Library / Philosophy / History of scientific ideas / Braille
History of scientific ideas ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition
Grade 2 — contracted English braille (EBAE-compatible subset). Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 1 instead.
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1,196,226 braille cells · 1,258 embossed pages at 40×25 · 6,248 unrepresentable characters omitted
⠀⠮⠀⠍⠁⠭⠊⠍⠎⠀⠃⠽⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠀⠭⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠃⠑⠀⠍⠕⠌⠀ ⠎⠥⠉⠉⠑⠎⠎⠋⠥⠇⠇⠽⠀⠛⠥⠊⠙⠫⠀⠯⠀⠿⠺⠜⠙⠫⠲⠀⠠⠃⠀⠔⠀⠀⠕⠗⠙⠻⠀⠞ ⠀⠺⠑⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠙⠀⠹⠊⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠮⠀⠃⠑⠌⠀⠁⠙⠧⠁⠝⠞⠁⠛⠑⠂⠀⠺⠑⠀⠍⠥⠌ ⠀⠀⠏⠥⠗⠎⠥⠑⠀⠌⠊⠇⠇⠀⠋⠥⠗⠮⠗⠀⠮⠀⠁⠝⠁⠇⠽⠎⠊⠎⠀⠷⠀⠅⠀⠊⠝⠞⠕⠀ ⠊⠞⠎⠀⠀⠑⠇⠑⠍⠢⠞⠎⠆⠀⠯⠀⠹⠊⠎⠀⠺⠀⠃⠑⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀⠑⠍⠏⠇⠕⠽⠍⠢⠞⠀⠔ ⠀⠮⠀⠋⠊⠗⠌⠀⠐⠏⠀⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠐⠺⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠼⠑⠛⠀⠀⠠⠠⠡⠁⠏⠞⠻⠀ ⠠⠠⠊⠊⠊⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠠⠷⠀⠠⠠⠝⠑⠉⠑⠎⠎⠜⠽⠀⠠⠠⠞⠗⠥⠹⠎⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠼⠁⠲⠀⠠⠠⠑⠀⠁⠙⠧⠁⠝⠉⠑⠀⠔⠀⠓⠥⠍⠁⠝⠀⠅⠀⠉⠕⠝⠎⠊⠌⠎⠂⠀⠵⠀⠺⠑⠀ ⠓⠀⠀⠎⠑⠢⠂⠀⠔⠀⠁⠙⠁⠏⠞⠬⠀⠝⠑⠺⠀⠊⠙⠑⠁⠇⠀⠉⠕⠝⠉⠑⠏⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀ ⠞⠕⠀⠁⠎⠉⠻⠞⠁⠔⠫⠀⠀⠋⠁⠉⠞⠎⠂⠀⠯⠀⠹⠥⠎⠀⠔⠀⠎⠥⠏⠻⠔⠙⠥⠉⠬⠀⠮⠀ ⠠⠿⠍⠀⠘⠥⠀⠮⠀⠠⠍⠁⠞⠞⠻⠂⠀⠀⠮⠀⠁⠉⠞⠊⠧⠑⠀⠘⠥⠀⠮⠀⠏⠁⠎⠎⠊⠧⠑⠀ ⠏⠗⠕⠉⠑⠎⠎⠑⠎⠀⠷⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀⠍⠔⠙⠎⠲⠀⠠⠑⠀⠀⠎⠥⠡⠀⠌⠑⠏⠀ ⠊⠝⠞⠗⠕⠙⠥⠉⠑⠎⠀⠊⠝⠞⠕⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀⠅⠀⠁⠝⠀⠁⠙⠙⠊⠞⠊⠕⠝⠁⠇⠀⠀ ⠏⠕⠗⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠊⠙⠑⠁⠇⠀⠑⠇⠑⠍⠢⠞⠂⠀⠯⠀⠷⠀⠘⠹⠀ ⠗⠑⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠀⠋⠇⠪⠀⠋⠀⠮⠀⠝⠁⠞⠥⠗⠑⠀⠷⠀⠠⠊⠙⠑⠁⠎⠲⠀ ⠠⠭⠀⠊⠎⠂⠀⠮⠗⠑⠿⠑⠂⠀⠊⠍⠏⠕⠗⠞⠁⠝⠞⠀⠀⠿⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀⠏⠥⠗⠏⠕⠎⠑⠀ ⠞⠕⠀⠑⠭⠁⠍⠔⠑⠀⠍⠀⠉⠇⠕⠎⠑⠇⠽⠀⠹⠊⠎⠀⠑⠇⠑⠍⠢⠞⠂⠀⠯⠀⠞⠕⠀⠀ ⠇⠑⠜⠝⠀⠱⠁⠞⠀⠮⠀⠗⠑⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠹⠥⠎⠀ ⠉⠕⠍⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠿⠍⠀⠀⠐⠏⠀⠷⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀⠅⠲⠀⠠⠁⠝⠀⠊⠝⠟⠥⠊⠗⠽⠀⠊⠝⠞⠕ ⠀⠘⠹⠀⠠⠊⠙⠑⠁⠎⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠀⠿⠍⠀⠮⠀⠋⠳⠝⠙⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠷⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀ ⠎⠉⠊⠢⠉⠑⠎⠆⠤⠤⠊⠝⠞⠕⠀⠮⠀⠗⠑⠁⠇⠊⠞⠽⠂⠀⠀⠊⠝⠙⠑⠏⠢⠙⠢⠉⠑⠂⠀ ⠑⠭⠞⠢⠞⠂⠀⠯⠀⠏⠗⠔⠉⠊⠏⠁⠇⠀⠓⠑⠁⠙⠎⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠅⠀⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠺⠑⠀ ⠹⠥⠎⠀⠁⠉⠟⠥⠊⠗⠑⠆⠀⠊⠎⠀⠁⠀⠞⠁⠎⠅⠀⠕⠝⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠺⠑⠀⠍⠥⠌⠀⠝⠪⠀ ⠑⠝⠞⠻⠂⠀⠀⠯⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠺⠀⠑⠍⠏⠇⠕⠽⠀⠥⠀⠿⠀⠎⠑⠧⠻⠁⠇⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀ ⠎⠥⠉⠉⠑⠫⠬⠀⠠⠃⠕⠕⠅⠎⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠔⠀⠹⠊⠎⠀⠊⠝⠟⠥⠊⠗⠽⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀
These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.