Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Philosophy / History of scientific ideas / Braille

History of scientific ideas ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 2 — contracted English braille (EBAE-compatible subset). Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 1 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

1,196,226 braille cells · 1,258 embossed pages at 40×25 · 6,248 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠃⠑⠉⠁⠥⠎⠑⠀⠭⠀⠊⠎⠀⠀⠊⠞⠎⠑⠇⠋⠀⠑⠧⠊⠙⠢⠞⠇⠽⠀⠊⠙⠢⠞⠊⠉⠁⠇⠂⠀
⠓⠪⠑⠧⠻⠀⠭⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠃⠑⠀⠏⠕⠎⠎⠊⠃⠇⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠀⠏⠗⠕⠧⠑⠀⠭⠀⠃⠽⠀
⠗⠫⠥⠉⠬⠀⠭⠀⠞⠕⠀⠑⠧⠊⠙⠢⠞⠇⠽⠀⠊⠙⠢⠞⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀
⠏⠗⠕⠏⠕⠎⠊⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠲⠀⠀⠠⠯⠀⠮⠀⠎⠁⠍⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠮⠀⠉⠁⠎⠑⠀⠾⠀⠁⠇⠇
⠀⠕⠮⠗⠀⠝⠥⠍⠻⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠀⠏⠗⠕⠏⠕⠎⠊⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠆⠀⠿⠂⠀⠵⠀⠺⠑⠀⠓⠀
⠎⠁⠊⠙⠂⠀⠮⠀⠝⠁⠞⠥⠗⠑⠀⠷⠀⠁⠇⠇⠀⠷⠀⠀⠮⠍⠀⠊⠎⠀⠮⠀⠎⠁⠍⠑⠲⠀⠀⠀
⠠⠐⠓⠂⠀⠮⠝⠂⠀⠺⠑⠀⠓⠀⠊⠝⠌⠁⠝⠉⠑⠎⠀⠷⠀⠞⠗⠥⠹⠎⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠝
⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠀⠞⠗⠥⠑⠂⠀⠃⠀⠙⠑⠍⠕⠝⠌⠗⠁⠃⠇⠽⠀⠯⠀⠝⠑⠉⠑⠎⠎⠜⠊⠇⠽⠀
⠞⠗⠥⠑⠲⠀⠠⠝⠪⠀⠎⠥⠡⠀⠞⠗⠥⠹⠎⠀⠀⠁⠗⠑⠂⠀⠔⠀⠹⠊⠎⠀⠗⠑⠎⠏⠑⠉⠞⠀
⠁⠞⠀⠇⠑⠁⠌⠂⠀⠁⠇⠞⠕⠛⠑⠮⠗⠀⠼⠋⠚⠀⠙⠊⠋⠋⠻⠢⠞⠀⠀⠋⠀⠞⠗⠥⠹⠎⠂⠀
⠱⠊⠡⠂⠀⠓⠪⠑⠧⠻⠀⠉⠻⠞⠁⠔⠀⠮⠽⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠃⠑⠂⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠇⠑⠜⠝⠞⠀⠀
⠞⠕⠀⠃⠑⠀⠎⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠃⠽⠀⠮⠀⠑⠧⠊⠙⠢⠉⠑⠀⠷⠀⠕⠃⠎⠻⠧⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀
⠊⠝⠞⠻⠏⠗⠑⠞⠫⠂⠀⠀⠵⠀⠕⠃⠎⠻⠧⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠍⠥⠌⠀⠃⠑⠀
⠊⠝⠞⠻⠏⠗⠑⠞⠫⠂⠀⠃⠽⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀⠕⠺⠝⠀⠍⠢⠞⠁⠇⠀⠀⠋⠁⠉⠥⠇⠞⠊⠑⠎⠲⠀
⠠⠮⠗⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠝⠕⠀⠙⠊⠋⠋⠊⠉⠥⠇⠞⠽⠀⠔⠀⠋⠔⠙⠬⠀⠑⠭⠁⠍⠏⠇⠑⠎⠀⠷⠀
⠘⠮⠀⠍⠻⠑⠇⠽⠀⠕⠃⠎⠻⠧⠫⠀⠞⠗⠥⠹⠎⠲⠀⠠⠺⠑⠀⠋⠔⠙⠀⠞⠀⠎⠥⠛⠜⠀
⠙⠊⠎⠎⠕⠇⠧⠑⠎⠀⠀⠔⠀⠺⠁⠞⠻⠂⠀⠯⠀⠿⠍⠎⠀⠁⠀⠞⠗⠁⠝⠎⠏⠜⠢⠞⠀
⠋⠇⠥⠊⠙⠂⠀⠃⠀⠝⠕⠀⠐⠕⠀⠺⠀⠎⠁⠽⠀⠀⠞⠀⠺⠑⠀⠉⠀⠎⠑⠑⠀⠁⠝⠽⠀
⠗⠑⠁⠎⠕⠝⠀⠃⠑⠿⠑⠓⠯⠀⠱⠽⠀⠮⠀⠗⠑⠎⠥⠇⠞⠀⠍⠥⠌⠀⠀⠃⠑⠀⠎⠲⠀⠠⠺⠑
⠀⠋⠔⠙⠀⠞⠀⠁⠇⠇⠀⠁⠝⠊⠍⠁⠇⠎⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠡⠑⠺⠀⠮⠀⠉⠥⠙⠀⠓⠀⠁⠇⠎⠕⠀
⠮⠀⠙⠊⠧⠊⠙⠫⠀⠓⠕⠷⠆⠀⠃⠀⠉⠳⠇⠙⠀⠁⠝⠽⠀⠐⠕⠀⠓⠀⠏⠗⠫⠊⠉⠞⠫⠀⠞⠀
⠹⠊⠎⠀⠀⠺⠳⠇⠙⠀⠃⠑⠀⠥⠝⠊⠧⠻⠎⠁⠇⠇⠽⠀⠮⠀⠉⠁⠎⠑⠦⠀⠕⠗⠀
⠎⠥⠏⠏⠕⠎⠬⠀⠮⠀⠞⠗⠥⠹⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠀⠗⠥⠇⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠃⠑⠀⠅⠝⠪⠝⠂⠀⠉⠀
⠁⠝⠽⠀⠐⠕⠀⠎⠁⠽⠀⠞⠀⠓⠑⠀⠸⠉⠀⠉⠕⠝⠉⠑⠊⠧⠑⠀⠀⠮⠀⠋⠁⠉⠞⠎⠀⠵⠀
⠕⠉⠉⠥⠗⠗⠬⠀⠕⠮⠗⠺⠊⠎⠑⠦⠀⠠⠺⠁⠞⠻⠀⠑⠭⠏⠯⠎⠀⠱⠢⠀⠭⠀⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.