Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Biology / Scientific American Supplement, No. 455, September 20, 1884 / Braille

Scientific American Supplement, No. 455, September 20, 1884 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 2 — contracted English braille (EBAE-compatible subset). Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 1 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

209,178 braille cells · 218 embossed pages at 40×25 · 2,015 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠹⠊⠎⠀⠀⠏⠕⠗⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠎⠥⠃⠚⠑⠉⠞⠀⠠⠊⠀⠩⠁⠇⠇⠂⠀⠓⠪⠑⠧⠻⠂
⠀⠙⠑⠁⠇⠀⠍⠀⠋⠥⠇⠇⠽⠀⠱⠢⠀⠙⠊⠎⠉⠥⠎⠎⠬⠀⠀⠮⠀⠍⠻⠊⠞⠎⠀⠷⠀
⠇⠊⠛⠓⠞⠝⠬⠀⠏⠗⠕⠞⠑⠉⠞⠕⠗⠎⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠇⠊⠛⠓⠞⠝⠬⠀⠙⠊⠎⠡⠜⠛⠑⠎
⠀⠙⠀⠝⠀⠞⠁⠅⠑⠀⠏⠇⠁⠉⠑⠀⠃⠑⠞⠺⠑⠢⠀⠉⠇⠳⠙⠀⠯⠀⠑⠜⠹⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠂⠀
⠃⠀⠀⠁⠇⠎⠕⠂⠀⠯⠀⠏⠻⠓⠁⠏⠎⠀⠍⠀⠋⠗⠑⠟⠥⠢⠞⠇⠽⠂⠀⠃⠑⠞⠺⠑⠢⠀
⠞⠕⠕⠀⠕⠏⠏⠕⠎⠊⠞⠑⠇⠽⠀⠡⠜⠛⠫⠀⠉⠇⠳⠙⠎⠲⠀⠀⠠⠺⠑⠀⠮⠝⠀⠛⠑⠞⠀
⠁⠞⠍⠕⠎⠏⠓⠻⠊⠉⠀⠇⠊⠛⠓⠞⠝⠬⠂⠀⠮⠀⠋⠇⠁⠩⠀⠷⠞⠢⠀⠑⠭⠞⠢⠙⠬⠀⠿⠀
⠍⠊⠇⠑⠎⠲⠀⠀⠠⠹⠊⠎⠀⠿⠍⠀⠷⠀⠇⠊⠛⠓⠞⠝⠬⠀⠊⠎⠀⠓⠜⠍⠇⠑⠎⠎⠂⠀⠯⠀
⠔⠀⠁⠇⠇⠀⠏⠗⠕⠃⠁⠃⠊⠇⠊⠞⠽⠀⠱⠁⠞⠀⠺⠑⠀⠎⠑⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠁⠀
⠗⠑⠋⠇⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠙⠊⠎⠡⠜⠛⠑⠲⠀⠠⠮⠀⠷⠞⠤⠞⠕⠇⠙⠀⠞⠁⠇⠑⠀
⠷⠀⠮⠀⠇⠊⠛⠓⠞⠝⠬⠀⠀⠋⠇⠽⠬⠀⠔⠀⠁⠞⠀⠮⠀⠺⠔⠙⠪⠂⠀⠁⠉⠗⠕⠎⠎⠀⠮⠀
⠗⠕⠕⠍⠂⠀⠯⠀⠕⠥⠞⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠙⠕⠕⠗⠂⠀⠕⠗⠀⠥⠏⠀⠮⠀⠀⠡⠊⠍⠝⠑⠽⠂⠀
⠊⠎⠀⠁⠇⠇⠀⠍⠕⠕⠝⠩⠔⠑⠂⠀⠯⠀⠃⠑⠿⠑⠀⠙⠑⠁⠇⠬⠀⠾⠀⠇⠊⠛⠓⠞⠝⠬⠀
⠏⠗⠕⠞⠑⠉⠞⠕⠗⠎⠀⠠⠊⠀⠀⠊⠝⠞⠢⠙⠀⠞⠕⠀⠑⠭⠏⠕⠎⠑⠀⠐⠎⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀
⠋⠁⠇⠇⠁⠉⠊⠑⠎⠀⠉⠕⠝⠉⠻⠝⠬⠀⠇⠊⠛⠓⠞⠝⠬⠲⠀⠠⠶⠀⠮⠀⠀⠙⠊⠎⠡⠜⠛⠑
⠀⠞⠕⠀⠏⠁⠎⠎⠀⠹⠗⠳⠛⠓⠀⠁⠀⠓⠳⠎⠑⠂⠀⠭⠀⠺⠳⠇⠙⠀⠊⠝⠋⠁⠇⠇⠊⠃⠇⠽
⠀⠇⠑⠁⠧⠑⠀⠍⠀⠙⠑⠉⠊⠙⠫⠀⠀⠞⠗⠁⠉⠑⠎⠀⠯⠀⠙⠀⠍⠀⠙⠁⠍⠁⠛⠑⠀⠹⠁⠝
⠀⠎⠊⠍⠏⠇⠽⠀⠎⠉⠜⠬⠀⠁⠀⠎⠥⠏⠻⠌⠊⠞⠊⠳⠎⠀⠕⠇⠙⠀⠇⠁⠙⠽⠀⠝⠪⠀⠀⠯
⠀⠁⠛⠁⠔⠲⠀⠠⠸⠍⠀⠏⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠷⠞⠢⠀⠯⠀⠥⠝⠝⠑⠉⠑⠎⠎⠜⠊⠇⠽⠀
⠋⠗⠊⠛⠓⠞⠢⠫⠀⠙⠥⠗⠬⠀⠁⠀⠀⠹⠥⠝⠙⠻⠌⠕⠗⠍⠂⠀⠃⠀⠭⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠃⠑⠀
⠎⠁⠋⠑⠇⠽⠀⠏⠗⠫⠊⠉⠞⠫⠀⠞⠀⠁⠀⠏⠻⠎⠕⠝⠀⠐⠥⠀⠁⠀⠗⠕⠷⠀⠊⠎⠀⠀
⠊⠝⠋⠔⠊⠞⠑⠇⠽⠀⠎⠁⠋⠻⠀⠹⠁⠝⠀⠐⠕⠀⠱⠕⠀⠊⠎⠀⠌⠯⠬⠀⠁⠇⠕⠝⠑⠀⠕⠝
⠀⠇⠑⠧⠑⠇⠀⠛⠗⠳⠝⠙⠂⠀⠯⠀⠀⠍⠁⠅⠬⠀⠓⠊⠍⠎⠑⠇⠋⠀⠁⠀⠏⠗⠕⠍⠔⠢⠉⠑
⠀⠊⠝⠧⠊⠞⠬⠀⠁⠀⠙⠊⠎⠡⠜⠛⠑⠲⠀⠠⠗⠁⠔⠀⠁⠇⠍⠕⠌⠀⠊⠝⠧⠜⠊⠁⠃⠇⠽⠀
⠁⠉⠉⠕⠍⠏⠁⠝⠊⠑⠎⠀⠮⠀⠙⠊⠎⠡⠜⠛⠑⠂⠀⠯⠀⠮⠀⠗⠕⠷⠀⠯⠀⠎⠊⠙⠑⠎⠀⠷

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.