Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Biology / Scientific American Supplement, No. 455, September 20, 1884 / Braille

Scientific American Supplement, No. 455, September 20, 1884 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

247,917 braille cells · 261 embossed pages at 40×25 · 2,219 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠠⠺⠓⠑⠑⠇⠑⠗⠂⠀⠠⠥⠲⠠⠎⠲⠀⠠⠑⠝⠛⠊⠝⠑⠑⠗⠎⠂⠀⠑⠎⠞⠊⠍⠁⠞⠑⠙⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠓⠑⠁⠞⠀⠑⠭⠞⠗⠁⠉⠞⠑⠙⠀⠁⠝⠝⠥⠁⠇⠇⠽⠀⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠠⠉⠕⠍⠎⠞⠕⠉⠅⠀⠃⠽⠀⠍⠑⠁⠝⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠺⠁⠞⠑⠗⠀⠏⠥⠍⠏⠑⠙⠀
⠕⠥⠞⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠉⠕⠇⠙⠀⠁⠊⠗⠀⠋⠕⠗⠉⠑⠙⠀⠊⠝⠂⠀⠀⠁⠎⠀⠑⠟⠥⠁⠇⠀⠞⠕
⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠛⠑⠝⠑⠗⠁⠞⠑⠙⠀⠃⠽⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠕⠍⠃⠥⠎⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠼⠑⠑⠂⠑⠋⠚⠀⠞⠕⠝⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠝⠞⠓⠗⠁⠉⠊⠞⠑⠀⠀⠉⠕⠁⠇⠀⠕⠗⠀
⠼⠊⠛⠂⠛⠚⠚⠀⠉⠕⠗⠙⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠺⠕⠕⠙⠲⠀⠠⠕⠃⠎⠑⠗⠧⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀
⠺⠑⠗⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠝⠀⠛⠊⠧⠑⠝⠀⠥⠏⠕⠝⠀⠀⠞⠑⠍⠏⠑⠗⠁⠞⠥⠗⠑⠀⠁⠞⠀
⠑⠧⠑⠗⠽⠀⠼⠁⠚⠚⠀⠋⠑⠑⠞⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠋⠕⠗⠍⠁⠝⠀⠎⠓⠁⠋⠞⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠕⠧⠑⠗⠍⠁⠝⠀⠍⠊⠝⠑⠂⠀⠀⠗⠥⠝⠝⠊⠝⠛⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠼⠑⠉⠀
⠙⠑⠛⠗⠑⠑⠎⠀⠁⠞⠀⠁⠀⠙⠑⠏⠞⠓⠀⠕⠋⠀⠼⠁⠚⠚⠀⠋⠑⠑⠞⠀⠞⠕⠀
⠼⠁⠃⠁⠲⠃⠀⠙⠑⠛⠗⠑⠑⠎⠀⠁⠞⠀⠁⠀⠀⠙⠑⠏⠞⠓⠀⠕⠋⠀⠼⠃⠂⠉⠚⠚⠀
⠋⠑⠑⠞⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠞⠑⠍⠏⠑⠗⠁⠞⠥⠗⠑⠀⠊⠝⠉⠗⠑⠁⠎⠑⠙⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠚⠚⠀⠞⠕⠀⠼⠁⠂⠚⠚⠚⠀⠋⠑⠑⠞⠀⠙⠑⠑⠏⠂⠀⠊⠝⠉⠗⠑⠁⠎⠑⠀⠼⠁⠀
⠙⠑⠛⠗⠑⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀⠼⠃⠊⠀⠋⠑⠑⠞⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠼⠁⠚⠚⠀⠞⠕⠀⠼⠁⠂⠓⠚⠚⠀
⠋⠑⠑⠞⠀⠙⠑⠑⠏⠂⠀⠊⠝⠉⠗⠑⠁⠎⠑⠀⠼⠁⠀⠙⠑⠛⠗⠑⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀⠼⠉⠚⠲⠑⠀
⠋⠑⠑⠞⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠼⠁⠚⠚⠀⠞⠕⠀⠼⠃⠂⠉⠚⠚⠀⠋⠑⠑⠞⠀⠙⠑⠑⠏⠂⠀
⠊⠝⠉⠗⠑⠁⠎⠑⠀⠼⠁⠀⠙⠑⠛⠗⠑⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀⠼⠉⠃⠲⠉⠀⠋⠑⠑⠞⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠁⠀
⠞⠁⠃⠇⠑⠀⠺⠁⠎⠀⠏⠗⠑⠎⠑⠝⠞⠑⠙⠀⠛⠊⠧⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠞⠑⠍⠏⠑⠗⠁⠞⠥⠗⠑⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠀⠇⠁⠗⠛⠑⠀⠝⠥⠍⠃⠑⠗⠀⠕⠋⠀⠙⠑⠑⠏⠀⠀
⠍⠊⠝⠑⠎⠂⠀⠞⠥⠝⠝⠑⠇⠎⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠁⠗⠞⠑⠎⠊⠁⠝⠀⠺⠑⠇⠇⠎⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑
⠀⠞⠺⠕⠀⠉⠕⠕⠇⠑⠎⠞⠀⠍⠊⠝⠑⠎⠀⠕⠗⠀⠞⠥⠝⠝⠑⠇⠎⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠀⠊⠝⠀
⠇⠊⠍⠑⠎⠞⠕⠝⠑⠂⠀⠝⠁⠍⠑⠇⠽⠂⠀⠠⠉⠓⠁⠝⠁⠗⠉⠊⠇⠇⠕⠀⠍⠊⠝⠑⠎⠀
⠁⠝⠙⠀⠠⠍⠕⠝⠞⠀⠠⠉⠑⠝⠊⠎⠀⠞⠥⠝⠝⠑⠇⠆⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠞⠺⠕⠀⠀
⠓⠕⠞⠞⠑⠎⠞⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠗⠁⠉⠓⠽⠞⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠕⠁⠇⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.