Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Philosophy / Johtavat aatteet ihmiskunnan historiassa / Braille

Johtavat aatteet ihmiskunnan historiassa ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

589,960 braille cells · 651 embossed pages at 40×25 · 22,172 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠑⠇⠍⠝⠞⠁⠧⠁⠎⠞⠁⠲⠀
⠠⠏⠁⠊⠍⠑⠝⠞⠕⠇⠁⠊⠎⠤⠓⠑⠊⠍⠕⠅⠥⠝⠝⠊⠎⠎⠁⠂⠀⠀⠚⠕⠊⠙⠑⠝⠀
⠁⠎⠥⠝⠞⠕⠀⠕⠝⠀⠧⠓⠑⠍⠍⠊⠝⠀⠏⠽⠎⠽⠧⠊⠝⠑⠝⠂⠀⠑⠊⠀⠧⠕⠊⠀
⠽⠓⠙⠽⠎⠤⠎⠊⠙⠑⠀⠏⠑⠗⠓⠑⠊⠙⠑⠝⠀⠀⠧⠇⠊⠇⠇⠀⠕⠇⠇⠁⠀⠝⠊⠊⠝⠀
⠇⠥⠚⠁⠂⠀⠚⠁⠀⠓⠁⠇⠇⠊⠞⠥⠎⠤⠧⠁⠇⠞⠁⠀⠑⠊⠀⠎⠊⠊⠎⠀⠑⠝⠀⠎⠊⠇⠽⠀
⠽⠓⠞⠀⠀⠧⠁⠓⠧⠁⠝⠁⠂⠀⠅⠥⠊⠝⠀⠁⠇⠅⠥⠏⠑⠗⠊⠝⠑⠝⠀⠊⠎⠝⠝⠽⠽⠎⠲⠀
⠠⠧⠊⠇⠇⠊⠤⠑⠇⠍⠎⠎⠀⠕⠝⠀⠎⠑⠝⠀⠧⠥⠕⠅⠎⠊⠀⠀⠑⠝⠑⠍⠍⠝⠀
⠧⠁⠏⠁⠥⠞⠞⠁⠂⠀⠍⠥⠞⠞⠁⠀⠎⠑⠀⠕⠝⠀⠧⠁⠏⠁⠥⠎⠀⠎⠑⠍⠍⠕⠊⠝⠑⠝⠂⠀
⠚⠕⠅⠁⠀⠑⠊⠀⠧⠁⠊⠅⠥⠞⠁⠀⠍⠊⠞⠝⠀⠀⠑⠙⠊⠎⠞⠽⠎⠞⠀
⠅⠥⠇⠞⠥⠥⠗⠊⠎⠎⠁⠀⠚⠁⠀⠇⠁⠊⠞⠕⠅⠎⠊⠎⠎⠁⠲⠀⠠⠝⠍⠀⠅⠁⠝⠎⠁⠞⠀
⠕⠧⠁⠞⠀⠏⠽⠎⠽⠝⠑⠑⠞⠀⠀⠁⠇⠅⠥⠏⠑⠗⠊⠎⠑⠎⠎⠀⠞⠊⠇⠁⠎⠎⠁⠁⠝⠀
⠧⠥⠕⠎⠊⠞⠥⠓⠁⠝⠎⠊⠑⠝⠀⠇⠏⠊⠞⠎⠑⠀⠚⠁⠀⠞⠁⠗⠚⠕⠕⠧⠁⠞⠀⠧⠊⠑⠇⠀
⠝⠽⠞⠅⠊⠝⠀⠅⠥⠧⠁⠝⠀⠧⠁⠝⠓⠊⠍⠍⠊⠎⠞⠁⠀⠕⠇⠕⠊⠎⠞⠁⠲⠀
⠠⠉⠁⠎⠞⠗⠝⠀⠕⠝⠀⠍⠑⠊⠇⠇⠑⠀⠁⠝⠞⠁⠝⠥⠞⠀⠀⠍⠑⠗⠅⠊⠇⠇⠊⠎⠑⠝⠀
⠅⠥⠧⠁⠝⠀⠠⠕⠃⠙⠕⠗⠎⠅⠄⠊⠝⠀⠠⠕⠎⠞⠚⠁⠅⠑⠊⠎⠞⠁⠂⠀⠚⠕⠞⠅⠁⠀
⠧⠊⠑⠇⠀⠝⠽⠞⠅⠊⠝⠀⠎⠑⠊⠎⠕⠧⠁⠞⠀⠀⠓⠑⠊⠍⠕⠅⠥⠝⠞⠁⠊⠎⠥⠥⠙⠑⠝⠀
⠅⠁⠝⠝⠁⠇⠇⠁⠲⠼⠉⠀⠠⠓⠑⠊⠍⠕⠅⠥⠝⠞⠁⠀⠚⠁⠅⠁⠁⠝⠞⠥⠥⠀
⠥⠎⠑⠊⠓⠊⠝⠀⠎⠥⠅⠥⠊⠓⠊⠝⠀⠚⠁⠀⠀⠚⠕⠅⠁⠀⠎⠥⠅⠥⠀⠥⠎⠑⠊⠓⠊⠝⠀
⠏⠑⠗⠓⠑⠊⠎⠊⠝⠲⠀⠠⠽⠓⠞⠑⠑⠝⠀⠎⠥⠅⠥⠥⠝⠀⠅⠥⠥⠇⠥⠥⠀
⠥⠎⠑⠊⠝⠅⠊⠝⠀⠎⠁⠞⠕⠚⠁⠀⠞⠁⠊⠀⠀⠞⠥⠓⠁⠝⠎⠊⠁⠀⠚⠎⠑⠝⠊⠂⠀
⠚⠕⠞⠅⠁⠀⠅⠁⠊⠅⠅⠊⠀⠇⠥⠅⠑⠧⠁⠞⠀⠊⠞⠎⠑⠝⠎⠀⠝⠊⠊⠝⠀
⠇⠊⠅⠑⠊⠎⠊⠅⠎⠊⠂⠀⠀⠑⠞⠞⠄⠑⠊⠧⠞⠀⠍⠊⠇⠇⠕⠊⠝⠅⠁⠁⠝⠀⠝⠁⠊⠀
⠅⠑⠎⠅⠑⠝⠝⠎⠲⠀⠠⠚⠕⠅⠁⠊⠎⠑⠇⠇⠁⠀⠎⠥⠧⠥⠇⠇⠁⠀⠕⠝⠀⠕⠍⠁⠀⠀
⠧⠁⠝⠓⠊⠍⠏⠁⠝⠎⠁⠂⠀⠚⠕⠅⠁⠀⠗⠁⠞⠅⠁⠊⠎⠑⠑⠀⠚⠁⠀⠎⠕⠧⠊⠞⠞⠁⠁⠀
⠅⠑⠎⠅⠊⠝⠊⠎⠑⠞⠀⠗⠊⠊⠙⠁⠞⠂⠀⠍⠥⠞⠞⠁⠀⠀⠥⠎⠑⠊⠇⠇⠁⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.