Library / Engineering & Technology / Origin of modern calculating machines / Braille
Origin of modern calculating machines ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition
Grade 2 — contracted English braille (EBAE-compatible subset). Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 1 instead.
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195,804 braille cells · 202 embossed pages at 40×25 · 913 unrepresentable characters omitted
⠁⠝⠞⠊⠏⠁⠹⠽⠂⠀⠮⠗⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠏⠇⠢⠞⠽⠀⠷⠀⠓⠊⠌⠕⠗⠊⠉⠀⠑⠧⠊⠙⠢⠉⠑ ⠀⠷⠀⠍⠁⠝⠄⠎⠀⠑⠝⠙⠑⠁⠧⠕⠗⠀⠞⠕⠀⠀⠍⠔⠊⠍⠊⠵⠑⠀⠮⠀⠓⠁⠞⠫⠀ ⠙⠗⠥⠙⠛⠻⠽⠀⠷⠀⠉⠁⠇⠉⠥⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠱⠊⠇⠑⠀⠓⠊⠌⠕⠗⠽⠀ ⠩⠪⠎⠀⠞⠂⠀⠋⠀⠏⠗⠑⠓⠊⠌⠕⠗⠊⠉⠀⠍⠁⠝⠀⠙⠪⠝⠀⠞⠕⠀⠮⠀⠏⠗⠑⠎⠢⠞⠀ ⠁⠛⠑⠂⠀⠀⠓⠥⠍⠁⠝⠀⠬⠢⠥⠊⠞⠽⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀⠞⠥⠗⠝⠫⠀⠞⠕⠀ ⠍⠑⠡⠁⠝⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠍⠑⠁⠝⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠕⠧⠻⠉⠕⠍⠑⠀⠮⠀⠃⠗⠁⠔⠀⠀ ⠋⠁⠞⠊⠛⠥⠑⠀⠷⠀⠁⠗⠊⠹⠍⠑⠞⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠋⠊⠛⠥⠗⠬⠂⠀⠭⠀⠊⠎⠀⠾⠔⠀⠟⠀ ⠗⠑⠉⠢⠞⠀⠽⠑⠜⠎⠀⠞⠀⠀⠓⠑⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀⠗⠑⠁⠇⠇⠽⠀⠎⠥⠉⠉⠑⠫⠫⠀⠔⠀ ⠙⠑⠧⠊⠎⠬⠀⠍⠑⠁⠝⠎⠀⠍⠀⠗⠁⠏⠊⠙⠀⠹⠁⠝⠀⠮⠀⠓⠥⠍⠁⠝⠀⠀⠃⠗⠁⠔⠲⠀ ⠠⠷⠀⠹⠊⠎⠀⠍⠕⠙⠻⠝⠀⠏⠗⠕⠙⠥⠉⠞⠀⠇⠊⠞⠞⠇⠑⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀⠃⠑⠢⠀ ⠺⠗⠊⠞⠞⠢⠂⠀⠑⠭⠉⠑⠏⠞⠀⠔⠀⠙⠊⠎⠉⠕⠝⠝⠑⠉⠞⠫⠀⠀⠁⠗⠞⠊⠉⠇⠑⠎⠀⠞ ⠀⠓⠀⠔⠀⠝⠕⠀⠉⠁⠎⠑⠀⠷⠋⠻⠫⠀⠁⠀⠉⠕⠍⠏⠇⠑⠞⠑⠀⠥⠝⠙⠻⠌⠯⠬⠀⠵⠀ ⠞⠕⠀⠀⠱⠕⠀⠶⠀⠮⠀⠛⠗⠑⠁⠞⠀⠃⠢⠑⠋⠁⠉⠞⠕⠗⠎⠀⠷⠀⠍⠁⠝⠅⠔⠙⠀⠞⠀ ⠛⠁⠧⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠮⠀⠸⠺⠀⠮⠀⠀⠋⠊⠗⠌⠀⠉⠕⠝⠉⠗⠑⠞⠑⠀⠏⠗⠕⠙⠥⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝ ⠀⠷⠀⠘⠮⠀⠍⠕⠙⠻⠝⠀⠏⠗⠔⠉⠊⠏⠇⠑⠎⠀⠷⠀⠍⠑⠡⠁⠝⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠀ ⠉⠁⠇⠉⠥⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠮⠀⠺⠗⠊⠞⠻⠂⠀⠃⠑⠇⠊⠑⠧⠬⠀⠞⠀⠮⠗⠑⠀ ⠁⠗⠑⠀⠸⠍⠀⠱⠕⠀⠺⠳⠇⠙⠀⠃⠑⠀⠊⠝⠞⠻⠑⠌⠫⠀⠞⠕⠀⠀⠐⠅⠀⠮⠀⠞⠗⠥⠑⠀ ⠋⠁⠉⠞⠎⠀⠗⠑⠇⠁⠞⠊⠧⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠹⠊⠎⠀⠎⠥⠃⠚⠑⠉⠞⠂⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀⠛⠊⠧⠢⠀ ⠞⠕⠀⠮⠀⠏⠥⠃⠇⠊⠉⠂⠀⠀⠔⠀⠞⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠋⠕⠇⠇⠪⠎⠂⠀⠁⠀⠡⠗⠕⠝⠊⠉⠇⠑ ⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠑⠧⠕⠇⠥⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠏⠗⠔⠉⠊⠏⠇⠑⠎⠀⠀⠙⠊⠎⠉⠇⠕⠎⠫⠀⠔ ⠀⠘⠮⠀⠍⠕⠙⠻⠝⠀⠍⠁⠡⠔⠑⠎⠂⠀⠁⠇⠕⠝⠛⠀⠾⠀⠮⠀⠏⠗⠕⠷⠎⠀⠞⠀⠿⠍⠀⠮ ⠀⠀⠋⠳⠝⠙⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠿⠀⠮⠀⠌⠕⠗⠽⠀⠔⠀⠁⠀⠺⠁⠽⠀⠞⠀⠁⠇⠇⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀ ⠥⠝⠙⠻⠌⠯⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠁⠇⠹⠳⠛⠓⠀⠮⠀⠎⠥⠃⠚⠑⠉⠞⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀⠃⠑⠢⠀ ⠓⠯⠇⠫⠀⠔⠀⠁⠀⠺⠁⠽⠀⠞⠀⠍⠁⠅⠑⠎⠀⠭⠀⠀⠥⠝⠝⠑⠉⠑⠎⠎⠜⠽⠀⠿⠀⠮⠀ ⠗⠑⠁⠙⠻⠀⠞⠕⠀⠃⠑⠀⠉⠜⠗⠊⠫⠀⠹⠗⠳⠛⠓⠀⠁⠀⠚⠁⠝⠛⠇⠑⠀⠷⠀
These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.