠝⠞⠀⠑⠭⠏⠑⠗⠊⠍⠑⠝⠞⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠠⠍⠗⠲⠀
⠠⠃⠇⠁⠊⠅⠇⠑⠽⠂⠀⠕⠋⠀⠠⠇⠕⠝⠙⠕⠝⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠠⠍⠗⠲⠀⠠⠧⠊⠉⠞⠕⠗⠀
⠠⠍⠁⠓⠊⠇⠇⠕⠝⠂⠀⠕⠋⠀⠠⠃⠗⠥⠎⠎⠑⠇⠎⠲⠀⠠⠃⠥⠞⠀⠺⠑⠀⠍⠥⠎⠞⠀
⠎⠞⠊⠇⠇⠀⠁⠇⠇⠕⠺⠀⠠⠍⠗⠲⠀⠠⠗⠊⠉⠓⠁⠗⠙⠀⠠⠎⠓⠑⠏⠓⠑⠗⠙⠀
⠠⠗⠕⠉⠅⠎⠞⠗⠕⠄⠎⠀⠏⠇⠑⠁⠂⠀⠉⠇⠑⠁⠗⠇⠽⠀⠎⠑⠞⠀⠋⠕⠗⠞⠓⠀⠊⠝⠀⠁
⠀⠗⠑⠉⠑⠝⠞⠇⠽⠀⠏⠥⠃⠇⠊⠎⠓⠑⠙⠀⠞⠗⠑⠁⠞⠊⠎⠑⠀⠕⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠋⠇⠥⠞⠑⠂⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠝⠁⠞⠥⠗⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠎⠥⠃⠎⠞⠁⠝⠉⠑
⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠞⠥⠃⠑⠂⠀⠃⠽⠀⠗⠑⠉⠊⠏⠗⠕⠉⠊⠞⠽⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠧⠊⠃⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠑⠭⠑⠗⠉⠊⠎⠑⠀⠎⠕⠍⠑⠀⠊⠝⠋⠇⠥⠑⠝⠉⠑⠂⠀
⠁⠇⠞⠓⠕⠥⠛⠓⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀⠎⠕⠀⠛⠗⠑⠁⠞⠀⠁⠎⠀⠍⠊⠛⠓⠞⠀⠓⠁⠧⠑⠀⠃⠑⠑⠝
⠀⠑⠭⠏⠑⠉⠞⠑⠙⠂⠀⠕⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠟⠥⠁⠇⠊⠞⠽⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠞⠕⠝⠑⠲⠀
⠠⠃⠥⠞⠀⠠⠊⠀⠉⠕⠝⠎⠊⠙⠑⠗⠀⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠊⠝⠋⠇⠥⠑⠝⠉⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀
⠁⠇⠗⠑⠁⠙⠽⠀⠁⠉⠅⠝⠕⠺⠇⠑⠙⠛⠑⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀⠍⠽⠀⠗⠑⠋⠑⠗⠑⠝⠉⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀
⠑⠟⠥⠁⠇⠊⠞⠽⠀⠕⠋⠀⠑⠇⠁⠎⠞⠊⠉⠊⠞⠽⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠎⠊⠙⠑⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠞⠥⠃⠑⠲⠀⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠇⠥⠞⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠁⠝⠀⠊⠝⠎⠞⠗⠥⠍⠑⠝⠞⠀
⠕⠋⠀⠑⠍⠃⠕⠥⠉⠓⠥⠗⠑⠤⠤⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠎⠁⠽⠂⠀⠕⠝⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀
⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠁⠀⠎⠞⠗⠑⠁⠍⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠊⠗⠀⠊⠎⠀⠙⠗⠊⠧⠑⠝⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠞⠓⠑
⠀⠏⠇⠁⠽⠑⠗⠄⠎⠀⠇⠊⠏⠎⠀⠁⠛⠁⠊⠝⠎⠞⠀⠁⠝⠀⠑⠙⠛⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠃⠇⠕⠺⠀⠓⠕⠇⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠏⠗⠕⠙⠥⠉⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠎⠕⠥⠝⠙⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠕⠃⠕⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠃⠁⠎⠎⠕⠕⠝⠀⠓⠁⠧⠑⠀⠙⠕⠥⠃⠇⠑⠀⠗⠑⠑⠙⠎⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠇⠁⠗⠊⠝⠑⠞⠀⠁⠀⠎⠊⠝⠛⠇⠑⠀⠗⠑⠑⠙⠂⠀⠍⠁⠙⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.