Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Philosophy / History of scientific ideas / Braille

History of scientific ideas ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 2 — contracted English braille (EBAE-compatible subset). Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 1 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

1,196,226 braille cells · 1,258 embossed pages at 40×25 · 6,248 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠕⠃⠧⠊⠳⠎⠀⠍⠁⠝⠝⠻⠂⠀⠑⠁⠡⠀⠌⠗⠕⠝⠛⠀⠎⠽⠇⠇⠁⠃⠇⠑⠀⠺⠳⠇⠙⠀
⠕⠉⠉⠥⠏⠽⠀⠑⠭⠁⠉⠞⠇⠽⠀⠀⠞⠺⠊⠉⠑⠀⠵⠀⠍⠥⠡⠀⠐⠞⠀⠵⠀⠞⠺⠕⠀⠷⠀⠮
⠀⠺⠑⠁⠅⠻⠀⠕⠝⠑⠎⠲⠀⠠⠎⠕⠍⠑⠹⠬⠀⠧⠀⠀⠁⠝⠁⠇⠕⠛⠳⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠎⠥⠡⠀
⠗⠓⠽⠹⠍⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠃⠑⠀⠞⠗⠁⠉⠫⠀⠔⠀⠕⠮⠗⠀⠏⠜⠞⠎⠀⠷⠀⠀⠏⠕⠑⠞⠗⠽⠀
⠯⠀⠁⠗⠞⠂⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠺⠑⠀⠝⠑⠫⠀⠝⠀⠐⠓⠀⠙⠺⠑⠇⠇⠀⠘⠥⠲⠀⠠⠃⠀⠔⠀⠀
⠗⠑⠋⠻⠢⠉⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀⠏⠗⠑⠎⠢⠞⠀⠎⠥⠃⠚⠑⠉⠞⠂⠀⠺⠑⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀
⠗⠑⠍⠜⠅⠀⠞⠀⠃⠽⠀⠮⠀⠀⠊⠝⠞⠗⠕⠙⠥⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠎⠥⠡⠀⠗⠓⠽⠹⠍⠂⠀
⠮⠀⠋⠇⠪⠀⠷⠀⠐⠞⠂⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠁⠏⠏⠑⠜⠎⠀⠀⠕⠮⠗⠺⠊⠎⠑⠀⠎⠀
⠏⠻⠋⠑⠉⠞⠇⠽⠀⠎⠊⠍⠏⠇⠑⠀⠯⠀⠓⠕⠍⠕⠛⠢⠑⠳⠎⠂⠀⠁⠙⠍⠊⠞⠎⠀⠷⠀⠁⠝
⠀⠀⠊⠝⠋⠔⠊⠞⠑⠀⠝⠥⠍⠃⠻⠀⠷⠀⠧⠜⠊⠫⠀⠽⠑⠞⠀⠗⠑⠛⠥⠇⠜⠀⠍⠕⠙⠑⠎⠀
⠷⠀⠏⠗⠕⠛⠗⠑⠎⠎⠲⠀⠠⠁⠇⠇⠀⠀⠮⠀⠅⠔⠙⠎⠀⠷⠀⠧⠻⠎⠊⠋⠊⠉⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀
⠱⠊⠡⠀⠕⠉⠉⠥⠗⠀⠔⠀⠁⠇⠇⠀⠇⠁⠝⠛⠥⠁⠛⠑⠎⠂⠀⠯⠀⠀⠮⠀⠌⠊⠇⠇⠀⠍⠀
⠧⠜⠊⠫⠀⠿⠍⠎⠀⠷⠀⠗⠑⠉⠥⠗⠗⠢⠉⠑⠀⠷⠀⠝⠕⠞⠑⠎⠀⠷⠀⠀⠙⠊⠋⠋⠻⠢⠞⠀
⠇⠢⠛⠹⠎⠂⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠓⠑⠜⠙⠀⠔⠀⠁⠇⠇⠀⠮⠀⠧⠜⠊⠫⠀⠌⠗⠁⠔⠎⠀⠀
⠷⠀⠍⠑⠇⠕⠙⠊⠑⠎⠂⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠑⠭⠁⠍⠏⠇⠑⠎⠀⠷⠀⠎⠥⠡⠀
⠍⠕⠙⠊⠋⠊⠉⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠂⠀⠕⠗⠀⠀⠉⠕⠝⠋⠊⠛⠥⠗⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠵⠀⠺⠑⠀
⠍⠁⠽⠀⠉⠁⠇⠇⠀⠮⠍⠂⠀⠷⠀⠐⠞⠲⠀⠠⠮⠽⠀⠊⠝⠧⠕⠇⠧⠑⠀⠀
⠗⠑⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠷⠀⠧⠜⠊⠳⠎⠀⠏⠕⠗⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠷⠀⠐⠞⠂⠀⠵⠀
⠋⠊⠛⠥⠗⠑⠎⠀⠊⠝⠧⠕⠇⠧⠑⠀⠀⠗⠑⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠷⠀⠧⠜⠊⠳⠎⠀
⠏⠕⠗⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠷⠀⠎⠏⠁⠉⠑⠲⠀⠠⠃⠀⠽⠑⠞⠀⠮⠀⠁⠝⠁⠇⠕⠛⠽⠀⠀
⠃⠑⠞⠺⠑⠢⠀⠗⠓⠽⠹⠍⠀⠯⠀⠋⠊⠛⠥⠗⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠃⠽⠀⠝⠕⠀⠍⠑⠁⠝⠎⠀⠧⠀
⠉⠇⠕⠎⠑⠆⠀⠿⠀⠔⠀⠀⠗⠓⠽⠹⠍⠀⠺⠑⠀⠓⠀⠗⠑⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠷⠀
⠟⠥⠁⠝⠞⠊⠞⠽⠀⠁⠇⠕⠝⠑⠀⠔⠀⠮⠀⠏⠜⠞⠎⠀⠷⠀⠀⠐⠞⠂⠀⠱⠻⠑⠁⠎⠀⠔⠀
⠋⠊⠛⠥⠗⠑⠀⠺⠑⠀⠓⠀⠼⠁⠉⠛⠀⠗⠑⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠝⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠷⠀⠀
⠟⠥⠁⠝⠞⠊⠞⠽⠂⠀⠃⠀⠷⠀⠁⠀⠅⠔⠙⠀⠁⠇⠞⠕⠛⠑⠮⠗⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.