Skip to content

Library / Engineering & Technology / The Panama Canal and Its Makers / Braille

The Panama Canal and Its Makers ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

178,472 braille cells · 187 embossed pages at 40×25 · 1,005 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠠⠛⠑⠕⠇⠕⠛⠊⠉⠁⠇⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠠⠉⠓⠑⠍⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠠⠎⠕⠉⠊⠑⠞⠊⠑⠎⠀⠕⠋
⠀⠠⠇⠕⠝⠙⠕⠝⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠍⠑⠍⠃⠑⠗⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠚⠁⠏⠁⠝⠀⠠⠎⠕⠉⠊⠑⠞⠽⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠠⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀
⠠⠠⠍⠁⠏⠂⠀⠠⠠⠏⠇⠁⠝⠎⠂⠀⠠⠠⠁⠝⠙⠀⠠⠠⠏⠓⠕⠞⠕⠛⠗⠁⠏⠓⠎⠀
⠠⠠⠞⠁⠅⠑⠝⠀⠠⠠⠃⠽⠀⠠⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠠⠁⠥⠞⠓⠕⠗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠠⠞⠲⠀⠠⠠⠋⠊⠎⠓⠑⠗⠀⠠⠠⠥⠝⠺⠊⠝⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠠⠠⠇⠕⠝⠙⠕⠝⠒⠀⠠⠠⠁⠙⠑⠇⠏⠓⠊⠀⠠⠠⠞⠑⠗⠗⠁⠉⠑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠠⠠⠇⠑⠊⠏⠎⠊⠉⠒⠀⠠⠠⠊⠝⠎⠑⠇⠎⠞⠗⠁⠎⠎⠑⠀⠼⠃⠚⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠚⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠶⠠⠁⠇⠇⠀⠗⠊⠛⠓⠞⠎⠀
⠗⠑⠎⠑⠗⠧⠑⠙⠲⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠠⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀
⠠⠠⠃⠕⠕⠅⠀⠠⠠⠊⠎⠀⠠⠠⠙⠑⠙⠊⠉⠁⠞⠑⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠠⠠⠞⠕⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠠⠗⠑⠧⠑⠗⠑⠝⠙⠀⠠⠠⠉⠓⠁⠗⠇⠑⠎
⠀⠠⠠⠚⠕⠓⠝⠀⠠⠠⠉⠕⠗⠝⠊⠎⠓⠂⠀⠠⠍⠲⠠⠁⠲⠀⠶⠠⠠⠕⠭⠕⠝⠶⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠠⠠⠕⠋⠀⠠⠠⠋⠇⠑⠑⠞⠂⠀⠠⠠⠓⠁⠝⠞⠎⠂⠀⠠⠠⠁⠝⠙⠀⠠⠠⠎⠁⠇⠉⠕⠍⠃⠑⠀
⠠⠠⠗⠑⠛⠊⠎⠂⠀⠠⠠⠙⠑⠧⠕⠝⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠠⠠⠃⠽⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠠⠓⠊⠎⠀
⠠⠠⠁⠋⠋⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠁⠞⠑⠀⠠⠠⠎⠕⠝⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠠⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠠⠁⠥⠞⠓⠕⠗⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠠⠏⠗⠑⠋⠁⠉⠑⠀⠀⠀⠠⠊⠀⠠⠠⠁⠍⠀
⠊⠝⠙⠑⠃⠞⠑⠙⠀⠞⠕⠀⠍⠁⠝⠽⠀⠏⠑⠗⠎⠕⠝⠎⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠁⠙⠧⠊⠉⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠊⠝⠋⠕⠗⠍⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠊⠝⠀⠉⠕⠝⠝⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠍⠽⠀⠎⠞⠥⠙⠽⠀
⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠏⠁⠝⠁⠍⠁⠀⠠⠉⠁⠝⠁⠇⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠺⠊⠎⠓⠀⠞⠕⠀⠞⠓⠁⠝⠅
⠀⠏⠁⠗⠞⠊⠉⠥⠇⠁⠗⠇⠽⠀⠠⠓⠊⠎⠀⠠⠑⠭⠉⠑⠇⠇⠑⠝⠉⠽⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠗⠞⠲⠀
⠠⠓⠕⠝⠲⠀⠠⠚⠁⠍⠑⠎⠀⠠⠃⠗⠽⠉⠑⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠗⠞⠲⠀⠠⠓⠕⠝⠲⠀
⠠⠇⠕⠗⠙⠀⠠⠁⠧⠑⠃⠥⠗⠽⠂⠀⠠⠍⠗⠲⠀⠠⠉⠇⠁⠥⠙⠑⠀⠠⠍⠁⠇⠇⠑⠞⠂⠀
⠠⠉⠲⠠⠍⠲⠠⠛⠲⠂⠀⠠⠉⠕⠇⠕⠝⠑⠇⠀⠠⠛⠑⠕⠗⠛⠑⠀⠠⠑⠲⠀⠠⠉⠓⠥⠗⠉⠓⠂

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.