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Library / Biology / Scientific American, Volume 22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 / Braille

Scientific American, Volume 22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

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426,135 braille cells · 456 embossed pages at 40×25 · 1,075 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠍⠕⠥⠝⠙⠀⠠⠃⠥⠊⠇⠙⠑⠗⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠠⠉⠕⠇⠕⠗⠁⠙⠕⠀⠀⠀⠀
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⠠⠋⠇⠕⠥⠗⠊⠝⠛⠀⠠⠍⠊⠇⠇⠀⠠⠓⠁⠵⠁⠗⠙⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠋⠊⠗⠑⠤⠠⠏⠗⠕⠕⠋
⠀⠠⠃⠥⠊⠇⠙⠊⠝⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠙⠑⠉⠇⠊⠝⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠠⠁⠍⠑⠗⠊⠉⠁⠝
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⠠⠎⠥⠛⠛⠑⠎⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠏⠥⠞⠞⠽⠀⠠⠋⠇⠕⠕⠗⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀
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⠠⠺⠑⠎⠞⠑⠗⠝⠀⠠⠙⠑⠍⠁⠝⠙⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠠⠁⠛⠗⠊⠉⠥⠇⠞⠥⠗⠁⠇⠀
⠠⠊⠍⠏⠇⠑⠍⠑⠝⠞⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠑⠉⠕⠝⠕⠍⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠠⠎⠞⠑⠁⠍⠀
⠠⠑⠝⠛⠊⠝⠑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠋⠗⠊⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠠⠏⠑⠗⠉⠥⠎⠎⠊⠕⠝⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠠⠕⠊⠇⠊⠝⠛⠀⠁⠀⠠⠏⠗⠑⠎⠑⠗⠧⠁⠞⠊⠧⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠠⠃⠗⠕⠺⠝⠎⠞⠕⠝⠑⠀⠀
⠠⠊⠝⠞⠑⠗⠑⠎⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠠⠉⠕⠗⠗⠑⠎⠏⠕⠝⠙⠑⠝⠉⠑⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠠⠉⠓⠊⠝⠁
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⠠⠃⠇⠊⠝⠙⠀⠠⠍⠥⠞⠑⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠉⠓⠑⠁⠏⠀⠠⠉⠕⠞⠞⠕⠝⠀⠠⠏⠗⠑⠎⠎⠀
⠠⠺⠁⠝⠞⠑⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠁⠀⠠⠎⠊⠝⠛⠥⠇⠁⠗⠀⠠⠋⠗⠑⠁⠅⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠀
⠠⠍⠁⠛⠝⠑⠞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠏⠗⠑⠎⠑⠗⠧⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠋⠀⠠⠊⠗⠕⠝⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠃⠁⠝⠁⠝⠁⠎⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠠⠏⠇⠁⠝⠞⠁⠊⠝⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠠⠞⠗⠕⠏⠊⠉⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠏⠥⠞⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠠⠥⠏⠀⠠⠎⠞⠕⠧⠑⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑
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⠠⠍⠥⠵⠵⠇⠑⠤⠠⠏⠊⠧⠕⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠠⠛⠥⠝⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠎⠞⠕⠉⠅⠀
⠠⠋⠑⠑⠙⠊⠝⠛⠀⠃⠽⠀⠠⠉⠇⠕⠉⠅⠀⠠⠺⠕⠗⠅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠍⠊⠇⠅⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠠⠺⠓⠁⠞⠀⠠⠉⠕⠍⠑⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠠⠊⠞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠔⠔⠠⠊⠍⠏⠗⠕⠧⠑⠙⠀⠠⠓⠁⠽⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.