,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #dee ,,new ,,york1 ,,septemb] #bj1 #ahhd ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 ,no4 #dee4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,metallurgy4--,gallis91 an ,unf]m5table ,sub/ance 9 ,/>* ,sug>4 ,! ,comb9+ ,weights1 ,volumes1 & ,specific ,gravities ( ,elem5ts & ,comp\nds4 ,analysis ( ,z9c ,a% & ,calc9$ ,pyrites by ,means ( ,ammonium ,c>bonate4 ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,petroleum z a ,fuel 9 ,locomotive ,eng9es4--,by ,,?omas ,,urquh>t4--,spray injector4--,driv+ locomotives4--,/orage ( petroleum4 ,improv$ ,gas ,light ,buoy4--#b figures4 ,project = a ,road/ead at ,havre4--,) map & views ( diff]5t breakwat]s4 ,improv$ ,cat* ,bas94--#b figures4 ,wat] ,p[] ) ,high ,pressures & ,wr\ght ,iron ,wat] ,pipe4--,by ,,hamilton ,,smi?1 ,,jr4--,me?ods ( conduct+ wat] & transmitt+ p[]4--,texas ,creek pipe & aqu$uct4--#d figures4 ,p>a*ute ,hydraulic ,motor4 ,improv$ ,%aft+ ,la!4--#a figure4 ,p[] ,/raight5+ ,ma*9e4--#a figure4 ,hydraulic ,m9+ 9 ,cali=nia4--,by ,,geo4 ,o',,bri54 ,,iii4 ,,te*nology4--,em]ald ,gre53 ,its ,prop]ties & ,manufacture4--,use 9 wall pap]4--,,rob]t ,,gall[ay4 ,*>coal ,kilns4--,extra yield4--#b figures4 ,,iv4 ,,ar*itecture--,entrance1 ,tidd+ton ,h\se1 ,oxon4--,an engrav+4 ,v4 ,,electricity1 ,,light1 ,,heat4 ,,etc4--,! ,temp]ature ( ! ,e>? z %[n by ,deep ,m9es4 ,new ,arrangem5t ( ! ,bi*romate ( ,pota% ,pile4--#c figures4 ,! ,di/ribution ( ,electricity by ,induction4--#a figure4 ,electricity ,appli$ to ! /udy ( ,seismic ,movem5ts4--,app>atus = ! /udy ( horizontal & v]tical seismic movem5ts1 etc4--#h figures4 ,new ,accumulators4--#c figures4 ,indu/rial ,model ( ! ,reyni] ,z9c ,accumulator4 ,! ,hi/ory ( a ,lightn+ ,fla%4--,by ,w4 ,,sl+o4 ,rese>*es on ,magnetism4 ,,vi4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,! ,giraffe4--,) engrav+4 ,,vii4 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,! ,treatm5t ( ,*ol]a--,by ,dr4 ,h4,a4 ,,rawl9s4 ,temp]ature4 ,moi/ure1 & ,pressure1 9 _! ,relations to ,heal?4--,london dea?s "u #a ye> 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & "p ( ,septemb]4 ,consumption ,spread by ,*ick5s4 ,new ,me?od ( ,r$uc+ ,fev]4 ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,! ,cr[n ,diamonds ( ,france at ! ,exhibition ( ,indu/rial ,arts4 ,a ,new ,mode ( ,te/+ ! ,economy ( ! ,exp5ses ( ,managem5t 9 ,life ,insurance4--,by ,,walt] ,c4 ,,wright4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,giraffe4 ,! spirit$ view h]e) pres5t$1 repres5t+ ! ,fall ( ! ,giraffe be=e ! rifle ( a sportsman1 we take f ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,hunt+ ! giraffe has long be5 a favorite sport among ! m adv5tur\s ( ,briti% sportsm51 its natural range be+ all ! wood$ p>ts ( ea/]n1 c5tral1 & s\!rn ,africa1 ?\gh ( late ye>s x has be5 greatly ?9n$ out be=e ! settlem5ts advanc+ f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,giraffe4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is s+ul> animal are 9 "s p>ticul>s ^? ( ! camel1 ! ox1 & ! antelope4 ,its eyes are beautiful1 extremely l>ge1 & s plac$ t ! animal c see mu* ( :at is pass+ on all sides1 & ev5 beh9d x1 s t x is approa*$ ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,! animal :5 full gr[n atta9s sometimes a height ( fifte5 to sev5te5 feet4 ,x fe$s on ! leaves & twigs ( trees pr9cipally1 its imm5se l5g? ( legs & height at ! )]s r5d]+ x difficult = ! animal to graze on an ev5 surface4 ,x is n easily ov]tak5 except by a swift horse1 b :5 surpris$ or run d[n x c def5d itself ) consid]able vigor by kick+1 ?us1 x is said1 (t5 tir+ out & beat+ (f ! lion4 ,x 0 =m]ly almo/ univ]sally believ$ t ! =e legs 7 long] ?an ! h9d] ones1 b 9 fact ! h9d legs are ! long] by ab\t "o in*1 ! error hav+ be5 caus$ by ! great developm5t & height ( ! )]s1 to give a prop] base to ! long neck & t[]+ head4 ,! color v>ies a good deal1 ! head be+ g5]ally a r$di% br[n1 & ! neck1 back1 & sides m>k$ ) tessellat$1 ru/ color$ spots ) n>r[ :ite divisions4 ,_m specim5s h be5 br\ght to ?is c\ntry1 ! animal be+ extremely docile 9 conf9em5t1 fe$+ f ! h&1 & be+ v fri5dly to ^? :o are k9d to x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an exp]im5t has be5 made 9 ,vi5na :i* proves t ev5 ) inc&esc5t lights special precautions mu/ be tak5 to avoid any risk ( fire4 ,a lamp hav+ be5 envelop$ ) pap] & light$ by a curr5t1 ! heat g5]at$ 0 suffici5t to set fire to ! pap]1 :i* burnt out & caus$ ! lamp to explode4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,deep ,,m9es4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 obs]vations on ! temp]ature ( ! e>?1 z %[n by deep m9es1 7 pres5t$ by ,messrs4 ,hamilton ,smi?1 ,jr41 & ,edw>d ,b ,dorsey4 ,mr4 ,smi? said t ! temp]ature ( ! e>? v>ies v greatly at diff]5t localities & 9 diff]5t geological =mations4 ,!re are decid$ exceptions to ! g5]al law t ! temp]ature increas$ ) ! dep?4 ,at ! ,new ,almad5 quicksilv] m9e1 9 ,cali=nia1 at a dep? ( ab\t #fjj feet ! temp]ature 0 v high--"s #aae degrees2 b 9 ! deepe/ "p ( ! same m9e1 #a1hjj feet bel[ ! surface & #ejj feet bel[ sea level1 ! temp]ature is v pleasant1 probably less ?an #hj degrees4 ,at ! ,eureka m9es1 9 ,cali=nia1 ! air #a1bjj feet bel[ ! surface appe>s ne>ly z cool z #ajj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! normal temp]ature ( ! e>? at a dep? ( #ej or #fj feet is probably ne> ! mean annual temp]ature ( ! air at ! p>ticul> place4 ,at ! ,com/ock m9es1 "s ye>s s9ce1 ! m9]s c\ld rema9 b a few mom5ts at a "t1 on acc\nt ( ! heat4 ,ice wat] 0 giv5 !m z an exp]im5t2 x produc$ no ill effects1 b ! m5 work$ to mu* bett] advantage2 & s9ce t "t1 ice wat] is furni%$ 9 all ^! m9es1 & drunk ) app>5tly no bad results4 ,mr4 ,e4,b4 ,dorsey said t ! m9es on ! ,com/ock ve91 ,nevada1 7 exceptionally hot4 ,at dep?s ( f #a1ejj to #b1jjj feet1 ! !rmomet] plac$ 9 a fre%ly drill$ hole w %[ #acj degrees4 ,v l>ge bodies ( wat] h run = ye>s at #aee degrees1 & small] bodies at #agj degrees4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air is kept d[n to #aaj degrees by =c+ 9 fre% air cool$ ov] ice4 ,capta9 ,:eel]1 ,u4,s4 ,eng9e]s1 e/imat$ ! heat extract$ annually f ! ,com/ock by means ( ! wat] pump$ out & cold air =c$ 91 z equal to t g5]at$ by ! combu/ion ( #ee1efj tons ( an?racite coal or #ig1gjj cords ( wood4 ,obs]vations 7 !n giv5 ^u temp]ature at e #ajj feet 9 ! ,=man %aft ( ! ,ov]man m9e1 runn+ f #ec degrees at a dep? ( #ajj feet to #aba4b degrees at a dep? ( #b1cjj feet4 ,! temp]ature increas$3 #ajj to #a1jjj feet deep1 increase #a degree 9 #bi feet4 #ajj to #a1hjj feet deep1 increase #a degree 9 #cj4e feet4 #ajj to #b1cjj feet deep1 increase #a degree 9 #cb4c feet4 ,a table 0 pres5t$ giv+ ! temp]atures ( a l>ge numb] ( deep m9es1 tunnels1 & artesian wells4 ,! two coole/ m9es or tunnels are 9 lime/one1 namely1 ,*an>cillo m9es & ,mont ,c5is tunnel2 & ! two hotte/ are 9 tra*yte & ! coal measures1 namely1 ! ,com/ock m9es 9 tra*yte & ! ,s\? ,balgray 9 ! coal measures4 ,mr4 ,dorsey consid]$ t exp]i5ce %[$ t lime/one 0 ! coole/ =mation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gallis91 ,,an ,,unf]m5table ,,sub/ance ,,9 ,,/>* ,,sug>4 ,c4 ,s*mitt & ,a4 ,cobl5zl h made a c>eful inve/igation ( ! unf]m5table sub/ances f\nd 9 comm]cial />* sug>s1 & h succe$$ 9 isolat+ a def9ite comp\nd1 to :i* !y give ! "n gallis94 ,! me?od ( sep>ation & purification :i* !y made use ( is z foll[s3 #e kilogrammes ( comm]cial />* sug> 7 all[$ to f]m5t4 ,at a temp]ature ( #ah-bj ,c4 & ) a solution conta9+ #bj p] c5t4 ! f]m5tation 0 complete 9 five to six days4 ,x 0 filt]$2 ! p]fectly cle>1 almo/ colorless1 liquid evaporat$ z f> z possible on ! wat]-ba?1 & ! sirup :ile /ill w>m br\ght into a good-siz$ flask4 ,! sirup 0 !n well %ak5 ) a l>ge excess ( absolute alcohol1 :5 x became visc\s1 b did n mix ) ! alcohol4 ,! latt] 0 p\r$ (f1 replac$ by fre% alcohol1 & aga9 %ak54 ,:5 ?is %ak+ ) alcohol has be5 repeat$ sev]al times1 ! sirup is f9ally *ang$ to a yell[i%-gray mass4 ,?is is n[ br\ght into a l>ge mort>1 & rubb$ up "u a mixture ( alcohol & e!r4 ,aft] "s "t ! :ole mass is trans=m$ into a gray p[d]4 ,x is quickly filt]$ (f ) ! aid ( an aspirator1 wa%$ ) alcohol & !n ) e!r1 & br\ght "u a desiccator ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,9 ord] to purify ! sub/ance1 x is dissolv$ 9 wat] & treat$ ) bone-black4 ,! solution is !n evaporat$ to a sirup1 & ?is p\r$ into a mixture ( equal p>ts ( anhydr\s alcohol & e!r4 ,9 ?is way ! new comp\nd is obta9$ z a v f9e1 pure :ite p[d] :i* rapidly settles4 ,x has mu* ! appe>ance ( />*4 ,"u ! microscope x is p]fectly amorph\s4 ,9 ! air x deliquesces mu* m rapidly ?an ignit$ calcium *loride4 ,treat$ ) dilute m9]al acids or oxalic acid on ! wat]-ba? gallis9 is trans=m$ into dextrose4 ,x does n f]m5t :5 treat$ 9 wat] solution ) fre% yea/4 ,! analyses l$ to ! =mula ,c#ab;,h#bd,o#aj4 ,:5 treat$ "u pressure ) ?ree times its weight ( acetic anhydride at #acj-adj x dissolves p]fectly4 ,f ! solution a product 0 sep>at$ :i* on analysis gave results agree+ ) ! =mula ,c#ab;,h#ah,o#aj7;,c#b;,h#c,o7#f4 ,! sub/ance appe>s !re=e to be hexacetylgallis94 ,physiological exp]im5ts on l[] animals & human be+s demon/rat$ cle>ly t gallis9 has nei!r directly nor indirectly any injuri\s effect on ! heal?4--,b]i*te d] ,deuts*5 ,*emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #ag1 #ajjj2 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,j\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,comb9+ ,,weights1 ,,volumes1 ,,& ,,specific ,,gravities ,,( ,,elem5ts ,,& ,,comp\nds4 ,"u ! title ( ,figures ,wor? ,/udy+1 ,mr4 ,william ,f>m]1 ( ,new ,york1 read a pap] be=e a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,gas ,light+1 f :i* ! ,am]ican ,gas ,light ,j\rnal gives ! foll[+3 ,i h prep>$ ! foll[+ table1 :i* conta9s "s ( ! elem5ts & comp\nds1 ) _! comb9+ weights1 volumes1 & specific gravities4 ,:5 ! comb9+ weight ( any ( ^! elem5ts & comp\nds is tak5 9 p\nds1 !n ! gas or vapor !refrom w always occupy ab\t #cgg4jg cubic feet ( space1 at #fj ,fahr4 & #cj in*es b>omet]4 ,if we divide ?is con/ant #cgg4jg by ! comb9+ weight ( any ( ! sub/ances1 !n ! quoti5t w be ! numb] ( cubic feet p] p\nd ( ! same4 ,if we divide ! comb9+ weight ( any ( ! sub/ances giv5 9 ! table by #b1 !n ! quoti5t w give ! d5sity ( ! same1 z comp>$ ) hydrog54 ,if we divide ! comb9+ weight ( any ( ! sub/ances by ! con/ant #bh4hg1 !n ! quoti5t w be ! specific gravity ( ! gas or vapor !refrom1 z comp>$ ) air4 ,all ! calculations are bas$ on ! atomic weights :i* are n[ g5]ally adopt$ by ! majority ( *emi/s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,cub4 ,ft4 p] ,combi- ,cub4 ,ft4 ,combi- ,specific n+ p] n+ ,gravity ,weight4 ,p\nd4 ,weight4 ,air #a4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,hydrog5 7,h#b7 #b4jj #ahh4ec #cgg4jg #j4jfib ,c>bon vap\r 7,c#b7 #bc4id #ae4ge #cgg4jg #j4hbib ,nitrog5 7,n#b7 #bh4jf #ac4dc #cgg4jg #j4igai ,oxyg5 7,o#b7 #ca4ib #aa4ha #cgg4jg #a4ajef ,*lor9e 7,cl#b7 #ga4jj #e4ca #cgg4jg #b4deic ,brom9e 7,br#b7 #afj4jj #b4ce #cgg4jg #e4edbj ,fl\r9e 7,f#b7 #ch4jj #i4ib #cgg4jg #a4cafb ,iod9e 7,i#b7 #bec4bj #a4dh #cgg4jg #h4ggjc ,sulphur 7,s#b7 #fc4if #e4hi #cgg4jg #b4baed ,phosphorus 7,p#d7 #abc4hd #c4jd #cgg4jg #d4bhie ,c>bonic oxide 7,,co7 #bg4jc #ac4ej #cgg4jg #j4ifgd ,c>bonic acid 7,,co#b7 #dh4hi #h4ei #cgg4jg #a4ebjb ,wat] vap\r 7,h#b,o7 #ag4jf #bj4ii #cgg4jg #j4fbba ,hydrog5 sulphide 7,h#b,s7 #cc4jh #aa4ji #cgg4jg #a4aggj ,ammonia 7,h#b,n7 #ag4jc #bb4ad #cgg4jg #j4ehih ,sulphur\s oxide 7,,s#b7 #fc4ij #e4ij #cgg4jg #b4bacc ,sulphuric oxide 7,,s#c7 #gi4hf #d4gb #cgg4jg #b4gffb ,cyanog5 7,c#b,n#b7 #eb4jj #g4be #cgg4jg #a4hjaa ,bisulphide ( c>bon 7,,cs#b7 #ge4ic #d4if #cgg4jg #b4fcjj ,e?yl alcohol 7,c#b;,h#f,o7 #de4ij #h4ba #cgg4jg #a4ehih ,e?yl e!r 7,c#d;,h#aj,o7 #gc4hd #e4aj #cgg4jg #b4eegf ,me?yl alcohol 7,,*#d,o7 #ca4ic #aa4ha #cgg4jg #a4ajei ,me?yl *loride 7,,*#c;,cl7 #ej4dg #g4dg #cgg4jg #a4gdhb ,c>bonyl *loride 7,c,o,cl#b7 #ih4ic #c4ha #cgg4jg #c4dbfg ,phosph9e gas 7,,ph#c7 #cc4if #aa4aj #cgg4jg #a4agfi ,hydro*loric acid 7,h,cl7 #cf4ej #aj4cc #cgg4jg #a4bfdb ,me?ane 7,,*#d7 #ae4ih #bf4fa #cgg4jg #j4eeca ,e?ane 7,c#b;,h#f7 #bi4id #ab4ej #cgg4jg #a4jcgj ,propane 7,c#c;,h#h7 #dc4ia #h4eh #cgg4jg #a4ebji ,butane 7,c#d;,h#aj7 #eg4hh #f4ea #cgg4jg #b4jjdh ,e!ne 7,c#b;,h#d7 #bg4id #ac4di #cgg4jg #j4ifgg ,prop5e 7,c#c;,h#f7 #da4ia #h4ii #cgg4jg #a4deaf ,but5e 7,c#d;,h#h7 #ee4hh #f4gd #cgg4jg #a4icee ,e?9e 7,c#b;,h#b7 #be4id #ad4ec #cgg4jg #j4hihe ,prop9e 7,c#c;,h#d7 #ci4ia #i4dd #cgg4jg #a4chbd ,but9e 7,c#d;,h#f7 #ec4hh #f4ih #cgg4jg #a4hffb ,qu9tone 7,c#e;,h#f7 #fe4he #e4gb #cgg4jg #b4bhji ,b5z5e 7,c#f;,h#f7 #gg4hb #d4hd #cgg4jg #b4fiee ,/yrol5e 7,c#h;,h#h7 #ajc4ge #c4fc #cgg4jg #c4eicf ,naphtal5e 7,c#aj;,h#h7 #abg4gj #b4ie #cgg4jg #d4dbcb ,turp5t9e 7,c#aj;,h#af7 #ace4gj #b4gg #cgg4jg #d4gjjc ,dry air #bh4hg #ac4jf -- #a4jjjj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,em]ald-,,gre53 ,,its ,,prop]ties ,,& ,,manufacture4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?is sub/ance is also kn[n by ! "n ,s*we9furt gre54 ,by ,,rob]t ,,gall[ay1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,! poison\s effects ( wall-pap] /a9$ ) em]ald-gre5 7aceto-ars5ite ( copp]7 appe>s to be a v favorite topic 9 _m j\rnals2 x is cont9ually reappe>+ 9 "o =m or ano!r 9 diff]5t publications1 especially m$ical ones2 !re has rec5tly appe>$ a %ort ref]5ce to x "u ! title1 ,! ,poison\s ,effect ( ,wall-pap]4 ,z "s ye>s ago ,i became practically acqua9t$ ) its prop]ties & manufacture1 a few obs]vations on ^! subjects may n be )\t int]e/4 ,9 ! p>agraph ref]r$ to1 x is /at$ t ! poison\s effect ( ?is pigm5t _c be entirely due to its m]e me*anical deta*m5t f ! pap]4 ,?is writ] !re=e attributes ! poison\s effects to ! =mation ( ! hydrog5 comp\nd ( ars5ic1 viz41 ars5iuret$ hydrog5 7,as,h#c72 ! hydrog51 = ! =mation ( ?is comp\nd1 be+ g5]at$1 ! writ] ?9ks probable1 by ! jo9t action ( moi/ure & organic matt]s1 viz41 ( sub/ances us$ 9 fix+ to walls pap]s impregnat$ ) ars5ic4 ,9 "s ( our *emical manuals1 ,dr4 ,kolbe's ,inorganic ,*emi/ry1 = example1 x is also /at$ t ars5iuret$ hydrog5 is =m$ by ! f]m5tation ( ! />*-pa/e employ$ = fa/5+ ! pap] to ! walls4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s t ! f]m5tation ( ! />*-pa/e mu/ cease aft] a "t1 & !re=e ! poison\s effects ( ! pap] mu/ likewise cease if its injuri\s effects are caus$ by ! f]m5tation4 ,i d n ?9k t ars5iuret$ hydrog5 c\ld be =m$ "u ! conditions1 = ! oxyg5 comp\nd ( ars5ic is 9 a /ate ( comb9ation1 & ! comp\nd is 9 a dry solid /ate & n 9 solution & ! aff9ities ( ! two elem5ts--ars5ic & hydrog5--= ea* o!r are s exce$+ly weak t !y _c be made to unite directly except !y are bo? set free at ! same mom5t 9 pres5ce ( ea* o!r4 ,fur!r1 = ! =mation ( ?is hydrog5 comp\nd by ! f]m5tation ( ! />*1 or by ! gr[? ( m9ute fungi1 ! entire comp\nd mu/ be brok5 up1 & !re=e ! pigm5t w\ld become discolor$2 b aceto-ars5ite ( copp] 7#c;,cu,as#b,o#d;,cu7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b7 is a v /able comp\nd1 n readily und]go+ decomposition1 & is consequ5tly a v p]man5t color4 ,x has also be5 n unfrequ5tly /at$ t ! injuri\s effects ( ?is pigm5t are due to ! ars5i\s oxide volatiliz+ f ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! comp\nd4 ,?is volatilization w\ld likewise cause a break+ up ( ! entire comp\nd1 & w\ld consequ5tly cause a discoloration ( ! pap]2 b ! volatilization ( ?is ars5ic comp\nd is 9 e respect mo/ improbable4 ,! injuri\s effects1 if any1 ( ?is pigm5t mu/ !re=e be due to its me*anical deta*m5t f ! pap]2 b has x ev] be5 conclusively prov$ t p]sons :o inhabit rooms ! wall-pap] ( :i* is /a9$ ) em]ald-gre5 suff] f ars5ical poison+8 ,if x does occur1 !n ! effects ( :at may be t]m$ homoeopa?ic doses ( ?is sub/ance are totally diff]5t f ! effects :i* arise f l>g] doses4 ,dur+ ! pack+ ( ?is sub/ance 9 its dry /ate 9 ! factory1 cl\ds ( its du/ asc5d 9 ! air1 & dur+ ! "t ,i _h to d ) its manufacture ,i nev] he>d t any ( ! factory h&s suff]$1 nor did ,i suff]1 f ars5ical poison+4 ,if !re is any abrasion ( ! sk9 ! du/ produces a sore1 & also ! delicate l9+ ( ! no/rils is apt to be affect$4 ,x is 9 ?is way x acts 9 l>ge doses2 ,i am !re=e v skeptical z to its suppos$ poison\s effects :5 wall-pap] is /a9$ ) x4 ,diff]5t me?ods are giv5 9 works on *emi/ry = ! manufacture ( ?is pigm5t1 b z !y d n agree 9 e respect ) ! me?od :i* 0 foll[$ 9 ,engli% color factories "s ye>s ago1 x w be z well1 = ! full elucidation ( ! manufacture ( ?is sub/ance1 to briefly recite "s ( ^! me?ods be=e describ+ ! "o t 01 & probably is /ill1 9 use2 & ,i w aft]w>d describe a me?od :i* ,i inv5t$1 & :i* is practically sup]ior to any o!r1 bo? 9 ! rapidity ) :i* ! color c be =m$1 & = produc+ x at a less co/4 ,x is /at$ 9 ,watts' ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry t x is prep>$ on a l>ge scale by mix+ ars5i\s acid ) cupric acetate & wat]4 ,five p>ts ( v]digris are made up to a ?9 pa/e1 & add$ to a boil+ solution ( #d p>ts or r m ( ars5i\s acid 9 #ej p>ts ( wat]4 ,! boil+ mu/ be well kept up1 o!rwise ! precipitate assumes a yell[-gre5 color1 f ! =mation ( copp] ars5ite2 9 t case acetic acid mu/ be add$1 & ! boil+ cont9u$ a few m9utes long]4 ,! precipitate !n becomes cry/all9e1 & acquires ! f9e gre5 color peculi> to ! aceto-ars5ite4 ,i d n "k f p]sonal k1 b ,i h always und]/ood t ! copp] salt employ$ 9 its manufacture 9 ,france is ! acetate4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt1 9 my op9ion1 = ! l>g] cry/all9e flakes 9 :i* x is obta9$ 9 ,france ?an c be produc$ by ! ,engli% me?od ( manufactur+ x4 ,cupric acetate is nev] employ$1 ,i believe1 9 ,engl&--! mu* *eap] copp] salt1 ! sulphate1 be+ always employ$4 ,9 ,mill]'s ,*emi/ry x is /at$ x may be obta9$ by boil+ solutions ( ars5i\s anhydride & cupric acetate1 & add+ to ! mixture an equal bulk ( cold wat]4 ,:y x %\ld be recomm5d$ to add cold wat]1 ,i am at a loss to und]/&4 ,9 ,drs4 ,roscoe & ,s*orlemm]'s l>ge "w on ,*emi/ry1 & 9 ! ,engli% edition ( ,wagn]'s ,h&book ( ,*emical ,te*nology1 edit$ by ,mr4 ,crookes1 ! process z describ$ by ,dr4 ,ehrmann 9 ! ,ann4 ,ph>m41 xii41 #ib1 is giv54 ,x is ?us /at$ 9 ,wagn]'s "w3 ,?is pigm5t is prep>$ by fir/ sep>ately dissolv+ equal p>ts by weight ( ars5i\s acid & neutral acetate ( copp] 9 boil+ wat]1 & next mix+ ^! solutions :ile boil+4 ,!re is imm$iately =m$ a floccul5t olive-gre5 color$ precipitate ( ars5ite ( copp]1 :ile ! sup]natant liquid conta9s free acetic acid4 ,aft] a :ile ! precipitate becomes gradually cry/all9e1 at ! same "t =m+ a beautiful gre5 pigm5t1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! liquid by filtration1 & aft] wa%+ & c>efully dry+ is ready = use4 ,! mode ( prep>+ ?is pigm5t on a l>ge scale 0 orig9ally devis$ by ,m4 ,braconnot1 z foll[s3 #ae kilos4 ( sulphate ( copp] are dissolv$ 9 ! smalle/ quantity ( boil+ wat]1 & mix$ ) a boil+ & conc5trat$ solution ( ars5ite ( soda or potassa1 s prep>$ z to conta9 #bj kilos4 ( ars5i\s acid4 ,!re is imm$iately =m$ a dirty gre5i%-color$ precipitate :i* is conv]t$ into ,s*we9furt gre5 by ! addition ( "s #ae lit]s ( conc5trat$ wood-v9eg>4 ,?is hav+ be5 done1 ! precipitate is imm$iately filt]$ (f & wa%$4 ,z ,i h already /at$1 ! copp] salt us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ?is pigm5t 9 ,engl& is ! sulphate1 & x is c>ri$ out pretty mu* accord+ to ,braconnot's me?od z describ$ by ,dr ,ehrmann2 b any "o w\ld inf]1 f read+ 8 description ( ! manufactur+ process1 t ! comp\nd1 aceto-ars5ite ( copp]1 0 =m$ almo/ imm$iately aft] ! addition ( ! acetic acid1 a high] or l[] atmosph]ic temp]ature hav+ no effect 9 ha/5+ or ret>d+ ! =mation4 ,fur!rmore1 x is n /at$ :e!r ! comp\nd =ms m readily 9 an acid or neutral solution1 or :e!r x c or _c be =m$ 9 a neutral "o2 n[ bo? ^! po9ts are important to notice 9 describ+ its manufacture4 ,z reg>ds ! =m] ,i %all notice x pres5tly1 &1 z f> z my k ext5ds1 ! pigm5t w n =m :5 ! solution is neutral4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann] 9 ! factory3 ,! requisite quantity ( sulphate ( copp] is plac$ 9 a l>ge wood5 vat1 & hot wat] add$ to dissolve x2 ! requisite quantity ( ars5ic 7ars5i\s anhydride7 & c>bonate ( soda1 ! latt] n 9 quantity q suffici5t to neutralize ! :ole ( ! sulphuric acid set free f ! sulphate ( copp] on ! precipitation ( ! copp] z ars5ite1 are plac$ 9 ano!r wood5 vessel2 wat] is !n add$1 & ! =mation ( ! ars5ite ( soda & its solution are aid$ by ! introduction ( /eam into ! liquid4 ,:5 complete solution has be5 effect$ ! ars5ic solution is run (f into ! vat conta9+ ! solution ( ! sulphate ( copp]1 ars5ite ( copp] be+ at once precipitat$4 ,! necess>y quantity ( acetic acid is aft]w>d add$4 ,9 w>m wea!r ! =mation ( ! aceto-ars5ite soon comm5ces aft] ! addition ( ! v9eg>2 b1 ev5 9 t case1 x takes a week or m to h ! :ole ( a big bat* ( ars5ite conv]t$ into ! aceto-ars5ite2 & p]fect conv]sion is necess>y1 z ! pres5ce ( a v m9ute quantity ( un*ang$ ars5ite l[]s v mu* ! price ( ! em]ald pigm5t1 & a by no means l>ge quantity r5d]s ! pigm5t unsalable1 ow+ to its dirty yell[i%-gre5 color4 ,9 cold wea!r a mu* long] "t is requir$ = its complete conv]sion2 ev5 at ! end ( a =tnight or ?ree weeks !re frequ5tly rema9s suffici5t unconv]t$ ars5ite to affect s]i\sly ! sell+ price ( ! color2 :5 ?is occurs ! manufactur] g5]ally removes ^! la/ traces by a mo/ wa/eful me?od viz1 by add+ a quantity ( free sulphuric acid4 ,! acid ( c\rse dissolves ! ars5ite1 b x dissolves 9 v mu* l>g] quantities ! aceto-ars5ite2 & ?is co/ly solution is n utiliz$1 b is run into ! factory sew]4 ,by my me?od ( manufactur+ x1 x c be produc$ 9 w9t] z well z 9 summ] 9 "o or two h\rs1 & ! quantity ( free acid requir$ = its =mation is r$uc$ to ! l[e/ am\nt4 ,i proce$ z foll[s3 ,aft] hav+ dissolv$ 9 hot wat] ! requisite quantity ( cupric sulphate1 ,i decompose "o-f\r? ( ?is salt by add+ j suffici5t ( a solution ( c>bonate ( soda to precipitate ! copp]1 9 t quantity ( ! sulphate1 z c>bonate4 ,i !n add j suffici5t acetic acid to conv]t ! c>bonate into acetate4 ,i h n[ got 9 solution-- #c;,cu,s,o#d ,cu7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b1 & ,i h to trans=m x into-- #c;,cu,as#b,o#d ,cu7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,x is at once se5 t ,i h got ! requisite quantity ( acetate =m$4 ,i next dissolve ! requisite quantity ( ars5i\s anhydride 9 an am\nt ( c>bonate ( soda r less ?an is suffici5t to neutralize ! acid 9 ! rema9+ cupric sulphate1 & ,i !n br+ ! solution to or ne> ! boil+-po9t by introduc+ /eam into x2 ! ars5ic is dissolv$ n 9 ! same vessel z ! copp] salt1 b 9 a sep>ate "o4 ,:5 ! ars5ic solution is fully heat$1 a small curr5t ( x is all[$ to fl[ into ! vat conta9+ ! copp] salts1 & brisk /irr+ is kept up 9 ! vat4 ,! em]ald gre5 is at once =m$2 b if !re %\ld be ! slighte/ =mation ( any ars5ite1 ! fl[ ( ! ars5ic solution is at once /opp$ until e trace ( ! ars5ite has be5 conv]t$2 ! ars5ic solution is !n all[$ to fl[ 9 aga91 ) ! same precautions z be=e2 9 ?is way a l>ge bat* ( em]ald-gre5 c he =m$ 9 "o or two h\rs1 )\t conta9+ ! slighte/ trace ( ! ars5ite4 ,i keep ! ars5ic solution ne> ! boil+-po9t dur+ ! :ole ( ! "t x is fl[+ into ! o!r vessel4 ,by v>y+ ! proportions ( wat] ,i c\ld ei!r make x co>se or f9e1 z ,i wi%$1 :i* is an important matt] to h complete control ov] 9 its manufacture4 ,two po9ts ( int]e/ occurr$ to me dur+ ! "t ,i 0 occupi$ ) ! rese>*1 :i* ,i _h n "t to complete2 "o 0 :e!r ! aceto-ars5ite c be =m$1 adopt+ ! old me?od = its =mation1 if !re is m ?an a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]2 f "s exp]im5ts ,i made 9 ?is direction ,i 0 incl9$ to ! op9ion x c\ld n4 ,i h already /at$ t em]ald-gre5 is soluble to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 acids1 & t x is =m$ 9 a m or less acid solution2 consequ5tly a v>y+ am\nt ( ! pigm5t is always lo/ by be+ dissolv$ 9 ! sup]natant liquid4 ,to prev5t to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is loss ,i precipitat$ ! copp] f x z ars5ite2 b ,i 0 n successful 9 ! few exp]im5ts ,i _h "t to make on ?is "p ( ! subject ( reconv]t+ ! copp] ars5ite ?us obta9$ into ! aceto-ars5ite by ! addition ( acetic acid4--,j\r4 ( ,sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,analysis ,,( ,,z9c ,,a% ,,& ,,calc9$ ,,pyrites ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,ammonium ,,c>bonate4 ,9 a rec5t issue ( ! ,*emik] ,zeitung ,dr4 ,kosmann has report$ an analytical me?od = ! exam9ation ( z9cif]\s products2 accord+ to ?is report1 ! a% & flue du/ produc$ by ! extraction ( z9c f its ore comprise3 #a4 ,z9c du/1 f ! di/illation ( z9c1 #b4 ,flue du/1 cond5s$ 9 *amb]s ( z9c furnaces ) ,kleemann's receiv]s1 #c4 ,z9c a%1 ( v>i\s assortm5ts1 f iron bla/ furnaces4 ,( ^!1 z9c du/ is ! only ready product :i* is1 z color or r$uc+ ag5t1 employ$ 9 analytical & te*nical processes4 ,its value1 :5 s]v+ ! latt] purpose1 is det]m9$ by ! p]c5tage ( f9ely divid$ metallic z9c & cadmium conta9$ !re92 ( equal r$uc+ p[] is cadmium1 g5]ally associat+ z9c2 injuri\s1 & !re=e uneffective1 are z9c oxide & oxides ( o!r metals1 also metallic lead4 ,flue du/1 cond5s$ 9 *amb]s ( z9c furnaces ) ,kleemann's receiv]s1 is employ$ ) z9c ores 9 ! extraction ( z9c1 & 9 small quantities z sub/itute = z9c :ite2 its comm]cial value is simil>ly e/imat$ z t ( z9c ores4 ,! v>i\s modifications ( z9cif]\s flue a%es f bla/ furnaces are an object = cont9ual dem&1 be+ bo? a valuable mat]ial = ! production ( z9c &1 9 its sup]ior qualities1 a desirable pigm5t4 ,9 ! reg5]ation ( z9c ! pres5ce ( =eign sub/ances is ( "s conc]n2 detrim5tal are lead1 sulphur1 & sulphuric acid 9 =m ( lead1 z9c1 & lime sulphate4 ,! *emico-te*nical analysis ( ^! products has until rec5tly be5 conf9$ to ! volumetric det]m9ation ( z9c by means ( sodium sulphide 7,s*affn]'s me?od74 ,b z a remnant ( sulphur1 z sulphuric acid1 9 roa/$ bl5de causes a mat]ial loss dur+ di/illation1 & o!rwise be+ induc$ to produce a z9c free ( lead1 ! e/imation ( sulphur1 sulphuric acid1 & lead became necess>y4 ,^! impurities are det]m9$ by well-kn[n me?ods2 sulphur is oxidiz$ & precipitat$ ) b>ium *loride1 lead by sulphuric acid & alcohol4 ,! exam9ation ( z9c du/1 :5 us$ = ! reg5]ation ( metal1 det]m9es ! quantity ( z9c resid5t !re91 & employ$ z r$uc+ ag5t1 ! quantity ( metal :i* causes ! g5]ation ( hydrog54 ,cadmium1 %[+ ! same deportm5t1 mu/ also be consid]$ z well z lead & ars5ic4 ,a mo/ complete & rapidly work+ me?od = ! exam9ation ( z9cif]\s products has orig9at$ ) ! application ( neutral ammonium c>bonate z solv5t4 ,a solution ( ?is prep>ation is made1 accord+ to ,h4 ,rose1 by dissolv+ #bcj grm4 comm]cial ammon c>bonate 9 #ahj c4c4 ammoniacal liquor ( #j4ib s4g41 &1 by addition ( wat]1 augm5t+ x to "o lit]4 ,?is solution dissolves ! metallic compon5ts1 _! oxides1 & basic z9c sulphate1 & transf]s cadmium & lead oxide1 also lead1 magnesium1 & lime sulphate1 into insoluble c>bonates4 ,iron & manganese1 :5 pres5t z protoxide1 are dissolv$2 ( iron sesquioxide b traces1 & ( cadmium oxide 9 /atu nasc5di a small portion ent] into solution4 ,! solution ( ammonium c>bonate conta9s 9 ea* #aj c4c4 #a grm4 ammonia1 :i* dissolves #a4e grm4 z9c4 ,! sample = exam9ation is moi/5$ ) wat] & mix$ ) an adequate volume ( ! solv5t1 is dige/$ at #ej-fj ,c4 until complete decomposition is effect$4 ,! heat+ ( ! liquid prev5ts ! solution ( iron1 manganese1 & cadmium4 ,! cont5t1 s$im5t & liquid1 is ?r[n on a filt] & wa%$ ) hot wat] to :i* a small quantity ( ! solv5t has be5 add$4 ,:5 ! solution conta9s iron & manganese1 x is sep>at$ by decantation f ! s$im5t & oxidiz$ ) brom9e 7accord+ to ! me?od ( ,nic-,wolff7 until a floccul5t precipitate ( iron sesquioxide & manganese dioxide becomes visible2 x is unit$ ) ! orig9al residue & filt]$4 ,! filtrate is dilut$ till x appe>s cl\dy1 boil$ to expel ammonia1 te/$ ) sodium sulphide ^u ! pres5ce ( z9c1 &1 :5 fre$ ( all z9c1 decant$4 ,! precipitate ( z9c c>bonate is filt]$1 exhau/$ ) wat]1 transf]r$ into z9c oxide by ignition1 & weigh$4 ,! gravimetric me?od c be sub/itut$ by ! volumetric by introduc+ a solution ( sodium sulphide ( kn[n /r5g? into ! ammoniacal filtrate4 ,on divid+ ! filt]$ liquid into v>i\s equal portions o!r sub/ances1 ars5ic & sulphuric acid1 c be det]m9$ f ! same sample4 ,= ?is purpose ! filtrate is conc5trat$2 divid$ into two equal portions1 "o ( :i* is acidifi$ & treat$ ) hydrog5 sulphide = ! det]m9ation ( ars5ic1 ! o!r is acidifi$ & us$ = ! e/imation ( sulphuric acid by means ( b>ium *loride4 ,! orig9al residue is dissolv$ 9 muriatic or acetic acid & filt]$4 ,! lead ( ! filt]$ liquid is ?r[n d[n by sulphuric acid1 & alcohol1 & cadmium1 aft] dissipation ( alcohol into gas1 precipitat$ by hydrog5 sulphide4 ,iron1 manganese1 alum9a1 & o!r sub/ances pres5t 9 ! solution are det]m9$ by kn[n me?ods4 ,x is manife/ t ! det]m9ation ( sub/ances--z9c1 lead1 & sulphuric acid--:i* are ( importance 9 te*nical analysis ( z9c a%1 c be execut$ by ?is me?od )9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,! application ( ammonium c>bonate z solv5t has ! advantage1 ov] ! application ( ammonia1 t x is a f> bett] solv5t1 t x decomposes insoluble basic sulphates1 & t ! rema9+ c>bonates are readily dissolv$ by acids4 ,! decomposition ( z9c du/ is accompani$ by a lively evolution ( gas2 x is !re=e necess>y to cont9ue ! dige/ion ( ! sample till no m hydrog5 is giv5 (f4 ,z9c du/ conta9s bo? metals & _! oxides1 & me?ods :i*1 f ! volume ( hydrog5 g5]at$1 det]m9e indirectly ! p]c5tage ( metallic z9c d n give ! real composition ( ! z9c du/4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( ! metallic compon5ts ! mat]ial is dige/$ ) a solution ( copp] sulphate1 :i* dissolves z9c & cadmium2 ! liquid is filt]$1 acidifi$1 & decompos$ ) hydrog5 sulphide1 or treat$ ) a solution ( ammonium c>bonate4 ,! use ( cupric *loride is n advisable1 z x corrodes lead1 & gives rise to ! =mation ( soluble *loride ( lead1 :i* complicates ! sep>ation ( z9c f cadmium4 ,! be/ mode ( op]ation is ! foll[+3 ,bo? copp] sulphate & z9c du/ are weigh$ sep>ately1 ! =m] is dissolv$ 9 wat] & ! latt] introduc$ into ! solution ( copp] sulphate 9 small portions until x appe>s colorless4 ,dur+ ! op]ation ! vessel is freely %ak51 lumps are comm9ut$ ) a glass rod1 & a few drops ( ! liquid are ultimately te/$ ) hydrog5 sulphide or ammonia4 ,! rema9d] ( z9c du/ is !n weigh$1 & its value d$uct$ f ! orig9al weight4 ,z9c & cadmium ( ! filtrate are det]m9$ z above4 ,on repeat+ ?is me?od sev]al times mo/ satisfactory results are obta9$4 ,ano!r mode ( op]at+ is to employ an excess ( copp] sulphate & to det]m9e ! copp] dissolv$ 9 ! filtrate4 ,! sep>ation ( copp] f cadmium be+ difficult & labori\s1 & ! volumetric e/imation ) potassium cyanide n practicable1 x is n prud5t to apply ?is me?od4 ,:5 calc9$ z9cif]\s pyrites h to be exam9$1 ! e/imation ( z9c is simil> to t employ$ 9 ! analysis ( z9c ore4 ,! sample is exhau/$ ) wat]1 filt]$1 &1 to elim9ate calcium sulphate & basic iron sulphate1 evaporat$ to dryness4 ,x is !n dissolv$ 9 a small quantity ( alcohol & wat]1 refilt]$1 & ! filtrate decompos$ ) ammonium c>bonate4 ,! orig9al residue is treat$ ) a solution ( ammonium c>bonate1 :i* dissolves ars5i\s acid & basic z9c sulphate1 filt]$1 & unit$ ) ! fir/ filtrate4 ,:5 iron & manganese are pres5t1 ! filtrates are treat$ ) brom9e4 ,! unit$ filtrates are boil$ or exam9$ volumetrically ) sodium sulphide4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,petroleum ,,z ,,fuel ,,9 ,,locomotive ,,eng9es4#b ,footnote #b3 ,ab/ract ( pap] read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,mr4 ,,?omas ,,urquh>t4 ,comp>+ naph?a refuse & an?racite1 ! =m] has a !oretical evaporative p[] ( #af4b lb4 ( wat] p] lb4 ( fuel1 & ! latt] ( #ab4b lb41 at a pressure ( #h atm4 or #abj lb4 p] squ>e in*2 h5ce petroleum has1 weight = weight1 #cc p] c5t4 high] evaporative value ?an an?racite4 ,n[ 9 locomotive practice a mean evaporation ( f #g lb4 to #g lb4 ( wat] p] lb4 ( an?racite is ab\t :at is g5]ally obta9$1 ?us giv+ ab\t #fj p] c5t4 effici5cy1 :ile #dj p] c5t4 ( ! heat+ p[] is unavoidably lo/4 ,b ) petroleum an evaporation ( #ab4be lb4 is practically obta9$1 giv+ #ab4be_/af4b #ge p] c5t4 effici5cy4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ place petroleum is !oretically #cc p] c5t4 sup]ior to an?racite 9 evaporative p[]2 & secondly1 its useful effect is #be p] c5t4 great]1 be+ #ge p]c5t4 in/ead ( #fj p]c5t42 :ile1 ?irdly1 weight = weight1 ! practical evaporative value ( petroleum mu/ be reckon$ z at lea/ f 7#ab4be - #g4ej7_/g4ej #fc p] c5t4 to 7#ab4be - #g4jj7_/g4jj #ge p] c5t4 high] ?an t ( an?racite4 ,spray injector4--,/eam n sup]heat$1 be+ ! mo/ conv5i5t = inject+ ! spray ( liquid fuel into ! furnace1 x rema9s to be prov$ h[ f> sup]heat$ /eam or compress$ air is really sup]ior to ord9>y saturat$ /eam1 tak5 f ! highe/ po9t inside ! boil] by a special int]nal pipe4 ,9 us+ sev]al sy/ems ( spray injectors = locomotives1 ! au?or inv>iably notic$ ! impossibility ( prev5t+ leakage ( tubes1 accumulation ( soot1 & inequality ( heat+ ( ! fire box4 ,! "w ( a locomotive boil] is v diff]5t f t ( a m>9e or /ation>y boil]1 ow+ to ! frequ5t *anges ( gradi5t on ! l9e1 & ! frequ5t /oppages at /ations4 ,^! conditions r5d] fir+ ) petroleum v difficult2 & 7 x n = ! "p play$ by prop]ly arrang$ brickwork inside ! fire box1 ! spray jet alone w\ld be q inadequate4 ,hi!rto ! ef=ts ( eng9e]s h be5 ma9ly direct$ t[>d arriv+ at ! be/ k9d ( spray injector1 = s m9utely subdivid+ a jet ( petroleum into a f9e spray1 by ! aid ( /eam or compress$ air1 z to r5d] x inflammable & ( easy ignition4 ,= ?is object ne>ly all ! kn[n spray injectors h v long & n>r[ orifices = petroleum z well z = /eam2 ! wid? ( ! orifices does n exce$ f mm4 to #b mm4 or #j4jb 94 to #j4jh 941 & 9 _m in/ances is capable ( adju/m5t4 ,) su* n>r[ orifices x is cle> t any small solid p>ticles :i* may f9d _! way into ! spray injector along ) ! petroleum w f\l ! nozzle & *eck ! fire4 ,h5ce 9 _m ( ! /eamboats on ! ,caspian ,sea1 al?\gh a s+le spray injector suffices = "o furnace1 two are us$1 9 ord] t :5 "o gets f\l$ ! o!r may /ill "w2 b1 ( c\rse1 ! f\l$ orifices require incessant clean+ out4 ,locomotives4--,9 arrang+ a locomotive = burn+ petroleum1 sev]al details are requir$ to be add$ 9 ord] to r5d] ! application conv5i5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 = gett+ up /eam to beg9 )1 a gas pipe ( #a in* int]nal diamet] is fix$ along ! outside ( ! boil]1 & at ab\t ! middle ( its l5g? x is fitt$ ) a ?ree-way cock hav+ a screw nipple & cap4 ,! front end ( ! longitud9al pipe is connect$ to ! bl[] 9 ! *imney1 & ! back end is atta*$ to ! spray injector4 ,!n by connect+ to ! nipple a pipe f a %unt+ locomotive "u /eam1 ! spray jet is imm$iately />t$ by ! borr[$ /eam1 by :i* at ! same "t a draught is also ma9ta9$ 9 ! *imney4 ,9 a fully equipp$ eng9e %$ ! borr[$ /eam w\ld be obta9$ f a fix$ boil] conv5i5tly plac$ & specially arrang$ = ! purpose ( rais+ /eam4 ,9 practice /eam c be rais$ f cold wat] to #c atm4 pressure--#de lb4 p] squ>e in*--9 tw5ty m9utes4 ,! use ( auxili>y /eam is !n disp5s$ )1 & ! spray jet is work$ by /eam f its own boil]2 a pressure ( #h atm4--#abj lb4--is ?us obta9$ 9 fifty to fifty-five m9utes f ! "t ! spray jet 0 fir/ />t$4 ,9 daily practice1 :5 x is only necess>y to raise /eam 9 boil]s already full ( hot wat]1 ! full pressure ( #g to #h atm4 is obta9$ 9 f tw5ty to tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,:ile exp]im5t+ ) liquid fuel = locomotives1 a sep>ate tank 0 plac$ on ! t5d] = c>ry+ ! petroleum1 hav+ a capacity ( ab\t #c tons4 ,b to h a sep>ate tank on ! t5d]1 ev5 ?\gh fix$ 9 place1 w\ld be a s\rce ( dang] f ! possibility ( its mov+ =w>d 9 case ( collision4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$1 z soon z petroleum fir+ 0 p]man5tly introduc$1 to place ! tank = fuel 9 ! t5d] betwe5 ! two side comp>tm5ts ( ! wat] tank1 utiliz+ ! orig9al coal space4 ,= a six-:eel$ locomotive ! capacity ( ! tank is #c-a_/b tons ( oil--a quantity suffici5t = #bej miles1 ) a tra9 ( #dhj tons gross exclusive ( eng9e & t5d]4 ,9 *>g+ ! t5d] tank ) petroleum1 x is ( great importance to h /ra9]s ( wire clo? 9 ! manhole ( two diff]5t me%es1 ! out] "o hav+ op5+s1 say1 ( #a_/d 941 ! inn]1 say #a_/h 942 ^! /ra9]s are occasionally tak5 out & clean$4 ,if c>e be tak5 to prev5t any solid p>ticles f ent]+ ) ! petroleum1 no f\l+ ( ! spray injector is likely to occur2 & ev5 if an ob/ruction %\ld arise1 ! ob/acle be+ ( small size c easily be bl[n ?r\gh by screw+ back ! /eam cone 9 ! spray injector f> en\gh to let ! solid p>ticles pass & be bl[n out into ! fire-box by ! /eam4 ,?is exp$i5t is easily resort$ to ev5 :5 runn+2 & no m inconv5i5ce arises ?an an extra puff ( d5se smoke = a mom5t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sudd5 admission ( too mu* fuel4 ,besides ! two /ra9]s 9 ! manhole ( ! petroleum tank on ! t5d]1 !re %\ld be ano!r /ra9] at ! outlet valve inside ! tank1 hav+ a me% ( #a_/c 94 holes4 ,driv+ locomotives4--,9 light+ up1 c]ta9 precise rules h to be foll[$1 9 ord] to prev5t explosion ( any gas t may h accumulat$ 9 ! fire box4 ,su* explosions d (t5 take place ?r\gh neglig5ce2 b !y am\nt simply to a puff ( gas1 driv+ smoke out ?r\gh ! a%-pan damp]s1 )\t any disagreeably l\d report4 ,?is is all prev5t$ by adh]+ to ! foll[+ simple rules3 ,fir/ cle> ! spray nozzle ( wat] by lett+ a small quantity ( /eam bl[ ?r\gh1 ) ! a%-pan doors op52 at ! same "t />t ! bl[] 9 ! *imney = a few seconds1 & ! gas1 if any1 w be imm$iately drawn up ! *imney4 ,next place on ! bottom ( ! combu/ion *amb] a piece ( cotton wa/e1 or a h&ful ( %av+s saturat$ ) petroleum & burn+ ) a flame4 ,!n by op5+ fir/ ! /eam valve ( ! spray injector1 & next ! petroleum valve g5tly1 ! v fir/ spray ( oil com+ on ! flam+ wa/e imm$iately ignites )\t any explosion :atev]2 aft] :i* ! quantity ( fuel c be increas$ at pleasure4 ,by look+ at ! top ( ! *imney1 ! supply ( petroleum c be regulat$ by obs]v+ ! smoke4 ,! g5]al rule is to all[ a transp>5t light smoke to escape1 ?us %[+ t nei!r too mu* air is be+ admitt$ nor too little4 ,! combu/ion is q "u ! control ( ! driv]1 & ! regulation c be s effect$ z to prev5t smoke altoge!r4 ,:ile runn+1 x is indisp5sable t ! driv] & fireman %\ld act toge!r1 ! latt] hav+ at 8 side ( ! eng9e ! f\r h&les = regulat+ ! fire1 namely1 ! /eam :eel & ! petroleum :eel = ! spray injector1 & ! two a%-pan door h&les 9 :i* !re are not*es = regulat+ ! air admission4 ,ea* alt]ation 9 ! position ( ! rev]s+ lev] or screw1 z well z 9 ! degree ( op5+ ( ! /eam regulator or ! bla/ pipe1 requires a correspond+ alt]ation ( ! fire4 ,g5]ally ! driv] g5]ally passes ! ^w :5 he int5ds %utt+ (f /eam1 s t ! alt]ation 9 ! fir+ c be effect$ be=e ! /eam is actually %ut (f2 & 9 ?is way ! regulation ( ! fire & t ( ! /eam are virtually done toge!r4 ,all ?is c>e is necess>y to prev5t smoke1 :i* is no?+ less ?an a wa/e ( fuel4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! tra9 arrives at ! top ( a bank1 :i* x has to g d[n ) ! brakes on1 exactly at ! mom5t ( ! driv] %utt+ (f ! /eam & %ift+ ! rev]s+ lev] into full =w>d ge>1 ! petroleum & /eam are %ut (f f ! spray injector1 ! a%-pan doors are clos$1 & if ! incl9e be a long "o1 ! revolv+ iron damp] ov] ! *imney top is mov$ into position1 clos+ ! *imney1 ?\gh n h]metically4 ,! accumulat$ heat is !reby reta9$ 9 ! fire-box2 & ! /eam ev5 rises 9 pressure1 f ! action ( ! accumulat$ heat alone4 ,z soon z ! tra9 rea*es ! bottom ( ! incl9e & /eam is aga9 requir$1 ! fir/ ?+ done is to uncov] ! *imney top2 !n ! /eam is turn$ on to ! spray injector1 & next a small quantity ( petroleum is admitt$1 b )\t op5+ ! a%-pan doors1 a small fire be+ r5d]$ possible by ! entrance ( air ar\nd ! spray injector1 z well z by possible leakage pa/ ! a%-pan doors4 ,! spray imm$iately com+ 9 contact ) ! hot *amb] ignites )\t any audible explosion2 & ! a%-pan doors are f9ally op5$1 :5 consid]able p[] is requir$1 or :5 ! air o!rwise admitt$ is n suffici5t to support complete combu/ion4 ,by look+ at ! fire ?r\gh ! sight hole x c always be se5 at night :e!r ! fire is :ite or dusky2 9 fact1 ) altoge!r inexp]i5c$ m5 x 0 f\nd t aft] a few trips !y c\ld become q exp]t 9 fir+ ) petroleum4 ,! bett] m5 contrive to burn less fuel ?an o!rs1 simply by great] c>e 9 att5d+ to all ! po9ts ess5tial to success4 ,at pres5t sev5ty-two locomotives are runn+ ) petroleum fir+2 t5 ( !m are pass5g] eng9es1 sev5te5 are eight-:eel c\pl$ goods eng9es1 & =ty-five are six-:eel c\pl$4 ,z might be expect$1 sev]al po9ts h aris5 :i* mu/ be dealt ) 9 ord] to insure success4 ,= in/ance1 ! di/ance r+ betwe5 ! plates ar\nd ! fir+ door is apt to leak1 9 consequ5ce ( ! int5se heat driv5 aga9/ x1 & ! abs5ce ( wat] circulation2 x is !re=e ei!r protect$ by hav+ ! brick ar* built up aga9/ x1 or1 bett] /ill1 x is tak5 out altoge!r :5 ! eng9es are 9 = repairs1 & a flange jo9t is sub/itut$1 simil> to :at is n[ us$ 9 ! eng9es ( ! ,london & ,nor?we/]n ,railway4 ,?is arrangem5t gives bett] results1 & occasions no tr\ble :atev]4 ,/orage ( petroleum4--,! l5g? ( l9e n[ work$ ) petroleum is f ,ts>its9 to ,burnack1 #bia miles4 ,!re is a ma9 iron res]voir = petroleum at ea* ( ! f\r eng9e %$s1 namely at ,ts>its91 ,ar*$a1 ,filon(f1 & ,borisoglebsk4 ,ea* res]voir is #ff ft4 int]nal diamet] & #bd ft4 high1 & :5 full holds ab\t #b1jej tons4 ,! me?od ( *>g+ ! res]voir1 :i* /&s a good way f ! l9e1 & is situat$ at a conv5i5t di/ance f all dwell+ h\ses & build+s1 is z foll[s3 ,on a sid+ specially prep>$ = ! purpose are plac$ t5 ci/]n c>s full ( oil1 ! capacity ( ea* be+ ab\t t5 tons4 ,f ea* ( ^! c>s a connection is made by a flexible ,india rubb] pipe to "o ( t5 /& pipes :i* project #a ft4 above ! gr\nd l9e4 ,p>allel ) ! rails is laid a ma9 pipe1 ) :i* ! t5 /& pipes are all connect$1 ?us =m+ "o g5]al suction ma94 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! l5g? ( ! ma91 :i* is laid und]gr\nd & cov]$ ) sawdu/ or o!r non-conduct+ mat]ial1 is fix$ a ,blake /eam pump4 ,z soon z all ! t5 connections are made ) ! ci/]n c>s1 ! pump is set to "w1 & 9 ab\t "o h\r ! :ole ( ! c>s are dis*>g$ into ! ma9 res]voir1 ! "t dep5d+ ( c\rse ^u ! capacity ( ! pump4 ,all ! pipes us$ are ( malleable iron1 lap-weld$1 & ( #e 94 int]nal diamet]1 hav+ screw$ c\pl+ muffs = mak+ ! connections4 ,at ea* eng9e %$1 9 addition to ! ma9 /orage res]voir1 !re is a small] di/ribut+ tank1 :i* is erect$ at a suffici5t height to supply ! t5d]s1 & v mu* resembles ! ord9>y wat] tanks4 ,^! di/ribut+ tanks are circul>1 ab\t #h ft4 diamet] & #f ft4 high1 & ( 94 plates2 _! inside mean area is calculat$ exactly1 & a scale graduat$ 9 in*es /&s 9 ! middle ( ! tank2 a glass ) scale is us$ outside 9 summ] "t4 ,ea* in* 9 height on ! scale is conv]t$ into cubic feet1 & !n by means ( a table is conv]t$ into ,russian poods1 accord+ to ! specific gravity at v>i\s temp]atures4 ,z x w\ld be sup]flu\s to graduate ! table = ea* sep>ate degree ( temp]ature1 ! columns 9 ! table %[ ! weights = e #h degrees ,reaumur1 :i* is q suffici5t3 namely1 f #bd deg4 to #ag deg41 f #af deg4 to #i deg41 & s on1 d[n to -#bd deg42 ! equival5t ,fahr5heit range be+ f #hf deg4 d[n to -#bb deg4 ,suppose ! fill+ ( a t5d] tank draws (f a height ( #bg 94 f ! di/ribut+ tank1 at a temp]ature ( say -#bj deg4 ,r41 ^! figures are %[n by ! table to correspond ) #bjj4fa poods #g1bde lb41 or #c4bc tons1 ( petroleum4 ,?is arrangem5t does v well 9 practice2 bo? ! quantity & ! temp]ature are ent]$ on ! driv]'s fuel bill at ! "t ( 8 tak+ 9 8 supply4 ,eng9es4--,! eng9es us$ 9 ! trials 7 built by ,borsig1 ( ,b]l91 ,s*neid]1 ( ,creusot1 & ! ,russian ,me*anical & ,m9+ ,company1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,_! ma9 dim5sions & weights 7 ab\t ! same1 z foll[s1 all ( !m hav+ six :eels c\pl$1 & #cf tons adhesive weight2 z orig9ally con/ruct$ !y _h ord9>y fire boxes = burn+ an?racite or wood2 cyl9d]s #ah-a_/h 94 diamet] & #bd 94 /roke2 slide valves1 outside lap #a-a_/af 941 inside lap #c_/cb 941 maximum travel1 #d-i_/af 942 ,/eph5son l9k motion2 boil] pressure1 #abj lb4 p] squ>e in*2 six :eels1 all c\pl$1 #d ft4 #c 94 9 diamet]2 di/ance betwe5 c5t]s ( lead+ & middle :eels1 #f ft4 #b-c_/d 942 betwe5 middle & trail+1 #d ft4 #i-a_/d 942 total l5g? ( :eel base1 #aa ft42 weight empty1 on lead+ :eels1 #ab4jda tons2 middle1 #aj4ghb tons2 trail+1 #aj4fhe tons2 total weight1 #cc4ejh tons empty2 weight 9 runn+ ord]1 on lead+ :eels1 #ab4efc tons2 middle1 #aa4hhe tons2 trail+ #ab4gij tons2 total weight1 #cg4bch tons 9 runn+ ord]4 ,tubes numb] #aea2 outside diamet]1 #b-a_/h 942 l5g? betwe5 tube plates1 #ac ft4 #aj-a_/h 942 outside heat+ surface1 #a1aff squ>e feet2 fire box heat+ surface1 #hb squ>e feet2 total heat+ surface1 #a1bdh squ>e feet2 fire grate area1 #ag squ>e feet2 tractive p[] #fe p] c5t4 ( boil] pressure 7cyl4 diam47 /roke _/ diamet] ( :eels #j4fe #abj 7#ah4abe7 #bd _/ #ea #e4chc tons4 ,ratio ( tractive p[] to adhesion weight #e4chc _/ #cg4bch #a _/ #f4i4 ,t5d]4--,cont5ts3 wat]1 #caj cubic feet1 or #a1icc gallons1 or #h tons2 an?racite1 #fjj poods1 or #aj tons2 or wood1 #a cubic saj5e1 or #ead cubic feet2 weight empty1 #ac4dgg tons2 weight 9 runn+ ord]1 #bh4ffe tons2 six :eels4 99 99 99 99 99 ,petroleum ,refuse--,comp>ative ,trials ) ,petroleum1 ,an?racite1 ,bitum9\s ,coal1 & ,wood1 betwe5 ,ar*$a & ,ts>its9 on ,grazi & ,ts>its9 ,railway1 9 ,w9t] ,"t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,l o ,tra9 ,consumption c alone4 ,includ+ ,date4 o ,light+ up4 #ahhc4 m --------- ,co/ o ,tra9,num- ,dis- ,c> ( ,atmosph]ic t b] ,grosstancemiles4 ,fuel4 ------------ fuel temp]ature i ( load4 run4 ,p] p] & v ,loa- ,total tra9 tra9 wea!r4 e d$ mile4 mile4 4 c>s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,no4 ,tons,miles ,p5ce4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #hcb-bc #be #djj #chh #i1gjj;,an?racite4 #cagii #ha4ijaa4ieg-ag to -#ah #cb-bc lb4 lb4 ,reau41 ,feb4 equiv4 to #h #bd-ba -#f to -#h #adbd-ba #be #djj #chh #i1gjj;,bitum9\s #cgeeg4eif4ecad4jic ,fah4 ,coal4 lb4 lb4 #gbf-bi #be #djj #aid #d1hcj,petroleum #idfb #dh4gg #e4dhg ,/rong refuse4 lb4 lb4 side w9d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #bdcb-bc #be #djj #aid #d1hej;,an?racite4#abfci4efe4ae #i4eab-e to -#i ,m>* lb4 lb4 ,reau41 #f #babd-ba #be #djj #aid #d1hej,wood1 9 #ajga4h #e4eb #h4e equiv4 to billets4 c4 ft4c4 ft #ba to #ab ,fah4 #bcbf-bg #be #djj #aid #d1hej,petroleum #gbbh #cg4bh #d4ahh ,light refuse4 lb4 lb4 side w9d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,prices ( fuel3 ,petroleum refuse1 #bas4 p] ton2 ,an?racite & bitum9\s coal1 #bgs4 #c;d4 p] ton2 ,wood1 9 billets1 #dbs4 p] cubic saj5e #cdc cubic feet2 equival5t to #a4dg;d4 p] cubic foot4 ,dim5sions ( locomotives3 ,cyl9d]s1 #ah #a_/h 94 diam4 & #bd 94 /roke2 ,:eels1 #d feet #c 94 diam42 ,total heat+ surface1 #a1bdh sq4 feet3 ,total adhesion weight1 #cf tons2 ,boil] pressure1 #h to #i atm4 ,! prec$+ table %[s ! results ( comp>ative trials made 9 w9t] ) diff]5t sorts ( fuel1 "u exactly simil> conditions z to type ( eng9e1 pr(ile ( l9e1 & load ( tra94 ,two sets ( comp>ative trials 7 made1 bo? ( !m 9 w9t]4 ,! ?ree eng9es us$ 7 "s ( ^? built by ,s*neid]4 ,9 comp>ison ) an?racite1 ! economy 9 favor ( petroleum refuse 0 #da p] c5t4 9 weight1 & #ee p] c5t4 9 co/4 ,) bitum9\s coal !re 0 a diff]5ce ( #di p] c5t4 9 favor ( petroleum z to weight & #fa p] c5t4 z to co/4 ,z comp>$ ) wood petroleum 0 #ej p] c5t4 *eap]4 ,at a spe$ ( f\rte5 miles an h\r up an incl9e ( #a 9 #abe ! /eam pressure 0 easily kept up at #i to #i atm4 ) a ,no4 #i injector fe$+ ! boil] all ! "t4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! au?or has alt]$ sev5ty-two locomotives to burn petroleum2 & f 8 own p]sonal obs]vations made on ! foot plate ) consid]able fro/ he is satisfi$ t no o!r fuel c comp>e ) petroleum ei!r = locomotives or = o!r purposes4 ,9 illu/ration ( its safety 9 case ( accid5t1 a photograph 0 exhibit$ ( an accid5t t occurr$ on ! au?or's l9e on #cj? ,decemb]1 #ahhc1 :5 a locomotive fir$ ) petroleum ran d[n ! side ( an embankm5t1 tak+ ! tra9 aft] x2 no explosion or conflagration ( any k9d took place "u su* try+ circum/ances1 ?us af=d+ "s pro( ( ! safety ( ! petroleum refuse 9 ?is mode ( fir+4 ,al?\gh x is sc>cely possible t petroleum fir+ w ev] be ( use = locomotives on ! ord9>y railways ( coal-be>+ ,engl&1 yet ! au?or is conv9c$ *at1 ev5 9 su* a c\ntry1 its employm5t w\ld be an enorm\s boon on und]gr\nd l9es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*>coal ,,kilns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kiln ,,= ,,burn+ ,,*>coal4 ,9 answ] to ! inquiry ( a correspond5t ab\t *>coal mak+1 we (f] two illu/rations t %[ a me?od ( manufacture diff]+ f t usually adopt$1 :i* is t ( burn+ on ! b>e gr\nd1 & cov]+ ) soil or sods to exclude ! air4 ,^! kilns are made ( brick1 "o c\rse be+ suffici5t1 b&s ( iron or timb] framework be+ add$ to /r5g!n ! brickwork ) great] economy4 ,! usual /yle is conical1 & ! size is #bd feet 9 diamet]1 ) an equal height1 hold+ ab\t #dj cords ( wood4 ,! diff]5ce 9 price is #a-a_/h d4 p] bu%el 9 favor ( ^! kilns z comp>$ ) ! usual m\nds1 ! burn] be+ furni%$ ) ! use ( ! kilns1 & ! timb] /&+1 ! kiln burn+ co/+ #b-a_/h d41 & ! o!r #c-a_/d d4 ,! kilns mu/ be l9$ to ab\t halfway up ) fire-brick1 ! co/ ( :i* w v>y ) ! locality1 b w be ab\t #bjj1 & z #dj to #ej bu%els ( coal h be5 made p] cord ! extra yield on good *>coal & ! less5+ ( ! co/ ( mak+ soon cov]s any extra outlay on ! co/ ( ! kilns4 ,! wall ( ! kiln is c>ri$ up ne>ly /raight = #f feet1 :5 x is drawn 91 s z to become bluntly conical4 ,^u ! top a plate ( iron is fa/5$ 9 ! mann] ( ! key/one ( an ar*1 & b&s ( iron are pass$ r\nd ! kiln & drawn tight ) screw bolts & nuts to /r5g!n x4 ,d\ble doors ( %eet-iron are made at ! bottom & ne> ! tops1 by :i* x is ei!r fill$ or empti$1 & a few air-holes 7,b71 :i* may be /opp$ ) loose bricks1 left 9 ! bottom4 ,! second figure %[s a kiln ( ano!r %ape made to burn #c1jjj bu%els ( *>coal1 or ab\t #hj cords ( wood4 ,! %ape is a p>allelogram1 hav+ an ar*$ ro(1 & x is /r5g!n$ by a framework ( timb] #aj in*es squ>e4 ,z ! pressure ( ! gas is sometimes v great1 ! walls mu/ be built a brick & a half ?ick to prev5t _! bur/+4 ,! usual size is #af feet wide & high1 & #dj feet 9 l5g?1 outside measure4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 fill+1 burn+1 & empty+ a small cone is ab\t ?ree weeks1 & f\r weeks is requir$ = ! l>g] ones4--,! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kiln ,,= ,,burn+ ,,*>coal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,entrance1 ,,tidd+ton ,,h\se1 ,,oxon4 ,our illu/ration is a view ( ! entrance facade to ,tidd+ton ,h\se1 ,ox=d%ire1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,rev4 ,jo%ua ,b5nett4 ,! h\se is an old build+ ( ! ,georgian p]iod1 & ?\gh orig9ally pla9 & unpret5ti\s1 its bold cov$ cornices "u ! eaves1 its rubb$ & %ap$ ar*es1 m\ld$ /r+s1 & ?ick sa% b>s1 made x ( consid]able int]e/ to ! admir]s ( ! ,que5 ,anne s*ool ( ar*itecture1 & l$ to ! adoption ( t /yle 9 ! alt]ations & additions made la/ ye>1 ( :i* ! "w %[n 9 our illu/ration =m$ a small "p4 ,betwe5 ! entrance facade & ! wall ( ! h\se !re is a space ( "s tw5ty feet 9 l5g?1 :i* is inclos$ by a sub/antially built cons]vatory-l erection ( ,que5 ,anne design1 =m+ an out] hall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,entrance ,,tidd+ton ,,h\se ,,oxon4--,morris ,/allwood--,ar*itects4 ,! works 7 execut$ by ,messrs4 ,holly ,butl]1 ( ,nettleb$4 ,! brick c>v+ 0 beautifully done by ! late ,mr4 ,f9lay2 & ! ar*itects 7 ,messrs4 ,morris ,/allwood1 ( ,read+4--,! ,ar*itect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,bi*romate ,,( ,,pota% ,,pile4 ,s9ce ,pogg5dorff 9 #ahdb ?\ght ( sub/itut+ 9 ! ,buns5 batt]y a solution ( bi*romate ( pota% & sulphuric acid = nitric acid1 & ( ?us mak+ a s+le liquid pile ( x1 9 suppress+ ! por\s vessel1 8 idea has be5 tak5 up a consid]able numb] ( times4 ,"s r$iscov]$ x simply1 :ile o!rs1 :o 7 bett] po/$ 9 reg>d to ! "w ( _! pr$ecessors1 took ,pogg5dorff's pile z he conceiv$ x1 &1 consid]+ ! future t 0 9 /ore = x1 ?\ght only ( modify+ x 9 ord] to r5d] x bett]4 ,among ^!1 ,mr4 ,gr5et 0 "o ( ! fir/ to pres5t ! bi*romate ( pota% pile "u a truly practical =m4 ,z long ago z #ahef1 9 fact1 he gave x ! =m t is /ill 9 use1 & t is kn[n z ! bottle pile4 ,?us con/ruct$1 ?is pile1 z is well kn[n1 pres5ts a feeble int]nal resi/ance1 & a great] electro-motive p[] ?an ! ,buns5 elem5t4 ,un=tunately1 its en]gy rapidly decreases1 & ! alt]ation ( ! liquid1 z well z ! l>ge deposit ( oxide ( *romium t occurs on ! positive electrode1 prev5ts its be+ employ$ 9 exp]im5ts ( q long duration4 ,mr4 ,gr5et1 x is true1 obviat$ ^! two defects by fir/ r5ew+ ! liquid sl[ly & cont9u\sly1 & caus+ a curr5t ( air to bubble up 9 ! pile s z to deta* ! oxide ( *romium 9 measure z ! deposit =m$4 ,?us improv$1 ! bi*romate pile 0 employ$ on a l>ge scale 9 ! light+ ( ! ,comptoir d',escompte4 ,9 an ext5sive application l ?is latt]1 ! use ( compress$ air = r5ew+ ! liquid c be easily adapt$ to ! bi*romate pile1 z ! numb] ( elem5ts is great en\gh to all[ ( ! putt+ 9 ( all ! pip+ necess>y2 b :5 x is only desir$ to use ?is pile = laboratory purposes1 & :5 !re is ne$ ( b a small numb] ( elem5ts1 x is impossible to adopt ,mr4 ,gr5et's elem5ts 9 ! =m requir$ by an electric light+ in/allation4 ,x becomes absolutely necess>y1 !n1 to come back to a simpl] =m1 & attempt at ! same "t to obviate ! defects :i* are inh]5t to its v pr9ciple4 ,9 accordance ) ?is idea1 x w be well to po9t out ! arrangem5t adopt$ by ,mr4 ,c\rtot = 8 bi*romate ( pota% piles--an arrangem5t t is v simple1 b1 suffici5tly well work$ out to r5d] ! use ( x conv5i5t 9 a laboratory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,,c\rtot',s ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,bi*romate ,,pile4 ,fig4 #a gives ! mo/ elem5t>y =m4 ,x consi/s ( an e>!n vessel into :i* dip f\r c>bon plates connect$ ) ea* o!r by a copp] r+ :i* c>ries "o ( ! t]m9als4 ,9 ! c5t] !re is a cyl9drical por\s vessel t conta9s a v dilute & feebly acidulat$ solution ( bi*romate ( pota% into :i* dips a prism ( z9c1 :i* may be lift$ by means ( a rod :5 ! pile ceases to op]ate4 ,x is true t ! pres5ce ( ! por\s vessel 9 ! bi*romate ( pota% elem5t increases ! int]nal resi/ance1 b1 z an (fset1 al?\gh x decreases ! dis*>ge1 x secures con/ancy & q a long duration = x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,,c\rtot',s ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,bi*romate ,,pile4 ,! elem5ts ?us con/itut$ may be gr\p$1 to ! numb] ( six1 9 a frame analog\s to t %[n 9 ! engrav+1 &1 sum total1 =m a small siz$ batt]y adapt$ to ! curr5t exp]im5ts ( ! laboratory1 & capable ( supply+ two small f\r volt lamps = t5 or twelve h\rs4 ,we h _h occasion to make use ( ^! elem5ts = ! graduation ( galvanomet]s1 &1 aft] asc]ta9+ ! con/ancy ( ! dis*>ge1 h f\nd t ! int]nal resi/ance ( ea* c\ple is ne>ly #j4age ohm1 ) an electro-motive =ce ( two volts4 ,z may be se51 ^! elem5ts %\ld1 9 g5]al1 all be m\nt$ = t5sion1 z !y are 9 ! figure1 inasmu* z ! mobility ( ! z9cs p]mits1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ( employ+ a v>iable numb] ( !m )\t *ang+ any?+4 ,moreov]1 ) z9cs amalgamat$ 9 a special mann]1 ! attack is imp]ceptible1 & ! "w 9 op5 circuit ne$ sc>cely to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,yet1 despite ! qualities inh]5t to ! arrangem5t t we h j describ$1 t defect common to all bi*romate ( pota% piles--! deposit ( oxide ( *romium ^u ! c>bon--is n "h avoid$4 ,x occurs q sl[ly1 to be sure1 b x does occur1 &1 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #b is pref]able4 ,! elem5ts "h are compos$ ( prismatic porcela9 vessels conta9+1 z be=e1 ! solution & por\s vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,,c\rtot',s ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,bi*romate ,,pile4 ,! :ole is cov]$ ) a %eet ( ebonite connect$ ) ! z9c & ! two c>bon plates 9 su* a way t :5 ! pile is n 9 op]ation ! :ole c be lift$ f ! liquid4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! deposit ( oxide is notably dim9i%$1 & ! duration ( ! dis*>ge is consequ5tly greatly increas$4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! details ( a w9dlass t p]mits ( lift+1 accord+ to circum/ances1 all ! elem5ts ( ! same tr\gh or only a "p ( !m4 ,to effect ?is1 ! drum ar\nd :i* ! *a9 w9ds t c>ries ! c>bons is m\nt$ ^u a sleeve fix$ ^u ! axle4 ,?is latt] is actuat$ by a w9*2 & a rat*et :eel1 ,r1 jo9$ to a click :i* is actuat$ by a spiral spr+1 prev5ts ! ebonite plates f fall+ back :5 x is desir$ to place ! bolt "u ! button1 ,b1 ( ! spr+4 ,:5 x is desir$ to put an elem5t out ( ! circuit1 x is only necess>y to act ) ! f+] ^u ! extremity ( ! lev]1 ,d4 ,"u ! action ( ! latt]1 ! piece1 s1 :i* c>ries a groove = ! passage ( ! screws t fix x to ! upp] cross-piece1 takes on a longitud9al motion & consequ5tly ge>s ) ! drum ?r\gh ! too!d sleeve1 ,e4 ,:5 an exp]im5t is f9i%$ ! z9c may ?us be lift$ f ! liquid1 & ! deposit ( oxide be prev5t$ f =m+ ^u ! c>bon4 ,z may be se51 ! arrangem5ts :i* we h j describ$ exhibit no?+ t is p>ticul>ly orig9al4 ,! w9dlasses us$ = remov+ ! elem5ts f a pile :5 ! circuit is op5 h be5 employ$ = a long "t2 ! bi*romate pile is itself old1 &1 z we said 9 ! beg9n+1 x has be5 modifi$ 9 its details a numb] ( times4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 we h ?\ght x well to po9t out ! mode ( con/ruction adopt$ by ,mr4 ,c\rtot1 s9ce1 ow+ to ! simplicity ( ! arrangem5ts1 x r5d]s conv5i5t & easily manageable a pile ( v great con/ancy t may be utiliz$ = supply+ inc&esc5t lamps1 z well z = ! mo/ v>i$ exp]im5ts ( ! laboratory4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,electricity ,,by ,,induction4 ,!re has be5 mu* said 9 rec5t times ab\t ! di/ribution ( electricity by means ( induction coils1 & ! use ( ?is process has giv5 rise to sev]al sy/ems t diff] b little f "o ano!r 9 pr9ciple4 ,! foll[+ are a few details 9 reg>d to a sy/em due to a ,dut* eng9e]3 ,9 ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 #ahha1 a pat5t relat+ to ! di/ribution ( electricity 0 tak5 out 9 ,g]many & o!r c\ntries by ,mr4 ,b4 ,haitzema ,enuma1 ^: sy/em is bas$ ^u a s]ies ( successive inductions4 ,! prim>y curr5t develop$ by a dynamo-electric ma*9e gives rise to second>y1 t]ti>y1 etc41 curr5ts4 ,! pr9cipal l9e runs ?r\gh ! /reets p>allel ) _! axes1 &1 :5 ! arrangem5t ( ! places is adapt$ !reto1 x is clos$ ^u ! g5]ator itself4 ,9 ^? frequ5t cases :]e x is necess>y to cause ! l9e to return ov] a pa? t x has already trav]s$1 x is m advantage\s to effect ! return ?r\gh ! e>? or to utilize ! /reet wat] ma9s or gas pipes z conductors4 ,?is return arrangem5t may likewise be appli$ to ! l9es ( second>y1 t]ti>y1 etc41 ord]1 z may easily be se54 ,! induction is effect$ by ! aid ( bobb9s ^: int]ior consi/s ( a bundle ( s(t iron4 ,! wire ( ! induct+ curr5t is w\nd directly ar\nd ?is core4 ,! wire ( ! induc$ curr5t is sup]pos$ ^u ! fir/ & pres5ts a l>ge numb] ( spirals4 ,x is useless to say t ^! wires mu/ be p]fectly insulat$ f ea* o!r1 z well z f ! s(t iron core4 ,we %all call prim>y bobb9s ^? :i* are int]pos$ 9 ! pr9cipal l9e1 & second>y bobb9s ^? 9 :i* ! induct+ curr5t is a second>y "o1 & s on4 ,x w be at once se5 t ?is arrangem5t p]mits ( cont9u+ ! di/ribution ( electricity to ! int]ior ( build+s by ! simple adjunction ( "o or sev]al bobb9s4 ,ea* electric app>atus1 :e!r x be a lamp or o!r me*anism1 is furni%$ ) a special curr5t4 ,if ! numb] ( ^! app>atus be increas$1 x is only necess>y to increase ! numb] ( bobb9s 9 ! same ratio1 on condition1 be x und]/ood1 t ! int5sity ( ! curr5ts rema9 suffici5t to secure a prop] work+ ( ! app>atus 9 "q4 ,:5 su* int5sity dim9i%es to too great a degree1 ! bobb9 mu/ be replac$ by a /rong] "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,electricity ,,by ,,induction4 ,x results f :at prec$es t ea* app>atus mu/ be put 9 9 su* a way z to p]mit1 ( ! op5+ & clos+ ( ! correspond+ circuit4 ,?is arrangem5t1 moreov]1 has no ne$ ( be+ dep5d5t ^u ! app>atus1 & may j z well be transf]r$ to any "p ( ?is same circuit4 ,z reg>ds light+1 x is pref]able to employ alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo ma*9es2 yet !re is no?+ to prev5t ! use ( cont9u\s curr5t ones1 provid$ t !re is an arrangem5t t p]mits ( con/antly op5+ & clos+ ?is same circuit4 ,t portion ( ! l9e :i* is plac$ "u gr\nd is insulat$ 9 ! ord9>y way at ! places :]e x is necess>y4 ,z = ! und]gr\nd circuit & ! induction coils connect$ !re)1 ^! are protect$ aga9/ all ext]nal influ5ce1 & are at ! same "t insulat$ v economically by cov]+ !m ) a coat ( v f9e silici\s s& mix$ ) asphalt4 ,x is only necess>y to inspect ! annex$ figure to get an accurate idea ( ?is sy/em ( di/ribution4 ,c repres5ts ! build+ 9 :i* ! g5]ator ( electricity1 ,d1 is plac$2 ,b1 ! public /reet1 & ,q ! h\se ( a subscrib]4 ,! pr9cipal l9e1 ,e1 />ts f ! t]m9als1 a1 b1 ( ! ma*9e1 passes ?r\gh ! prim>y bobb9s1 ,g1 & is clos$ ?r\gh ! e>? at ,f4 ,x w be se5 t ! prim>y curr5t communicates ?r\gh d & c ) ! int]nal w9d+ ( ! bobb9s1 ,g1 :ile ! second>y curr5ts1 ,h1 are connect$ ?r\gh e & f ) ! ext]nal w9d+4 ,! same arrangem5t is repeat$ = ! t]ti>y curr5ts1 ,m1 & ! quat]n>y ones1 o1 p4 ,9 ! annex$ example all ! l9es t run p>allel ) ! axis ( ! /reets are clos$ ?r\gh ! e>?1 :ile ^? t h a direction p]p5dicul> !reto ent] ! h\ses ( subscrib]s & =m a clos$ circuit4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ^! h\ses ! wires1 z well z ! induction coils1 are insulat$ & appli$ to ! walls4 ,at ,q is repres5t$ ! arrangem5t t w\ld h to be adopt$ 9 ! case ( a /ructure consi/+ ( a ve/ibule1 r1 & two rooms1 s1 light$ by two electric lamps1 ,r4 ,9 ! portion ( ! figure situat$ to ! left x is easy to see ! process employ$ = insulat+ ! l9e4 ,a comm5cem5t is made by digg+ a dit* 9 ! /reet & pav+ ! bottom ( x ) bricks4 ,^u ^! latt] !re is laid a mixture ( s& & asphalt1 & !n ! wires & bobb9s are put 91 & ! :ole is f9ally cov]$ ) a new insulat+ lay]4 ,x is a simple /atem5t t we make "h1 & x is !re=e n = u to discuss ! advantages & disadvantages ( ! sy/em4 ,if we are to believe ,mr4 ,enuma1 ! advantages are v num]\s1 to wit3 7#a7 ,! cables h no ne$ ( be+ ( l>ge size2 7#b7 ! int5sity is ! same ?r\gh ! entire ext5t ( ! prim>y circuit1 second>y "o1 etc42 7#c7 ! resi/ance is inv>iable 9 all portions ( ! l9e2 7#d7 ! app>atus are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & consequ5tly !re may be a di/urbance 9 "o or sev]al ( !m )\t ! o!rs suff]+ !refrom2 7#e7 ei!r a /rong or weak lum9\s int5sity may be produc$1 s9ce1 t dep5ds only ^u ! size ( ! coil employ$2 7#f7 !re is no /yle ( lamp t may n be us$1 s9ce ea* lamp is m\nt$ ^u a special circuit2 7#g7 any numb] ( lamps may be light$ or ext+ui%$ )\t ! o!rs be+ influ5c$ !reby2 7#h7 :5 a fire or o!r accid5t happ5s 9 a h\se1 x 9 no wise int]f]es ) ! s]vice 9 ! re/ ( ! l9e2 7#i7 ! sy/em c\ld1 7 x requir$1 be connect$ ) any o!r k9d ( exi/+ l9e2 & 7#aj7 ! co/ ( in/allation is inf9itely less ?an t ( a sy/em ( gas pipes embrac+ ! same ext5t ( gr\nd4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electricity ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,seismic ,,movem5ts4 ,italy1 ) h] volcanic nature1 has v naturally made a specialty ( movem5ts ( ! gr\nd1 or seismic p]turbations4 ,s ! l>g] "p ( ! app>atus design$ = su* /udy are due to ,italians4 ,sev]al ( ^! in/rum5ts h already be51 describ$ 9 ?is j\rnal1 & on ! pres5t occasion we %all make kn[n a few o!rs t w s]ve to give an idea ( ! me?ods employ$4 ,= ! obs]vation ( ! v]tical & horizontal motions ( ! gr\nd1 diff]5t app>atus are requir$4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( ^? con/ruct$ = ea* ( su* purposes by ! ,brass>t ,bro!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,horizontal ,,seismic ,,movem5ts4 ,app>atus = ,/udy+ ,horizontal ,movem5ts4--,a lev]1 7,fig4 #a71 movable ab\t a horizontal axis1 c>ries a corrugat$ funnel1 i1 at "o ( its extremities4 ,at ! o!r extremity x is provid$ ) a c\nt]poise :i* p]mits ( its be+ exactly balanc$1 :ile n int]f]+ ) its s5sitiv5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #b ,,& #c4--;,,details ,,( ,,! ,,app>atus4 ,! op5+ ( ! funnel passes freely ar\nd a column1 v 7,fig4 #b71 ^u :i* is plac$ 9 equilibrium a rod t t]m9ates 9 a weight1 ,p4 ,! corrugations ( ! funnel c>ry lett]s indicat+ ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 & ! funnel itself is capable ( revolv+ 9 su* a way t ! m>k$ indications %all always correspond to ! real position ( ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,:5 a horizontal %ock occurs1 ! weight1 ,p1 falls 9 a direction opposite !reto1 & into "o ( ! corrugations1 :]e x re/s1 s t ! direction ( ! %ock is indicat$4 ,b1 9 fall+1 x causes ! lev]1 ,f1 to tilt1 & ?is br+s ab\t an electric contact betwe5 ! screw1 h1 & ! column1 n1 :i* s5ds a curr5t into ! electro1 ,e1 s t ! armature ( ! latt] is attract$4 ,9 its position ( re/ ?is armature holds a s]ies ( p>ts1 ,s1 ,a1 ,l1 :i* h ! effect ( /opp+ ! p5dulum ( a clock plac$ ^u ! same app>atus4 ,at ! mom5t1 !n1 t ! armature is attract$ ! p5dulum is set free & ! clockwork is />t$4 ,z ! curr5t1 at ! same "t1 sets a bell r++1 ! obs]v] comes & arranges ! app>atus aga9 to await a new %ock4 ,kn[+ ! h\r at :i* ! h& ( ! clock 0 /opp$1 he sees h[ long x has be5 9 motion aga9 & d$uces !refrom ! precise mom5t ( ! %ock4 ,! small rod1 f1 :i* is se5 at ! extremity ( ,f1 is = ! purpose ( all[+ electricity to be disp5s$ )1 if ne$ be4 ,9 ?is case ! screw1 h1 is s regulat$ t ,f desc5ds f>!r1 & t f may depress ! armature ( ! magnet j z ! curr5t w\ld h done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,v]tical ,,movem5ts4 ,app>atus = ! ,/udy ( ,v]tical ,movem5ts4--,9 ?is app>atus 7,fig4 #d71 ! contact is =m$ betwe5 a m]cury cup1 ,t1 & a weight1 ,d4 ,! cup is capable ( be+ rais$ & l[]$ by means ( a screw1 s t ! two p>ts approa* ea* o!r v closely )\t t\*+4 ,at ! mom5t ( a v]tical %ock a contact occurs betwe5 ! m]cury & weight1 & !re results a curr5t :i*1 act+ ^u ! electro1 ,e1 frees ! p5dulum ( ! clock z 9 ! prec$+ app>atus4 ,9 ?is case1 9 ord] t ! contact may be cont9u\s & t ! bell may be rung1 ! piece1 ,a1 ^u fall+1 sets up a p]man5t contact ) ! "p1 a 7,fig4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,brass>t',s ,,seismic ,,clock4 ,brass>t's ,seismic ,clock4--,?is app>atus is design$ = be+ put 9 connection at a di/ance ) an indicator l ! ones j describ$4 ,x is a simple clock to :i* a few special devices h be5 add$4 ,seismic clocks may be class$ 9 two categories1 accord+ z !y are /opp$ by ! effect ( a %ock or are set runn+ at ! v in/ant "o occurs4 ,! ,messrs4 ,brass>t h always giv5 pref]5ce to ^? ( ! second category1 because !re is no ne$ ( wat*+ !m dur+ a seismic calm1 & because !y are mu* m easily con/ruct$4 ,x is to ?is class1 !n1 t _! seismic clock belongs4 ,x is capable ( be+ us$ = dome/ic purposes 9 place ( any o!r clock1 & ( becom+ a seismoscopic clock z soon z x is put 9 electric communication ) ! seismic telltales4 ,to ! cross-piece t holds ! axle ( ! drums ! inv5tors h add$ 7,fig4 #e7 a support =m$ ( a /rip ( brass1 ,s1 ) ^: extremity is jo9t$ 7at ! l[] "p7 a d\ble lev]1 ,a4 ,?is latt] is held 9 a horizontal position by a small c\nt]poise1 i1 s t ! f+] at ! opposite extremity %all prev5t ! p5dulum1 ,p1 f sw++4 ,to keep ! latt] 9 a position ( re/ a b5t lev]1 n n'1 is jo9t$ to ! upp] "p ( ! support1 ,s4 ,! long] arm1 n'1 ( ?is lev] is b5t =w>d at "r angles1 s t x may come into contact ) & repel ! small rod ( ! p5dulum z soon z ! lev] has be5 lift$ by means ( a small cord :i* is connect$ ) ! l>g] arm1 n1 & runs up to a small hook1 f :5ce x desc5ds & makes its exit "u ! clock-case4 ,9 ord] to /op ! clock1 !n1 x is only necess>y to pull on ?is cord slightly1 :51 by mov+ ! p5dulum to ! left1 x w ?ru/ x aga9/ ! incl9$ plane ( ! f+] ( ! lev] arm1 ,a4 ,x is cle> t ! extremity ( ! p5dulum1 ^u /rik+ aga9/ ! f+]1 w depress x slightly & g beyond ! projection aga9/ :i* x rema9s fix$ ow+ to ! c\nt]poise1 i4 ,! fev]1 n n'1 is br\ght back to its position ( re/ by means ( a small c\nt]poise at ! extremity ( ! arm1 n4 ,:5 ! lev]1 ,a1 is depress$1 ! p5dulum escapes & sets ! clock runn+4 ,?is depression is effect$ by means ( an electro-magnet1 ,e1 ^: armature1 :i* is connect$ ) ! rod1 t1 t1 lifts ! arm1 i1 ( ! lev]1 & depresses ,a4 ,! wires ( ! two bobb9s ( ! electro-magnet end 9 two clamps1 #a & #b4 ,! second ( ^! latt] is insulat$ f ! clock-case4 ,bo? communicate ) ! extremities ( ! circuit 9 :i* is int]pos$ ! seismic telltale t br+s ab\t a clos+ ( ! curr5t4 ,hav+ not$ ! position ( ! h&s on ! dial :5 ! clock 0 runn+1 "o c d$uce !refrom ! mom5t at :i* ! %ock occurr$ t set ! clock 9 motion4 ,9 addition to ! p>ts t we h describ$1 !re are o!r accessory ones1 ,r ,rr1 & a ?ird clamp1 #c1 :i* con/itute a sort ( rheotome t is design$ to keep ! circuit clos$ aft] ! mom5t>y clos+ t is produc$ by ! telltale has occurr$4 ,?is little me*anism is indisp5sable :5 ! di/urb$ telltale has also to act ^u an electric bell4 ,?is rheotome1 :i* is v simple1 is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,a small brass rod1 ,r1 :i* is screw$ to ! support1 ,s1 c>ries at its left extremity a brass axis1 ,x1 :i* is insulat$ f ! rod1 ,r1 by means ( an ivory piece4 ,t[>d ! c5t] ( ?is small rod1 ! b5t lev]1 r1 c>ries a small arm t is b5t =w>d1 & aga9/ :i* abuts ! axis ( ! p5dulum1 ?us caus+ x to be ?ru/ t[>d ! left :5 ! p5dulum is arre/$ by ! projection ( ! f+]1 ,a4 ,z soon z ! p5dulum is set free1 ! lev]1 r1 r$esc5ds & places itself aga9/ ! axis1 ,x4 ,?is latt] communicates ) clamp #c1 :i* is insulat$1 :ile ! rod1 ,r1 communicates ) clamp #a4 ,! ext]nal communications are s arrang$ t ! circuit 9 :i* ! bell is int]pos$ rema9s def9itely clos$ :5 ! lev]1 r1 is 9 contact ) ! rod1 ,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,rossi',s ,,tremitoscope4 ,rossi's ,tremitoscope4--,?is in/rum5t 7,fig4 #f7 unites1 ^u ! same /one base1 ?ree diff]5t arrangem5ts = %[+ evid5ces ( trepidations ( ! e>?4 ,on "o side we f9d 7protect$ by a glass tube7 a weight susp5d$ ov] a m]cury cup by a spr+1 & design$ to %[ v]tical motions4 ,! two o!r p>ts ( ! app>atus are design$ = regi/]+ horizontal motions4 ,! fir/ is a p5dulum :i* causes a contact ) f\r di/9ct spr+s1 & ^: movem5ts are wat*$ ) a spy-glass4 ,! second is a /eel spr+ :i* c>ries at its upp] "p a heavy ball t vibrates at ! lea/ %ock4 ,?is ball is provid$ ) a po9t :i* is movable )9 a second ball1 s t its motion produces a contact4 ,all ^! diff]5t contacts are signal$ or regi/]$ electrically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,scat5i',s ,,seismograph4 ,scat5i's ,regi/]+ ,seismograph4--,?is app>atus1 :i* is %[n 9 ,figs4 #g & #h1 consi/s ( two p>ts--( a transmitt] & ( a regi/]+ device4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,regi/]+ ,,app>atus4 ,! transmitt] consi/s ( a glass vessel support$ ^u a /eel po9t & provid$ b5ea? ) a plat9um circle connect$ ) a pile4 ,all ar\nd ?is circle are f\r /rips ( plat9um1 aga9/ "o ( :i* abuts ! circle at e movem5t ( ! glass4 ,ea* /rip ( plat9um communicates1 ?r\gh a special wire1 ) "o ( ! electro-magnets ( ! regi/]+ device 7,fig4 #h74 ,?is latt] consi/s ( an ord9>y clock t c>ries ?ree conc5tric dials--"o = m9utes1 "o = h\rs1 & "o = seconds4 ,9 a direction ) ! radii ( ^! dials !re are f\r sup]pos$ lev]s1 ea* ( :i* is actuat$ by "o ( ! electros4 ,on ano!r h&1 ea* dial is divid$ into f\r zones t correspond to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,:5 a %ock com+ f ! nor?1 = example1 produces a contact1 ! correspond+ electro is affect$1 & its lev] falls & m>ks ^u ea* ( ! dials a po9t 9 its nor? zone4 ,we ?us obta9 ! exact h\r ( ! %ock1 z well z its direction4 ,z may be se51 ! app>atus1 z reg>ds pr9ciple1 is "o ( ! simple/ ( its k9d4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,accumulators4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,arn\ld ,,tam9e',s ,,accumulator4 ,9 ,messrs4 ,arn\ld & ,tam9e's accumulators1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! =mation is effect$ directly by ! curr5t1 z 9 ! ,plant pile1 b ! plates are =m$ ( wires connect$ horizontally at _! extremities by sold]+4 ,^! plates are held ap>t ei!r by sett+ !m into p>aff9$ wood5 grooves at ! ends ( ! tr\gh or by int]pos+ betwe5 !m pieces ( p>aff9$ wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,b>ri] ,,t\rvielle',s ,,electrodock4 ,9 ,messrs4 ,b>ri] & ,t\rville's ,electrodock 7,fig4 #b7 ! plates are =m$ ( conc5tric lead5 tubes fix$ into a wood5 cov]4 ,^! tubes are ?read$ int]nally & ext]nally1 & ! grooves ?us produc$ are fill$ ) a peculi> cem5t compos$ ( li?>ge1 p[d]$ *>coal1 & p]manganate ( pota%1 triturat$ toge!r1 sift$1 & !n mix$ ) glucose or sug> sirup s z to make a pa/e ( !m4 ,?is mixture =ms a cem5t t is v adhesive aft]1 z well z be=e1 ! electrolytic action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,kornbluh',s ,,accumulator4 ,9 ,kornbluh's accumulators ! plates consi/ ( ribb$ lead5 grat+s betwe5 :i* is compress$ r$ lead prep>$ 9 a peculi> mann]1 & con/itut+1 #dh h\rs aft] =mation1 a compact mass ) ! lead4 ,! tangs ( ! plates are wid5$ s z to t\* "o ano!r :ile leav+ a prop] di/ance betwe5 ! plates !mselves1 & are holl[$ out = ! reception ( a rod provid$ at its extremities ) a w+$ nut & jam nut = pass+ !m up close to "o ano!r4 ,! plates1 prop]ly s call$1 are held ap>t by rubb] bauds4 ,! glass vessels are plac$ 9 osi] baskets4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,indu/rial ,,model ,,( ,,! ,,reyni] ,,z9c ,,accumulator4 ,! ?ree models ( a second>y batt]y t ,i rec5tly made kn[n to ! read]s ( ?is j\rnal h be5 ! object ( cont9u\s exp]im5t4 ,con=mably to ! provisions ( !ory1 ! z9c accumulator has %[n itself practically sup]ior to ! two o!rs1 & ,i h !re=e *os5 ?is type = gett+ up an indu/rial model1 :i* is %[n 9 ! annex$ cut4 ,! accumulator conta9s f\r ,plant positives1 hav+ a wide surface1 & ?ree negatives con/ruct$ ( smoo? %eets ( lead cov]$ ) z9c by ! electrolysis ( ! acidulat$ solution ( z9c sulphate 9 :i* ! c\ple is imm]s$4 ,accid5tal contact ) ! int]ior ( ! pile is prev5t$ by glass tubes fix$ to ! negatives by means ( lead5 b&s4 ,! sev5 electrodes are c>ri$ by z _m di/9ct crosspieces ( p>aff9$ wood1 :i* re/ ^u ! edges ( ! tr\gh & hold ! plates at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! bottom4 ,^! v>i\s crosspieces1 :i* t\* "o ano!r1 take ! place ( a cov]4 ,ea* plate is provid$ ) a t]m9al4 ,! f\r positive t]m9als are all on ! same side1 & ! ?ree negatives are on ! opposite side4 ,two brass rods end+ 9 a wire-clamp connect ! respective t]m9als ( ! same "n4 ,! tr\gh consi/s ( two oblong wood5 receptacles1 "o )9 ! o!r1 & hav+ a play ( sev]al millimet]s4 ,?is space is l9$ ) a tight1 ela/ic1 insulat+ cem5t hav+ t> = a base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,reyni]',s ,,z9c ,,accumulator4 7,"o-fif? actual size47 ,! c>eful insulation ( ! tr\gh & all p>ts ( ! app>atus1 & ! purity ( ! metal & its amalgamation1 r$uce ! local attack ( ! z9c to almo/ no?+4 ,s ! coeffici5t ( re/itution is n[ comp>able ) t ( accumulators ( ! ,plant type4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal num]ical data ( ! new z9c accumulator4 ,,physical ,,data4 ,e4 ,electromotive =ce4 #b4cf volts4 ,r4 ,mean resi/ance4 #j4jb ohm4 ,i4 ,normal int5sity ( ! dis*>ge curr5t4 #be amp]es4 i4 ,int5sity ( ! *>ge curr5t4 #e to #aj amp]es4 ,q4 ,capacity ( accumulation aft] #bjj h\rs' =mation4 #eej1jjj c\ples4 ,,data ,,conc]n+ ,,con/ruction4 ,effici5t surface ( ! #d positive electrodes4 #bjj squ>e dec4 ,effici5t surface ( ! #c negative electrodes4 #ae squ>e dec4 ,weight ( ! positive electrodes4 #h4b kilogrammes4 ,weight ( ! negative electrodes4 #a4d kilogrammes4 ,weight ( ! tr\gh4 #b4g kilogrammes4 ,weight ( ! liquid4 #d4d kilogrammes4 ,weight ( ! atta*m5ts4 #j4df kilogrammes4 ,weight1 total4 #ag4af kilogrammes4 ,! total electric "w /or$ up is #acj1jjj kilogrammet]s1 or #g1fjj kilogrammet]s p] kilogramme ( accumulator4 ,!ory indicates t a z9c accumulator might /ore up z mu* z #ae1fjj kilogrammet]s p] kilogramme4 ,if ! pres5t model gives half less1 x is because ,i h purposely exagg]at$ ! solidity ( ! tr\gh & ! mass ( ! electrodes4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ?is capacity ( #g1fjj kilogrammet]s p] kilogramme is mu* great] ?an t ( any o!r accumulator con/ruct$ 9 ,france4 ,! new model possesses1 !n1 despite ! size ( ! positives & ! box1 a relative lightness t w p]mit x to take a place ^u electric locomotives z well z 9 fix$ in/allations4 ,indep5d5tly ( _! use z accumulators1 second>y z9c batt]ies may be utiliz$ z regulat+ voltamet]s 9 light+ by inc&esc5ce1 = dead5+ pi/on /rokes1 att5uat+ ! irregul>ities 9 spe$1 & cov]+ accid5tal /oppages4--,e4 ,reyni]1 9 ,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,lightn+ ,,fla%4 ,by ,w4 ,,sl+o4 ,lately we h all felt1 ,i d\bt n1 a consid]able am\nt ( int]e/ 9 ! v>i\s ph5om5a att5d+ ?is summ]'s unusually heavy ?und]/orms1 accompani$1 z !y h be51 by vivid lightn+ dis*>ges ( a m or less hurtful nature4 ,! li/ ( disa/]s publi%$ 9 ,k1 ,no4 #adc1 might be v mat]ially augm5t$ 7 we to record su* damage z has be5 wr\ght s9ce t li/ 0 compil$4 ,!re is n1 ,i suppose1 9 ! m9d ( any intellig5t man at ! pres5t day a d\bt z to ! electrical orig9 ( a lightn+ fla%4 ,! que/ions to be consid]$ are r :5ce comes ! electricity1 & 9 :at way is ! ?und]/orm br\ght ab\t4 ,9 attempt+ to answ] ^! que/ions1 sight mu/ n be lo/ ( ! fact t ! v nature ( electricity is 9 itself almo/ suffici5t to baffle any ef=t put =? to asc]ta9 f lightn+1 z su*1 its :5ce & its :i!r4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 ) ! aid ( our k ( /atic electricity1 to arrive at hypo!ses ( a m ?an *im]ical nature4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 t our sph]e is a m or less electrifi$ body is g5]ally admitt$4 ,m ?an ?is1 x is demon/rat$ t ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface & its envelop+ atmosph]e are v>i\sly *>g$4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ^! v>y+ *>ges1 !re is a con/ant s]ies ( curr5ts fl[+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?1 :i* %[ !mselves 9 su* telegraph wires z may lie 9 ! direction foll[$ by ! curr5ts4 ,su* curr5ts are kn[n z e>? curr5ts1 & pres5t ph5om5a ( a highly int]e/+ nature4 ,b1 ap>t f ^! electrical manife/ations1 !re is g5]ally a diff]5ce ( electrical condition betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface & ^? portions ( ! atmosph]e adjac5t to or above !m4 ,inasmu* z air is "o ( ! v be/ insulators1 ?is diff]5ce ( condition 7or pot5tial7 9 any p>ticul> region is 9 mo/ cases incapable ( be+ neutraliz$ or equilibrat$ by an electric fl[4 ,consequ5tly ! air rema9s m or less cont9ually *>g$4 ,) ^! po9ts admitt$ z facts1 ! "q arises1 ,:5ce ?is electricity8 ,!re h be5 v _m & v>i\s op9ions express$ z to ! cause ( t]re/rial electricity1 b f> ! great] portion ( su* !ories lack fundam5tal probability1 & indicate causes :i* _c be reg>d$ z suffici5tly ext5sive or op]ative to produce su* trem5d\s effects z are occasionally witness$4 ,i take x t we may safely reg>d ! evolution ( electricity z "o ( ! ways 9 :i* =ce exhibits itself1 t1 9 o!r words1 :5 "w is p]=m$ electricity may result4 ,:5 two bodies are rubb$ toge!r1 electricity is produc$1 s also is x :5 two connect$ metals are imm]s$ 9 wat] & "o ( !m is dissolv$1 or :5 "o ( ! junctions ( two metals is rais$ to a high] temp]ature ?an ! o!r junction4 ,i w g fur!r ?an ?is1 s f>1 9 fact1 z to ma9ta9 t !re is a reasonable gr\nd = suppos+ t e movem5t1 :e!r x be ( ! mass or among ! con/itu5t p>ticles1 is att5d$ by a *ange ( electrical di/ribution2 & if ?is is true1 x may easily be conceiv$ t inasmu* z motion is ! rule ( ! univ]se1 !re mu/ be a con/ant s]ies ( electrical *anges4 ,n[1 ^! *anges d n all op]ate 9 "o direction1 nor are !y all ( simil> "*1 :5ce x is t n only are !re e>? curr5ts ( feeble electro-motive =ce1 b t ?is ,e4,m4,f4 is con/antly v>y+1 & t1 fur!rmore1 electricity ( high ,e4,m4,f4 is to be met ) 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! atmosph]e4 ,) e>? curr5ts we h "h v little to d4 ,! rotation ( ! e>? is 9 itself suffici5t to g5]ate small curr5ts1 & ! fact t !y v>y 9 /r5g? at regul> p]iods ( ! day & ( ! ye> en=ces ! sugge/ion t ! sun ex]ts consid]able electrical influ5ce on ! e>?4 ,lett+ x be grant$1 h[ev]1 t ! e>? is v>i\sly *>g$1 h[ comes x t ! air is also *>g$1 & ) electricity ( great] t5sion ?an t ( ! e>? itself8 ,x 0 po9t$ out by ,sir ,w4 ,grove t if ! extremities ( a piece ( plat9um wire be plac$ 9 a c&le flame1 "o at ! bottom & ! o!r ne> ! top1 an electric curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh ! wire1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( electricity4 ,if an electrifi$ body be heat$1 ! electricity escapes m rapidly z ! temp]ature rises4 ,if a vessel ( wat] be electrifi$1 & ! wat] !n conv]t$ into /eam1 ! electric *>ge w be rapidly dissipat$4 ,if a vessel conta9+ wat] be electrifi$1 & ! wat] all[$ to escape drop by drop1 electricity w escape ) ea* drop1 & ! vessel w soon be dis*>g$4 ,we reg>d x z an e/abli%$ fact t ! e>? has always a great] or less *>ge2 :5ce x is safe to assume t 9 ! process ( evaporation :i* is go+ on all ov] ! surface ( ! globe1 m p>ticul>ly 9 equatorial regions1 e p>ticle ( wat]1 z x rises into ! air1 c>ries ) x its portion1 h[ev] m9ute t portion may be1 ( ! e>?'s electric *>ge4 ,?is small *>ge di/ributes itself ov] ! surface ( ! aque\s p>ticle1 & ! vapor rises high] & high] until x rea*es t po9t above :i* ! air is too r>e to support x4 ,x !n fl[s away lat]ally1 & z x approa*es cold] regions gets d5s]1 s9k+ l[] & ne>] to ! e>?'s surface4 ,! aque\s p>ticles becom+ r$uc$ 9 size1 ! ext5t ( _! surfaces is proportionately r$uc$4 ,x foll[s t z ! p>ticles & _! surfaces are r$uc$1 ! *>ge is conf9$ to a small] surface1 & atta9s1 !re=e1 a great] surface d5sity1 or 9 simpl] language1 a great] am\nt ( electricity p] unit ( surface4 ,electricity1 z above set =?1 is 9 :at is kn[n z ! /atic condition 7to di/+ui% x f electricity :i* is be+ transf]r$ 9 ! =m ( a curr5t71 :5 x has ! prop]ty ( repell+ itself to ! utmo/ limits ( any conductor ^u :i* x may be conf9$4 ,?is w acc\nt = ! *>ge f9d+ its way to ! surface ( ! wat] p>ticles1 & w fur!rmore acc\nt = ! great] d5sity ( ! *>ge z ! p>ticle gets small] & has ! ext5t ( its surface rapidly dim9i%$4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ! surface ( a sph]e v>ies z ! cube ( its radius4 ,return+ to ! discussion ( ! /ate ( affairs exi/+ :5 ! p>ticles h rea*$ _! highe/ position 9 ! atmosph]e1 we may imag9e t !y set !mselves (f on j\rneys t[>d ei!r ! nor? or ! s\? pole4 ,z !y pass f ! hott] to ! cold] regions1 a numb] ( p>ticles coalesce2 ^! aga9 comb9e ) o!rs on ! road until ! vapor becomes visible z cl\d4 ,! increas$ d5sity implies increas$ weight1 & ! cl\d p>ticles1 z !y sail polew>d1 desc5d t[>d ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,assum+ t a sph]ical =m is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t1 ! cond5sation ( a numb] ( p>ticles implies a consid]able r$uction ( surface4 ,?us1 ! cont5ts ( two sph]es v>y z ! cubes ( _! radii1 or eight 7! cube ( #b7 drops on comb9+ w =m a drop twice ! radius ( "o ( ! orig9al drops4 ,we may safely conceive hundr$s & ?\s&s ( su* comb9ations to take place until a cl\d mass is =m$1 9 :i* ! con/itu5t p>ts are m or less 9 contact1 &1 !re=e1 behave electrically z a s+le conductor ( irregul> surface1 ^u :i* is accumulat$ all ! electricity t 0 previ\sly di/ribut$ ov] ! surfaces ( ! millions ( p>ticles t n[ compose x4 ,! t5d5cy ( an electric *>ge ^u ! surface ( a conductor is to take ^u itself a position 9 :i* x may approa* ne>e/ to an equal & opposite *>ge2 or1 if possible1 to atta9 neutrality4 ,if1 !n1 a cl\d has a *>ge1 & !re is no o!r cl\d above or ne> x1 ! *>ge induces on ! adjac5t e>? surface electricity ( ! opposite k9d4 ,?us1 assum+ ! cl\d to be *>g$ ) positive electricity1 ! subjac5t e>? w be 9 ! negative /ate4 ,! two electricities#c ex]t a /rong t5d5cy to comb9e or to produce neutrality1 :5ce !re is a species ( /ress appli$ to ! int]v5+ air4 ,possibly ! cl\d w be drawn bodily t[>d ! e>? m or less rapidly1 accord+ z ! *>ge is great or small4 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! cl\d may roll on = leagues1 c>ry+ its influ5ce ) x1 s t ! v>i\s portions ( ! e>? und]nea? become successively *>g$ & dis*>g$ z ! cl\d progresses on its j\rney4 ,footnote #c3 ,we may speak ( two electricities or two electric /ates )\t necess>ily imply+ adh]5ce ei!r to ! s+le or ! d\ble fluid !ory4 ,:e!r electricity be ( two k9ds or no1 ! fact rema9s t !re are two conditions1 & all ! features ( ?is pap] may be expla9$ ) equal facility by ! support]s ( ei!r hypo!sis4 ,%\ld ! cl\d be ne> ! e>?1 or %\ld x be v highly *>g$1 ! t5sion ( ! two electricities may be s great z to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! int]v5+ air2 & if ?is resi/ance %\ld prove too weak1 :at happ5s8 ,h[ does ! dis*>ge %[ itself8 ,x takes place 9 ! =m ( a lightn+ fla%1 & pass+ f ! "o surface to ! o!r--or1 maybe1 simultane\sly f bo?--produces neutrality m or less complete4 ,!re has rec5tly be5 a little discussion 9 ^! pages on ! subject ( lightn+1 "s hav+ /at$ t !y disc]n$ ! dis*>ge to take place upw>d--t is1 f ! e>? t[>d ! cl\d4 ,i w n v5ture s f> z to say :e!r or n ! direction ( ! dis*>ge is disc]nible2 possibly ! fla% may sometimes be long en\gh to enable "o to tell2 b ,i h nev] s se5 x1 & h always look$ ^u ! eye z a deceitful memb]--v4 ,! lightn+ fla% itself nev] la/s m ?an #a_/ajjjjj ( a second4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 j z likely t a dis*>ge may travel upw>d z d[nw>d4 ,:at controls ! dis*>ge8 ,does ! quality ( ! *>ge8--t is to say1 is ! positive or ! negative m prone to break disruptively ?r\gh ! insulat+ m$ium8 ,inve/igations ) ,geissl]'s & o!r tubes conta9+ highly r>efi$ gases h made x tol]ably cle> t !re is a great] te>+ away influ5ce at ! negative ?an at ! positive pole1 & if two equal balls1 conta9+ "o a positive & ! o!r a negative *>ge1 be equally heat$1 ! negative is m readily dissipat$ ?an ! positive4 ,b1 s f> z we at pres5t "k1 ?is "q ent]s into ! discussion sc>cely1 if at all4 ,our k seems r to po9t to ! sub/ances ^u :i* ! *>ges are collect$4 ,! self-repell5t nature ( electricity compels x to manife/ itself at ! m prom95t p>ts ( ! surface1 ! level be+ =sak5 = ! po9t4 ,! t5sion ( ! *>ge1 or its t5d5cy to fly (f1 is proportionately increas$4 ,& if at a giv5 mom5t ! t5sion atta9s a c]ta9 int5sity1 ! dis*>ge foll[s1 emanat+ f ! surface :i* (f]s ! greate/ facilities = escape4 ,! e>? is g5]ally flatt] ?an ! cl\d1 :5ce1 9 all probability1 ! dis*>ge m frequ5tly orig9ates ) ! cl\d4 ,%\ld a lightn+ fla% /rike ! e>? & produce direct neutrality1 x is possible t no damage w result1 al?\gh ?is aga9 is n always c]ta91 because :5 ! cl\d *>ge acts inductively on ! e>? x produces ! opposite 7say negative7 *>ge on ! ne>] p>ts1 ! simil> 7or positive7 /ate is also produc$ at "s place m or less di/ant4 ,sometimes ?is fre$ positive 7:i*1 by ! way1 accumulates gradually & physiologically imp]ceptibly7 is collect$ at "s portion ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,:5 ! negative is neutraliz$ by ! dis*>ge1 ! fre$ positive is no long] conf9$ to a p>ticul> region1 b t5ds to dissipate itself1 & a %ock may be felt m or less sev]ely by any p]son )9 ! region4 ,or1 aga91 a simil> %ock may be exp]i5c$ by a p]son /&+ )9 ! negative zone on ! neutralization ( ! *>ge4 ,i may take ! opportunity "h to m5tion a highly int]e/+ & in/ructive incid5t obs]v$ on local telegraph circuits dur+ a ?und]/orm4 ,! /orm may be tak+ place at "s di/ance f ! po9t ( obs]vation4 ,! electrifi$ cl\d induces ! opposite *>ge b5ea? x1 ! simil> *>ge be+ repell$4 ,x is noticeable t ! ne$le ( a galvanomet]1 />t+ f ! middle position1 goes gradually ov] to "o side1 ev5tually indicat+ a consid]able deflection4 ,sudd5ly1 ow+ app>5tly to a lightn+ dis*>ge "s di/ance away1 ! =ce :i* caus$ ! deflection is )drawn1 & ! ne$le reb\nds ) great viol5ce to ! opposite side4 ,9 a %ort "t1 ! cl\d becom+ aga9 *>g$ on its "u surface1 & recomm5c+ its inductive effect ^u ! adjac5t e>?1 ! ne$le />ts aga91 & goes ?r\gh ! same s]ies ( movem5ts1 a viol5t c\nt]?r[ foll[+ e fla% ( lightn+4 ,if we c s f> control our imag9ation1 we may conceive ! e>? to be "o l>ge insulat$ conductor1 susceptible to e influ5ce ar\nd x4 ,if !n ! e>?1 z a mass ( matt]1 behaves z above indicat$1 !re is no plausible reason = decl9+ to reg>d any o!r l>ge conduct+ mass 9 a simil> light1 & z a body capable ( be+ subject$ m or less completely to ! v>i\s impulses affect+ ! e>?4 ,9 o!r words1 a l>ge mass ( conduct+ mat]ial1 p>tially or p]fectly insulat$1 is1 dur+ a ?und]/orm1 9 consid]able dang]4 ,) ?is portion ( ! subject ,i %all1 h[ev]1 deal m fully :5 discuss+ ! m]its ( lightn+ protectors4 ,lightn+ dis*>ges d n take place betwe5 cl\d & e>? only1 b also1 & p]haps m frequ5tly1 betwe5 too oppositely *>g$ cl\ds4 ,we !n get atmosph]ic lightn+1 ! fla% (t5 ext5d+ = miles4 ,?is =m ( lightn+ is h>mless1 & 9 all probability :at we see is only a reflection ( ! dis*>ge4 ,! (t-told tale ( ! lightn+ fly+ 9 at ! w9d[1 across ! room1 & out ( ! door1 or up ! *imney1 is all moon%9e1 & be=e deal+ ) lightn+ protectors ,i int5d to expose "s ( ! fallacies conc]n+ lightn+4 ,7 ! dis*>ge to pass ?r\gh a h\se1 x w\ld infallibly leave m decid$ traces & d m damage ?an simply sc>+ a sup]/iti\s old lady n[ & aga94 ,_m p are (t5 & unnecess>ily fright5$ dur+ a ?und]/orm1 b x may be safely pr$ict$ t a p]son "u a ro( is inf9itely saf] ?an "o :o is /&+ alone on level gr\nd1 & mak+ himself a prom95ce invit+ a dis*>ge4 ,ra9 almo/ inv>iably accompanies ! dis*>ge1 & ! ro( & sides ( ! h\se be+ wet1 !y =m a m or less p]fect *annel ( escape %\ld a fla% /rike ! build+4--,k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rese>*es ,,on ,,magnetism4 ,by ,m4 ,,dut]4 ,if we place a ?9 plate ( /eel 9 a uni=m magnetic field1 s t ! l9es ( =ce ( ! field may be normal to ! surface ( ! plate1 we h a v flat magnet1 ! two faces ( :i* are ! two pol> surfaces4 ,! magnetic di/ribution ?us obta9$ seems to disappe> :5 ! plate is no long] 9 ! field4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ t ?is disappe>ance is n complete4 ,i made use ( plates ( temp]$ /eel ( #a millimet] 9 ?ickness1 & v>y+ 9 diamet] f #j4jdj to #j4jje met]4 ,) ^! plates ,i =m$ cyl9drical batt]ies4 ,9 "s ( ^! batt]ies ! plates are directly 9 contact1 & 9 o!rs !y 7 sep>at$ by leaves ( pa/ebo>d1 ! ?ickness ( :i* v>i$ f t ( ! ?9ne/ pap] to #j4jja met]4 ,! batt]ies 7 plac$ 9 ! c5tral portion ( a v p[]ful magnetic field1 & aft] !y h be5 tak5 out !y =m$ p]fectly regul> p]man5t magnets4 ,! support+ p[] ( ^! magnets 0 ! great] ! ne>] its con/itu5t plates 7 to ea* o!r4 ,9 a batt]y ( #ajj plates1 t\*+ ea* o!r directly1 & /rongly press$ into a brass cyl9d]1 ! portative =ce at ea* extremity rose to #cj grammes4 ,?is fir/ result hav+ be5 obta9$1 ,i dism\nt$ ! batt]ies1 plate by plate1 tak+ c>e to m>k ! upp] & "u side ( ea*4 ,i f\nd !n t ea* plate reta9$ only an excessively slight magnetism4 ,yet ea* ( !m /ill con/itut$ a flat magnet1 ( :i* ! two faces are ! pol> surfaces2 = on rebuild+ ! batt]y x gave aga9 a p]fectly regul> magnet1 ?\gh weak] ?an x 0 at fir/4 ,! sep>ation ( ! magnet into its con/itu5t plates1 & its recon/ruction1 maybe repeat$ indef9itely4--,comptes ,r5dus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,t4 ,tommasi 7,cosmos les ,mondes7 notes t ! !rmic con/ant ( ?allium is exactly ! mean ( ! !rmic con/ants ( potassium & lead1 ! two metals :i* x mo/ resembles 9 its *emical "*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,gas ,,light ,,buoy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gas ,,light ,,buoy4 ,! accompany+ engrav+s repres5t a light buoy made by ! ,p9ts*'s ,pat5t ,light+ ,company = ! riv] ,humb]4 ,! *ief dim5sions ( ! buoy are giv5 9 ! engrav+1 :i* also %[s t ! gas hold] is plac$ )9 ! boat 9 su* a way z to be protect$ f bl[s likely to cause any leakage4 ,! buoy has a special =m to meet its requirem5ts z a light%ip1 & ! conditions ( its employm5t is ! fa/ tidal curr5t ( ! riv]4 ,x 0 design$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,b]?on1 ( ,we/m9/]1 & is int5d$ to c>ry a six mon?s' supply ( gas1 ! burn]1 regulator1 & lamp be+ on ! well kn[n ,p9ts* sy/em4 ,! hull is =m$ ( #c_/h in* plate1 #bd feet #c in*es total l5g?1 & #i feet beam at ! l9e ( flotation4 ,! laps ( ! plates are #d in*es wide1 & rivet$ ) #c_/d in* rivets1 spac$ #b-a_/d in* ap>t c5t] to c5t]4 ,! keel & /em are bo? 9 "o piece1 z %[n1 & to ?is ! g>bo>d /rake is to be fa/5$4 ,! bilge pieces are rivet$ on to ! bilge1 & made ( #i in*es by #d-a_/b in*es by #i_/af in* ,t-iron4 ,a wood5 f5d]1 #d in*es by #d in*es wood1 is fitt$ on bo? sides ( hull1 runn+ f /]n to /]n1 by #c in*es by #c-a_/b in*es by #g_/af in* ,l-iron top & bottom ) ! %e] z %[n4 ,! hull f wat] l9e falls 9 z %[n1 s z to describe at mid%ips an arc ( #d feet #f in*es1 & a circul> deck ( #a_/h in* plate is rivet$ on ! hull4 ,!re are two man-holes1 ea* #af in*es diamet] 9 ! cle>1 plac$ 9 end plates ( ! circul> deck z %[n1 & provid$ ) cov]s #c_/h in* ?ick1 secur$ by tw5ty screws #c_/d in* diamet]4 ,! edge ( ea* manhole is /iff5$ by a weld$ iron r+4 ,! surface ( ! moor+ l9k t comes 9 contact ) ! %ackle & moor+ *a9 is /eel$4 ,! gas hold] re/s ^u a plate b5t up on ea* side1 & rivet$ to ! keelson1 & is prev5t$ f roll+ by f\r gusset plates1 ) two %ort pieces ( angle iron rivet$ !reto at ! ends & com+ 9 contact ) ! hold]1 & at ! ends by angul> plates1 & angle iron rivet$ on ea* side & rivet$ to ! keelson4 ,! sup]/ructure consi/s ( f\r legs ( angle iron #b-a_/b in*es by #b-a_/b in*es by #e_/af in*1 ! upp] ends ( ! legs be+ atta*$ to a squ>e flang$ plate = support+ ! light+ app>atus4 ,f\r wood5 batt5s ( pit* p9e1 #d in*es by #a-a_/b in*es1 & bolt$ on to ea* cant ( ! angle iron sup]/ructure1 ) #g_/h in* galvaniz$ iron bolts & nuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gas ,,light ,,buoy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,project ,,= ,a ,,road/ead ,,at ,,havre4 ,! pres5t port ( ,havre is absolutely insuffici5t to answ] ! ev] increas+ requirem5ts ( comm]ce4 ,its entrance1 :i* is too n>r[ & n deep en\gh1 does n p]mit /eam]s to g 91 come out1 & p]=m _! evolutions ) ! rapidity requir$ by our epo*4 ,s !y are gradually ab&on+ our port1 & go+ to load & unload at ,anv]s & else:]e4 ,a l>ge numb] ( wise heads1 :o are anxi\s ab\t ! future ( ?is port & our national int]e/s1 h devot$ !mselves to f9d+ a means ( enl>g+ x1 n by dr$g+ new bas9s1 :i* w\ld prove ru9\s to ! budget & useless 9 tw5ty ye>s1 b by in/all+ a true road/ead at ! entrance to ! pres5t bas9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #a4--,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,project$ ,,road/ead ,,at ,,havre4 ,^u ! maps ( ! hydrographic s]vice may be se51 "u ! "n ( ! ,little ,road/ead1 a va/ ext5t ( sea ne>ly two kilomet]s wide by ?ree to f\r 9 l5g?1 b\nd$ ^u "o side by ! heights ( ,heve & ,/4 ,adresse1 & ^u ! o!r by ! rocky l9e ( ,eclat & ( ! heights ( ! road/ead 7,fig4 #a74 ,?is ,little ,road/ead1 s call$1 9 ord] to become a g5u9e "o1 w\ld h to be protect$ aga9/ ! great waves ( ! op5 sea4 ,to ?us protect x1 to close x z quickly & z *eaply z possible--t is ! problem4 ,9 #ahch1 ,*>les de ,massas pres5t$ a project 7! fir/ 9 ord] ( date71 :i* consi/$ 9 con/ruct+ ^u ! ,eclat reef a semi-lunate dike1 & a breakwat] at ,cape ,heve4 ,moreov]1 ^u ! em]g5t p>ts ( ! ,eclat reef & heights ( ! road/ead he propos$ to erect two =ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,lewis' ,,float+ ,,breakwat]4 ,! def5se ( ! port ( ,havre is a v important "q1 & "o t appe>s to be completely ab&on$4 ,s9ce ,eng9e] ,degaulle 9 #ahjh advis$ ! erection ( a =t ^u ! ,eclat1 & reque/s h p]iodically be5 made & projects drawn4 ,! reque/s are =gott51 b ! draw+s are 9 ! ,m9i/]s' portfolios1 & if ,france %\ld to-morr[ h a w> ) a m>itime p[] our great nor!rn port might be de/roy$ & burn$ by ! smalle/ squadron4 ,"s ye>s aft] ,massas' project1 two (fic]s1 ,del(fre & ,bleve1 & an eng9e] nam$ ,r5aud1 receiv$ a commission to se>* = a means ( clos+ a portion ( ,se9e ,bay4 ,^! g5tlem5 advis$ ! erection ( two dikes1 "o on ! ,eclat %oal 9 ! v axis ( ?is reef1 & ! o!r at ,heve4 ,betwe5 ^! two masonry dikes 0 to be plac$ a float+ breakwat]4 ,?is project1 :i* 0 submitt$ to ,admiral de ,hell 9 #ahde1 _h a favorable reception1 & ! ,admiral especially applaud$ ! trial ( breakwat]s1 :i* 7 mu* talk$ ( 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh ! effects t !y might produce 7 n well kn[n4 ,del(fre1 ,bleve1 & ,r5auds' project compris$ two =ts--"o to ! nor? & ! o!r to ! s\? ( ! road/ead4 ,= a long "t no?+ m 0 said ab\t x1 & x is only dur+ rec5t ye>s1 :5 ! p]il has become imm95t = ,havre 7?reat5$ z x is ( be+ ab&on$ ev5 by ! ,fr5* transatlantics71 t ! "q has aga9 became ! ord] ( ! day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,froideville',s ,,float+ ,,breakwat]4--,,end ,,view4 ,mr4 ,b]t1 a m]*ant1 w\ld protect ! ,little ,road/ead by means ( two jetties1 #a1jjj & #a1fjj met]s 9 l5g?1 built1 "o ( !m ^u ! ,eclat & ! o!r ^u ! em95ces ( ! road/ead4 ,^! w\ld be con/ruct$ by =m+ a f\ndation ( loose rocks1 & us+ e>? & brick above ! level ( ! wat]4 ,mr4 ,vial has likewise propos$ a rockwork ( #b1jjj met]s 9 l5g?1 to =m a dike #aj met]s 9 height & wid?1 ^: plat=m w\ld be on a level ) ! highe/ tides4 ,next comes ! m rec5t project ( ,mr4 ,c\lon4 ,see+ t x is ! deposits ( ! ocean & n ^? ( ! ,se9e t accumulate ^u ! e/u>y1 ,mr4 ,c\lon advises ! con/ruction ( a dike ab\t #b1jjj met]s 9 l5g?1 />t+ f ! ,havre jetty1 & end+ at ! s\?we/ extremity ( ! %oals at ! road/ead heights1 & a second "o return+ t[>d ! nor?we/1 ( f #ejj to #a1jjj met]s4 ,a ?ird & v long "o ( n less ?an #h kilomet]s w\ld be built f ,honfleur to ! ,rati] %oals4 ,?is latt] "o1 9 contract+ ! bay1 w\ld contribute to increase ! =ce ( ! curr5t1 :i*1 ?r[+ back at ! ocean its mud & pebbles1 w\ld give u ! dep?s ( #ae & #bj met]s indicat$ on ! map ( ,beautemps-,beaupre4 ,?is ye>1 aga91 two projects h aris52 "o ( !m due to ,mr4 ,?uill>d-,froideville1 & ! o!r to ,mr4 ,h]s5t4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,h]s5t1 x w\ld be necess>y to surr\nd ! ,little ,road/ead ) an insubm]sible dike built ^u ! rocky %oals1 :i* w\ld beg9 at ,cape ,heve 7:i* x w\ld consolidate7 & end opposite ! entrance to ! port at #a1fjj met]s f ! jetties4 ,?r\gh x !re w\ld be five passages4 ,aft]w>d ano!r dike w\ld be con/ruct$1 />t+ f ! %ore & runn+ to meet ! jetty design$ to inclose ! ,little ,road/ead4 ,on turn+ ! angle at :i* x met ! jetty x w\ld be cont9u$ z f> z to ,b]ville4 ,f9ally1 a ?ird dike1 runn+ f ,honfleur to ,b]ville1 w\ld complete ! sy/em4 ,mr4 ,h]s5t's project1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^? t h be5 propos$1 has "o fault1 & t is t x w\ld require twelve ye>s ( "w1 & co/ #aeh million francs4 ,mr4 ,?uill>d-,froideville1 completely r5\nc+ masonry dikes z be+ too co/ly & tak+ too long to con/ruct1 proposes to inclose ! ,havre road/ead by means ( float+ breakwat]s4 ,z we h already se51 ! use ( ^! betwe5 ,cape ,heve & ! ,eclat %oals _h already be5 propos$ 9 #ahde4 ,z ! project 0 ab&on$1 ! models ( ^! breakwat]s are r>e4 ,9 ,b\niceau's ,m>9e ,con/ructions we f9d a curi\s figure1 a sort ( op5 framework ( clumsy =m an*or$ 9 a s+ul> mann]1 & surm\nt$ by rooms = wat*m51 semaphores1 po/s = ! %ipwreck$1 etc4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! mo/ complicat$ & mo/ impracticable type t c\ld be imag9$4 ,mr4 ,lewis' model1 :i* 0 exhibit$ la/ ye> at ! ,int]national ,fi%]ies ,exhibition1 01 on ! contr>y1 "o ( ! simple/4 ,x consi/$ ( a /rong piece ( wood ( ne>ly triangul> section1 ! %>pe/ angle ( :i*1 be+ turn$ oceanw>d1 0 design$ to cut ! waves & cause !m to break ov] x 7,fig4 #b74 ,if1 by favor ( div9e ,provid5ce1 ?is breakwat]1 :i* pres5ts absolutely plane surfaces to ! %ock & pressure ( ! waves1 is n brok5 to fragm5ts 9 ! fir/ tempe/1 x w c]ta9ly acquit itself ( ! role = :i* ! inv5tor de/9$ x4 ,:5 we h a sy/em ( resi/ance to ! sea1 an*or$ & fac+ a c]ta9 direction1 & consequ5tly n be+ able to revolve ar\nd its axis z vessels d1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to give x entire surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,froideville',s ,,breakwat]4--,,mode ,,( ,,jo9+ ,,! ,,p>ts4 ,mr4 ,froideville's breakwat] consi/s ( a framework #be met]s 9 l5g?1 & #i 9 height & wid?1 & hav+ ! =m ( an irregul> #e-sid$ prism 7,fig4 #c74 ,! smalle/ side ( ! prism is design$ to s]ve z a flat keel4 ,! axis is =m$ ( a metallic float1 f :5ce />t radii t =m ! skeleton ( ! framework1 & t are design$ = connect+ ! c5t] ) five long spruce beams t =m ! angles ( ! prism4 ,to ^! beams are affix$ ! cross pieces t =m ! op5work sides4 ,five long pieces ( wood p>allel ) ! beams1 b n s /rong z !y1 protect ! cross pieces & secure !m aga9/ breakage 9 ! middle4 ,all ! angles ( ! breakwat] & all po9ts ( juncture ( ! pieces are protect$ ) iron1 & x is 9 ord] to c\nt]balance ! weight ( all ?is iron t ! c5tral float is us$4 ,p>allel ) ?is fir/ breakwat]1 !re are two o!r & small] ones1 :i* are design$ = r$uc+ ! effect ( roll+ z mu* z possible4 ,r$uc$ to a s+le float1 ! breakwat] might rema9 "u ! waves too long1 b1 ow+ to ! two o!rs1 x rights itself1 w>ps ar\nd1 & always pres5ts ! spur ( its %>p ro( to ! wave4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! breakwat]s f cla%+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 !y are unit$ end to end 9 a v simple & +5i\s mann]4 ,f ea* ( !m !re />ts a deeply ins]t$ iron b> :i* t]m9ates 9 a j\rnal t p]mits ! breakwat] to oscillate4 ,betwe5 ^! two b>s !re is a sort ( swivel1 ^: pieces1 9 play+ ^u "o ano!r1 give ! breakwat]s ela/icity1 :ile always hold+ !m ap>t 7,fig4 #d74 ,f ea* side ( ! swivel />t ! bran*es ( a /irrup iron to :i* ! an*orage *a9 is atta*$4 ,?is latt] is ( /eel1 )\t sold]+s1 & x is s p]fectly con/ruct$ t no breakage ne$ be fe>$4 ,to ! o!r extremity ( ! *a9 is atta*$ an an*or hav+ two flukes1 :i* bo? engage ) ! bottom4 ,mr4 ,froideville proposes to set up two l9es ( ^! breakwat]s1 = a l5g? ( ab\t #g kilomet]s1 />t+ at ! nor? f ,cape ,heve1 tak+ 9 dep?s ( #ae met]s 7! be/ t are f\nd 9 ! ,little ,road/ead71 pass+ 9 front ( ! ,eclat %oal & ! heights1 & end+ opposite ! entrance ( ! pres5t port4 ,! fir/ r[ is design$ = break+ ! =ce ( ! waves1 & ! second = l5d+ its aid 9 times ( high tempe/s1 & /opp+ ! surge t has escap$ f ! fir/4 ,! extreme simplicity ( ?is project has p]mitt$ its promot] to affirm t 9 a few mon?s1 & ) n9e millions1 he c inclose ! ,havre road/ead4 ,! ,little ,road/ead1 be+ !nce=w>d protect$1 w become an excell5t port ( refuge 9 bad wea!r4 ,9 addition1 a sy/em ( light]s1 or1 bett]1 a few floats connect$ ) ! %ore & =m+ a rock1 w p]mit vessels to take on _! c>goes ) great rapidity4 ,mr4 ,froideville's project pres5ts ! fur!r advantage ( r5d]+ x easi] to put ! port ( ,havre quickly 9 def5se4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( float+ batt]ies1 an*or$ beh9d ! breakwat]s & protect+ ! advances ( torp$o boats by means ( _! fir+1 w\ld make a =midable def5se4 ,n hav+ to p]=m any evolutions1 !y might )\t dang] be inve/$ ) armor plate ?ick] ?an t ( ord9>y ironclads4 ,9 ord] to complete ! sy/em1 !re might be erect$ ^u ! ,eclat %oal an ironclad =t l t :i* def5ds ! entrance ( ,portsm\?4 ,an ,engli% *ronicl] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 9 speak+ ( 8 c\ntry1 places x above all o!rs1 & decl>es t m5 are h&som]1 :it]1 & pur] blood$ !re ?an else:]e1 & he says t ?is is s because x is s4 ,we w\ld n l to imitate 8 naive reason+1 & yet1 = def5d+ ! v orig9al sy/em propos$ by ,mr4 ,froideville1 we h only our conviction1 :i* we %>e1 moreov]1 ) a l>ge numb] ( sea-f>+ m5 & eng9e]s4 ,ma!matics are p[]less to pr$ict to u ) accuracy ! mann] 9 :i* ! float+ breakwat]s w behave1 b exp]im5t rema9s4 ,let ! promot] ( ! project1 !n1 be giv5 au?ority to inclose a few hundr$ met]s1 & if1 z we suppose1 ! breakwat]s %all rema9 immovable 9 a nor?we/]1 a m>itime revolution w h be5 br\ght ab\t4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,cat* ,,bas94 ,9 #ahhb1 ,m4 ,bacle publi%$ 9 ,le ,gnie ,civil a /udy ( ! sew] sy/ems 9 "s ( ! l>ge =eign cities4 ,!re may be f\nd !re a description ( ! ,li]nur sy/em at ,am/]dam1 ,leyd51 & ,dordre*t1 9 ,holl&1 & 9 c]ta9 cities ( ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,cat* ,,bas94 ,?is sy/em consi/s 9 ! employm5t ( two di/9ct sy/ems ( ducts1 "o = ! dis*>ges f wat]-closets & ! o!r = h\sehold wa/es1 ra9 wat]1 & ! dis*>ges f factories :5 suffici5tly purifi$4 ,?is arrangem5t all[s ! employm5t ( sew]s ( small section1 provid$ t x %all be unnecess>y to ent] !m = ! purpose ( cleans+ !m4 ,x has be5 necess>y1 !re=e1 to provide inlets ) a sep>at+ app>atus call$ gully or cat* bas91 :i* reta9s z completely z possible all solid matt]1 mud1 excrem5t1 & debris ( e k9d :i* maybe float$ 9 by /reet wa%+ or by ra9-wat]1 & :i* may be capable ( caus+ /oppages 9 ! sew]s1 ! *ok+ up be+ foll[$ by f]m5tation & ! emanation ( noxi\s vapors4 ,m4,c4 ,piep] ( ,b]l9 sugge/s a device = a cat* bas91 :i* appe>s to meet ! requirem5ts4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a cyl9drical metal box1 enl>g$ 9 its upp] section to receive a filt]+ cyl9d] ( p]=at$ %eet iron1 :i* occupies almo/ ! upp] half ( ! device & re/s ^u ! small] l[] "p4 ,! entire app>atus is cov]$ by a movable funnel1 ?r\gh :i* ent] wat] & any rubbi% :i* x may c>ry ) x4 ,f "o side a tube all[s ! liquid to be dis*>g$1 :ile a siphon plac$ on ! opposite side s]ves ! same purpose "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 z w be expla9$4 ,figure #a repres5ts ! app>atus dis*>g+ "u normal conditions4 ,! heavy matt]1 s&1 /ones1 etc41 falls to ! bottom into a receptacle :i* c be lift$ out f "t to "t & empti$4 ,! light] buoyant matt]s1 /raw1 vegetable debris1 pap]1 etc41 rema9 at ! surface1 & are reta9$ by ! filt]2 ! wat] pass+ ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! %eet iron ru%es 9 a filt]$ condition ?r\gh ! annul> space :i* exi/s 9 ! upp] "p betwe5 ! two cyl9d]s1 & escapes by ! wa/e-pipe :5 ! wat] rea*es a prop] level4 ,if at a giv5 mom5t ! quantity ( wat] fl[+ 9 is too mu* to be dis*>g$ ?r\gh ?is wa/e-pipe1 ! level ( ! wat] m\nts 9 ! cyl9d] until x rea*es ! top ( ! siphon4 ,imm$iately ! siphon comes into play & empties ! upp] "p ( ! app>atus1 & ! filt]$ wat] conta9$ 9 ! annul> space already m5tion$ quickly re-ent]s ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! p]=at$ %eet iron1 & 9 s do+ cleans out ! p]=ations ) consid]able en]gy4 ,?is second p]iod is repres5t$ 9 ! second figure4 ,! m\? ( ! siphon be+ plac$ above ! movable basket1 ! heavy matt]s conta9$ 9 ! latt] are n 9 ! lea/ di/urb$1 & ! metallic scre5 plac$ ov] ! m\? prev5ts ! entrance ( any float+ matt]s4 ,:5 siphonic action ceases1 ! wat] 9 ! %ort arm ( ! siphon empties itself into ! ma9 receptacle1 & by s do+ cleanses ! scre54 ,dur+ a ra9 or ! wa%+ ( ! /reets1 ! siphon c "w 9 concurr5ce ) ! ord9>y dis*>ge-pipe4 ,x is evid5t ( c\rse t ^! two--pipes c be plac$ on ! same side ( ! app>atus1 if ?is prove ! mo/ conv5i5t arrangem5t4 ,we w add t ?is app>atus c be appli$ n only to ! ,li]nur sy/em1 b also c be us$ = prev5t+ ! entrance ( ob/ructions into sew]s ( ! ord9>y type1 :]e ! grade is small or :]e ! quantity ( wat] is insuffici5t2 & if we adopt ! sy/em ( ev]y?+ to ! sew]1 c we n f9d 9 ! employm5t ( ?is app>atus an elem5t = ! realization ( ! fam\s =mula1 ,always 9 circulation1 & nev] 9 /agnation8--,le ,gnie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,conclud$ f ,,supplem5t ,no4 #ded1 page #gbdi4 ,,wat]-,,p[] ,,) ,,high ,,pressures ,,& ,,wr\ght-,,iron ,,wat]-,,pipe4 ,by ,,hamilton ,,smi?1 ,,jr41 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4,e4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,conduct+ ,,wat] ,,& ,,transmitt+ ,,p[]4 ,a description ( ! mode ( us+ wat]-p[] = driv+ ! ,nor? ,bloomfield tunnel 9 ,cali=nia1 "s ye>s s9ce1 w give a good illu/ration ( "s ( ! advantages ( ! hurdy-gurdy4 ,?is tunnel 0 orig9ally ab\t #h1jjj feet long1 ?r\gh a slate highly metamorphos$1 ) its g5]al l9e pass+ "u a good-siz$ /ream1 at a dep? ( ab\t #aij feet4 ,!re 7 eight work+-%afts1 ea* ab\t #bjj feet deep1 :i*1 ) ! l[] entrance or portal1 gave sixte5 work+ faces4 ,diamond drills 7 us$ at ! l[] head+ requir+ p[]2 ! o!r fifte5 head+s 7 driv5 by h&-"w4 ,x 0 unc]ta9 h[ mu* wat] w\ld be enc\nt]$2 b f ! location1 x 0 evid5t t a l>ge quantity might be /ruck 9 any %aft1 & h5ce x became necess>y to h ample p[] at h& at ea* op5+1 9 read9ess = su* an em]g5cy4 ,a pipe ma9 0 laid along ! g5]al l9e ( ! tunnel1 ) its p5-/ock #bhe feet v]tical above ! surface at ! upp] %aft1 & #edi feet above ! l[e/ %aft4 ,x 0 made ( s+le rivet$ %eet-iron1 ( ,no4 #ad 7,birm+ham7 gauge1 9 l5g?s ( #bj feet1 put toge!r /ove-pipe fa%ion1 ) ! jo9ts made tight by clo? t>r$ /rips & p9e w$ges4 ,?is pipe _h a diamet] ( #ae in*es at ! p5-/ock1 dim9i%+ f ?is to #ac1 #aa1 & #g in*es at its l[] end4 ,f x1 %ort bran*es1 #g in*es 9 diamet]1 7 ext5d$ to ! sev]al %afts4 ,x 0 9 "o place c>ri$ across ! /ream by a light susp5sion bridge1 "s #aej feet long1 ! trunk ( a tree on ea* side =m+ a conv5i5t t[]4 ,! aggregate l5g? ( ! ma9 & bran*es 0 #i1ifj feet1 ) "s #b1ejj feet additional1 = ! bran* to ! diamond drills4 ,! pipe 0 laid on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 its only protection be+ 9 places a c\ple ( #a-;in* planks tack$ toge!r1 & plac$ ov] x2 ! range ( temp]ature 0 f #aj degrees to #ajg degrees ,fahr4 79 ! %ade74 ,x 0 inspect$ by ! =eman ( ! tunnel-"w z he daily walk$ ov] ! l9e2 besides ! occasional driv+ ( a few w$ges & putt+ on a b& or two1 x gave no tr\ble f leakage1 :i* probably = its entire l5g? did n am\nt to m ?an an av]age ( #c or #d cubic feet a m9ute2 f "t to "t1 a little sawdu/ 0 put into ! p5-/ock4 ,?ree /op-gates 7 plac$ on ! ma91 & a sep>ate /op-gate at ea* %aft1 op]at$ by a f9e-?read$ screw1 s t ! wat] c\ld be cut (f :5 desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,fig4 #ac %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! ma*9]y = hoi/+ & pump+1 :i* 0 id5tical at ! sev]al %afts1 except t ! hurdy-gurdies v>i$ f #af feet 9 diamet] at ! upp] %aft to #ba feet at ! l[e/ %aft4 ,! wat]-:eel mov$ only 9 "o direction2 ! p9ion on ! :eel-%aft drove ! spur-:eel1 to :i* ! pitman ( ! pump-bob 0 atta*$4 ,on ! spur-:eel %aft 0 a friction-ge>1 driv+ ! hoi/+-reel2 ?is reel 0 m\nt$ on slid+ blocks1 s t hoi/+ 0 done by putt+ x 9 ge>1 ! empty load be+ dropp$ by a friction-b&4 ,*ang+ ! size ( ! wat]-:eel z ! pressure increas$ p]mitt$ ! use ( ! same patt]n ( ma*9]y at ! diff]5t %afts4 ,! wat] 0 br\ght to ! :eel by a dis*>ge-pipe1 "s n9e feet long1 hav+ a v]tical movem5t by ball-&-socket jo9t1 s t at pleasure1 by dropp+ ! pipe1 ! ma*9]y c\ld be run at v>i\s spe$s1 or entirely /opp$4 ,at ! end ( ?is dis*>ge-pipe 0 a ca/ tap]$ nozzle1 ab\t #c in*es 9 diamet]1 9 :i* 0 ins]t$ a r+ ( saw-plate /eel hav+ ! desir$ diamet]1 & :i* 0 held 9 place by an annul> screw-cap4 ,by *ang+ ! r+1 :i* only requir$ a few mom5ts' "t1 any desir$ am\nt ( wat]1 up to #c or #d cubic feet a second1 c\ld be dis*>g$ aga9/ ! :eel4 ,! /op-gate 0 left wide op5 :ile ! ma*9]y 0 runn+4 ,! pump+ 0 done by eighte5 pumps1 ( ,corni% patt]n2 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( wat] pump$ f any "o %aft 0 some?+ ov] #cj cubic feet a m9ute2 ! p[] at h&1 h[ev]1 0 ample to pump m ?an twice t quantity4 ,x 0 r curi\s at1 ?is %aft to see m wat] com+ f ! pumps ?an 0 us$ on ! :eel4 ,! two diamond drills 7 driv5 by a small hurdy-gurdy set on ! re> ( ! drill c>riage4 ,?is1 b at ano!r tunnel1 0 aft]w>d modifi$ by plac+ a sep>ate hurdy-gurdy on a sleeve on ea* drill-rod2 ! advance movem5t ( ! drill be+ giv5 by hydro/atic pressure on an annul> pi/on1 ?us do+ away ) all ge>+4 ,^! eight sets ( ma*9]y 7 run = ne>ly #b ye>s' "t2 ! only break be+ t ( a spur-:eel1 d\btless caus$ by ! c>eless dropp+ ( a /eel b> betwe5 x & its p9ion4 ,aside f ?is accid5t1 practically n a doll> 0 sp5t = repairs1 & ! ma*9]y1 includ+ ! pipe1 0 9 ab\t z good ord] :5 ! tunnel 0 f9i%$ z :5 x 0 fir/ erect$4 ,"o man1 on a twelve h\r %ift1 op]at$ ! ma*9]y at ea* %aft1 besides dump+ ! c>s2 two m5 kept ! #ah pumps on ! l9e 9 ord]1 ! pr9cipal "w be+ 9 keep+ ! suction-pipes = ! d[n-grade head+s tight2 ?us a =ce ( #ah m5 0 only requir$ = ! eight %afts4 ,! co/ ( ! pipe1 gates1 etc41 :5 put 9 place1 0 #ad1fca1 & ( ! ma*9]y ab\t #fj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,at ! ,idaho gold qu>tz m9e1 situat$ ne> ,grass ,valley1 ,cali=nia1 wat]-p[] has be5 introduc$ dur+ ! pa/ ye> 7#ahhc71 tak+ ! place ( /eam4 ,! supply ma9 is ( wr\ght-iron1 #bb in*es 9 diamet]1 #h1gfd feet long1 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd bel[ fro/-l9e4 ,! jo9ts1 z a rule1 are rivet$ toge!r1 ) occasional lead jo9ts to admit ( slight movem5ts 9 ! pipe4#d ,! pipe 0 coat$ by plac+ ea* jo9t 9 a ba? ( boil+ t> & asphaltum2 to insure ! mo/ ?or\gh coat+1 x is necess>y to keep ! pipe = t5 or fifte5 m9utes 9 ! boil+ mixture4 ,a ca/-iron /op-gate is plac$ at ! l[] end ( ! ma91 & also "o at ea* ( ! bran*es4 ,ca/-iron man-holes are atta*$ to ! ma91 :i*1 al?\gh !y h giv5 no tr\ble 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 are v objectionable = high pressures1 z x is difficult to avoid ruptures ) ca/ & wr\ght-iron comb9$1 ow+ to ! great diff]5ce 9 ! ela/icity ( ! two metals4 ,! long seams ( ?is pipe are d\ble-rivet$1 & ! r\nd seams s+le rivet$2 at ! l[] end1 iron ( ,no4 #f gauge is us$4 ,f ! end ( ! ma91 ! wat] is l$ to ! sev]al :eels by bran*es ( small] diamet]4 ,footnote #d3 ,) buri$ wr\ght-iron pipe ?is precaution is unnecess>y1 z ! ela/icity ( ! iron w admit ( ! movem5t due to *anges ( temp]ature1 )\t injury to ! rivets4 ,! wat] is deliv]$ at ! hoi/+-:eel ) a total head ( #edb4f feet4 ,= p[] & = mill uses1 etc41 ! requir$ supply is ab\t #h cubic feet a second2 ?is draught r$uces ! effective head to say #ebc feet4 ,! "w done consi/s 9 driv+ ! foll[+ describ$ ma*9]y3 ,a l>ge air-compressor--#b cyl9d]s1 d\ble act+1 air compress$ to #ge p\nds--requir+ ab\t #adj horse-p[]4 ,a l9e ( ,corni% pumps1 =c+ ! wat] f a dep? ( #a1dej feet v]tical2 #ab-;in* plung]s = upp] #hjj feet1 #f-;in* plung]s = l[] #fej feet1 ) #f-;foot /roke1 requir+ f #ee to #gj horse-p[]4 ,hoi/+ f a d\ble-comp>tm5t %aft--two connect$ w9d+ reels1 mov+ sep>ate cages--requir+ #ce horse-p[]1 or m4 ,a few small ma*9e-tools & smi?y =ges1 requir+ #c or #d horse-p[]4 ,a #ce-/amp mill1 ) conc5trat+ app>atus1 etc41 requir+ ab\t #gj horse-p[]4 ,! total am\nt ( p[] requir$ be+ say #cbj horse-p[]1 = :i* sev5 ,pelton hurdy-gurdy :eels are employ$4 ,! p[] 9 all cases is transmitt$ by sy/ems ( ,manila rope belt+2 ! rope is #b in*es 9 diamet]2 ! grooves 9 ! %eaves or pulleys are slightly oval1 s t ! rope does n g q to ! bottom2 ! ropes are horizontal1 & run v slack 7no tight5]s71 ) no appreciable slip2 ! splices are made v long1 to obta9 uni=mity 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,?is me?od ( transmitt+ p[] appe>s to "w mo/ p]fectly & has giv5 excell5t satisfaction4 ,x is ?\ght1 at ! ,idaho1 to be greatly pref]able to ! ge>+ =m]ly 9 use :5 ! works 7 driv5 by /eam 7= su* "w z pump+ or hoi/+1 lea!r or rubb] belt+ is nev] us$71 besides be+ mu* *eap] 9 fir/ co/4 ,! :eel driv+ ! air-compressor is #f feet 9 diamet]1 runn+ #cjj turns#e p] m9ute1 ) #a-ae_/ah-;in* nozzle2 ?ree ropes are us$ f ! :eel %aft to ! c\nt]-%aft1 & six ropes f ! latt] to ! fly-:eel %aft4 ,footnote #e3 ,! revolutions p] m9ute1 ( ^! :eels1 z "h giv51 are only approximate1 z ! design 0 to h ! bucket spe$ #b7;gh74 ,= driv+ ! pumps1 !re are two wat]-:eels1 set on ! same %aft1 "o #e feet & ! o!r #g feet 9 diamet]1 ei!r ( :i* c be us$ at w1 ?us p]mitt+ diff]5t rates ( spe$2 two nozzles are plac$ on ea* :eel1 s t if necess>y ! p[] c at any "t be d\bl$4 ,! small] :eel has a #a-a_/d in* nozzle1 & runs #cfj turns a m9ute2 ! l>g] has #a-a_/h-;in* nozzle1 & makes #bgj turns a m9ute4 ,!re are two ropes f ! :eel-%aft to a c\nt]-%aft1 & f\r ropes to ! fly-:eel %aft1 on :i* is ! p9ion driv+ ! spur-:eel atta*$ to ! pitman ( ! pump-bob4 ,hoi/+ is done by two :eels plac$ side by side on ! same %aft1 ! buckets & nozzle ( ea* :eel be+ plac$ 9 opposite directions4 ,bo? :eels are #h feet 9 diamet]1 ) #ae_/af-;in* nozzles1 & make at full spe$ ab\t #bbe turns a m9ute4 ,rev]s+ ! movem5t ( ! %aft is done by %utt+ (f wat] f "o :eel1 & turn+ wat] on ! o!r :eel2 ! two wat]-gates = ^! nozzles are quickly op5$ or clos$ by hydro/atic pressure1 af=d$ f ! wat] ma94 ,9 addition to ! usual brakes on ! w9d+-reels1 a brake is plac$ on ! :eel-%aft1 s t x c be /opp$ 9 a v %ort p]iod ( "t4 ,! %ock to ! pipe by ! almo/ in/antane\s cutt+ (f ! wat] at ^! hoi/+-:eels 7ne>ly "o cubic foot p] second7 has n app>5tly _h any injuri\s1 effect4 ,to less5 ?is %ock1 a comp5sat+ balance 0 design$1 b :i* is n n[ 9 use4 ,a :eel1 ( small diamet]1 is us$ = ! smi?y1 etc41 runn+ at a v high velocity4 ,! :eel driv+ ! /amp-mill is #f feet 9 diamet]1 makes #cjj revolutions a m9ute1 & is suppli$ ?r\gh a #a-c_/af in* nozzle4 ,! head ( wat] at ?is po9t is a few feet great] ?an at ! o!r :eels4 ,p[] is transmitt$ f ! hoi/+ & mill-:eel %afts by two & f\r ropes1 ! same z ) ! pump+ rig4 ,! am\nt ( "w done1 or ( wat] us$1 has n be5 c>efully det]m9$2 judg+ f ! indicator c>ds tak5 f ! old /eam-eng9es1 ! manag]s ( ! ,idaho believe t an effici5cy ( fully #hj p] c5t4 ( ! !oretic p[] ( ! wat] is obta9$ on ! ma9 driv+-%afts ( ! ma*9]y4 ,! sub/itution ( wat] = /eam-p[] has result$ 9 a l>ge sav+ ( exp5se4 ,al?\gh ! hills ne> by are cov]$ ) f9e =e/s1 ?us mak+ wood *eap1 & al?\gh a r\nd price is *>g$ = wat] by ! company furni%+ x1 ! co/ ( ! wat] is consid]ably less ?an t ( ! wood =m]ly us$ z fuel4 ,! co/ ( att5dance is altoge!r 9 favor ( ! wat]-:eels1 :i* h>dly require any att5tion4 ,! co/ ( ! *ange f /eam to wat]-p[] 0 #df1dif4cb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,texas ,,creek ,,pipe ,,& ,,aqu$uct4 ,a description ( ?is "w w be ( int]e/ 9 %[+ ! g5]al practice foll[$ 9 ,cali=nia = c>ry+ wat] across deep m\nta9 gorges4 ,9 ord] to augm5t its wat] supply1 ! ,nor? ,bloomfield ,gravel ,m9+ ,company desir$ to conduct wat] f a /ream kn[n z ,texas ,creek1 9 ,nevada ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 across ! ,big ,caon bran* ( ! ,s\? ,yuba ,riv] into ! ma9 ,bloomfield flume or aqu$uct1 :i* 0 locat$ on ! side ( ,big ,caon ,creek1 at a v]tical elevation ( #fbj feet above ! b$ ( ! latt] /ream4 ,! quantity ( wat] to be c>ri$ 0 ab\t #cb cubic feet a second 7#a1bej m9]'s in*es71 :i* c\ld be div]t$ f ,texas ,creek at a po9t #dhj feet v]tical above ! ,bloomfield flume4 ,an aqu$uct ab\t #d1jjj feet long1 p>tly ( dit* & p>tly ( flume1 0 ne$$ to br+ ! wat] f ! cat*m5t dam on ! creek to ! br[ ( ! gorge4 ,! v]tical head = ! pipe c\ld !re=e be f a maximum ( #dfj feet d[n to any less] head2 ) a head ( #dfj feet1 ! pipe w\ld be #d1gij feet long2 & ) a head ( #bbj feet1 ! l5g? w\ld be #d1bij feet4 ,assum+ a maximum t5sile /ra9 ^u ! iron ( #af1ejj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 ) ! =mula = ! greate/ head ( ab\t d 74#cei l_/h7#a_/e1 or1 v #fh 7dh_/l7#a_/b1 & ,q #cb1 & a l[] value ( ! coeffici5t 9 ! la/ equation = ! less] heads1 x 0 f\nd1 by calculation1 t ! lea/ co/ c\ld be obta9$ ) a head f #cjj to #cej feet4 ,! head fix$ ^u 0 #cjc4f feet1 ) a l5g? ( #d1dch4g feet4 ,a pr(ile ( ! pipe1 ) ne>ly ! same horizontal & v]tical scales 7horizontal scale1 %[+ slope l5g?s71 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ad2 details are giv5 9 ,figs4 #ae & #af4 ,! pipe 0 ( d\ble rivet$ %eet iron1 made 9 l5g?s ( ab\t #bj feet1 & ( ! foll[+ ?icknesses3 #a1cdi l9e> feet1 #j4jhc in* ?ick4 #bbj #j4jie #bdj #j4aji #bej #j4abj #cbj #j4acd #faj #j4adh #a1dej #j4afe ,"s ( ! iron 0 ( ! v poore/ quality2 ! pipe 0 made by contract 9 ,san ,francisco1 )\t ! sup]vision ( an inspector1 z ! contractors 7 a firm ( good reputation2 ! bad quality ( ! iron 0 n detect$ until too late to h x correct$4 ,s9ce !n1 ! writ] has always _h su* pipes--! m9es ( :i* he has be5 ! manag] us+ l>ge quantities--made directly on ! gr\nd :]e !y are to be us$2 ! pipe mak]s1 9 ! latt] case1 always reject su* %eets z are too mu* bel[ 9 ?ickness ! /&>d gauge1 & ^? :i* %[ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! rolls ! bad quality ( iron2 te/s ( ea* jo9t by hydro/atic pressure w\ld add too mu* to ! co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,! maximum t5sile /ra9 ^u ea* ( ! sev5 ?icknesses ( iron us$ 0 int5d$ to be #af1ejj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,"s ( ! %eets 7 bel[ ! /&>d gauge1 s t1 9 reality1 ! t5sile /ra9 is sometimes z high z #ah1jjj p\nds4 ,! mean diamet] ( ! pipe 0 #a4daf feet4 ,! entrance into ! p5-/ock 0 tap]$1 s t ! coeffici5t ( contraction 0 ab\t #j4ib4 ,= pressures n exce$+ say #chj feet1 ! jo9ts 7 put toge!r /ove-pipe fa%ion4 ,= great] pressures1 ! jo9ts 7 made by an inn] sleeve rivet$ on "o end ( ! jo9t1 ) an out] lap-weld$ b&1 z %[n by ,fig4 #ae2 lead 0 run into ! space betwe5 ! out] b& & ! pipe1 & !n tightly driv5 up by calk+-irons4 ,! pipe 0 laid "u ! b$ ( ! ,big ,caon ,creek1 a l>ge /ream :5 9 fre%et1 :]e ! head bel[ ! hydraulic grade l9e 0 #gfj feet4 ,"s ( ! lead jo9ts leak$ slightly at fir/1 b ?is 0 soon rem$i$ by m c>eful calk+4 ,no man-holes or escape-gates 7 us$4 ,! pipe = ! l>g] "p ( ! ye> is n fill$ at its upp] end2 :5 su* is ! case1 ! wat] at ! inlet c>ries d[n ! pipe a great quantity ( air1 = :i* escapes mu/ be provid$ to prev5t a j>r+ or ?robb+1 :i* w\ld soon de/roy ! pipe4 ,! escape air-valves us$ are %[n by ,fig4 #af4 ,!y consi/ simply ( a heavy flap valve ( ca/-iron1 ) recess = lead fill+ to give great] weight set on top ! pipe1 seat+ on a vulcaniz$ rubb] cu%ion1 & sw++ on a loose h+e4 ,:5 ! pipe is only p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 ! valves drop d[n by _! own weight1 all[+ ! air to freely escape2 :5 ! wat] rises above ! level ( a valve1 x is tightly clos$ by ! result+ pressure4 ,!re are f\rte5 ( ^! valves1 ^? on ! l[] end be+ design$ to all[ air to freely ent] ! pipe 9 case x %\ld bur/ 9 ! deep] portion1 & ?us prev5t any collapse f atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! valves h answ]$ ! desir$ purposes mo/ effectually4 ,! pipe 0 haul$ ov] a road built to ! inlet end1 & %ot d[n ! m\nta9 side by means ( a ,v-%ap$ tr\gh ( wood4 ,= ! l[] end1 ! jo9ts 7 haul$ up ! cliff side into place by a crab work$ by horse-p[]4 ,on /eep incl9ations1 ! pipe 0 held firmly 9 place by wire ropes fa/5$ to iron p9s 9 ! solid rock1 z %[n by ! sket*4 ,! cov]+ ( e>? & /one 0 #a foot to #b feet 9 dep?2 ) /eep slopes1 ! e>? 0 kept f slid+ by r\gh dry walls1 or by c$> plank plac$ crosswise4 ,! pipe 0 laid 9 #ahgh2 ! fir/ ye> x broke twice1 ow+ to ! wret*$ quality ( ! iron2 s9ce !n1 x has giv5 no tr\ble1 & has requir$ practically no att5tion4 ,! co/ ( ?is "w--dit* & flume #d1jjj feet1 & pipe #d1ddj feet--0 #bc1ggi4ec4 ,a comp>ison ( ! relative values ( n1 9 ! =mula v n 7r s71 = ! =ego+ dit*1 flume1 & pipe w be in/ructive4 ,! dit* has a wid? on ! bottom ( #c feet1 on ! top ( #f feet1 ) a dep? ( #c feet1 & an incl9ation ( #bj feet p] mile2 its sides are r\gh1 be+ cut 9 "p ?r\gh ! rock & ) %>p curves1 al?\gh fairly regul>2 ) a fl[ ( ab\t #a1cjj m9]'s in*es 7#cb4h cubic feet p] second7 ! dit* runs ab\t full4 ,!re=e3 #f #c a ----- #c #ac4e 2 #b ,,tex3 a frac#fcb times #c #ac4e2 a r ------------- #a4da 2 #c4c #c #c4c ,,tex3 r fraca#c4c #c #c4c #a4da2 #bj #a s ------ ----- 2 #ebhj #bfd ,,tex3 s frac#bjebhj frac#abfd2 ,q #cb4h1 h5ce ,q v --- #b4dc2 a ,,tex3 v frac,qa #b4dc2 & _/ n 7 9 v n 7r s7 7 #cc4 _/ ,,tex3 n 7text9 v n 7r s7frac#ab7 #cc4 ,! flume is ( unplan$ bo>ds1 rectangul>1 #b4fg wide #b4hc deep1 ) an incl9ation ( #cb feet p] mile4 ,!re are %>p curves1 al?\gh ^! 7 made z regul> z practicable2 ! boil+ action ( ! wat] pass+ ar\nd ^! curves br\ght ! fl[ l9e 7,q #cb4h7 ne>ly up to ! top ( ! sides2 ) a /raight flume ( ! same size1 ! wat] w\ld h d\btless /ood sev]al in*es l[]4 ,!re=e3 a #b4fg #b4hc #g4ef 2 a r -------------------- #j4ijh 2 #b4hc #b4fg #b4hc ,,tex3 r fraca#b4hc #b4fg #b4hc #j4ijh2 #cb #a s ------ ----- 2 #ebhj #afe ,,tex3 s frac#cbebhj frac#aafe2 ,q #cb4h1 h5ce ,q v --- #d4cd2 a ,,tex3 v frac,qa #d4cd2 & n #ei4 ,) ! pipe1#f #a4daf diamet]1 d r --- #j4ced2 ,q #ca4fi2 v #bj4ac4 #d ,,tex3 r fracd#d #j4ced2 ,q #ca4fi2 v #bj4ac4 ,footnote #f3 ,vide pages #abj-abb1 ,transactions ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s = #ahhc4 ,all[+ = loss ( head due to imp>t+ velocity to wat]1 & = contraction1 #bif4a s --------2 & n #aca4 #ddch4g ,,tex3 s frac#bif4addch4g2 text& n #aca4 ,we h5ce h ! foll[+ values ( n1 9 v n 7r s71 ,q be+ con/ant3 ,r\gh dit*1 ) %>p curves4 #cc ,rectangul> flume1 ) %>p curves4 #ei ,wr\ght-iron pipe1 ) easy curves1 coat$ ) asphalt1 b ) rivet-heads =m+ notewor?y ob/ructions 7m #fe4e1 & #bm n7 #aca 99 99 99 99 99 ,,p>a*ute ,,hydraulic ,,motor4 ,! v s+ul> & simple hydraulic motor :i* we illu/rate h]e) is ! inv5tion ( a ,russian eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,jagn4 ,x is sc>cely z yet kn[n 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 :]e1 h[ev]1 some?+ w probably be he>d ( x ere long4 ,its true field w\ld seem to be ,egypt1 ,india1 or any c\ntry :]e canals or riv]s are us$ = irrigation1 & :]e x is desir$ to draw wat] f !m at p>ticul> spots 9 ! simple/ & *eape/ mann]4 ,at pres5t 9 ne>ly all su* cases wat] is rais$ by h& or /eam p[]2 nev]!less x mu/ be obvi\s t ! curr5t ( ! canal itself1 sl[ ?\gh x may be1 is q suffici5t to raise a small portion ( ! dis*>ge to ! v mod]ate height g5]ally ne$$ to lift x ov] ! banks into ! adjo9+ fields4 ,:y !n is x n employ$ = ! purpose8 ,! answ] is obvi\s1 :5 we consid] ! v>i\s hydraulic motors at pres5t 9 use4 ,( c\rse1 motors work$ by wat] pressure mu/ "h be exclud$2 & we are left ) sc>cely any?+ b ! und]%ot :eel1 ! turb9e1 & ! screw pump4 ,all ^! require exp5sive build+s & erections to set !m to "w1 pres5t b a v small fraction ( _! surface to ! wat] at any "o "t1 & mu/ be v l>ge & co/ly if !y are to draw ev5 a v mod]ate am\nt ( p[] f su* a s\rce4 ,!re is no possibility ( adju/+ !m readily to suit v>iations 9 ! spe$ ( ! curr5t or 9 ! quantity ( wat] requir$1 nor ( mov+ !m f place to place %\ld ?is be conv5i5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>a*ute ,,hydraulic ,,motor4 ,! motor ( ,mr4 ,jagn is on a totally diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,its ess5tial features consi/1 z %[n1 ( an endless rope made ( hemp or aloe fib]1 :i* takes a turn or two r\nd a pair ( drums m\nt$ on a b>ge or pontoon1 & !n passes d[n ! *annel to return ov] a pulley hung f a float+ punt1 at su* a dep? t ! :ole ( ! rope is imm]s$ 9 ! wat]4 ,along ?is rope are susp5d$ at equal int]vals a numb] ( p>a*utes made ( sail clo?4 ,! rope passes ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ea* ( ^!1 & to x are atta*$ a s]ies ( /r+s1 ! o!r ends ( :i* are connect$ to ! outside edge ( ! p>a*ute4 ,?us !y act l ! spokes ( an umbrella to prev5t ! p>a*ute f op5+ too f> "u ! pressure ( ! curr5t4 ,! p>a*utes mu/ be plac$ s f> ap>t t ! curr5t may act fairly on ea*1 & ! sum ( ! pressures =ms ! =ce :i* draws ! rope ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! mom5t1 h[ev]1 t any p>a*ute has pass$ r\nd ! return pulley1 ! curr5t acts ^u x 9 ! opposite direction4 ,x !n %uts up l an umbrella1 & assumes a volume s small t its resi/ance on ! return j\rney is insignificant4 ,aft] pass+ r\nd ! drum at ! upp] end1 x at once op5s afre% ( its own accord1 & once m becomes "p ( ! mov+ p[] ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,! p>a*utes are =m$ by fir/ cutt+ out a complete circle ( clo?1 & !n tak+ f ?is a sector equal to "o-fif? or "o-six? ( ! total area4 ,su* p>a*utes are f\nd to keep _! =m :5 /ret*$ by ! wat] bett] ?an a surface orig9ally sph]ical1 al?\gh ! latt] w\ld be !oretically m correct4 ,! motion ( ! drum is transmitt$ by spur1 ge>1 or o!rwise z may be requir$1 to give ! requisite spe$4 ,x w be se5 t ! advantages ( ! sy/em are z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ! facility x (f]s = obta9+ a l>ge work+ area1 :i* may be increas$ or dim9i%$ at w1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! mom5t1 by l5g!n+ or %ort5+ ! rope4 ,secondly1 ! ease ) :i* x is erect$ & set to "w4 ,?irdly1 ! small "p ( ! riv] section :i* x occupies1 s z to pres5t no ob/acle to navigation4 ,f\r?ly1 ! ease ) :i* x c be m\nt$ on a b>ge ( any k9d1 & c>ri$ :]ev] x may be ne$$4 ,fif?ly1 x is n /opp$1 l all o!r hydraulic motors1 by ! appe>ance ( ice--x has1 9 fact1 already be5 work$ "u ice 9 ! ,neva4 ,at ! same "t1 w9ds & waves h no influ5ce ^u x4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! app>atus is n altoge!r new4 ,9 #ahgb !re 0 tri$ on ! ,ohio ,riv] an arrangem5t t]m$ ! ,brooks motor4 ,x 0 compos$ ( two drums1 plac$ horizontally & p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,r\nd ^! !re pass$ endless *a9s at equal spaces ap>t on ! l5g? ( ! drums1 & to ^! *a9s 7 fix$ wood5 blades or arms ( a curv$ =m1 & s jo9t$ to ! frames t !y op5$ :5 mov+ 9 "o direction1 & clos$ d[n on ! *a9 :5 mov+ 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ?is ma*9e ! weight ( ! *a9s 0 a s]i\s ob/acle to obta9+ any l>ge am\nt ( p[]4 ,! :ole app>atus 0 m\nt$ on a heavy wood5 scaffold1 :i* prov$ an imp$im5t to ! fl[ ( ! riv]4 ,aga91 ! resi/ance due to ! surface ( ! return+ blades & to _! /iffness 0 f\nd to be f> f insignificant4 ,9 ! pres5t sy/em ,mr4 ,jagn has f\nd1 aft] _m exp]im5ts1 t ! be/ effect 0 obta9$ :5 ! p>a*utes 7 spac$ ap>t at twice _! diamet]1 & :5 ! rope made an angle ( #h degrees to #aj degrees ) ! curr5t4 ,x is f\nd t :5 op5 & 9 motion ! p>a*utes nev] t\* ! bottom4 ,?is 0 ! case ) a rope conta9+ #ahj p>a*utes ( #d feet diamet]1 & work+ 9 a dep? ( only #f feet4 ,?is is easily expla9$ by ! fact t ! velocity ( a curr5t always dim9i%es z x approa*es ! bottom4 ,h5ce ! pressure on ! l[] "p ( ! p>a*ute w be less ?an t on ! upp] "p2 b ! =m] pressure t5ds to draw ! p>a*ute d[nw>d1 :ile ! latt] t5ds to raise x to ! top ( ! wat]4 ,?us1 ! latt] be+ ! l>g]1 ! p>a*ute w always h a t5d5cy to rise4 ,9 fact1 x is necess>y to s9k ! return pulley suffici5tly deep to make sure t ! p>a*utes w n em]ge f ! surface4 ,= ! same reason no int]m$iate supports are ne$$ ov] ! driv+ span2 if any are ne$$ x is = ! return span1 on :i* ! p>a*utes are clos$4 ,( c\rse1 if metal 7 us$ in/ead ( hemp1 ! case w\ld be entirely diff]5t1 & int]m$iate supports w\ld h to be us$ = any?+ b v mod]ate l5g?s4 ,9 practice1 ,mr4 ,jagn has employ$ two ropes w\nd ^u ! same pair ( drums1 :i* are m\nt$ ^u a pontoon4 ,! ropes are spread out f ea* o!r1 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 mak+ an angle ( ab\t #aj degrees4 ,! l[ specific gravity ( ! sy/em enables ropes to be employ$ ( z great a l5g? z #dej y>ds1 ea* ( !m c>ry+ #cej p>a*utes ( #ag4b squ>e feet area4 ,z half ( ^! are 9 action at ! same "t1 ! total work+ area = ! two cables is #e1hfj squ>e feet4 ,?is imm5se area furni%es a consid]able am\nt ( p[] ev5 9 a riv] ( feeble curr5t4 ,comp>+ ?is ) a float+ wat] :eel ( ! type sometimes employ$1 & suppos+ ?is to h only #agb squ>e feet ( work+ area1 su* a :eel mu/ h a l5g? ( #df feet1 a diamet] ( #bc feet1 & sev5ty-two floats1 ea* #b feet wide4 ,! enorm\s dim5sions ?us requir$ = a comp>atively small work+ area po9t suffici5tly cle>ly to ! advantage :i* rema9s on ! side ( ! p>a*ute motor4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! sy/em is %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,beh9d ! return pulleys1 ,d ,d1 are atta*$ cords1 ,a ,a1 ) "s p>a*utes /rung ^u !m4 ,^! pres5t _! op5+s to ! curr5t & pres]ve ! t5sion ( ! connect+ ropes4 ,at ! fur!r end ( ea* cord is a bo>d1 ,b1 :i* is kept 9 a v]tical plane1 b ly+ at a slight angle to ! direction ( ! curr5t2 & ?is acts to keep ! two mov+ ropes ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,! two return pulleys are1 h[ev]1 connect$ by a l9e1 ,e1 :i* c be %ort5$ or l5g!n$ f ! pontoon1 & 9 ?is way ! angle ( incl9ation betwe5 ! two ropes c be v>i$ if requir$4 ,a groov$ pulley presses ^u ! trail+ span at ! mom5t be=e x rea*es ! circumf]5ce ( ! drum4 ,x is m\nt$ on a screw$ sp9dle1 :i* is depress$ by a nut1 & ?us makes ! wet rope grip ! outside ( ! drum 9 a ?or\ghly efficaci\s mann]4 ,! au?or has made a !oretical inve/igation ( ! p[] :i* may be develop$ by ! sy/em1 & has work$ out tables by :i*1 :5 ! velocity ( ! curr5t & ! o!r elem5ts ( ! problem are kn[n1 ! p[] develop$ by any giv5 numb] ( p>a*utes c be at once det]m9$4 ,we d n reproduce ?is inve/igation1 :i* takes acc\nt ( ! resi/ance ( ! return+ p>a*utes & o!r circum/ances1 b w cont5t ourselves ) quot+ ! f9al equation1 :i* is z foll[s3 ,t #j4cbh ,s ,v4 ,"h ,t is ! "w done 9 ,h4,p41 ,s is ! total work+ area 9 sq4 m41 & ,v is ! velocity ( ! curr5t 9 m4 p] sec4 ,tak+ ,v #a1 & ,s #a sq4 m41 :i* is by no means an impracticable quantity1 we h ,t #j4cbh ,h4,p4 p] sq4 m4 ,we may *eck ?is result by ! equation giv51 9 ,engli% measures1 by ,rank9e--,appli$ ,me*anics1 p4 #cih--;= ! pressure ( a curr5t ^u a solid body imm]s$ 9 x4 ,?is equation1 ,f #a4h m ,a v _/ #b;g1 :]e m is ! weight ( a unit ( volume ( ! fluid--say #fb lb4--,a is ! area expos$1 & v ! relative velocity ( ! curr5t4 ,mr4 ,jagn f9ds t ! maximum ( effici5cy is obta9$ :5 ! rope moves at "o-?ird ! velocity ( ! /ream4 ,if ?is velocity be #c feet p] second1 we %all h v #b4 & we !n get ,f #g lb4 p] sq4 ft4 v ne>ly4 ,n[ #a sq4 met] #aj4gf sq4 ft41 & a spe$ ( #a ft4 p] second 7:i* is t ( ! rope7 is #fj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,h5ce ! ,h4,p4 realiz$ 9 ! same case z t tak5 above w be #g #aj4gf #fj _/ #cc1jjj #j4acg ,h4,p4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two values is v l>ge1 b ,rank9e1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds entirely on ! value ( ! con/ant #a4h1 :i* is q empirical1 & is = a flat b& in/ead ( a holl[ p>a*ute4 ,tak+1 h[ev]1 8 small] figure1 & an area ( #edd squ>e in*es1 :i* ,mr4 ,jagn has actually employ$1 we get a gross p[] ( #j4acg #edd #g4dc ,h4,p4 ,h5ce x w be se5 t ! am\nt ( p[] :i* c be realiz$ by ! sy/em is f> f be+ inconsid]able4 ,la/ly1 we may po9t out t ! durability ( ! app>atus w be consid]able4 ,!re is no we> except at ! mom5t :5 ! rope is pass+ r\nd ! drum1 & ev5 !n !re ne$ be no slipp+ or gr9d+4 ,! app>atus work$ 9 ! ,neva 0 9 v good condition aft] runn+ = f\r mon?s day & night4 ,aft] five mon?s ab\t "o-fif? ( ! p>a*utes _h to be replac$1 b aft] sev5 mon?s ! hemp rope /ill %[$ no signs ( we>4 ,we ?9k we h said en\gh to %[ t = c]ta9 purposes1 & especially1 z we h1 already m5tion$1 = irrigation purposes1 ! new motor is well wor?y ( a c>eful & ext5d$ trial4 ,x may be que/ion$ ev5 :e!r we h n "h ! g]m ( an idea :i* may h]eaft] enable u to solve "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important ( eng9e]+ problems1 viz41 ! utilization ( ! great /ore ( p[] provid$ = u twice daily 9 ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,%aft+ ,,la!4 ,our engrav+ repres5ts a new dep>ture 9 %aft turn+ la!s1 & is ! result ( ?irty ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 ! manufacture ( %aft+1 ) _m ye>s' /udy1 to p]fect a ma*9e ( ! greate/ practical capacity & effici5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,%aft+ ,,la!4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts ( diff]5ce f a common eng9e la! are readily di/+ui%$1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! abs5ce ( c5t]s & tail /ock1 a travel+ head ) holl[ driv+ sp9dle1 & a /ation>y tool re/ & wat] tank4 ,by disp5s+ ) a tail /ock a mu* %ort] b$ may be us$1 & ! holl[ driv+ sp9dle enables any l5g? %aft to be turn$1 ) "o sett+ ( ! tools4 ,! tool re/ is s arrang$ z to all[ ( p]fect lubrication ( ! tools1 keep+ ! %aft cool1 & at ! same "t hold+ x p]fectly rigid & /rong2 ! op]ator is n requir$ to travel ! l5g? ( ! b$1 b rema9s ne> ! driv+ belt1 fe$ ge>+1 etc4 ,p[] is communicat$ to ! driv+ sp9dle by means ( a slid+ p9ion on a spl9$ rod inside ! b$1 ! driv+ belt & ge>s be+ at ! end4 ,! driv+ head1 aft] hav+ travel$ ! l5g? ( ! b$ & turn$ a %aft1 is return$ by a quick fe$1 & /ops automatically1 all[+ ne>ly "t en\gh = ! op]ator to gr9d tools & be ready ) ano!r %aft1 ?us economiz+ ! "t completely4 ,wood1 ,j5nison ,co41 ,worce/]1 ,mass41 are ! mak]s1 & !y say t ) a good quality ( iron !y h turn$ ?ree hundr$ feet ( two in* iron 9 t5 h\rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,p[] ,,/raight5+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! ma*9e is provid$ ) a pair ( rolls at ea* end ( ! b$1 :i* are adju/able = diff]5t l5g?s ( %aft1 & are made to revolve by p[] appli$ ?r\gh suitable ge>+ & a spl9$ rod inside ! b$2 ! b> ( iron be+ plac$ on ! p]iph]y ( ! rolls receives a rot>y motion by friction1 & %[s ! crook$ places 9 ! same way & ) ! same ease z ?\gh rotat+ on c5t]s 9 ! usual mann]2 v]tically adju/able blocks are arrang$ 9 ! base ( ! press to support ! iron2 p[] is appli$ by means ( ge>+ to a spl9$ rod at ! back ( ! ma*9e1 on :i* is a slid+ clut* connect+1 at ! w ( ! op]ator1 ) an ecc5tric2 ! ecc5tric conveys motion & p[] ?r\gh a l9k to ! elb[ jo9t at ! front ( ! press1 :i* =ces a plung] d[n aga9/ ! iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p[] ,,/raight5+ ,,ma*9e4 ,suffici5t adju/m5t is provid$ = diff]5t sizes ( iron by turn+ a nut at ! top ( ! press4 ,any po9t 9 ! l5g? ( ! b> c be rea*$ by mov+ ! press on ! b$4 ,any l5g? ( iron c be /raight5$1 & ! mo/ labori\s & disagreeable "w 9 ! process ( mak+ %aft+ is r5d]$ easy & rapid4 ,made by ,wood1 ,j5nison ,co41 ,worce/]1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hydraulic ,,m9+ ,,9 ,,cali=nia4 ,by ,,george ,o',,bri54 ,our k ( ! primitive op]ations ( ! aborig9al inhabitants ( ! globe 9 pursuit ( gold is b>ely traditional1 z we are only aw>e t f v e>ly times ! preci\s metal 0 collect$ & highly priz$ by !m1 & t !y *iefly extract$ ! visible gold1 :i* exi/$ 9 prodigi\s quantities on or closely b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ( its be+ p>ticul>ly abundant 9 ,asia & ,africa4 ,b we c draw m positive conclusions z we survey rema9s ( ! rude b effective contrivances us$ by !m 9 lat]1 b /ill remote1 p]iods1 ) full evid5ce z to ! ext5t ( _! op]ations1 9 ! num]\s p]p5dicul> %afts locat$ at %ort di/ances f ea* o!r1 ov] l>ge areas ( aurif]\s gravel 9 ,india1 z well z f precisely simil> memorials ( anci5t work+s :i* rema9 also fur!r demon/rations1 9 ! ab&on$ hill digg+s1 & %ift$ b$s1 & b$s ( riv]s1 9 ,p]u ,s\? ,am]ica1 fl[+ betwe5 ! sea & coa/ ranges ( ! ,&es1 desc5d+ 9 a nor!a/]ly direction to ! riv] ,amazon1 & t _! mu* covet$ & enorm\s productions 7 ! accumulat$ ri*es ( ! ,incas1 transf]r$ z spoils ( w> to _! ,spani% conqu]ors 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,& = simil> explorations 9 ! same class ( depositions we h ! exp]i5ces ( our own times1 & :i* expla9 by comp>ison all ! previ\s op]ations allud$ to4 ,?us 9 ! ye> #ahdi1 aft] ! cession ( ! nor!rn portion ( ,mexico to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ri* m9]al di/rict ( ,cali=nia 0 at once invad$ by h>dy & intellig5t b&s ( m9+ adv5tur]s f all p>ts ( ! _w1 :o1 ) little o!r means at _! disposal b pick1 %ovel1 & pan1 soon fell on ! productive b>s ( riv]s & ri* rav9es :]e ! gold 0 trapp$1 d]iv$ f its orig9al bir?places1 :]e x _h be5 sp>sely dissem9at$1 to be disp]s$ by ! subsequ5t dis9tegrations & d5udations ( ! m\nta9s !mselves1 & deposit$ 9 a dis5gag$ =m = ! fir/ com]2 & s p]fect 7 sometimes ^! conc5trations1 9 c]ta9 localities :]e wat] once /ream$1 t1 dive/$ ( its e>?y matrix1 ! cleans$ pure metal 0 f\nd deposit$1 deta9$ by its sup]ior specific gravity1 on ! b>e rock1 & only hidd5 f vision by a slight cov]+ ( vegetable m\ld4 ,9 ?is mann]1 z an example ( su* conc5tration1 a pot or f9d 79 m9+ p>lance7 to ! value ( #aj1jjj 0 collect$ 9 a space ( #ae squ>e y>ds1 or )9 ! limits ( a p>ticul> m9+ claim1 at ! foot ( ,mokulumne ,hill1 9 a s\!rn c\nty ( ,cali=nia1 soon aft] ! t]ritorial transf] f ,mexico4 ,& 9 se>* ( su* locations we mu/ acc\nt = ! numb]less %afts :i* /ill exi/ bo? 9 ,india & ,p]u1 & sometimes sunk )9 a few feet ( ea* o!r1 pass+ ?r\gh ! alluvium to a dep? ( #dj feet to ! b$ rock4 ,^! m9+ adv5tur]s soon ext5d$ _! explorations ov] ! o!r rec5tly acquir$ t]ritories1 & built ,virg9ia ,city1 ! capital ( ,montana1 ) ! gold d]iv$ f ! alluvium ( a riv] *annel :i* !y excavat$2 & its inhabitants 7 ! f\nd]s ( an in/itution call$ ! ,vigilance ,committee1 ) ,lyn* law1 & by x rul$ supremely = _m ye>s4 ,b _! surface digg+s1 by ! manual op]ations alone ( multitudes1 7 soon exhau/$ 9 e direction1 & !n _! en]gies & p[]s ( inv5tion 7 d$icat$ to discov] & explore deep] & m p]man5t depositions1 along ! we/]n slopes ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 ! ,&es ( ! ,we/]n ,t]ritories1 & :i* orig9ally 7 )\t d\bt sev]al miles high] ?an !y are at ! pres5t "t--probably #bj1jjj feet above ! sea-level--& ( :i*1 or :atev] sup]ior elevation !y =m]ly _h1 ! great] portion ( x has already be5 remov$1 by ! cont9u\s natural action ( c5turies1 to =m !re1 z else:]e1 ! pla9s & prairies ( ! e>?1 bury+ & div]t+ by ! mutation ! anci5t riv] sy/em1 ^: s\rces ( supply 7 consequ5tly ext+ui%$ by ! removal ( ^! altitudes4 ,^! d5udations & subsequ5t depositions h be5 caus$ by alt]nations ( temp]ature & comb9$ action ( air1 wat]1 & "t s9ce ! creation ( ! _w2 & p[]ful demon/rations ( ^! trans=mations in/ruct u 9 all directions1 if we c>e to obs]ve !m4 ,?us 9 ,little ,cottonwood rav9e1 9 ! ,wahsat* range ( m\nta9s 9 ,utah ,t]ritory1 lie isolat$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! valley huge masses ( metamorphic granite1 "s blocks ( :i* weigh individually ?\s&s ( tons1 & 7 dislodg$ f ! hills--:i* on ei!r side are ( lime/one =mation--) no visible granite 9 !m1 hav+ be5 und]m9$ by ! removal ( _! pulv]iz$ basis by d5udation1 & :i* is ! mat]ial n[ =m+ ! tablel&s1 ! f\ndation1 ( ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,! blocks ( granite1 hav+ alone resi/$ ! atmosph]ic *anges1 7 precipitat$ into ! valley b5ea?1 & ! ,mormons are n[ con/ruct+ _! ca!dral *ur* f ^! granitic rema9s4 ,! melt+ ( ! sn[ :i* =m]ly capp$ all ^! ranges ( m\nta9s furni%$ ! wat] t once fl[$ 9 ! ext+ui%$ *annels ( anci5t riv]s1 & ^: n[ div]t$ wat]s 7 also ! p[]ful ag5t to assi/ 9 caus+ ^! m>vel\s alt]nations2 & by ! means ( hydraulic m9+ we c advance our feeble k on ! subject4 ,^! mighty *anges h gradually be5 accompli%$1 & ! accumulat$ d5udations ( ! m9]al zones h def5d$ !mselves by /rata ( cry/alliz$ silicates ( qu>tz ( v>i\s ?icknesses1 & ?us 9 places b5ea? su* sy/em ( def5se1 or by _! own concretion1 h pres]v$ 9 _m localities a ?ickness ( f #ejj to #fjj feet ( conglom]ate1 b )\t ?is necess>y cem5tation its fur!r removal is v c]ta9 :5 aga9 attack$ by wat]4 ,an example ( ?is cont9u\s process is v obs]vable 9 ,dea? ,valley1 ,l[] ,cali=nia1 :]e a wid? ( ab\t #ajj miles has be5 fill$ up f ! hills to ! gulf ( same "n1 invad+ & occupy+ its =m] b$2 & ?is activity is /ill proce$+1 & a tempor>y =mation ( tablel& above x is 9 c\rse ( removal1 al?\gh already ov]gr[n ) =e/ trees1 :i* are toppl+ ov] ! side :i* is be+ attack$4 ,b et]nal sn[ n[ only cov]s a small portion ( ^! ,si]ras1 & a p]iod ( comp>ative repose may be expect$1 z ! di/ribution has already be5 f> advanc$ by ! excessive r$uction ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! deep & ext5sive depositions :i* ,i n[ attempt to describe attract$ ! e>ly att5tion ( ! m9+ adv5tur]s1 & 7 call$ hill digg+s1 b n be+ prop]ly und]/ood 7 !re=e n imm$iately op]at$ ^u1 & rema9$ 9 abeyance1 :ile ! l[]1 ri*]1 & m manife/ alluvials endur$4 ,!y 7 designat$ blue gravel1 ! color be+ due to ! action ( sulphuret ( iron & o!r salts1 ! cem5t+ auxili>ies requisite to =m ! h>d conglom]ate1 & on exposure to ! atmosph]e *anges color to yell[ & violet1 los+ also its firmness by oxidation4 ,! great blue lead is ano!r important m9+ t]m & designates ! alluvium f\nd repos+ 9 a well-def9$ *annel on ! b$ rock1 be+ ! well-worn pa? ( an anci5t riv]2 & x is obvi\s t ! mat]ial 9 ^! *annels %\ld be ri*] ?an ! g5]al mass beyond _! limits4 ,rim rock is ! b\nd>y l9e ( ! banks ( ! old *annel1 &1 l ! bottom1 is well worn & corrugat$ by ! runn+ wat] into cavities & pot holes1 :]e ! =ce ( ! /ream eddi$4 ,! wid? ( ^! *annels v>ies f #fj to #djj feet1 & ! cem5t ne> ! rim & bottom is always ri*] ?an else:]e4 ,! wid] & deep] *annels g5]ally c\rse f ,n4 to ,n4,w4 ,! ri*e/ & mo/ explor$ belt ( gold-be>+ alluvium 9 ,cali=nia lies betwe5 ! ,s\? & ,middle ,yuba ,riv]s1 comm5c+ ne> ,eureka1 9 ,nevada c\nty1 & ext5ds d[nw>ds to ,sm>tsville & ,timbuctoo1 9 ,yuba c\nty1 a di/ance ( #dj miles2 & f among sn[y m\nta9s ! c\ntry falls gradually f :]e ! rav9es or canons are cut by ! actual riv]s1 :i* are #b1jjj feet b5ea? ! aurif]\s gravel & region ne> ,sm>tsville1 & #b1jjj feet above ! ,yuba ,riv]1 :]e sn[ is unkn[n1 & ne> its t]m9us ! anci5t riv] b$ c\rses m we/]ly ?an x does above x1 & crosses ,yuba bel[ ,timbuctoo1 :]e ! aurif]\s depositions disappe>4 ,! :ole di/ance ( #dj miles has be5 ransack$ by ! e>li] adv5tur]s1 & ar\nd ! village ( ,timbuctoo 0 a c5t] fam$ = its wond]ful yield ( gold1 obta9$ *iefly 9 ! rav9es1 9 holes1 & depressions 9 ! b$ rock4 ,^! holl[s deta9$ ! conc5trations ( ! d5udat$ alluvium f ! altitudes1 & 7 g5]ally closely b5ea? ! surface1 & by su* guidance & means ( discov]y ! m9]s trac$ ! gold up ! rav9es to _! s\rces 9 ! l(ty m\nds & deposits1 or hills ( cem5t$ conglom]ate1 ne> ,eureka 9 ,nevada c\nty2 & by con/ruct+ canals f a high] level began ! new sy/em ( hydraulic m9+ & wa%+1 & gradually ext5d$ _! op]ations ov] ! area ( ! metallic zone m5tion$1 ( #dj miles long by #bj wide1 us+ ! ,yuba ,riv] bel[ ,timbuctoo to receive & dis*>ge ! tail+s1 or refuse f _! op]ations4 ,! result 9 gold 0 consid]able1 b ! sy/em is f its viol5t nature difficult to control1 by presum+ to h&le & remove su* huge depositions 9 ord] to collect ! ri*e/ mat]ial4 ,! idea 0 bold1 be+ an anticipation ( ,nature's op]ations2 b ! equitable disposal ( ! tail+s 9 a cultivat$ c\ntry is impossible1 z ! silt runs d[n ! riv]s1 creat+ banks & b>s 9 _! *annels1 ob/ruct+ navigation & agricultural arrangem5ts4 ,g5]al ,description ( ,hydraulic ,m9+4 ,! fir/ "w to be accompli%$1 aft] calculat+ t ! am\nt or value ( ! mat]ial to be op]at$ ^u is suffici5t to gu>antee ! co/ ( ! und]tak+ 9 g5]al1 is ! con/ruction ( a canal or canals1 to convey ! requisite volume ( wat] f ! f\nta9-head1 & ( suffici5t elevation to comm& ! gr\nd to be work$ ^u1 hav+ also 9 view ! levels ( ! necess>y tunnels & %afts z outlets = ! dis*>ge ( ! gravel ?r\gh !m1 ^! be+ eng9e]+ op]ations requir+ mu* skill & labor to avoid useless aft]-co/4 ,aqu$ucts ( consid]able elevation h to be con/ruct$ across deep valleys1 & ! speculation is at all times problematical1 z ! gr\nd _c be prop]ly te/$ until ! wat] arrives ^u x1 & disputes may arise betwe5 ! %>ehold]s ( ! canal & ! m9+ company1 end+ frequ5tly 9 ! "o dev\r+ ! o!r1 unless ! two int]e/s be quickly amalgamat$4 ,! />t+ po9t %\ld be ! l[e/ level1 or b$ rock1 on ! :ite cem5t 9 ! anci5t *annel1 :i* is probably ! orig9al silt collect$ 9 x1 & is h>d] ?an ! conglom]ate above x1 :i* is m easily remov$4 ,! c\rses ( ^! b$s c be easily trac$ by l&m>ks & undulations1 & occasional exposures ( ! b$ rock at l[ levels2 also trial %afts are sunk 9 v>i\s places 9 se>* ( x1 to a dep? ( #ajj feet1 pass+ ?r\gh blue gravel4 ,! grades ( ^! b$s are n /eep1 be+ f #aj to #dj feet p] mile z ( an ord9>y riv]1 & ! calculat$ ?ickness ( ! alluvial conglom]ate is ab\t #fjj feet 9 _m places across ! ridge betwe5 ! ,s\? & ,middle ,yuba ,riv] across ! ,columbia4 ,! p[] ( ! wat] = ! op]ation is dep5d5t on a giv5 volume deposit$ 9 a res]voir1 & at suffici5t elevation above ! po9ts ( dis*>ge1 z on ?is dep5ds effectivity to te> d[n ! gravel4 ,x is deliv]$ to ! m9] by huge pipes made ( wr\ght iron1 & laid d[n to foll[ ! curvatures ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 & ! pipe ,i n[ treat (1 belong+ to ! ,excelsior ,wat] ,company1 has a diamet] ( #dj in*es on a l5g? ( #f1jjj feet1 & #bj in*es on ! re/ ( its l5g? ( #h1jjj feet1 be+ #i1jjj feet 9 all2 & ?is l>ge pipe =ms an inv]t$ siphon across a valley1 foll[+ on ! gravel1 to ! top ( ! hill into ! res]voir4 ,^! pipes (f] advantages ov] wood5 aqu$ucts = spann+ *asms1 & also to avoid c\rs+ ! sides ( valleys2 be+ also *eap] to con/ruct 9 g5]al1 & less liable to accid5ts f fire & /orms1 & h ! conv5i5ce = convey+ ! wat] f po9t to po9t1 z ! "w ( excavation advances1 necessitat+ ! removal ( portions ( ! aqu$uct =w>d4 ,! wat]%$1 or res]voir1 ( ! ,excelsior ,company embraces ! valley ( ! ,s\? ,yuba & its afflu5ts1 & ! entire co/ ( its eight amalgamat$ canals 0 #gej1jjj doll>s4 ,! ra9fall dur+ ?ree ye>s 9 ! m\nta9s av]ag$ #di in*es annually1 :ile ! m$ium 9 ! same p]iod did n exce$ #bj in*es 9 ! pla9s b5ea?4 ,! height ( ! res]voir above ! tail+1 or ,yuba ,riv]1 is #cic feet3 & ! height ( ! head above ! floor1 or outlet sluice-tunnel1 ( ! ,blue ,gravel ,m9+ ,company 0 #aig feet4 ,! exact quantity ( wat] requir$ to wa% e class ( gravel is difficult to e/imate1 b no quantity or pressure w\ld be excessive if prop]ly arrang$4 ,! measurem5t ( wat] is effect$ by m9]'s in*es1 by all[+ x to fl[ f ! res]voir ( ! sell] to ! pur*as] ?r\gh a box #aj or #ab feet squ>e1 ) divisions to obta9 a quiet head1 ) a slide or op5+ capable ( adju/m5t to any requir$ measure2 ?us an op5+ ( #be in*es by #b in*es1 ) a quiet head ( #f in*es above ! middle ( ! orifice1 w\ld give #ej in*es1 or ab\t #hi1bei cubic feet ( wat]1 fl[+ dur+ t5 h\rs p] day1 be+ an am\nt necess>y = a fir/-class op]ation4 ,! capability ( ! ,excelsior ,canal 9 ra9y seasons rea*$ to a deliv]y 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 to ! v>i\s m9+ companies1 ( #ba1abj1jjj cubic feet ( wat]1 or #h1jjj m9]'s in*es1 & ! value ( ! wat] paid = by ! ,blue ,gravel ,company 9 =ty-?ree mon?s end+ ,novemb] #i1 #ahfg1 0 #aeg1bfa doll>s1 be+ at ! rate ( #ae c5ts ( a doll> p] m9]'s in*2 & ! proportion ( wat] us$ to wa% d[n #ihi1afe cubic y>ds ( gravel 0 #ag1jgd1geh cubic y>ds1 or #ag cubic y>ds ( wat] to #a cubic y>d ( gravel2 & :5 at "w ! quantity ( gravel daily mov$ 0 #a1bih cubic y>ds1 & ! e/imat$ co/ to move "o cubic y>d ( gravel 0 #e & #g_/aj c5ts ( a doll>4 ,b 9 ! face ( cont+5cies ! ,blue ,gravel ,company mov$ #a1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( gravel 9 f\r ye>s1 or at ! rate ( #bej1jjj cubic y>ds p] annum1 & ! co/ ( wa%+ ea* cubic y>d /&s ?us3 ,c5ts4 ,co/ ( wat]1 at #ae c5ts p] m9]'s in* #e4gg ,co/ ( labor1 gunp[d]1 sluices1 & sup]9t5d5ce #af4aj ----- #ba4hg ,or #ba c5ts ( a doll> p] cubic y>d4 ,?us ! gravel %\ld conta9 gold to ! value ( #bb c5ts ( a doll> p] cubic y>d to cov] co/1 & ! value ( ! gravel ref]r$ to rang$ f #bj to #de c5ts p] cubic y>d2 & ! co/ ( "w done 9 %afts & tunnels1 9 ! said ,blue ,gravel ,company's ,m9+ claim1 rea*$ #ajj1jjj doll>s4 ,b ) ! co/ ( ! necess>y canals paid = by ! ,excelsior ,wat] ,company ap>t1 ! total co/ am\nt$ to ab\t #a1jjj1jjj doll>s1 & we mu/ note t ! latt] company sold wat] to o!r m9+ companies4 ,! gross yield 9 gold ( ! ,blue ,gravel ,company 9 f\r ye>s 0 #hcg1cii doll>s1 & 9 ! ye> #ahff ! returns f ! ,blue ,gravel ,company paid all ! co/s ( ! developm5ts2 b 9 #ahfg assessm5ts 7 paid by ! own]s to meet ! defici5cy aris+ f ! co/ ( s9k+ two new %afts1 & driv+ fre% tunnels on ! l[e/ levels1 :i* evid5tly conta9 on ! b$ rock ! ri*e/ conc5trations4 ,9 small] m9+ adv5tures ( ?is description1 involv+ less capital1 l>ge pr(its h be5 made 9 ! gold-be>+ zone treat$ (1 by also n hav+ inve/$ 9 co/ly canals1 :i* w\ld n h repaid ! latt] inve/m5t2 & ?us x is evid5t t ! wat] companies are dep5d5t bl9dly on ! prosp]ity ( ! m9]s4 ,i w n[ m m9utely describe ! actual m9+ op]ations4 ,! m9+ gr\nd be+ select$1 a tunnel is project$ f ! ne>e/ & mo/ conv5i5t rav9e1 s t ! />t+-po9t on ! b$ rock t[>d ! face ( ! rav9e %all approa* ! c5t] ( ! mat]ial to be remov$ at a gradi5t ( #a 9 #aj to #a 9 #cj4 ,! dim5sions ( su* tunnels are usually #f feet 9 wid? by #g 9 height1 & cont9u+ 9 contact ) ! h>d riv]-b$1 = ! great] ease ( excavation1 collection ( gold1 & cons]vation ( quicksilv] amalgam4 ,^! tunnels v>y 9 l5g? f a few hundr$ feet to a mile1 & "s ( ! long] ones occupy+ f "o to sev5 ye>s 9 execution1 at a co/ ( f #aj to #fj doll>s p] foot ( frontage4 ,! tunnel ( ! ,blue ,gravel ,company1 ) l5g? ( #a1ceh feet1 co/ 9 labor alone #gj1jjj doll>s1 b x c\ld n[ be driv5 = #ce1jjj doll>s1 z skill$ labor is *eap] n[ ?an !n4 ,! grade 9 ?is tunnel is ab\t #ab p] c5t41 & ! end ( ! tunnel is design$ to be #agj feet ( elevation1 & rea*+ to a po9t b5ea? ! surface ( ! gravel :i* is be+ op]at$ ^u1 & :]e a %aft or incl9e is sunk to or ?r\gh ! b$ rock or gravel1 until x int]sects ! tunnel4 ,! object ( ?is labori\s op]ation is obvi\s1 z ! long tunnel becomes a sluiceway1 & ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( :i* sluice boxes are laid1 = ! d\ble motive ( c>ry+ (f ! mat]ial & sav+ ! gold1 & = ?is purpose a tr\gh ( /rong planks is plac$ 9 ! tunnel1 #b feet wide1 & ) sides high en\gh to conta9 ! /ream4 ,! pavem5t ( ! tr\gh is g5]ally laid ( blocks ( wood #f in*es 9 ?ickness1 cut across ! gra91 & plac$ on _! ends1 to ! wid? ( ! sluiceway4 ,! wood5 blocks are usually alt]nat$ ) sections ( /one pavem5t1 ! /ones be+ set endwise1 & 9 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! /ones & wood5 blocks quicksilv] is di/ribut$1 & z mu* z #b tons ( ?is metal is requir$ to *>ge a long sluice4 ,! wat] 9 ! canal is br\ght by aqu$ucts1 or o!r means1 to ! head ( ! m9+ gr\nd1 hav+ an elevation ( #ajj to #bjj ft4 above ! l[e/ level ( ! m9+ gr\nd1 & is f9ally convey$ to x by iron pipes1 sometimes su/a9$ on a /rong incl9e ( timb]4 ,^! pipes are ( %eet iron1 ( adequate /r5g?1 rivet$ at ! jo9ts1 & measure f #ab to #bj in*es 9 diamet]1 & communicate at ! bottom ) a /rong prismatic box ( ca/-iron1 on ! top & sides ( :i* are op5+s = ! adaptation ( flexible tubes1 made ( v /rong fabric ( canvas1 /r5g!n$ by cord+1 & t]m9at+ 9 nozzles ( metal ( #b to #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,f ^! nozzles ! /reams ( wat] are direct$ aga9/ ! face ( ! gravel to be wa%$1 ex]cis+ incr$ible effectivity4 ,! volume ( wat] employ$ v>ies ( c\rse ) ! "w to be done2 b x is n uncommon to see f\r su* /reams act+ simultane\sly on ! same bank1 ea* convey+ f #ajj to #fjj in*es ( wat] p] h\r--#a1jjj m9]'s in*es be+ equal to #ajf1fjj cubic feet ( wat] p] h\r1 con/antly ex]t+ its =ce "u a pressure ( #ij to #bjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 v>y+ ) ! height ( ! column4 ,"u ! cont9u\s action ( ?is enorm\s =ce1 aid$ by ! s(t5+ p[] ( ! wat]1 l>ge sections ( ! gravelly mass are dislodg$1 & fall ) great viol5ce1 ! debris spe$ily dis9tegrat+ & disappe>+ "u ! resi/less =ce ( ! wat]1 & is hurri$ =w>d 9 ! sluices to ! m\? ( ! %aft1 d[n :i* x is precipitat$ ) ! :ole volume ( turbid wat]4 ,b[ld]s ( #ajj to #bjj lb4 9 weight are dislodg$ & %ot =w>d by ! impetu\s /ream1 accompani$ by masses ( ! h>d] cem5t :i* meet 9 ! fall1 & by ! concussion f ! great b[ld]s ! cru%+ & pulv]iz+ ag5cy requir$ is f\nd to dis9tegrate x4 ,! heavy banks1 ( #hj feet & upw>d1 are usually work$ 9 two b5*es1 ! upp] nev] be+ s ri* z ! l[]1 & also less firm1 & !re=e work$ away ) great] rapidity4 ,! l[] section is mu* ! m compact1 z ?is /ratum on ! b$ rock be+ /rongly cem5t$ resi/s great pressure1 & ev5 sometimes ! full =ce ( ! /reams ( wat]1 until x has be5 loos5$ by gunp[d] or o!r explosives4 ,= ?is purpose adits are driv5 9 on its f\ndation-po9t ( f #dj to #gj feet & m f ! face ( ! bank1 & drifts are ext5d$ at "r angles !refrom to a %ort di/ance on ea* side ( ! adit1 & 9 ^! drifts a l>ge quantity ( gunp[d] is plac$ 7f #a to #c tons71 & fir$ at "o bla/1 hav+ be5 previ\sly built 9 ) masonry4 ,& 9 ?is mann] ! compact conglom]ate is brok5 up1 & !n ! wat] easily completes its "w4 ,sometimes 9 ! s(t1 upp] /rata ! sy/ems ( tunnel is ext5d$1 z 9 a coal-m9e1 by cross alleys1 leav+ blocks :i* are aft]w>d wa%$ away1 & !n ! :ole mass settles1 & is dis9tegrat$ "u ! influ5ce ( wat]4 ,! wood5 sluices 9 ! tunnels already describ$ are (t5 made d\ble = ! conv5i5ce ( clean+ up "o ( !m1 :ile ! o!r rema9s 9 action4 ,! process ( clean+ up is p]=m$ accord+ to ! quantity & ri*ness ( ! mat]ial work$ ^u1 at int]vals ( tw5ty to =ty days1 & consi/s 9 remov+ ! pavem5t & blocks f ! b$ ( ! sluice1 & !n ga!r+ all ! amalgam ( gold & ri* dirt collect$1 & replac+ ! locks 9 ! same way z at fir/4 ,advantage is tak5 on ?is occasion to rev]se ! position ( ! blocks & /ones :5 !y are worn irregul>ly1 or sub/itute new ones = ^? :i* are worn ?r\gh4 ,! me*anical action ( ! wa%+ process on ! blocks is ( c\rse v rapid & sev]e1 requir+ complete r5ewal ( !m once 9 eight to t5 weeks4 ,"s m9]s pref] a pavem5t ( egg-%ap$ /ones set l a cobble-/one floor+1 ! gold be+ deposit$ 9 ! int]/ices4 ,mo/ ( ! sluiceways are1 h[ev]1 pav$ ) rectangul> wood5 blocks1 ) or )\t /ones z describ$4 ,/&+ at ! m\? ( "o ( ! long tunnels 9 full action1 any p]son unaccu/om$ to ! process is /ruck ) a/oni%m5t1 am\nt+ almo/ to t]ror1 z ! muddy mass sweeps onw>d1 be>+ 9 its c\rse ! great roll+ b[ld]s1 :i* add _! d9 to ! ro> ( ! wat]1 ! :ole be+ precipitat$ d[n a s]ies ( falls1 at ea* ( :i* x is caught up aga9 by new sluices ( timb]1 l9$ l ! fir/1 & s onw>d & d[nw>d _m hundr$s ( feet until ! level ( ! riv] is rea*$1 at a di/ance ( ab\t a half mile or m f ! m\? ( ! fir/ tunnel4 ,at ea* ( ^! new falls ( #be to #ej feet ! process ( comm9ution begun 9 ! fir/ %aft is c>ri$ on1 & a fre% portion ( gold obta9$4 ,rude z ?is plan ( sav+ gold appe>s to be1 m gold is procur$ by x ?an by any o!r me?od ( wa%+ yet devis$ = ?is process ( "w1 & ! economical advantages obta9$ by x _c be surpass$1 z x w\ld be impossible to h&le su* va/ quantities ( mat]ial 9 any o!r way1 & we c comp>e ! co/ ( wa%+ & h&l+ a cubic y>d ( aurif]\s gravel by x z foll[s3 ,doll>s4 ,by manual labor ) ! pan #ae4jj ) rock] #c4ge ) ! long tom 4#ge ,by ! hydraulic process 4#ae ,b ?is process1 ev5 if effective or pr(itable z a m9+ op]ation1 may be prejudicial to ! int]e/s ( ! g5]al public1 if conduct$ on a l>ge scale1 z ! va/ quantity ( mat]ial :i* x s sudd5ly removes is m]ely %ift$ into ! %all[s b5ea?1 to be r$i/ribut$ by e fre%et to po9ts l[] & l[] d[n until x rea*es ! sea-coa/1 creat+ b>s at ! m\?s ( riv]s 9 its c\rse1 & *ang+ ! hydrography ( h>bors--z x has done ) ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco by its silt4 ,! hills beh9d1 torn up & wa%$ by ! gold m9]1 are ab&on$ z desolate & irr$eemable2 & ! co/ly canals1 con/ruct$ ) peculi> conv5i5ces = m9+ purposes1 ev5tually fall into disuse f be+ too exp5sive to ma9ta9 or alt] = g5]al agricultural uses4--,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,*ol]a4 ,f ! ho/ ( rem$ies & sugge/ions t are n[ delug+ ! ,european m$ical press1 we select ! foll[+ f ,dr4 ,h5ry ,a4 ,rawl9s1 9 ! ,london ,m$4 ,times1 ,july #ab4 #ahhd3 ,! man suff]+ f *ol]a has be5 sudd5ly depriv$ by di>rhoea ( an enorm\s quantity ( ! fluid "p ( 8 blood4 ,?is loss is "o ( simple transudation1 increas+ z ! p[]s ( life decrease4 ,?is sudd5 loss produces int5se pro/ration1 & r5d]s ! he>t p[]less to p]fect ! circulation4 ,! body1 ?us depriv$ ( oxyg51 spe$ily runs into decomposition1 ev5 be=e life is ext9ct4 ,h we any ag5t by :i* we c collect & press =w>d ^! scatt]$ & le?>gic drops ( blood to ! he>t1 & enable x to r5ew ! circulation1 & ) x ! bless+s ( oxyg5 to ! body8 ,my reply is emphatically--,yes6 ,flannel b&ages f ! toes to ! trunk1 ar\nd ! abdom51 & f ! f+]s to ! body1 w effect ?is object p]fectly4 ,rem>k t ! effect is gradual1 increas+ ) e turn ( ! roll]1 b w\ld be 9 full =ce 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes4 ,by ?us expos+ ! blood 9 ! lungs to ! action ( oxyg5 9 its dilut$ =m1 z x is 9 ! air1 in/ead ( pure oxyg51 ! reaction w\ld nei!r be too rapid nor too dang]\s4 ,9 confirmation ( my views1 ,i h ?is day le>n$ t x is ! cu/om 9 ,india to we> a d\ble roll ( flannel ar\nd ! abdom51 z a prev5tive to *ol]a4 ,! o!r advantages result+ f ! use ( ! flannel b&ages are3 #a4 ,t !y prev5t ! escape ( heat f ! body ( ! poor creature :o is already 9 a /ate ( refrig]ation4 #b4 ,by _! firmly & equally grasp+ bo? flexor & ext5sor muscles alike1 !y are /eadi$1 & r5d]$ mu* less likely to be affect$ ) spasmodic action or cramp4 #c4 ,by _! /eady ela/ic pressure & support ( ab\t #afj p\nds1 !y p]si/5tly keep up & su/a9 ! circulation ( ! blood1 :i* !y _h previ\sly re/or$4 #d4 ,t ! oxyg5 ?us well secur$ to ! blood w1 ,i believe1 prove q suffici5t to neutralize ! orig9al poison1 & also de/roy its effects4 #e4 ,t ?is mu* c at lea/ be claim$ = _! use--t !y remove f nature a /umbl+-block1 :i* prev5t$ h] f ex]cis+ h] m>vel\s recup]ative p[]s4 ,dilut$ sulphuric acid is ! be/ m$ic9e to arre/ ! flux f ! b[els1 act+ also z a tonic4 ,x %\ld be giv5 9 five-m9im doses ab\t e half h\r1 ) rice gruel4 ,by adopt+ ?is plan1 ! natural process is br\ght ab\t1 t ( ! />* be+ conv]t$ into grape sug>4 ,pl5ty ( :ite ( egg1 well :ipp$ up1 s z to n\ri% ! body & convey oxyg5 into ! /oma*1 :i* x w appropriate1 %\ld be giv54 ,opium1 9 small quantities1 & o!r /imulants1 %\ld be giv5 accord+ to ! necessities ( ! case4 ,may x n be well1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( wet sponge ov] ! ?orax1 to apply a cont9u\s b g5tle curr5t ( galvanism1 s z to /imulate ! he>t's action1 keep alive ! respiratory movem5ts1 & !reby assi/ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! functions ( ! body8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,temp]ature1 ,,moi/ure1 ,,& ,,pressure ,,9 ,,_! ,,relations ,,to ,,heal?4 ,at ! rec5t meteorological conf]5ce held at ! ,heal? ,exhibition1 ,dr4 ,j4,w4 ,tripe read a pap] ( mu* int]e/ on "s relations ( meteorological ph5om5a to heal?4 ,9 ages long pa/ ^! relations excit$ mu* att5tion1 b ! k conc]n+ !m 0 ( ! vague/ k9d2 & inde$1 ev5 n[1 no v great advance has be5 made1 because x is only q rec5tly t we h be5 able to comp>e a fairly accurate record ( dea?s ) obs]vations tak5 at a numb] ( reliable meteorological /ations4 ,! m useful & se>*+ comp>ison betwe5 cases ( sickness1 in/ead ( dea?s1 & meteorological ph5om5a has yet to be accompli%$ on a l>ge scale 9 ?is c\ntry1 & especially z reg>ds zymotic diseases4 ,9 ,belgium !re is a ,society ( ,m$ical ,practition]s1 embrac+ ne>ly ! :ole c\ntry1 t publi%es a mon?ly record ( cases ( sickness1 ( dea?s1 & ( meteorological obs]vations2 b ! only attempt on a l>ge scale 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* 0 />t$ by ! ,society ( ,m$ical ,(fic]s ( ,heal? = ! :ole ( ,london1 fail$ p>tly f want ( funds1 & p>tly f irregul>ity 9 ! returns4 ,my rem>ks1 :i* mu/ necess>ily be v brief1 w ref] to ! relations betwe5 7#a7 meteorological ph5om5a & ! bodily functions ( man1 & 7#b7 betwe5 v>y+ meteorological conditions & dea?-rates f c]ta9 diseases4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 ,i w comm5ce ) a few brief rem>ks on ! effects ( v>y+ b>ometric pressures4 ,a great deal too mu* att5tion is paid to ! b>omet] if we reg>d x z indicat+ only1 z x really does1 v>iations 9 ! weight ( ! column ( air press+ ^u our bodies1 because1 except at consid]able elevations1 :]e ! b>omet] is always mu* l[] ?an at sea level1 ^! v>iations produce b little effect on heal?4 ,at consid]able elevations ! dim9i%$ pressure frequ5tly causes a great feel+ ( malaise1 gidd9ess1 loss ( /r5g?1 palpitation1 & ev5 nausea2 & at great] heights1 z 0 notic$ by ,mr4 ,glai%] 9 a v l(ty balloon asc5t1 loss ( sight1 feel+1 & consci\sness4 ,^! 7 caus$ by a want ( a suffici5t supply ( oxyg5 to remove effete matt]s f ! sy/em1 & to c>ry on ! organic functions necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( life4 ,on elevat$ m\nta9 plateaus1 or ev5 9 high resid5ces among ! ,alps1 an increas$ rapidity 9 ! numb] ( respirations & ( ! pulse1 z well z increas$ evaporation f ! lungs & sk91 occur4 ,= "s ye>s pa/1 _m p]sons suff]+ f consumption1 g\t1 rheumatism1 & anmic affections h gone to m\nta9 /ations1 *iefly 9 ,switz]l&1 = relief1 & _m h d]iv$ mu* b5efit f ! *ange4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t dim9i%$ atmosph]ic pressure 0 ! *ief cause ( ! improvem5t 9 heal?1 z its concomitants1 viz41 a dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( oxyg5 & moi/ure conta9$ 9 ea* cubic foot ( air1 probably ! l[ temp]ature1 ) a total *ange 9 ! daily habits ( life1 h assi/$ 9 ! b5eficial results4 ,! dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( air1 & consequ5tly ( oxyg51 tak5 9 at ea* brea? is to a c]ta9 ext5t c\nt]balanc$ by an increas$ frequ5cy & dep? ( ! respirations1 & a great] capacity ( ! *e/4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 alt]ations 9 ! b>ometric pressure are *iefly valuable z indicat+ an approa*+ *ange 9 ! w9d1 & z well z ( ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air2 h5ce ! in/rum5t is (t5 call$ ! wea!r glass4 ,a sudd5 dim9ution 9 ! atmosph]ic pressure is likely to be att5d$ ) an escape ( gr\nd air f ! soil1 & !re=e to cause injury to heal?1 especially among ! occupants ( basem5t rooms1 unless ! :ole int]ior ( ! build+ be cov]$ ) concrete4 ,temp]ature4--,exp]i5ce has %[n t man c be> great] v>iations ( temp]ature ?an any o!r animal1 z 9 ! ,arctic regions a temp]ature ( -#gj degrees ,fahr5heit1 or m ?an #ajj degrees bel[ freez+ po9t1 c be safely borne2 t he c n only live b "w1 & rema9 9 good heal?1 9 ^! regions provid$ t he be suppli$ ) suitable clo?+ & pl5ty ( prop] food4 ,on ! o!r h&1 man has exi/$ & tak5 ex]cise 9 ! int]ior ( ,au/ralia :5 ! !rmomet] %[$ a temp]ature ( #abj degrees ,fahr5heit1 or ne>ly #ij degrees above freez+ po9t1 s t he c live & be 9 fairly good heal? )9 a range ( ne>ly #bjj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! effects ( a high temp]ature v>y v mu* accord+ to ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air1 z :5 ! air is ne>ly saturat$ 9 hot climates1 or ev5 9 summ] 9 our own1 m or less languor & malaise are felt1 ) great indisposition to bodily labor4 ,) a dry air ^! are n s noticeable4 ,! cause is evid5t2 9 ! =m] case b little evaporation occurs f ! sk91 & ! normal am\nt ( moi/ure is n giv5 (f f ! lungs1 s t ! body is n cool$ d[n to su* an ext5t z by dry air4 ,sun/roke is probably ! result1 n only ( ! direct action ( ! sun's rays1 b p>tly f dim9i%$ cool+ ( ! blood by want ( evaporation f ! lungs & sk94 ,! effects ( temp]ature on man d n dep5d s mu* on ! mean = ! day1 mon?1 or ye>1 z on ! extremes1 z1 :5 ! days are hot & ! nights comp>atively cool1 ! en]gy ( ! sy/em becomes p>tially re/or$1 s t a resid5ce ne> ! sea1 or 9 ! vic9ity ( high m\nta9s1 9 hot climates is1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 less en]vat+ ?an 9 ! pla9s1 z ! night air is g5]ally cool]4 ,x is commonly believ$ t hot climates are necess>ily injuri\s to ,europeans1 by caus+ frequ5t liv] d]angem5ts & diseases1 dys5t]y1 *ol]a1 & fev]s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a mi/ake1 z ! rec5t m$ical /ati/ical returns ( our army 9 ,india %[ t 9 ! new b>racks1 ) m c>eful sup]vision z reg>ds diet & clo?+1 ! sickness & dea?-rates are mu* r$uc$4 ,plant]s & o!rs1 :o ride ab\t a good deal1 z a rule keep 9 fairly good heal?2 b ! *ildr5 ( ,europeans c]ta9ly deg5]ate1 & aft] two or ?ree g5]ations die out1 unless !y int]m>ry ) natives1 & make frequ5t visits to cold] climates4 ,?is fact %[s t hot climates1 probably by int]f]+ ) ! due p]=mance ( ! v>i\s processes conc]n$ 9 ! =mation & de/ruction ( ! bodily tissues1 ev5tually sap ! f\ndations ( life among ,europeans2 b h[ f> ?is result has be5 caus$ by bad habits z reg>ds food1 ex]cise1 & self-indulg5ce1 ,i _c say4 ,rapid *anges ( temp]ature 9 ?is c\ntry are (t5 v injuri\s to ! "y & old1 caus+ di>rhoea & d]angem5ts ( ! liv] :5 great heat occurs1 & inflammatory diseases ( ! lungs1 colds1 etc41 :5 ! air becomes sudd5ly cold]1 ev5 9 summ]4 ,! direct influ5ce ( ra9 on man is n v m>k$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 except by giv+ moi/ure to ! air by evaporation f ! gr\nd & f vegetable life1 & by alt]+ ! level ( gr\nd wat]4 ,?is is a subject almo/ ov]look$ by ! public1 & x is !re=e z well t x %\ld be kn[n t :5 gr\nd wat] has a level p]si/5tly less ?an five feet f ! surface ( ! soil1 ! locality is usually unheal?y1 & %\ld n1 if possible1 be select$ = a resid5ce4 ,fluctuations 9 ! level ( gr\nd wat]1 especially if great & sudd51 g5]ally cause ill-heal? among ! resid5ts4 ,?us1 ,dr4 ,bu*anan 9 8 reports to ! ,privy ,c\ncil 9 #ahff-ahfg1 %[$ t consumption 7us+ ! ^w 9 its mo/ ext5d$ s5se7 is m preval5t 9 damp ?an on dry soils1 & num]\s reports ( m$ical (fic]s ( heal?1 & o!rs1 :i* h be5 publi%$ s9ce !n1 %[ t an effective dra9age ( ! l&1 & consequ5t c>ry+ away ( ! gr\nd wat]1 has be5 foll[$ by a dim9ution ( ^! diseases4 ,v>y+ am\nts ( moi/ure 9 ! air mat]ially affect ! heal? & com=t ( man4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 x is n only ! absolute b ! relative proportions ( a]ial moi/ure :i* mat]ially influ5ce mank9d4 ,! quantity ( aque\s vapor t a cubic foot ( air c hold 9 susp5sion1 :5 x is saturat$1 v>ies v mu* ) ! temp]ature4 ,?us at #dj degrees ,fahr4 x w hold #b4hf gra9s ( wat]2 at #ej degrees1 #d4aj gra9s2 at #fj degrees1 #e4gg gra9s2 at #gj degrees1 #h4ja gra9s2 & at #ij degrees z mu* z #ad4he gra9s4 ,if saturation be repres5t$ by #ajj1 m rapid evaporation f ! sk9 w take place at #gj degrees1 & #ge p] c5t4 ( saturation1 ?an at #fj degrees :5 saturat$1 al?\gh ! absolute quantity ( moi/ure 9 ! air is great] at ! fir/ nam$ temp]ature ?an at ! latt]4 ,z reg>ds ! lungs1 h[ev]1 ! case is diff]5t1 z ! air brea!d out is1 if ! respirations be regul> & fairly deep1 completely saturat$ ) moi/ure at ! temp]ature ( ! body4 ,9 cold climates ! am\nt ( moi/ure & ( ! effete matt]s giv5 (f f ! lungs 9 ! expir$ air is mu* great] ?an 9 hot climates1 & ! body is also cool$ by ! evaporation ( wat] 9 ! =m ( aque\s vapor4 ,moi/ air is a bett] conductor ( heat ?an dry air1 :i* acc\nts = mu* ( ! discom=t felt 9 w9t] :5 a ?aw takes place z comp>$ ) ! feel+ ( ela/icity :5 ! air is dry4 ,9 cold wea!r1 !re=e1 moi/ air cools d[n ! sk9 & lungs m rapidly ?an dry air1 & colds consequ5tly result4 ,london fogs are injuri\s1 n only on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s vapors giv5 (f by ! combu/ion ( coal1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! air be+ 9 w9t] g5]ally saturat$ ) moi/ure at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! injuri\sness ( fogs & l[ temp]atures w be pres5tly dwelt ^u at great] l5g?4 ,v>iations 9 ! pressure & temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e ex]t a consid]able influ5ce on ! circulation ( air conta9$ 9 ! soil1 :i* is call$ gr\nd air4 ,z all ! int]/ices ( ! gr\nd are fill$ ) air or wat]1 ! m por\s ! soil1 ! great] is ! bulk ( air4 ,! quantity ( air conta9$ 9 soil v>ies v mu* accord+ to ! mat]ial ( :i* ! soil is compos$1 z x is evid5t t 9 a gravelly or s&y soil x mu/ be great] ?an :5 ! gr\nd consi/s ( loam or clay4 ,! e/imates v>y f #c to #cj p] c5t41 b ! latt] is probably too high4 ,if1 !re=e1 a cesspool leak into ! gr\nd1 ! (f5sive effluvia1 if 9 l>ge quantities1 w escape into ! soil1 & are giv5 (f at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 or are drawn into a h\se by ! fire2 b1 if small1 !y are r5d]$ innocu\s by oxidation4 ,! di/ance to :i* injuri\s gases & susp5d$ or dissolv$ organic matt]s may travel ?r\gh a por\s soil is sometimes consid]able1 z ,i h kn[n x pass = #acj feet along a disus$ dra91 & above #cj feet ?r\gh loose soil4 ,w9ds ex]cise a great effect on heal? bo? directly & indirectly4 ,directly1 by promot+ evaporation f ! sk91 & ab/ract+ heat f ! body 9 proportion to _! dryness & rapidity ( motion4 ,_! indirect action is m important1 z ! temp]ature & pressure ( ! air dep5d to a great ext5t on _! direction4 ,?us w9ds f ! nor? 9 ?is c\ntry are usually concomitant ) a high b>omet] & dry wea!r2 9 summ] ) a pleasant feel+1 b 9 w9t] ) mu* cold4 ,s\?we/ w9ds are ! mo/ frequ5t "h ( any1 z ab\t #bd p] c5t4 ( ! w9ds come f ?is qu>t] aga9/ #af f ! we/1 #aa f ! ea/1 & ! same f ! nor!a/2 #aj f ! s\?1 #h f ! nor?1 & a small] numb] f ! o!r qu>t]s4 ,s\?we/ w9ds are also ^? :i* are mo/ frequ5tly accompani$ by ra91 z ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( ! ra9y days are co9cid5t ) s\?we/ w9ds4 ,ano!r set ( obs]vations give precisely ! same ord]1 b a consid]able diff]5ce 9 _! preval5ce1 viz41 s\?we/ #ca p] c5t41 we/ #ad1 & nor!a/ #aa p] c5t4 ,ea/]ly w9ds are ! mo/ unpleasant1 z well z ! mo/ injuri\s to man ( all t occur 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i n[ propose discuss+ v briefly ! kn[n relations betwe5 meteorological ph5om5a & disease4 ,i say ! kn[n relations1 because x is evid5t t !re are _m unkn[n relations ( :i* at pres5t we h _h ! m]e/ glimpse4 ,= in/ance1 small-pox1 :ile ( an ord9>y type1 & produc+ only a comp>atively small proportion ( dea?s to ^? attack$1 w sometimes sudd5ly assume an epidemic =m1 & spread ) great rapidity at a "t ( ye> & "u ! meteorological conditions :5 x usually decl9es 9 frequ5cy4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 9 ?is c\ntry kn[n relations betwe5 ! temp]ature &1 ,i may say1 almo/ all diseases4 ,z f> back z #ahdg ,i began a s]ies ( elaborate inve/igations on ! mortality f sc>let fev] at diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye>1 & ! relations betwe5 ?is disease & ! heat1 moi/ure1 & electricity ( ! air4 ,i !n %[$ t a mean mon?ly temp]ature bel[ #dd4f ,f4 0 adv]se to ! spread ( ?is disease1 t ! greate/ relative decrease took place :5 ! mean temp]ature 0 bel[ #dj1 & t ! greate/ numb] ( dea?s occurr$ 9 ! mon?s hav+ a mean temp]ature ( betwe5 #de & #eg ,f4 ,diseases ( ! lungs1 exclud+ consumption1 are fatal 9 proportion to ! l[ness ( ! temp]ature & ! pres5ce ( excess ( moi/ure & fog4 ,?us1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhb1 ! mean weekly temp]ature fell f #dc4i ,f4 9 ! second week to #cf4b 9 ! ?ird1 ) fog & mi/4 ,! numb] ( dea?s regi/]$ 9 ,london dur+ ! ?ird week1 :i* may be tak5 z correspond+ ) ! meteorological conditions ( ! second week1 0 #a1gjj1 & 9 ! next week #a1iga4 ,unusual cold1 ) frequ5t fogs & little sun%9e1 cont9u$ = f\r weeks1 ! weekly numb] ( dea?s ris+ f #a1gjj to #a1iga1 #b1jbc1 #b1fcb1 & #b1ahh4 ,! dea?s f acute diseases ( ! lungs 9 ^! weeks 7 respectively #bgi1 #dha1 #eff1 #hha1 & #fhi1 %[+ t a l>ge proportion ( ! excessive mortality 0 caus$ by ^! diseases4 ,at ! end ( ,novemb] & 9 ,decemb] ( ! same ye> !re 0 a rapid fall ( temp]ature1 :5 ! numb] ( dea?s f acute diseases ( ! lungs rose f #big to #ceh1 #cej1 #chg1 #eda1 #eec1 & #chi 9 ! respective weeks4 ,f ,novemb] #bi to ,decemb] #i ! sun 0 se5 only on two days = #d h\rs1 & f ,decemb] #i to ! #ah? also on two o!r days = less ?an #d h\rs1 mak+ ! total am\nt ( sun%9e #h4a h\rs only 9 #bj days4 ,9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y ! excess ( weekly mortality f all diseases rea*$ ! l>ge numb] ( #ejd dea?s2 9 ,decemb] x 0 less1 ! fogs n hav+ be5 s d5se1 b ! excess equal$ #bdf dea?s p] week4 ,! relations betwe5 a high summ] temp]ature & excessive mortality f di>rhoea h long be5 well kn[n1 b ! imm$iate cause ( ! disease z an epidemic is n kn[n4 ,summ] di>rhoea prevails to a great] ext5t 9 c]ta9 localities1 notably 9 ,leice/] 7& has done s = ye>s72 & ! cause has be5 c>efully s\ght =1 b has n be5 f\nd out4 ,rec5t rese>*es1 h[ev]1 po9t to a k9d ( bacillus z ! imm$iate cause1 z x has be5 f\nd 9 ! air ( wat]-closets1 9 ! traps "u ! pans1 & 9 ! dis*>ges f infants & "y *ildr54 ,9 ord] to indicate m readily h[ intimately ! mortality f di>rhoea dep5ds on temp]ature1 ,i n[ lay be=e y a table %[+ ! mean temp]ature = t5 weeks 9 summ]1 ( sev5 cold & hot summ]s1 ! temp]ature ( ,?ames wat]1 & ! dea?-rates ( infants "u "o ye> p] million population ( ,london3 ,london4--,dea?s "u #a ,ye>1 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & "p ( ,septemb]1 f ,di>rhoea p] #a1jjj1jjj ,population ,liv+ at all ,ages1 arrang$ 9 ! ,ord] ( ,mortality4 ,age #j-a ye>4 ,mean ,temp]ature ,dea?s f ,di>rhoea ,ye>s4 temp]ature1 ( ,?ames p] #a1jjj1jjj #aj weeks4 wat]4 population liv+ at all ages4 #ahfj #eh4a #fj4f #aea #ahfb #ei4j #fb4j #ahi #ahgi #eh4g #fj4g #bbh #ahgg #fa4b #fc4c #cdg #ahgd #fa4g #fc4h #ddg #ahgh #fc4g #fd4a #egf #ahgf #fd4d #fd4i #fdc ,z may be se51 ! dea?s ( infants "u #a ye> ( age f di>rhoea p] #a1jjj1jjj population 0 only #aea2 :ile ! mean summ] temp]ature 0 only #eh4a ,f4 aga9/ #ahi 9 #ahfb1 :5 ! mean temp]ature 0 #ei4j4 ,9 #ahgi1 :5 ! mean temp]ature 0 #eh4g1 ! dea?s f di>rhoea rose to #bbh p] million1 b a few days 7 unusually hot4 ,9 #ahgg ! mean temp]ature ( ! air 0 #fa4b1 ( ! ,?ames wat] #fc4c1 & ! mortality ( infants f di>rhoea #cdg p] million population4 ,9 #ahgd1 :5 ! mean temp]ature ( ! air 0 #fa4g1 ! mortality rose to #ddg p] million2 & 9 ! hot summ]s ( #ahgh & #ahgf1 :5 ! mean air temp]atures 7 #fd4a & #fd4i respectively1 ! dea?-rates ( infants 7 #egf & #fdb p] million population4 ,! relations1 !re=e1 betwe5 a high summ] temp]ature & ! mortality f di>rhoea 9 infants are v intimate4 ,i h select$ ! mortality among infants 9 pref]5ce to t at all ages1 z ! dea?s occur m quickly1 & because "y *ildr5 suff] 9 great] proportion ?an o!r p]sons4 ,! proportionate numb] ( dea?s at all ages f di>rhoea corresponds pretty closely ) ^? ( infants4 ,to prove ?is1 ,i made calculations = ?ree ye>s1 & asc]ta9$ t only #c4i p] c5t4 ( all ! dea?s f ?is disease 7 regi/]$ 9 ! weeks hav+ a temp]ature ( less ?an #ej2 #aa4i p] c5t4 9 ! weeks hav+ a temp]ature betwe5 #ej & #fj2 :ile 9 ! comp>atively few weeks 9 :i* ! temp]ature exce$$ #fj ,f41 z _m z #hd4b p] c5t4 ( ! total numb] ( dea?s 0 regi/]$4 ,9 ! sixte5 ye>s1 #ahdj-ef1 = :i* _m ye>s ago ,i made a special inquiry1 only #ah4i p] c5t4 ( all ! dea?s f di>rhoea occurr$ 9 w9t] & spr+1 aga9/ #ha4a p] c5t4 9 summ] & autumn4 ,9 ! tw5ty ye>s1 #ahfj-gi1 !re 7 sev5 ye>s 9 :i* ! summ] temp]ature 0 9 defect :5 ! mortality p] #ajj1jjj inhabitants ( ,london 0 #bjj2 :ile 9 t5 summ]s1 dur+ :i* ! temp]ature 0 9 excess by #b or less1 ! mortality 0 #cag p] #ajj1jjj4 ,! mean temp]ature 0 l>gely 9 excess1 t is to say1 m ?an #b plus 9 ?ree ( ^! summ]s1 :5 ! mortality rea*$ #cci p] #ajj1jjj inhabitants4 ,^! figures %[ t great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 hot wea!r to prev5t di>rhoea1 especially among "y *ildr52 by frequ5t wa%+ ) soap & wat] to insure cleanl9ess1 & prop] action ( ! sk92 by great att5tion to ! food1 especially ( infants f$ f ! bottle2 free v5tilation ( liv+ rooms1 & especially ( b$rooms2 & by protection1 z f> z possible1 be+ af=d$ f a hot sun1 z well z by avoid+ excessive ex]cise4 ,all animal & vegetable matt] %\ld be remov$ f ! vic9ity ( dwell+-h\ses z quickly z possible 7inde$1 ^! %\ld be burnt in/ead ( be+ put 9 ! du/-b971 ! dra9s %\ld be frequ5tly dis9fect$ & well flu%$ out1 especially :5 ! mean daily temp]ature ( ! air is above #fj ,f4 ,"t w n admit ( m ?an a m]e m5tion ( ! relations betwe5 meteorological ph5om5a & ! mortality f _m o!r diseases & affections1 su* z apoplexy f heat1 sun/roke1 liv] diseases1 yell[ fev]1 *ol]a1 :oop+-c\gh1 measles1 etc41 especially z ! /ate ( our k on ! subject is s v limit$4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! mortality f sev]al diseases 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries %[s t c]ta9 ( ^! d n prevail "u closely correspond+ conditions4 ,?us ! curves ( mortality f :oop+-c\gh1 typhoid fev]1 & sc>let fev] d n correspond ) ! curves ( temp]ature 9 bo? ,london & ,new ,york1 & ! same may be said ( di>rhoea 9 ,india4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t "s o!r cause or causes ?an a v>y+ temp]ature mu/ be conc]n$ 9 ! production ( an increas$ dea?-rate f ^! diseases4 ,! subject is ( great importance1 & ,i d n despair ( our obta9+ "s day a k ( ! ag5ts ?r\gh :i* meteorological ph5om5a act 9 ! production ( increas$ & decreas$ dea? rates f c]ta9 diseases1 & ! means by :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ^! injuri\s effects on man may be pres5t$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p4 ,ros5ba* has f\nd exp]im5tally t potassium bromide dim9i%es ! s5sibility ( ! cortical sub/ance ( ! c]ebrum to electric excitem5t1 :ile1 ! excitability ( ! und]ly+ :ite sub/ance rema9s unalt]$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,consumption ,,spread ,,by ,,*ick5s4 ,9 a village1 ,c41 ne> ,weim>1 :]e = _m ye>s no case ( tub]cul> ph?isis _h tak5 place1 two ye>s ago sev]al families sudd5ly discov]$ "o ( _! memb]s to be suff]+ f ! disease4 ,aft] a long inquiry1 x 0 discov]$ by accid5t t all ^! families _h be5 buy+ _! spr+ *ick5s f "o & ! same place1 viz41 f a private hospital 9 ! neighborhood4 ,a m$ical /ud5t br\ght ! liv]s ( two su* *ick5s to ,pr(4 ,johne1 9 ,dresd54 ,! /ud5t1 ^: own si/] _h become affect$ ) consumption1 _h liv$ dur+ 8 vacation at home ) 8 p>5ts1 9 ,c41 & he _h !re at d9n] obs]v$ ! peculi> appe>ance ( ! liv] ( ! *ick5s4 ,on exam9ation1 bo? organs 7 f\nd to be full ( tub]cul> bacilli4 ,a ?or\gh inve/igation 0 at once in/itut$1 & x 0 !n t ! fact came to light t ! *ick5s eat5 by ! families1 memb]s ( :i* _h be5 affect$ ) tub]culosis1 _h all be5 br\ght f ! in/itution m5tion$4 ,on fur!r inquiry at ! latt] place ! foll[+ facts 7 elicit$3 ,at ab\t ! "t :5 ! fir/ case ( consumption occurr$ 9 ! village1 an inmate or ! hospital1 ,mrs4 ,r41 _h di$ ( ! disease4 ,be=e h] dea?1 ,mrs4 ,r4 us$ to fe$ ! *ick5s rais$ !re2 %e 0 (t5 se5 fir/ to *ew ! meat be=e %e gave x to ! *ick5s4 ,fur!r1 ! spittoons 7 empti$ on a place 9 ! y>d :]e ! *ick5s g5]ally came to pick up any /ray corn4 ,z none ( ! *ick5s ev] came 9 contact ) any animals 9 ! neighborhood--! hospital be+ situat$ at a consid]able di/ance f ! village--z no disease _h happ5$ among !m until ! arrival ( ,mrs4 ,r41 :5 soon aft] an epidemic seem$ to break out among !m1 & _m di$1 !re is no d\bt t !y contract$ ! disease f ,mrs4 ,r41 & 9 return infect$ ^? :o ate _! fle%4 ,! case is v int]e/+1 fir/1 z x proves h[ su* animals may become affect$1 !n h[ !y may spread ! disease1 & la/ly1 t "s k9d ( a disposition mu/ exi/ 9 ! p]son infect$2 = "h1 ( _m :o _h eat5 ( ! diseas$ fle%1 only a few contract$ ! malady4 ,! :ole report tea*es u h[ c>eful we h to be1 & h[ necess>y is ! appo9tm5t ( skillful exp]ts by ! ,/ate to inspect all food (f]$ = sale4--,m$4 & ,surg4 ,report]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,r$uc+ ,,fev]4 ,= _m ye>s em95t m$ical savants h s\ght e>ne/ly ?r\gh ! vegetable & m9]al worlds = "s sub/ance by means ( :i* ! high temp]ature (t5 prevail+ 9 typhoid1 mal>ial1 & o!r fev]s might be r$uc$ ) rapidity & safety to ! pati5t4 ,a few sub/ances h be5 f\nd :i* produce a decl9e 9 temp]ature :5 adm9i/]$ 9 enorm\s & frequ5tly repeat$ doses2 b su* adm9i/ration has (t5 be5 f\nd to be decid$ly detrim5tal to ! pati5t1 produc+ n infrequ5tly s]i\s injury to ! /oma*1 kidneys1 & sometimes ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,s great is ! dang] ( su* injuri\s results1 few c>eful practition]s h c>$ to adopt ! h]oic antipyretic m$ication recomm5d$ by exp]im5t]s1 pref]r+ to all[ _! pati5ts to burn ) fev]1 mitigat$ only by su* simple means z are commonly employ$ by nurses1 ?an to require !m to combat ! poison\s influ5ces ( a drug 9 addition to ! morbid elem5t ( ! disease4 ,happily1 h[ev]1 x is n necess>y to leave ! pati5t to ! unaid$ ef=ts ( nature4 ,by cool spong+ ( ! surface1 p]si/5tly & ?or\ghly appli$2 by l>ge1 cool compresses plac$ ov] ! abdom5 & *e/1 or ev5 ! :ole front ( ! body1 & *ang$ z (t5 z w>m1 or e ?ree to five m9utes2 by frequ5tly repeat$ cool packs2 by cold wat] dr9k+2 by ice-packs to ! sp9e2 by con/ant application ( ice or froz5 compresses to ! head2 by =c+ p]spiration by copi\s hot dr9ks & a w>m blanket pack--by any or all ( ^! means ! temp]ature may be r$uc$ ) promptness 9 ne>ly e case4 ,h[ev]1 cases w n[ & !n occur 9 :i* ! temp]ature rema9s dang]\sly high1 not)/&+ ! ?or\gh application ( ! above means4 ,:at %all be done8 ,sev]al ye>s ago our att5tion 0 call$ to a s]ies ( exp]im5ts made by ,dr4 ,w9t]nitz1 ,pr(essor ( ,hydropa?y 9 ! ,m$ical ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na1 = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! influ5ce ^u temp]ature ( enemas ( wat] ( diff]5t temp]ature 9 cases ( fev]4 ,! results claim$ by ,pr(4 ,w9t]nitz 7 s /rik+ t we improv$ ! fir/ opportunity to repeat 8 exp]im5ts1 & ) su* results z h ju/ifi$ ! cont9u$ use ( ?is means ( l[]+ temp]atures 9 fev]1 9 cases 9 :i* ! ord9>y measures 7 n effici5t4 ,! only objection we h f\nd to ! me?od has be5 ! inconv5i5ce to ! pati5t occasion$ by ! frequ5t use ( ! b$-pan4 ,9 a rec5t case 9 :i* we f\nd x necess>y to resort to ?is me?od1 ! nurse obs]v$ t if ! t9 c ( ! f\nta9 syr+e us$ 9 adm9i/]+ ! enema happ5$ to be l[]$ bel[ ! level ( ! b$ on :i* ! pati5t lay1 wat] :i* _h previ\sly be5 introduc$ into ! rectum return$ readily ?r\gh ! tube into ! c4 ,on le>n+ ?is fact1 ! att5dants 7 in/ruct$ to employ ! enema 9 ?is way4 ,f "o to two p9ts ( wat]1 ( #gj or #ge ,f4 temp]ature1 7 all[$ to pass into ! b[els2 & aft] be+ reta9$ = five or t5 m9utes1 or until ! pati5t exp]i5c$ uncom=table s5sations1 x 0 made to pass out ?r\gh ! tube by simply l[]+ ! res]voir to ! level ( ! floor4 ,a new supply ( wat] ( a prop] temp]ature be+ introduc$ into ! res]voir1 x 0 aga9 rais$ to ! prop] height1 & ! op]ation s cont9u$ until six qu>ts ( wat] _h be5 us$4 ,!n ! pati5t 0 all[$ to re/ half an h\r or an h\r1 accord+ to ! height ( ! fev]1 & ! same process 0 repeat$4 ,c>eful record 0 made ( ! temp]ature ( ! pati5t j be=e ! treatm5t & imm$iately aft]4 ,x 0 f\nd to be inv>iably r$uc$ f "o to "o & a half degrees by ea* treatm5t4 ,! temp]ature1 :i* _h be5 exce$+ly ob/9ate previ\s to ! employm5t ( ?is me?od1 rang+ f #ajd to #aje1 dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 ! treatm5ts w\ld1 ( c\rse1 rise some:at2 b ea* "t x /opp$ %ort ( ! po9t rea*$ dur+ ! previ\s int]val1 s t 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs ! fev] 0 br\ght d[n to v ne>ly a normal temp]ature4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 :5 tak5 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! b[els1 0 f\nd to h ris5 ea* "t f #aj to #ac4 ,! great capacity ( wat] = absorb+ heat r5d]s x "o ( ! mo/ useful ( all sub/ances = l[]+ ! temp]ature2 & x is readily app>5t t1 by ! means describ$1 heat may be ab/ract$ f ! body almo/ ad libitum1 & ! temp]ature may ?us be controll$ ) a rapidity & a degree ( c]ta9ty :i* _c be approa*$ by any o!r me?od4 ,9 a /ill m rec5t case1 9 :i* ! same treatm5t 0 employ$1 ! temp]ature ( ! pati5t _h rea*$ #ajf ,f41 9 spite ( ! vigor\s application ( ord9>y measures ( treatm5t1 su* z cold compresses1 etc42 b x 01 9 f\r or five h\rs1 br\ght d[n to ne>ly #ajj by ! use ( ! cold enemas4 ,! advantages ( ?is me?od are3 #a4 ,x may be employ$ )\t wett+ or mov+ ! pati5t2 v frequ5tly a pati5t w sleep cont9u\sly dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ! treatm5t4 #b4 ,x seldom causes *ill9ess1 :i* is frequ5tly a di/urb+ symptom1 especially 9 fev]s ( a l[ type1 & ev51 :5 ! temp]ature is al>m+ly high1 caus+ ! pati5t to dread ! employm5t ( spong+ ) cool or tepid wat]4 #c4 ,x is n necess>y to employ cold wat]1 a temp]ature ( #hj or ev5 #he be+ ?or\ghly effici5t4 ,9 ! majority ( cases1 h[ev]1 wat] ( #gj or ev5 #fj may be employ$ )\t dang]4 ,! wat] comes 9 su* imm$iate contact ) surfaces fill$ ) l>ge blood-vessels t a temp]ature b a few degrees bel[ t ( ! body is m effective ?an v mu* cold] wat] appli$ to ! surface4 ,9 cases 9 :i* ! use ( ! cool enema is att5d$ by *ill9ess1 ?is uncom=table symptom may usually be reliev$ by ! application ( a hot bag or fom5tations to ! sp9e or to ! pit ( ! /oma*4 ,! simple measures ( treatm5t we h describ$ w be f\nd m effective 9 l[]+ ! temp]ature ?an any or all o!r rem$ies :i* h ev] be5 recomm5d$ = ?is purpose4--,good ,heal?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,cr[n ,,diamonds ,,( ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #a4--,,! ,,cr[n ,,diamonds ,,( ,,france ,,at ,,! ,,exhibition ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,arts4 ,accord+ to a rec5t law ( ,p>liam5t1 a l>ge "p ( ! cr[n jewels ( ,france is de/9$ to be sold4 ,! exhibit t has be5 made ( ^! ri*es = ! la/ two mon?s at ! ,national ,exhibition ( ! ,indu/rial ,arts1 9 ! ,/ate ,hall ( ! ,l\vre1 has excit$ a lively int]e/ among ! visitors4 ,"h are to be se51 heap$ up 9 a l>ge octagonal %[-case1 incomp>able treasures1 ^: value exce$s q a numb] ( millions4 ,accord+ to ! inv5tory ( #ahah1 ! #eb1jjj preci\s /ones ( ! cr[n ( ,france 7 e/imat$ z wor? m ?an #bj million francs 7#d1jjj1jjj72 b s9ce t epo* ! /ones h increas$ 9 numb]1 & money has s+ul>ly dim9i%$ 9 value1 s t ! total at pres5t w\ld be mu* less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,! ,,reg5t4 7,actual ,size47 ,9 ord] to publicly exhibit s valuable treasures x 0 necess>y to take precautions aga9/ ?ieves & fire1 & ?is 0 done 9 a v sure & +5i\s mann]4 ,! collection ( cr[n jewels is di/ribut$ ov] ! eight faces ( an octagonal truncat$ cone1 :i* is support$ by a framework ab\t ?ree feet 9 height at ! l[] "p4 ,! /& is exhibit$ e day1 at t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+ & six 9 ! ev5+1 "u an elegant octagonal %[-case surm\nt$ by a high bronze /atue ( ,=tune by ,b>b$i5ne4 ,! :ole is cov]$ ) a canopy1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,a =ce ( gu>dians ( ! ,treasury is detail$ to wat* ov] ! cr[n jewels1 & x is to !m t is confid$ ! c>e ( op]at+ 9 ! morn+ & ev5+ ! safety me*anism t we %all describe4 ,! object ( ?is me*anism is to l[] into & lift out ( ! /rong-box ! entire /& ) all its jewels4 ,a w9*1 %[n at ,a to ! "r ( ! engrav+1 sets 9 motion a sy/em ( ge> :eels key$ at an angle1 at ,b & ,c1 ^u int]m$iate %afts t transmit motion to ! f\r v]tical ?read$ rods ( ! frame1 ,d4 ,all ^! %aft+s are #a in* 9 diamet]1 & ! cog-:eels1 tw5ty 9 numb]1 are ab\t #e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! well is =m$ ( an octagonal wall ( fire-brick1 & is #bj in*es ?ick & #f feet high4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ?is masonry is emb$d$ v ?ick iron plate4 ,! bottom ( ! well is isolat$ f ! floor+ ( ! ,exhibition hall by a ?ickness ( boil] plate1 by a fill+ ( tire bricks1 & f9ally by a second ?ickness ( boil] plate4 ,! well is clos$ by means ( a l>ge plate ( iron #f in*es ?ick1 #aj feet 9 l5g?1 & #hh feet 9 wid?4 ,! w9* :i* maneuv]s ?is mass is plac$ at ,e4 ,x actuates a sy/em ( bevel :eels1 key$ at ,f1 :i* transmit motion to two horizontal screws 7hidd5 "u ! /age7 t actuate ! plate1 ,h4 ,?is latt] is provid$ ) two p>allel s]ies ( five roll]s ea* t revolve ov] long & /rong pieces ( wood cov]$ ) rails4 ,electric al>ms are locat$ ne> ! w9*es4 ,a fire-eng9e /ation is locat$ at )9 twelve or fifte5 feet ( ! exhibition build+4 ,a committee compos$ ( compet5t jewel]s & m9]alogi/s has be5 appo9t$ to make an appraisem5t ( ! diamonds & to indicate su* z %\ld be )held f sale on acc\nt ( _! sci5tific1 arti/ic1 or hi/oric int]e/4 ,! memb]s ( ! committee propose to pres]ve ! foll[+ objects3 #a4 ,! ,reg5t 7,fig4 #b71 by reason ( its m9]alogical value1 ! p]fection ( its cutt+1 ! purity ( its wat]1 its incomp>able lu/]1 & its great size1 x be+ ! l>ge/ brilliant z yet kn[n4 #b4 ,! milit>y sword ( ,*>les ! ,t5?'s coronation1 ! hilt ( :i* is entirely ( brilliants m\nt$ by ,bap/ ) wond]ful art4 #c4 ,! jewel call$ ! ,reliqu>y1 ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,to ^! ri*es mu/ be add$ ! foll[+ int]e/+ objects3 ! ,dey ( ,algi]s' wat*2 ! ,elephant ( ,d5m>k2 ! decorations1 etc41 ( =eign ord]s2 cr[ns & diadems ( sapphire2 rubies2 pe>ls t af=d curi\s specim5s ( ,fr5* art at ! beg9n+ ( our c5tury2 "o ( ! ,maz>9s bequea!d by ! celebrat$ ,c>d9al2 & lots ( color$ /ones de/9$ = our national museums4 ,! same exhibition allud$ to above conta9s a numb] ( o!r collections ( great int]e/ t x w\ld be unju/ to pass ov] 9 sil5ce1 su* z ! exhibit ( ! ,fr5* diamond m9es ( ! ,cape1 :]e "o may see all ! details ( ?is prosp]\s exploitation by means ( photographs & specim5s4 ,! art bronzes1 ! objects ( jewelry1 ( goldsmi?'s "w1 & ( morocco "w1 ! music boxes1 ,tr\ve's & ,aboil>d's electric jewelry1 & ! retrospective art collections especially attract$ ! att5tion ( ! public4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,mode ,,( ,,te/+ ,,! ,,economy ,,( ,,! ,,exp5ses ,,( ,,managem5t ,,9 ,,life ,,insurance4 ,h[ to det]m9e ! g5]al ratios ( ! exp5ses ( managem5t ( life insurance companies has hi!rto be5 an unsettl$ "q1 & ,i ?9k no s]i\s attempt has be5 made be=e my own to /udy ?is "q exhau/ively1 & rea* a sci5tific conclusion4 ,believ+ t1 "o is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t1 ,i respectfully submit x to ! criticism ( o!rs4 ,x has g5]ally be5 tak5 = grant$ t ! measure ( economy ( life insurance exp5ses may be express$ by ! s+le ratio ( exp5ses to "o feature ( ! bus9ess1 su* z ! premium income1 or ! total income 7premium & int]e/71 or ! mean am\nt ( all policies out/&+4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,no exhau/ive reason has be5 %[n = pref]r+ "o ( ^! bases ( ratio to ano!r1 &1 inde$1 no reason well support$ by argum5t has be5 %[n = employ+ ei!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no bett] evid5ce is ne$$ ( ! importance ( e/abli%+ a uni=m & demon/rably s\nd basis1 ?an ! fact t x is common = companies to refute "o ano!r's claims to sup]ior economy1 & totally confuse ! public1 by oppos+ ratios f\nd 9 "o way by ratios f\nd 9 ano!r--t "o ( two companies :i* appe>s ! mo/ economical accord+ to "o te/ be+ app>5tly ! lea/ s accord+ to ano!r4 ,! economy ( ! exp5se ( any transaction1 or "w1 c only be intellig5tly judg$ by ! value ( ! result4 ,?is tru? is too well recogniz$ to ne$ illu/ration1 & x only ne$s to be call$ to m9d1 to p]ceive bo? ! error ( ratios ( exp5se bas$ on premium1 :i* is n ! result b ! raw mat]ial1 s to speak1 ( insurance transactions2 & :at1 on ! contr>y1 ! true basis is4 ,x is ?us cle> t 9 insurance ! economy ( exp5se mu/ be judg$1 n by comp>ison ) ! premiums paid1 b by comp>ison specifically ) ! result+ advantages 9 fact secur$ by su* paym5ts4 ,n[ ^! are ( two k9ds3 :i* may be call$ ! insurance advantage & ! inve/m5t advantage4 7#a7 ,ea* dea? claim paid is an insurance advantage1 ?\gh x is s only to ! ext5t ( ! excess ( ! am\nt ( ! policy :i* has become a claim ov] its premium res]ve1 or value1 = ! latt] be+ ! balance 7) int]e/7 ( ! policy hold]'s own premium money1 c\ld h be5 left or secur$ to 8 repres5tatives )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! policy & company4 ,x is true t ! advantage or b5efit ( insurance does n consi/ 9 add+ any?+ to ! weal? ( a company1 b only consi/s 9 draw+ f ! premiums paid into its treasury by ! policy hold]s g5]ally1 to meet ea* dea? claim :i* arises2 or c only be call$ an advantage ( di/ribution1 or process ( collect+ aid f ! liv+ memb]s1 to assi/ ! repres5tatives or dep5d5ts ( ! deceas$ ones2 b x is n ! less on ?is acc\nt an advantage wor? same exp5se 9 secur+4 7#b7 ,int]e/ realiz$ by ! inve/m5t ( premium :ile x is 9 ! keep+ ( a company is an advantage2 9 e s5se s1 s9ce x comes :olly f outside s\rces1 & accrues proportionally to all memb]s2 x may be call$1 z above1 ! inve/m5t advantage1 & ( c\rse ju/ifies "s exp5se to secure x4 ,h5ce ! exp5ses incurr$ by any company 9 a giv52 "t mu/ be divid$ into two p>ts1 "o be+ ! exp5se incid5tal to insurance1 & ! o!r t incid5tal to inve/m5t1 :i* p>ts are to be comp>$ respectively ) ! insurance claims met1 & int]e/ receipts ( ! company = ! same "t2 or :at is equival5t 9 ! latt] case1 ! net rate ( int]e/ e>n$ aft] d$uct+ ! incid5tal inve/m5t exp5se may be f\nd4 ,:5 ?is process %[s t "o company has e>n$ a high] rate ( int]e/ ?an ano!r1 at ! same "t t its insurance exp5ses be> a l[] ratio to its insurance claims paid1 !re is no escape f ! conclusion t dur+ ! p]iod "u obs]vation x has s]v$ its policy-hold]s m economically1 & ! te/ is !re=e sci5tific4 ,?\gh1 if "o company %[s a high] rate ( int]e/1 :ile ! o!r %[s a l[] ratio ( insurance exp5se1 x w /ill be necess>y1 to complete ! te/1 to equate ei!r ! rates ( int]e/ or ! ratios ( insurance exp5se 7x does n practically matt] :i*71 & note h[ ?is affects ! relation ( ! duly correct$ ratios on ! o!r score4 ,to be exact1 if ! av]age vitality ( ! memb]s ( ! two companies diff] 7o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x is always *eape/ to belong to t company :i* has ! l[e/ dea? rate71 ! ratios ( insurance exp5se to expect$1 z well z actual1 claims ( ea* mu/ be f\nd1 & equat$4 ,! sci5ce ( ?is proc$ure1 or mode ( te/+ exp5ses1 & also its practical simplicity1 may be m cle>ly p]ceiv$ by ref]5ce to its practical application 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,table ,exhibit+ ,ratio ( ,exp5se1 ,det]m9$ by ! ,new ,mode1 ( ,companies ,do+ ,bus9ess 9 ,massa*usetts dur+ ! ,ye> #ahhc4 ,exp5se ,net ,rate p] #ajj ( ( claims int]e/ ,dea? ,e/imat$ ,diff]5ce ,exp5se paid4 ,int]e/ ,exp5se e>n$4 ,"n ( ,company4 ,loca- claims ,premiums4 or ,net on ! --------- ,receipts4 on ! -------- tion4 paid4 ,res]ve ,insurance score ( ,r ,r score ( ,r ,r !reon4 furni%$4 ,insurance4 a a inve/m5t4 a a t n t n e4 k4 e4 k4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,b]k%ire ,mass4 #bjh1adg #df1fje #afa1ebd #abb1ggi #ge4d #ad #aid1jfg #ae1hjie4be #af #a;,john ,hancock #afi1fjd #be1aag #add1dhg #hbbh1effaeh4b #bd #ace1eig #aa1fhfc4fe #bf ,mass4 ,mutual #dbf1iie #hf1bae #cdj1ghj #bcb1djj #fh4b #aj #dbh1bee #cc1agff4jc #g ,n4 ,engl& ,mutual #a1jci1fid #bce1fcj #hjd1jfd #caa1hgi #ch4h #c #iie1hhc #fi1ijhf4dj #d ,/ate ,mutual #aba1ifi #bb1dic #ii1dgf #ih1hci #ii4d #ai #adc1gea #ac1jegd4ea #bd tna ,conn4 #a1cjb1hjg #cfd1eaj #ich1big #dfj1jad #di4j #f #a1gfj1cgb #aah1ifbf4bb #e ,connecticut ,g5]al #hg1fci #ae1fbd #gb1jae #df1aac #fd4j #i #ie1ehj #e1djgg4jc #a ,mutual #b1hfg1dhi #hha1fjj #a1ihe1hhi #fbb1ida #ca4d #a #c1jda1abe #bch1idde4gj #aj ,equitable ,n4,y4 #c1jgb1bcb #dhc1iej #b1ehh1bhb #a1hhd1ajh #gb4h #ab #b1gdc1jbd #baf1gbee4db #ab ,g]mania #fjf1jgb #adi1iej #def1abb #cbe1ffb #ga4d #aa #ejh1gjb #dg1aicd4he #bb ,home #bje1iba #dh1fjc #aeg1cah #aee1aib #ih4f #ah #bfj1ejf #ai1iagd4hf #ba ,homoeopa?ic #ce1faj #f1cdj #bi1bgj #dh1gcdaff4e #be #db1had #b1icef4bj #f ,manhattan #fhg1aga #ahc1dej #ejc1gba #bff1cje #dd4i #e #fbg1fbh #dd1jhae4hb #h #g,metropolitan #fch1fci #ah1cbb #fbj1cag #a1afa1hicahg4c #bf #ajf1iaf #i1jihd4ij #bj ,mutual ,life #e1agb1bge #a1djg1gjj #c1gfd1ege #a1dhj1aih #ci4c #d #e1jdb1ifd #dff1gcie4ja #ai ,mutual ,b5efit ,n4,j4 #b1afj1iia #eej1hij #a1faj1aja #eba1hbi #cb4d #b #b1jgb1fbi #afi1iace4fa #aa ,national ,vt4 #agd1gfg #bi1abg #ade1fdj #gg1hfa #ec4e #g #adi1jaj #aj1ajje4bf #ae ,new ,york ,life ,n4,y4 #b1djh1fcf #egd1aej #a1hcd1dhd #a1iie1ajbajh4h #ba #b1fgf1eib #bcf1hhde4jc #ah ,nor?we/'n ,mutual ,wis4 #iij1fib #aij1ejj #hjj1aib #fcj1ehb #gh4h #ae #a1bjj1jja #hh1ebge4hj #i ,p5n4 ,mutual ,p5n4 #fja1fbe #ajg1fjj #did1jbe #cji1heh #fb4g #h #dfc1efg #cg1acae4ch #ac ,provid5t ,life & ,tru/ #bhj1hag #di1hfe #bcj1ieb #bbb1ffe #if4d #ag #cdj1aae #cc1bidd4bf #be ,provid5t ,sav+s ,n4,y4 #bd1hge #a1hbh #bc1jdg #ea1fjhbcc4i #bg #d1iee #b1egia4gj #bg ,travel]s' ,conn4 #bce1jja #db1bdc #aib1geh #add1fba #ge4j #ac #cca1fbc #bb1dgff4db #c ,union ,mutual ,ma9e #cgg1edg #hh1ebj #bhi1jbg #bcg1iac #hb4c #af #cja1dii #bh1gedd4ff #bc ,unit$ ,/ates ,n4,y4 #bhc1cjd #fi1bde #bad1jei #bgg1iaiabi4h #bc #bga1eid #bc1dfje4ji #ag ,v]mont ,vt4 #ac1jjj #a1edb #aa1deh #ac1facaah4h #bb #ab1iag #hbbe4cc #ad ,wa%+ton ,n4,y4 #cef1bhi #ga1hbj #bhd1dfi #bhi1dfaaja4h #bj #ddf1iih #cb1bdif4gh #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,totals #bd1edi1hjhe1gec1dciah1gif1cfiab1agg1fee #fd4h #bd1cih1fhd #a1iii1hbfe4db ,collective ,bus9ess ( ,assessm5t ,societies ,do+ ,bus9ess 9 ! ,/ate 7except+ ,secret ,societies74 #df ,societies #gce1chc #bcg1ggj #cb4c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,footnote #g3 ,includ+ indu/rial bus9ess4 ,footnote #h3 ,includes #ah4hfg depreciation4 ,! figures giv5 9 ?is table are drawn f ! la/ annual report ( ! ,insurance ,commission] ( ,massa*usetts1 except+ ! premium res]ve on dea? claims1 :i*1 z well z ! division ( ! total exp5ses ( ea* company into insurance & inve/m5t exp5ses1 ,i h e/imat$ on a uni=m rule4 ,?is 0 = lack ( ! actual data 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 :i* ! report did n give1 z x is desirable t future ones may4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n injure ! value ( ! table = illu/rat+ ! mode ( proc$ure1 = :i* purpose ma9ly x is pres5t$4 ,! companies ^: figures ,i h us$1 moreov]1 h no occasion to compla9 ( ?is1 z my e/imate c]ta9ly gives all ratios ( insurance exp5se l[] ?an !y w\ld appe> if ,i _h kn[n1 & us$1 ! exact actual premium res]ve on dea? claims1 & all probably be> ne>ly ! same ratio to ea* o!r z !y w\ld 9 t case4 ,z ! object ( ?is /atem5t is to expla9 ! new me?od1 & n to def5d my p>ticul> e/imates 9 apply+ x1 ,i =be> to /ate on :at rules ,i h made !m4 ,exp5se :i* is n ascrib$ to insurance mu/ be ascrib$ to inve/m5t1 & z 9 comp>+ any two companies1 _! two ratios ( "o k9d or ! o!r mu/ be equat$1 to decide ! "q ( economy betwe5 !m1 x may well be left to any company to say :at ! fair division ( its own exp5ses is4 ,moreov]1 !re c be b little motive to make a false division2 = to successfully compete = bus9ess1 a company hav+ l>ge inve/m5ts has z mu* ne$ to %[ a high net rate ( int]e/ e>n$ z a l[ rate ( insurance exp5se4 ,aga91 x is n my purpose to pass judgm5t on ! economy or extravagance ( any ratio ( exp5se %[n 9 ! table4 ,x is n a fact exhibit$ = ! fir/ "t by my figures1 t ! ratios ( "s companies are m ?an d\ble ^? ( o!rs4 ,! same fact w\ld be display$ 9 ab\t z high a degree by ratios bas$ on premium income1 or any o!r incorrect basis4 ,cu/om1 ! balance ( op9ions1 & competition may well be left to decide :at ratios ( exp5se are high1 & :at are av]age1 or l[4 ,& _! decision is to be ga!r$ only f /ati/ics4 ,:at ,i d claim is t ! mode ( det]m9+ ratios h]e9 expla9$ is ! only intelligible & sci5tific "o1 & ! only "o prop] to employ 9 /ati/ical tabulations & inve/igations4 ,z su*1 x calls att5tion to ! fact t ! am\nt ( insurance claims met1 & ( int]e/ receipts1 are limits :i* ! correspond+ exp5ses _c exce$1 c]ta9ly = a s]ies ( ye>s toge!r1 )\t mak+ ! exp5se m ?an ! advantage ( ! bus9ess4 ,to keep ?is fact 9 view1 z a prev5tive ( extravagance1 is n ! lea/ valuable s]vice ! new mode may r5d]4 ,x may be se5 t !re are eight cases 9 ! table1 9 :i* ! ratio ( insurance exp5se po9ts to exp5ses exce$+ ! insurance claims met 9 ! same "t1 yet ! read] ne$ n ha/5 to conclude t ! same companies w p]man5tly %[ simil> ratios1 or h no good reasons to give = ! ones :i* n[ appe>4 ,i may rem>k1 h[ev]1 t x is an evid5ce ( ! sci5tific mode 9 :i* ! figures are pres5t$1 t x facilitates su* explanations z are p]t95t ( any ( ! ratios4 ,= in/ance1 "s ( ! ratios are und\bt$ly affect$ by ! fact t ! claims = ! ye> ( ! company 9 "q h be5 exceptionally high or l[1 or t ! company 7be+ ( rec5t organization p]haps7 has j incurr$ exceptional exp5se to increase its bus9ess1 ! advantage ( :i* w appe> lat]1 etc4 ,b ,i leave to ! companies !mselves to %[ to :at ext5t su* circum/ances h affect$ _! ratios2 except t1 9 reg>d to ! sev]al net rates ( int]e/ e>n$1 x is prop] to say t 9 all cases 9 :i* !y consid]ably exce$ ! av]age ( #e4db p] c5t4 x w be f\nd1 by ref]r+ to ! details ( int]e/ receipts report$ to ! ,commission]1 t ! excess is ow+ to ! fact ( exceptional pr(its by ! sale ( /ocks1 or recov]y on inve/m5ts previ\sly reckon$ z loss4 ,,walt] ,c4 ,,wright4 ,m$=d1 ,mass41 ,sept41 #ahhd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ci ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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