Skip to content

Library / Biology / Scientific American, Volume 22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 / Braille

Scientific American, Volume 22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

426,135 braille cells · 456 embossed pages at 40×25 · 1,075 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠏⠑⠗⠋⠕⠗⠍⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠥⠝⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠋⠀⠉⠕⠝⠙⠑⠝⠎⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠎⠞⠑⠁⠍⠀⠞⠕⠀⠃⠑⠀⠗⠑⠞⠥⠗⠝⠑⠙⠀⠞⠕⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠃⠕⠊⠇⠑⠗⠀⠊⠝⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠕⠗⠍⠀⠕⠋⠀⠋⠗⠑⠎⠓⠀⠺⠁⠞⠑⠗⠂⠀⠎⠑⠗⠧⠑⠎⠀⠁⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠏⠗⠊⠝⠉⠊⠏⠁⠇⠀⠎⠥⠏⠏⠕⠗⠞⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠑⠝⠛⠊⠝⠑⠎⠂⠀
⠙⠊⠎⠏⠑⠝⠎⠊⠝⠛⠀⠑⠝⠞⠊⠗⠑⠇⠽⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠥⠎⠥⠁⠇⠀
⠋⠗⠁⠍⠑⠺⠕⠗⠅⠲⠀⠠⠃⠑⠎⠊⠙⠑⠎⠀⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠑⠭⠏⠑⠙⠊⠑⠝⠞⠂⠀⠑⠁⠉⠓
⠀⠏⠁⠊⠗⠀⠕⠋⠀⠉⠽⠇⠊⠝⠙⠑⠗⠎⠀⠓⠁⠧⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠊⠗⠀⠎⠇⠊⠙⠑⠀
⠋⠗⠁⠍⠑⠎⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠛⠥⠊⠙⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠍⠕⠧⠑⠍⠑⠝⠞⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠏⠊⠎⠞⠕⠝⠀⠗⠕⠙⠎⠀⠉⠁⠎⠞⠀⠊⠝⠀⠕⠝⠑⠀⠏⠊⠑⠉⠑⠲⠀
⠠⠁⠇⠞⠕⠛⠑⠞⠓⠑⠗⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠕⠍⠃⠊⠝⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠊⠎⠀⠎⠥⠉⠓⠀
⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠞⠕⠞⠁⠇⠀⠺⠑⠊⠛⠓⠞⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠎⠏⠁⠉⠑⠀⠕⠉⠉⠥⠏⠊⠑⠙
⠀⠃⠽⠀⠞⠓⠑⠎⠑⠀⠝⠕⠧⠑⠇⠀⠞⠺⠊⠝⠀⠎⠉⠗⠑⠺⠀⠑⠝⠛⠊⠝⠑⠎⠀⠙⠕⠀
⠝⠕⠞⠀⠑⠭⠉⠑⠑⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠗⠙⠊⠝⠁⠗⠽⠀⠎⠊⠝⠛⠇⠑⠀⠎⠉⠗⠑⠺⠀
⠑⠝⠛⠊⠝⠑⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠑⠟⠥⠁⠇⠀⠏⠕⠺⠑⠗⠲⠀⠠⠎⠑⠧⠑⠗⠁⠇⠀
⠊⠍⠏⠗⠕⠧⠑⠍⠑⠝⠞⠎⠀⠉⠕⠝⠝⠑⠉⠞⠑⠙⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠺⠕⠗⠅⠊⠝⠛⠀
⠛⠑⠁⠗⠀⠓⠁⠧⠑⠀⠃⠑⠑⠝⠀⠊⠝⠞⠗⠕⠙⠥⠉⠑⠙⠲⠀⠀
⠠⠊⠇⠇⠥⠎⠞⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠒⠀⠠⠠⠑⠝⠛⠊⠝⠑⠎⠀⠠⠠⠕⠋⠀⠠⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠠⠠⠞⠺⠊⠝⠀⠠⠠⠎⠉⠗⠑⠺⠀⠠⠠⠎⠏⠁⠝⠊⠎⠓⠀⠠⠠⠛⠥⠝⠃⠕⠁⠞⠎⠀⠀
⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠥⠞⠑⠗⠀⠃⠑⠁⠗⠊⠝⠛⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠏⠗⠕⠏⠑⠇⠇⠑⠗⠀
⠎⠓⠁⠋⠞⠎⠂⠀⠁⠇⠺⠁⠽⠎⠀⠙⠊⠋⠋⠊⠉⠥⠇⠞⠀⠞⠕⠀⠗⠑⠛⠥⠇⠁⠞⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙
⠀⠅⠑⠑⠏⠀⠊⠝⠀⠕⠗⠙⠑⠗⠀⠕⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠞⠺⠊⠝⠀⠎⠉⠗⠑⠺⠀⠎⠽⠎⠞⠑⠍⠂
⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠎⠑⠇⠋⠁⠙⠚⠥⠎⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠁⠉⠉⠕⠍⠍⠕⠙⠁⠞⠑⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠍⠎⠑⠇⠧⠑⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠑⠧⠑⠗⠽⠀⠉⠓⠁⠝⠛⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠙⠊⠗⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠎⠓⠁⠋⠞⠎⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠊⠎⠀
⠑⠋⠋⠑⠉⠞⠑⠙⠀⠃⠽⠀⠞⠓⠑⠊⠗⠀⠃⠑⠊⠝⠛⠀⠎⠏⠓⠑⠗⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.