,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,m9or typographic errors correct$4 ,"s place names h out-(-date spell+s4 ,photographic plates are pres5t$ on fac+ pages )9 ! book & h be5 plac$ at ! ne>e/ p>agraph break 9 ?is docum5t4 ,*apt]s are prec$$ by a page ) ! *apt] title pr9t$ on x2 s9ce ?is is repeat$ on ! foll[+ page1 su* pages are omitt$4 ,,! ,,panama ,,canal ,,& ,,its ,,mak]s 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,republics ,by ,george ,w4 ,cri*field ,illu/rat$4 ,two ,vols4 ,royal #hvo1 clo?1 #bes4 ,,! ,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,s]ies ,edit$ by ,m>t9 ,hume ,ea* ,volume ,demy #hvo1 clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,*ile ,its ,hi/ory & ,developm5t1 ,natural ,features1 ,products1 ,comm]ce & ,pres5t ,conditions4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,scott ,elliott1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,au?or ( ,a ,naturali/ 9 ,mid ,africa4 ,) an ,introduction by ,m>t9 ,hume1 a ,map1 & _m ,illu/rations4 ,an exhau/ive & int]e/+ acc\nt1 n only ( ! turbul5t hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry b ( h] pres5t conditions & seem+ prospects4--,we/m9/] ,gazette4 ,w be f\nd attractive & useful read+ by ! /ud5t ( hi/ory1 ! geograph]1 ! naturali/1 & la/1 b assur$ly n lea/1 ! ,briti% m]*ant4--,scotsman4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,p]u ,its ,=m] & ,pres5t ,civilisation1 ,topography & ,natural ,res\rces1 ,hi/ory & ,political ,conditions1 ,comm]ce & ,g5]al ,developm5t4 ,by ,c4 ,reg9ald ,enock1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,au?or ( ,! ,&es & ! ,amazon4 ,) an ,introduction by ,m>t9 ,hume1 a ,map1 & num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,an important "w4444 ,! writ] possesses a quick eye & a ke5 intellig5ce2 is _m-sid$ 9 8 int]e/s1 & on c]ta9 subjects speaks z an exp]t4 ,! volume deals fully ) ! developm5t ( ! c\ntry1 & is writt5 9 ! same facile & graphic /yle z be=e4 ,illu/rat$ by a l>ge numb] ( excell5t photographs4--,! ,times4 ,a magnific5t collection ( in=mation on ?is int]e/+ c\ntry4 ,! au?or's vivid & eloqu5t description inve/s x = u ) "s ( ! glam\r x possess$ = ! ,conqui/adores ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & on clos+ ! book ! read] feels tempt$ to set out at once = ,p]u4--,york%ire ,obs]v]4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,mexico ,by ,c4 ,reg9ald ,enock ,,london3 ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw9 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak]s ,,( ,,! ,,canal4 ,,! ,,panama ,,canal ,,& ,,its ,,mak]s4 ,by ,,vaughan ,,corni% ,doctor ( ,sci5ce 7,man*e/] ,univ471 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,geographical1 ,geological1 & ,*emical ,societies ( ,london1 ,memb] ( ! ,japan ,society ,,) ,,map1 ,,plans1 ,,& ,,photographs ,,tak5 ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw9 ,,london3 ,,adelphi ,,t]race ,,leipsic3 ,,insel/rasse #bj #aiji 7,all rights res]v$47 ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! ,,rev]5d ,,*>les ,,john ,,corni%1 ,m4,a4 7,,oxon71 ,,( ,,fleet1 ,,hants1 ,,& ,,salcombe ,,regis1 ,,devon1 ,,by ,,8 ,,affectionate ,,son1 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,preface ,i ,,am indebt$ to _m p]sons = advice & in=mation 9 connection ) my /udy ( ! ,panama ,canal1 & wi% to ?ank p>ticul>ly ,8 ,excell5cy ! ,rt4 ,hon4 ,james ,bryce1 ! ,rt4 ,hon4 ,"l ,avebury1 ,mr4 ,claude ,mallet1 ,c4,m4,g41 ,colonel ,george ,e4 ,*ur*1 ,colonel ,george ,w4 ,goe?als1 *airman ( ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 & 8 colleagues1 ,colonel ,w4,c4 ,gorgas1 ,m4,d41 ,major ,d4,d4 ,gaill>d1 ,major ,william ,l4 ,sib]t1 ,mr4 ,jackson ,smi?1 & ,mr4 ,buckl9 ,bi%op4 ,also ,major ,*e/] ,h>d+1 ,mr4 ,arango1 ,mr4 ,g4,r4 ,%anton1 ,*ief ( ,police1 ,mr4 ,william ,g]ig 7=m]ly 9 *>ge ( ! ,gatun ,dam71 ,mr4 ,mason ,w4 ,mit*ell1 & ,mr4 ,tracy ,rob9son4 ,,vaughan ,,corni%4 ,novemb]1 #aijh4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #ae ,,*apt] ,i ,,hi/orical ,,review #bc ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,canal ,,z ,,x ,,is ,,to ,,be #de ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,on ,,! ,,pres5t ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,culebra ,,cut1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,me?ods ,,employ$ ,,= ,,excavation ,,& ,,disposal ,,( ,,! ,,spoil #gi ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,m5 ,,on ,,! ,,i/hmus #ii ,,*apt] ,v ,,heal? ,,on ,,! ,,i/hmus ,,& ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,race ,,9 ,,! ,,tropics #aai ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,on ,,! ,,%ort5+ ,,( ,,di/ances ,,by ,,sea1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,/eam%ips ,,available ,,= ,,canal ,,transit #aea ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,! ,,canal #aga ,,index #agi ,,illu/rations ,,mak]s ,,( ,,! ,,canal ,frontispiece ,,to ,,face ,,page ,,/atue ,,( ,,columbus1 ,,*ri/obal1 ,,colon #ah ,,*ri/*ur*1 ,,colon #ah ,,lock ,,& ,,dam ,,site1 ,,gatun #bf 7,! h\se is on ! cre/-l9e ( ! dam1 :i* w ext5d to ! hills on ! "r7 ,,excavat+ ,,= ,,! ,,d\ble ,,flight ,,( ,,?ree ,,locks ,,at ,,gatun #bf 7,9 f9e-gra9$ argillace\s s&/one rock7 ,,re-,,location ,,( ,,railway ,,above ,,gatun ,,dam #cj 7,! tre/le embankm5t w run z a causeway across a bay ( ! lake7 ,,motor ,,trolley ,,= ,,inspection ,,( ,,works #cj 7,9 ! backgr\nd are scre5$ h\ses ( employees7 ,,tropical ,,=e/1 ,,) ,,heavy ,,gr[? ,,( ,,p>asitic ,,plants #cf ,,jungle ,,) ,,pipe ,,?r\gh ,,:i* ,,oil ,,is ,,convey$ ,,by ,,gravitation ,,across ,,! ,,i/hmus #cf ,,*agres ,,riv] ,,ne> ,,b>bacoes #db 7,9 ! dry season--look+ d[n /ream7 ,,*agres ,,riv] ,,ne> ,,obispo #db 7,9 ! dry season7 ,,fr5* ,,dr$g] ,,laid ,,up #dh 7,sev]al ( ^! h rec5tly be5 put 9 use aga97 ,,fr5* ,,trucks ,,p>tly ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,=e/ ,,gr[? #dh 7,_m ( ^! 7 us$ at fir/ by ! ,am]icans1 b are n[ replac$ by l>g] ones7 ,,excavation ,,ne> ,,tav]nilla #eb ,,riv] ,,*agres ,,& ,,railway ,,ne> ,,gorgona #eb ,,lidg]wood ,,unload]1 ,,w9d+ ,,app>atus #ef ,,anopheles ,,brigade ,,oil+ ,a ,,dit* #ef #ajj-,,ton ,,wreck+ ,,crane1 ,,gorgona #fb ,,int]ior ,,( ,,ma*9e ,,%op1 ,,gorgona #fb ,,ma*9e ,,%ops1 ,,gorgona #ff ,,club ,,h\se ,,= ,,employees1 ,,gorgona #ff 7,manag$ by ! ,y4,m4,c4,a47 ,,excavation ,,9 ,,! ,,cut #gb ,,pipe ,,= ,,div]sion ,,( ,a ,,riv]1 ,,ne> ,,empire #gb ,,9 ,,! ,,cut1 ,,wid? #ejj ,,feet #gf ,,9 ,,! ,,cut1 ,,look+ ,,s\? ,,t[>ds ,,culebra #gf 7,! gorge betwe5 ,gold5 & ,silv] ,hills j visible7 ,,rock ,,drill #hb 7,^! ma*9es bore a hole #cj feet deep 9 eight h\rs7 ,,rock ,,drills ,,at ,,"w ,,9 ,,! ,,cut #hb ,,! ,,cut1 ,,look+ ,,nor? ,,f ,,culebra #hf ,,! ,,cut1 ,,look+ ,,s\? ,,f ,,culebra #hf ,,f ,,culebra1 ,,look+ ,,ea/ ,,to ,,di/ant ,,hills #ib ,,f ,,culebra1 ,,look+ ,,ea/ ,,across ,,! ,,cut #ib 7,t]races =m$ by l&slip are j visible beh9d ! smoke ( a di/ant /eam %ovel7 ,,f ,,culebra1 ,,look+ ,,ea/ ,,to ,,gold5 ,,hill #if 7,%[+ excavation 9 /eps & l$ges4 ,ea* l$ge has c>ri$ a railway track7 ,,! ,,cut ,,at ,,culebra1 ,,look+ ,,nor? #if 7,! sc>p$ face ( ,gold5 ,hill on ! "r4 ,tak5 ,april1 #aijh1 9 ! !n bottom ( ! cut1 #abj feet above ,canal bottom7 ,,gang ,,( ,,we/ ,,indian ,,lab\r]s #ajb 7,unload+ spoil-tra9 at ,gatun7 ,,gang ,,( ,,spani% ,,lab\r]s ,,at ,,culebra #ajb 7,work+ 9 ! sun 9 ,april1 :i* is "o ( ! hotte/ mon?s1 less ?an #aj degrees f ! equator4 ,! m5 are we>+ ,european kit7 ,,/eam ,,%ovel ,,excavat+ ,,soil ,,at ,,culebra #ajf ,,/eam ,,%ovel ,,unload+ ,,into ,a ,,dirt ,,c> #ajf ,,/eam ,,%ovel ,,ne> ,,end ,,( ,,/roke #aab 7,! m>ks ( ! tee? made 9 a =m] /roke are visible on ! "r4 ,gold5 ,hill1 ) ! highe/ b]m1 or l$ge1 9 ! di/ance7 ,,/eam ,,%ovel1 ,,/roke ,,f9i%$1 ,,load$ ,,) ,,soil #aab ,,/eam ,,%ovel ,,at ,,culebra #aaf ,,%ovel-,,m5 ,,at ,,culebra #aaf ,,scre5$ ,,bungal[1 ,,*ri/obal1 ,,colon #abb ,,scre5$ ,,qu>t]s ,,( ,,employees1 ,,culebra #abb ,,read+ ,,room1 ,,employees' ,,club1 ,,culebra #abf ,,hall ,,( ,,employees' ,,club1 ,,culebra #abf ,,cut ,,s\? ,,( ,,culebra1 ,,l&slip ,,on ,,left #acb ,,look+ ,,nor?1 ,,! ,,sc>p$ ,,face ,,( ,,gold5 ,,hill ,,on ,,! ,,"r #acb ,,look+ ,,nor? ,,f ,,railway ,,bridge ,,at ,,p>aiso #acf ,,ab&on$ ,,fr5* ,,ma*9]y #acf ,,gang ,,( ,,european ,,lab\r]s 7,,9 #aijg7 #adb ,a ,,=m] ,,hot-,,b$ ,,( ,,mal>ia1 ,,n[ ,,dra9$ #adb ,,ne> ,,! ,,site ,,( ,,milaflores ,,locks #adf ,,look+ ,,nor? ,,to ,,culebra ,,divide ,,f ,,ancon ,,hill #adf ,,rio ,,gr&e1 ,,ne> ,,la ,,boca #aed ,,rio ,,gr&e1 ,,f ,,ancon ,,hill #aed 7,c\ntry nor? ( t %[n 9 ! la/ photograph7 ,,la ,,boca1 ,,f ,,ancon ,,hill #aeh ,,ancon ,,cemet]y #aeh ,,commission',s ,,hotel ,,at ,,ancon #afb ,,adm9i/ration ,,build+1 ,,ancon #afb ,,view ,,f ,,spani% ,,=t1 ,,panama #aff ,,ca!dral ,,squ>e1 ,,panama #aff ,,palace ,,( ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,republic ,,( ,,panama #agd ,,old ,,flat ,,ar* ,,at ,,panama #agd 7,adduc$ z evid5ce ( comp>ative fre$om ( ,panama f de/ructive e>?quakes7 ,,map ,,( ,,canal ,,zone ,at end ( volume 7,%[+ also pr(ile ( ,canal1 cross section ( ,culebra ,cut1 ! bor+s bel[ ,gatun dam1 & ! cross section ( ,gatun dam z design$ 9 ,april1 #aijh4 ,! design ( ?is dam1 h[ev]1 is /ill und]go+ modifications7 ,,introduction ,,at ! pres5t mom5t ! ,canal ,zone ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama is ! mo/ int]e/+ place 9 ! _w4 ,"h is ga!r$ an army ( #dj1jjj m5 engag$ 9 ! epo*-mak+ "w ( unit+ ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans1 & "h is ! greate/ collection ( ma*9]y ev] mass$ = ! accompli%m5t ( "o und]tak+4 ,if ! pres5t rate ( progress cont9ue un*eck$1 ! ,canal1 x is calculat$1 w be op5$ 9 #aiae4 ,!n w t ,i/hmus1 :i* has hi!rto be5 a b>ri] betwe5 two oceans b has fail$ to act z a bridge betwe5 two cont95ts1 be pi]c$ by a wat]way capable ( float+ ! l>ge/ %ips n[ built or build+4 ,!n w ! ,pacific coa/s ( ! ,am]icas be accessible f ports on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic )\t ! necessity ( a voyage by ! ,/raits ( ,magellan4 ,!n w ! di/ance f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco be %ort5$ by #h1djj & t f ,liv]pool by #f1jjj miles2 ! di/ance f ,new ,york to ,s\? ,am]ican ports w be %ort5$ by an av]age ( #e1jjj & t f ,liv]pool to ^! ports by an av]age ( #b1fjj miles3 !n = ! fir/ "t ,yokohama on ! nor? & ,sydney on ! s\? w be br\ght ne>] to ,new ,york ?an to ,liv]pool or ,antw]p1 & !n w ,new ,orleans & ! ports on ! ,mexican ,gulf be br\ght ne>] ?an ,new ,york1 by sea1 to ,san ,francisco1 ,s\? ,am]ica beyond ,p]nambuco1 ,au/ralia1 & ,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/atue ,,( ,,columbus1 ,,*ri/obal1 ,,colon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ri/*ur*1 ,,colon4 ,no "o :o c>es to "k ! great] ?+s :i* are %ap+ ! _w c n[ af=d to be ignorant ( :at is happ5+ on ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,9 ! =m] days ( un/able companies ! /ud5t ( affairs might decl9e to occupy himself 9 ! /udy ( an und]tak+ ( :i* ! fruition 0 d\btful4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t ! ,gov]nm5t ( a great nation h put _! h&s to ! pl\gh ! furr[ w be driv5 ?r\gh4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h acquir$ complete own]%ip & control ( ! ,canal & ( a /rip ( l& five miles wide on ei!r side1 call$ ! ,canal ,zone4 ,! small ,/ate ( ,panama1 9 :i* ?is zone is situate1 has plac$ itself "u ! protection ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,great ,brita9 has by a treaty ratifi$ 9 #aija waiv$ ! treaty "r :i* x =m]ly enjoy$ to %>e ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! control ( any trans-,i/hmian canal4 ,! ,i/hmus has be5 fre$ f ^? pe/il5ces :i* 7 ! greate/ ob/acles to human ef=t1 & ! eng9e]+ difficulties are no long] beyond ! scope ( mod]n sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ fir/ visit$ ! ,canal works at ! beg9n+ ( #aijg1 ,i decid$ to make ^u ! spot a c>eful exam9ation ( ! :ole und]tak+4 ,= ?is purpose ,i visit$ ,wa%+ton & made application ?r\gh ! prop] *annel to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate1 :i* k9dly cons5t$ to fur!r ! inquiry4 ,a set ( ! publi%$ docum5ts 0 suppli$ to me1 & ,i proce$$ f ,new ,york to ! ,i/hmus by ! ,r4,m4,s4,p4 ,magdal5a1 arriv+ at ,colon ,april #ab1 #aijh4 ,"h ,colonel ,goe?als1 *airman ( ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 provid$ me ) a lett] to ^? conc]n$ to furni% all in=mation1 & propos$ t ,i %\ld make my way ab\t unatt5d$ & pursue my inquiries indep5d5tly4 ,i 0 ?us enabl$ to conv]se ) p]fect fre$om ) ! rank & file1 :ile draw+ freely on ! special in=mation possess$ only by ! heads ( dep>tm5ts4 ,= ! b5efit ( read]s 9 ,engl& ,i may expla9 t ^! circum/ances 7 to me ( especial importance on acc\nt ( ! d\bts ?r[n by ,am]ican writ]s1 & also by ,am]icans ( repute 9 conv]sation1 ^u ! reliability ( (ficial & o!r in=mation suppli$ to ! ,am]ican public on ! burn+ topic ( ! ,i/hmus4 ,z an ,engli%man1 & !re=e /&+ outside ,am]ican p>ty politics1 & z a sci5tific /ud5t n engag$ 9 comm]ce or political life1 ,i came to ! /udy ( ! subject )\t prepossessions4 ,?is at lea/ 0 my happy /ate :5 ,i arriv$ 9 ,wa%+ton 9 ,m>* la/4 ,:5 ,i left = ! ,canal ,zone a mon? lat] ,i 0 fill$ ) gloomy =ebod+s t ,i might aft] all f9d a rott5 /ate ( affairs on ! ,i/hmus4 ,x 0 ) int5se relief t ,i f\nd t ,i _h :at is call$ 9 ,am]ica an hone/ proposition to deal )4 ,z my d\bts hi!rto _h be5 due to ! patriotic anxiety ( _! compatriots1 ,i am sure ,colonel ,goe?als & 8 colleagues w =give me = ?is frank /atem5t ( my difficulties & _! solution4 ,any ,engli%man1 accu/om$ to see ! "w ( our own soldi]s & civil s]vants 9 ! ,cr[n ,colonies or 9 ,egypt1 w\ld recognise 9 ! (fic]s ( ! corps ( ,eng9e]s & ( ! ,army ,m$ical ,corps :o are 9 *>ge ( ! ,canal ,zone m5 ( a l high /&>d ( duty4 ,z ?is acc\nt is writt5 n only = my own c\ntrym5 b also = read]s on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic1 ,i %\ld be glad1 if x be possible1 to conv9ce ( my own bona-fides ^? anxi\s patriots :o f9d x difficult to believe any good report f ,panama4 ,x may t5d 9 ?is direction to /ate t ,i travell$ & soj\rn$ at my own *>ges1 & t ,i w5t out on an indep5d5t inquiry4 ,t ,i _h promis$ to give an acc\nt ( ! ,canal works to my bro!r geograph]s 9 ,london 0 my only und]tak+1 & ! acceptance ( a free pass on ! ,panama ,railway my only f9ancial obligation ei!r 9 ,wa%+ton or on ! ,i/hmus4 ,9 ord] prop]ly to und]/& ! pres5t & future ( ! ,canal und]tak+1 x is necess>y to give a %ort acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ,i/hmian communication1 = ! conditions :i* n[ face ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t & ! ,commission are n solely due to pres5t physical causes1 b also to previ\s ev5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,hi/orical ,,review ,,! conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,ottoman ,turks 9 #adec complet$ _! capture ( ! trade r\tes betwe5 ,we/]n ,europe & ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! ,ea/ ,indian trade _h long be5 a s\rce ( great enri*m5t to ,european m]*ants4 ,x 0 especially suit$ to ! re/rict$ c>ry+ p[] ( ^? times1 ! products 7su* z pepp]7 be+ small 9 bulk & high 9 price4 ,! m>itime nations !re=e s\ght sea r\tes to ! ,indies 9 pursuit ( ?is trade1 & x 0 ,columbus himself1 9 8 ef=ts to op5 up a we/]n r\te to ! ,indies & ,*9a1 :o discov]$ ! ,bay ( ,limon 9 #adig4 ,he & 8 successors s\ght = a /rait or *annel :i* %\ld op5 ! way to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,cortes s\ght = ! /rait 9 ,mexico4 ,o!rs s\ght z f> nor? z ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 :i* 0 suppos$ to af=d a r\te to ,*9a4 ,no op5+ c\ld1 h[ev]1 be f\nd ne>] to ! ,equator ?an ! ,/raits ( ,magellan 7#aebj71 & ! hopes ( a %ort r\te we/w>d to ! ,indies 7 disappo9t$4 ,an ,i/hmian canal 0 talk$ ( ev5 9 ! days ( ,*>les ,v4 ( ,spa9 to op5 ! r\te to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,9 ^? days ( small vessels1 ! riv] *annels w\ld h s]v$ = a great "p ( ! trav]se1 s t ! s*eme 0 n s wild z x may seem4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lock ,,& ,,dam ,,site1 ,,gatun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,excavation ,,= ,,locks1 ,,gatun4 ,! purpose1 !re=e1 ( ! fir/ proposal = pi]c+ ! ,i/hmus 0 = %ort5+ ! di/ance to ! ,indies & ,*9a4 ,! discov]y ( ! ne>] ri*es ( ,p]u1 h[ev]1 illu/rat$ ! fact t ! ,i/hmian b>ri] has its uses z well z its inconv5i5ces4 ,porto ,bello & ,panama 7 =tifi$1 %ips 7 laun*$ f ! latt] port = ! ,p]uvian traffic1 ! treasure 0 c>ri$ across ! ,i/hmus "u escort & %ipp$ to ,spa94 ,! treasure-%ips1 inde$1 7 liable to attack on ! ,c>ibbean1 b ! ,i/hmian b>ri] prov$ an important safegu>d to ! ,p]uvian possessions ( ,spa94 ,9 ! next c5tury1 ! sev5te5?1 ! importance ( ! ,i/hmian l& r\te decl9$1 ow+ to ! fact t ,spa9 0 no long] able to secure ev5 mod]ate safety = h] %ips on ! ,c>ibbean4 ,9 ! pres5t days1 :5 ! importance ( naval p[] is s well und]/ood1 x is h>dly necess>y to enl>ge ^u ! significance ( ?is fact1 & its be>+ ^u ! problems pres5t$ by ! ,panama r\te to-day4 ,! project ( an ,i/hmian canal = ! purpose ( trade betwe5 ,europe & ,asia cont9u$ to be agitat$1 b ! inducem5ts 7 inadequate to ov]come ! ob/acles4 ,9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 = ! second "t1 x 0 ! ne$ ( improv$ communication betwe5 ! ea/ & we/ ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t :i* provid$ a suffici5t inducem5t to improve ! ,i/hmian r\te4 ,at ?is "t ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 mu* occupi$ ) projects ( trans-,i/hmian communication1 p>ticul>ly by canal1 n ) a view to ,transpacific comm]ce1 b ) ! object ( improv$ communication betwe5 ! ea/ & we/ ( _! own t]ritory4 ,9 #ahdf a treaty 0 made ) ! ,/ate ( ,new ,gr5ada 7aft]w>ds ,colombia7 ) a view to provid+ facilities = transport 9 ! w> betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico4 ,9 its mo/ important provision x is simil> to ! pres5t treaty betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! new ,republic ( ,panama1 viz41 ! ,unit$ ,/ates gu>antee ! sov]eignty ( ! ,/ate 9 "q ov] ! ,i/hmian t]ritory4 ,h5ce ! ,i/hmus 0 ?us e>ly con/itut$ a ,protectorate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b at ?is "t x 0 g5]ally ?\ght t ,lake ,nic>agua provid$ ! be/ r\te = a trans-,i/hmian canal4 ,! ,pacific seabo>d hav+ rec5tly acquir$ importance to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,gov]nm5t desir$ to fur!r ! canal project on t acc\nt4 ,! only practicable ,atlantic t]m9al ( a ,nic>aguan canal lay )9 t]ritory ov] :i* ,great ,brita9 _h long ex]cis$ control4 ,fur!r1 ! ,pacific ,coa/ ( ,canada _h rec5tly acquir$ importance to ! ea/]n prov9ces & to ! home c\ntry1 & access !reto 0 extremely difficult4 ,! outcome ( ^! circum/ances 0 ! conclusion 9 #ahej ( ! celebrat$ ,clayton-,bulw] treaty betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita91 :i* 0 duly ratifi$ by ,congress4 ,by ?is in/rum5t x 0 agre$ t nei!r ,gov]nm5t %\ld ev] obta9 or ma9ta9 = itself any exclusive control ( any canal connect+ ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans1 nor erect =tifications comm&+ ! same4 ,?is treaty rema9$ 9 =ce until #aija1 & ,i %all h to ref] to x aga94 ,mean:ile ! great ru% ( gold-seek]s to ,cali=nia _h suppli$ ! ne$ful /imulus to a s*eme1 already moot$1 ( an ,i/hmian railway t]m9at+ at ,panama4 ,9 spite ( ! enorm\s difficulties entail$ by ! pe/il5tial climate1 ! und]tak+ 0 complet$ 9 #ahee4 ,?is a*ievem5t1 orig9at+ 9 ,new ,york1 0 ! "w ( ,w4,h4 ,asp9wall1 ,h5ry ,*auncey1 & ,john ,l4 ,/eph5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re-,,location ,,( ,,railway ,,above ,,gatun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,motor ,,trolley ,,= ,,inspection ,,( ,,works4 ,x 0 und]tak5 indep5d5tly ( any canal s*eme1 b x ex]cis$ a pr(\nd effect ^u ! fate ( subsequ5t s*emes4 ,! facilities :i* ! railway af=d$ det]m9$ de ,lesseps's *oice ( r\te1 & de ,lesseps pl\gh$ s deeply t ^? :o came aft] him h f\nd !mselves con/ra9$ to foll[ 8 furr[4 ,! ,new ,_w is 9 fact no long] new1 & its /atesm5 n[ h to solve problems pres5t+ hi/orical z well z physical factors4 ,! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> int]rupt$ ! prosecution ( canal s*emes1 b ! exam9ation ( r\tes 0 recomm5c$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahff1 a ,commission f9ally report+ 9 #ahgfa 9 fav\r ( ! ,nic>aguan r\te4 #a ,! report1 h[ev]1 0 n publi%$ until #ahgi4 ,9 #ahfi ! ,suez ,canal 0 op5$ = traffic4 ,imm$iately1 ! r\te by ,panama ceas$ to be ! %orte/ f ,europe to any "p ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! importance ( t r\te to ,asia 0 ?us greatly r$uc$ z f> z ,europe 0 conc]n$1 b1 relatively1 its importance to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 increas$1 = ! ,suez ,canal does n %ort5 ! ,asiatic voyage f ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 or ,new ,orleans to ! same ext5t z x does = ,european ports4 ,! ,old ,_w _h be5 sev]$ into halves by ! ent]prise ( "o man1 & t man no pot5tate1 b m]ely "o possess+ ! gift ( p]suasion4 ,by 8 a*ievem5t1 :i* 0 imm$iately cr[n$ by f9ancial success1 ,f]d9& de ,lesseps sudd5ly became possess$ ( p[]s su* z are n always at ! disposal ( ! ,gov]nm5ts ev5 ( great c\ntries4 ,he decid$ himself to sev] ! b>ri] betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans1 conv5$ a ,congress at ,p>is 9 #ahgi1 & inaugurat$ 9 #ahha ! ,compagnie ,univ]selle du ,canal ,int]-oceanique de ,panama4 ,he _h decid$ to adopt ! ,panama r\te on acc\nt ( ! facilities af=d$ by ! railway4 ,! money 0 ma9ly subscrib$ 9 ,france4 ,! ,am]ican railway company 0 b\ght out at ! enorm\s price ( #be1ejj1jjj1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! next eight ye>s a l>ge "p ( ! "w requir$ = a tide-level canal 0 well execut$ on s\nd l9es by ! g5ius ( ! ,fr5*1 :o are excell$ by none 9 ! arts ( ! civil eng9e]4 ,! exact proportion :i* ! ,fr5* "w be>s to t s9ce accompli%$ by ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t w be %[n lat]4 ,! eng9e]s n[ on ! ,i/hmus are full ( praise = ! "w ( ! ,fr5* eng9e]s1 & _! wond] daily gr[s bo? at its quantity & its +5uity4 ,x is only ^? at a di/ance1 or ill-in=m$1 :o h belittl$ ^! a*ievem5ts4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,fr5* eng9e]s 7 n prop]ly support$4 ,de ,lesseps1 if he 7 ev] a practical man1 _h c]ta9ly ceas$ to be s s9ce 8 fir/ great success4 ,a practical man is "o :o c\nts ! co/ ( ev]y?+ he is ab\t to d4 ,de ,lesseps no long] c\nt$ co/4 ,he _h become z "o believ+ 9 8 />4 ,8 actions rem9d u ( ^? ( "s ( ! great conqu]ors ^: e>ly successes h l$ !m to und]take impossible campaigns4 ,! "q has be5 discuss$ if any human "* c /& m ?an a c]ta9 %>e ( success & yet reta9 a s\nd judgm5t4 ,c]ta9ly ! "* ( de ,lesseps 0 n equal to ! /ra94 ,! exp5diture 0 awful--#cjj1jjj1jjj 9 eight ye>s1 i4e41 m ?an ?ree times ! sum = :i* ! ,suez ,canal 0 con/ruct$4 ,! ,company w5t into liquidation 9 #ahhi4 ,mu* _h be5 embezzl$4 ,mu*1 x is said1 _h be5 sp5t 9 pur*as+ ! sil5ce ( voices :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 rais$ aga9/ a ,europeanis$ canal4 ,! affairs ( ! ,company 7 tak5 ov] by ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company1 :o cont9u$ to adm9i/] ! railway1 &1 ) small means1 did excell5t "w = ! next twelve ye>s 9 keep+ ! ma*9]y & ! works f det]ioration1 9 excavations at ! summit1 & above all 9 ext5d+ ! sci5tific exam9ation ( ! c\ntry s z to obta9 mu*-ne$$ data = ! con/ruction ( ! high-level canal :i* 0 n[ propos$ 9 place ( de ,lesseps's project ( a tide-level wat]way4 ,9 #ahfi ,presid5t ,grant1 9 a message to ,congress1 _h recomm5d$ ! con/ruction ( an ,i/hmian canal "u ! sole control ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & popul> op9ion s9ce t "t1 if n be=e1 has always /rongly held t if a canal be made x %\ld be exclusively "u t control4 ,x 0 n ! lea/ ( de ,lesseps's imprud5ces t he proce$$ ) 8 project 9 spite ( w>n+s on ?is matt]4 ,9 #ahih an ev5t occurr$ :i* made ! ,am]ican nation feel t an ,i/hmian canal 0 necess>y1 & t x mu/ be "u _! exclusive control4 ,at ! outset ( ! w> ) ,spa91 ! ,oregon1 "o ( ! be/ ( ,am]ica's small fleet ( battle%ips 7we write ( t5 ye>s s9ce71 0 ly+ 9 ! ,pacific4 ,%e _h to /eam m ?an #ac1jjj miles to rea* ,key ,we/1 & ! :ole nation 0 9 a /ate ( n]v\s t5sion = _m weeks p5d+ h] junction ) ! ma9 fleet4 ,x seem$ at ! "t t ! ,panama r\te c\ld h>dly be obta9$ = a canal "u purely ,am]ican control1 & a fur!r inve/igation ( ! ,nic>aguan r\te 0 ord]$--t r\te :i* _h be5 pref]r$ by ! ,am]ican exp]ts be=e de ,lesseps int]v5$4 ,! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company _h by ?is "t br\ght _! lab\rs to ! po9t :]e x seem$ practicable to appeal to ! inve/+ public ( ! _w = funds to con/ruct a high-level ,panama canal4 ,to d ?is 9 ! face ( a ,nic>aguan canal1 und]tak5 z a national affair by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w\ld h be5 hopeless3 !y !re=e laid _! detail$ plans be=e ,presid5t ,mc,kinley4 ,a ,commission 0 accord+ly appo9t$ by ,congress to inquire into ! be/ r\te = an ,i/hmian canal "u ! control1 managem5t1 & own]%ip ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#b ,! report 0 pres5t$ to ,congress on ,decemb] #d1 #aija1 r m ?an two ye>s lat]1 & is a docum5t ( great hi/orical & sci5tific int]e/4 ,! qu>to volume ( #fhh pages is accompani$ by a portfolio ( #hf maps1 plans1 & panoramic views4 ,! la/ ( ^!1 %[+ ! m\nta9\s skyl9e ( ! ,i/hmus ea/ ( ,colon1 ) altitudes m>k$1 illu/rates 9 a /rik+ mann] ! conclusion ( ! ,commission t ! ,san ,blas r\te1 or any r\te ea/ ( ,colon1 w\ld involve a %ip tunnel4 ,^! r\tes are dismiss$ z impracticable on acc\nt ( ! altitude ( ! divide4 ,! ,nic>aguan & ,panamanian are f\nd to be ! only practicable r\tes1 & ! details ( bo? are fully discuss$4 ,! high-level canal 0 pref]r$ by ! ,commission to ! sea-level at ,panama1 & on ! ,nic>aguan r\te only a high-level canal is possible1 s t 9 ?is respect ! two r\tes 7 consid]$ to be on a p>4 #b ,act ( ,congress approv$ by ,presid5t1 ,m>* #c1 #ahii1 ,commission appo9t$ ,june #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tropical ,,=e/ ,,) ,,p>asitic ,,gr[?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pipe ,,convey+ ,,oil ,,across ,,! ,,i/hmus4 ,! relative advantages ( ! two r\tes are c>efully set out 9 ! report1 ! g5]al t5or ( :i* is fav\rable to t by ,panama4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,commission recomm5d t ! ,nic>aguan r\te be adopt$1 on acc\nt ( ! excessive valuation :i*1 !y /ate1 0 plac$ by ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company on _! works & prop]ty4 ,! value ( ^!1 includ+ ! ,panama ,railway1 0 e/imat$ by ! ,commission at #dj1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company1 le>n+ t ! ,commission _h ?us report$1 cabl$ an (f] to sell at ?is price1 & ! ,commission accord+ly s5t 9 a supplem5t>y report 9 fav\r ( ! ,panama r\te4 ,by ,june #bh1 #aijb1 ! ,spoon] ,act _h be5 pass$ & ratifi$1 au?oris+ ! ,presid5t to pur*ase ! canal works at ?is price1 & to acquire f ! ,republic ( ,colombia ! necess>y rights = ! control ( a ,panama canal1 !n to be con/ruct$2 b 9 ! ev5t ( 8 n be+ able to acquire su* control1 !n to proce$ ) ! ,nic>aguan project4 ,mean:ile1 by ! ,hay-,pauncefote ,treaty1 ratifi$ by ! ,s5ate ,decemb] #af1 #aija1 ,great ,brita9 _h waiv$ ! "r ( jo9t control ( any ,i/hmian canal :i* %e _h held s9ce ! ratification ( ! ,clayton-,bulw] ,treaty 9 #ahej4 ,x rema9$ !re=e only to negotiate a treaty ) ,colombia4 ,! treaty ( #ahdf ) ,new ,gr5ada af=d$ a prec$5t z f> z ! "q ( control 0 conc]n$1 & ! negotiations appe> to h be5 relat$ ma9ly to ! "q ( price4 ,a treaty 0 negotiat$ by (ficials ( ! two ,republics1 by :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 to pay a sum ( #aj1jjj1jjj to ,colombia1 & aft] n9e ye>s an annual sum ( #ajj1jjj4 ,?is 0 confirm$ by ,congress b reject$ by ! ,colombian ,s5ate1 & negotiations came to an end ) ! adj\rnm5t ( t body1 ,octob] #ca1 #aijc4 ,?ree days lat] ! ,prov9ce ( ,panama r5\nc$ its allegiance to ,colombia4 ,ano!r ?ree days1 & ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,new ,republic 0 recognis$ & gu>ante$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 less ?an a =tnight aft]w>ds a treaty 0 sign$ at ,wa%+ton by :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates acquir$ complete own]%ip & control ( ! propos$ canal = ! sum ( #aj1jjj1jjj & an annual paym5t ( #bej1jjj1 to comm5ce n9e ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,?is treaty 0 ratifi$ at ,panama ,decemb] #b1 #aijc1 & by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate ,febru>y #bc1 #aijd4 ,"o significant po9t mu/ be m5tion$ ) ref]5ce to ! ,panamanian revolution4 ,! inability ( ,colombia to make an effective ef=t to ass]t its p[] on ! ,i/hmus 0 due to naval weakness 9 ! abs5ce ( communication by l&4 ,no army c\ld m>* ?r\gh ! tropical =e/s :i* /ill isolate ! ,canal ,zone f ,s\? ,am]ica1 & control at ,colon & ,panama /ill dep5ds ^u sea p[]4 ,?us1 at la/1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates owns & controls its ,canal ,zone4 ,we w n[ /ate precisely ! position 9 :i* t nation /&s 9 ref]5ce to ?is matt]1 & !n we may leave ! "w ( ! diplomats to consid] ! task ( ! eng9e]s4 ,! ,national ,/atus ( ! ,canal4 ,! position :i* w be held by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 relation to o!r ,p[]s is =e%[n 9 ! ,hay-,pauncefote treaty ) ,great ,brita9 & 9 ,article ,,xxiii4 ( ! treaty ) ,panama4 ,! ,hay-,pauncefote treaty is 9 sup]session ( ! ,clayton-,bulw] treaty4 ,! latt] /ipulat$ t no =tifications %\ld be erect$ controll+ ! ,canal4 ,9 ! ,hay-,pauncefote treaty ?is clause is omitt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is /at$ 9 ,article ,,iii41 ,sec4 #b1 t ! ,canal %all nev] be blockad$1 nor %all any "r ( w> be ex]cis$ nor any act ( ho/ility be committ$ )9 x4 ,h5ce1 ! read] may h rema9$ 9 d\bt :e!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t _h int5d$ to res]ve to !mselves ! "r to =tify4 ,h[ev]1 ! t]ms ( ! subsequ5t treaty ) ! ,republic ( ,panama answ] ?is "q1 = aft] /at+ 9 ,article ,,xviii4 t ! ,canal %all be op5$ 9 accordance ) all ! /ipulations ( ! treaty ( #aija ) ,great ,brita91 ,article ,,xxiii4 /ates t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all h ! "r to e/abli% =tifications4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 su* =tifications are to be con/ruct$1 & ! plan ( ! ,canal has be5 adju/$ to ! requirem5ts ( milit>y def5ce4 ,!re h be51 among public m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 two s*ools ( ?\ght on ! vital "q ( ! def5ce ( ! ,canal4 ,"o s*ool has held t ! be/ safegu>d 0 to be obta9$ by leav+ ! ,canal un=tifi$ 7z is ! case ) ! ,suez ,canal71 & by ! e/abli%m5t ( a g5]al ,conv5tion1 by :i* all ! ,p[]s1 includ+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %\ld b9d !mselves to respect ! neutrality ( ! ,canal & leave x inviolate4 ,o!r public m5 pref]r$ =ts1 gu>d%ips1 & a g>rison4 ,! g5]al public 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>s to h unanim\sly held t an int]national gu>antee w\ld be ineffectual &1 moreov]1 d]ogatory4 ,z we h se51 ! popul> view has prevail$1 b traces ( ! antagoni/ic & incompatible notion ( int]nationalisation rema9 9 ! language ( ! treaties4 ,?is is n surpris+ :5 we recollect t ! fir/ draft ( ! ,hay-,pauncefote treaty 0 drawn up ) a view to neutralisation1 accord+ to ! prec$5ts af=d$ by ! ,suez ,canal4 ,?us we f9d t ,article ,,iii4 comm5ces ) ! words3 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates adopts z ! basis ( ! neutralisation ( ! ,canal 4442 & 9 ,article ,,xviii4 ( ! treaty ) ,panama we f9d3 ,! ,canal :5 con/ruct$1 & ! entrances !reto1 %all be neutral 9 p]petuity4444 ,illu/ration3 ,,*agres ,,riv] ,,ne> ,,babacoes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*agres ,,riv] ,,ne> ,,obispo4 ,:at !n are we to und]/& by ! t]m neutral z appli$ to ! ,panama ,canal 9 w> "t8 ,i suppose ! mean+ to be t if !re be a w> to :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n a p>ty1 ! ,canal w be us$ by bellig]5ts 9 exactly ! same way z 0 ! ,suez ,canal1 e4g41 9 ! ,russo-,japanese ,w>1 & t ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has pl$g$ itself to see t su* neutrality is pres]v$4 ,b if !re be a w> 9 :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a p>ty1 ! circum/ances ( =tification & op]ation by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 fact r5d] x impossible = ! o!r bellig]5t to use ! ,canal1 & are int5d$#c to h t effect4 ,?is be+ s1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is prep>+ to def5d ! ,canal f attack4 ,?us x is important to ! prop] und]/&+ ( ! und]tak+ on :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t has emb>k$ t we %\ld cle>ly realise t ! ,canal is only neutral 9 a re/rict$ s5se4 ,! comm]cial /atus ( ! ,canal1 h[ev]1 is simil> to t ( ,suez1 9 t by ,article ,,iii41 ,sec4 #a1 ( ! ,hay-,pauncefote treaty1 ,! ,canal %all be free & op5#d to ! vessels 444 ( all nations 444 on t]ms ( entire equality1 s t !re %all be no discrim9ation aga9/ any su* nation1 or its citiz5s or subjects1 9 respect ( ! conditions or *>ges ( traffic1 or o!rwise4 #c ,see ,report ( ,canal ,commission1 #ahig1 p4 #afh4 #d ,9 ,article ,,xviii4 ( ! treaty ) ,panama ?is clause is cit$1 ) ! addition & ! entrances to ! ,canal4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,canal ,,z ,,x ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,betwe5 ,colon & ,panama ! ,am]ican ,i/hmus is ab\t #cf miles across z ! cr[ flies1 & is !re=e ne>ly1 ?\gh n q1 at its n>r[e/4 ,9 ?is portion ( its s9u\s c\rse bo? coa/s tr5d nor? ( ea/ & ,panama lies ne>ly s\?-ea/ ( ,colon4 ,! ,i/hmus 9 g5]al is a v confus$ mass ( hills & m\nta9s4 ,x is cross$ by no transv]se tr5* 7su* z sometimes occurs 9 m\nta9\s regions71 nei!r by ! tr\gh provid$ by d[n-fold$ /rata1 nor ! rift valley produc$ by fracture & f\nd]+ ( rock4 ,a l[-level transv]se c only be f\nd by foll[+ up ! c\rse ( a riv]1 cross+ ! divide1 & foll[+ ! c\rse ( ano!r riv] d[nw>ds to ! o!r ocean4 ,f ! vic9ity ( ,colon1 by foll[+ up ! valley ( ! ,riv] ,*agres1 we are l$ 9 precisely ! requir$ direction1 i4e41 directly t[>ds ! ,pacific1 = ne>ly two-?irds ( ! way4 ,! di/ance f ! head ( ,limon ,bay1 foll[+ ! curves ( ! valley1 is #bf miles to ?is place1 ,obispo1 & = ! great] "p ( ! di/ance ! riv] fl[s 9 a broad valley ( deep alluvial deposits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5* ,,dr$g] ,,laid ,,up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5* ,,trucks ,,p>tly ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,=e/ ,,gr[? ,at ! po9t m5tion$1 ! ,*agres abruptly *anges its c\rse1 &1 if foll[$ t[>ds its s\rce1 w be f\nd to be fl[+ f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/4 ,moreov]1 x is n[ conf9$ to a n>r[ valley1 ) /eep hills ( rocky sub/ance on ei!r side1 & its gradi5t becomes mu* great] ?an hi!rto4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,canal _c !re=e foll[ ! ,*agres valley fur!r4 ,=tunately1 ! valley has l$ u n only a long di/ance t[>ds ! ,pacific1 b to a place :]e ! divid+ ridge only atta9s an elevation ( ab\t #cjj feet above sea-level4 ,/rik+ f ,obispo /raight = ! ,bay ( ,panama1 we come 9 #i miles to ! l[ alluvial pla9 ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 :i* leads /raight to ! sea 9 ano!r #f miles4 ,?us1 f %ore to %ore1 ! c\rse ( ! ,canal along ?is r\te is #da miles2 b to rea* deep wat] #d-a_/b miles mu/ be dr$g$ b5ea? ! sea at ei!r end1 s t ! total l5g? ( ! artificial wat]way is #ej miles4 ,( ! l&-c\rse less ?an a qu>t]1 or ab\t #i miles1 is hill c\ntry1 & mo/ ( ?is is less ?an #bjj feet above ! sea4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 committ$ to ?is r\te by ! long *a9 ( circum/ances already n>rat$4 ,:atev] type ( canal 0 to be con/ruct$ along ?is r\te1 !re 7 c]ta9 excavations :i* mu/ necess>ily be done4 ,^! 71 fir/ly1 dr$g+ ! sea *annels1 & secondly1 mak+ a cut ?r\gh ! solid rocks ( ! divide4 ,?us1 al?\gh de ,lesseps />t$ op]ations ^u inadequate data1 yet mo/ ( ! "w done by ! fir/ ,panama ,canal ,company is available1 ei!r = ! tide-level canal propos$ by de ,lesseps or = ! #he-;foot-level canal n[ be+ made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company1 al?\gh hamp]$ by _m unc]ta9ties1 cont9u$ to "w at ! ,culebra ,cut1 z x is call$1 t is to say1 ! tr5* ?r\gh ! rocky hills :i* sep>ate ! alluvial valleys ( ! ,*agres & ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,?us ! works tak5 ov] by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aijd 7 available = any type ( canal1 & ! decision to adopt ! #he-;foot-level 0 n tak5 until #aijf4 ,ev5 n[1 or 9 ,april1 #aijh1 at ! "t ( my visit1 :5 s mu* "w has be5 done ^u ! locks1 _m ( ! rank & file ( ! employees /ill *]i% ! hope ( a tide-level canal1 & !re are n want+ well-in=m$ p1 bo? on ! ,i/hmus & 9 ! ,/ates1 :o1 :ile accept+ ! high-level s*eme z inevitable1 reg>d a tide-level canal z ess5tially a bett] ?+4 ,let u resume our description ( ! ,i/hmus1 9 ord] t we may be 9 a position to und]/& ! conditions ) :i* ! eng9e]s h to deal4 ,! practicability ( ! ,panama r\te is due to ! fact t riv]s h already done a great "p ( ! excavation1 & if des]t conditions _h sup]v5$--if !re 71 z at ,suez1 practically no ra9fall--! con/ruction ( a tide-level canal w\ld be simply ! excavation ( a tr5* 9 dry mat]ial1 :i* w\ld be fill$ by ! infl[+ wat]s ( ! sea4 ,a tidal lock be+ add$ to regulate ! ebb & fl[ at ,panama 7= ! ,atlantic side is tideless71 ! canal w\ld be complete4 ,b z ?+s actually are1 ! ra9fall on ! ,i/hmus is v heavy1 p>ticul>ly on ! ,atlantic side1 :]e x rea*es #adj in*es#e p] annum1 & ! riv]s h at all times consid]able bodies ( wat]1 & dur+ ! ra9y season 7comm5c+ 9 ,may7 are subject to sudd5 & viol5t fre%ets4 ,! ,*agres at ,gamboa has be5 kn[n to rise #ce-a_/b feet 9 #bd h\rs4#f ,suppose !n t a tide-level tr5* 7 sudd5ly =m$ across ! ,i/hmus1 z by a convulsion ( nature4 ,we %\ld !n see ! riv]s p\r+ into ?is fjord 9 a numb] ( cascades ( v>i\s height4 ,( ^! ! greate/ w\ld be ! ,*agres cascade1 ent]+ f ! ea/ ne> ,gamboa & ,obispo4 ,! height ( ! wat]fall w\ld be #df feet 9 ! drie/ season & z mu* z #hj feet 9 occasional floods4#g #e ,abbot1 ,problems ( ! ,panama ,canal1 p4 #if4 #f ,loc4 cit41 p4 #adf4 #g ,abbot1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,excavation ,,ne> ,,tav]nilla4 ,illu/ration3 ,,riv] ,,*agres ,,& ,,railway ,,ne> ,,gorgona4 ,9 ord] !re=e to make a tide-level canal1 "s means mu/ be f\nd = dispos+ ( ! wat]s ( ! ,*agres & o!r riv]s4 ,de ,lesseps's tide-level project 0 r an aspiration ?an a plan4 ,he propos$ to conduct ! wat]s ( ! ,*agres to ! sea by o!r *annels4 ,! magnitude ( ?is task w\ld be sc>cely less ?an t ( cutt+ ! ,canal itself4 ,! o!r riv]s on bo? sides ( ! ,canal w\ld likewise require div]sion *annels1 s t ! f9al result w\ld be r\ghly ! =mation ( ?ree *annels1 ( :i* ! c5tre "o w\ld be = navigation4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s summon$ by ,presid5t ,roosevelt 9 #aije to advise ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission recomm5d$1 9 a majority report1 a tide-level canal z practicable & be/ fulfill+ ! national requirem5ts1 def9$ by ! ,spoon] ,act ( #aijb4 ,b :]eas !y _h detail$ s*emes = high-level canals be=e !m1 !y 7 9 ! matt] ( ! sea-level project at ! disadvantage ( hav+ to act 9 a con/ructive capacity & elaborate ! details ( a s*eme be=e !y c\ld criticise x4 ,moreov]1 five ( ! eight :o con/itut$ ! majority 7 ,european eng9e]s1 :o return$ to _! duties z soon z ! report 0 draft$4 ,! report ( ! m9ority 9 fav\r ( ! #he-;foot-level s*eme hav+ be5 adopt$ by ,congress 9 #aijf1 all available eng9e]+ tal5t has = ! la/ two ye>s be5 devot$ to improv+ ! details ( ?is s*eme4 ,! tide-level project ( ! majority ( ! ,bo>d has _h no su* advantage1 & ! difficulty ( e/imat+ ! relative advantages ( ! two s*emes is !re=e all ! great]4 ,bo? s*emes dep5d = _! success ^u ! security ( dams4 ,! tide-level s*eme has a dam at ,gamboa1 ne> ,obispo1 ?us mak+ a lake ( ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,*agres1 ^: surface w\ld be #bjj feet above sea-level4#h ,! floodwat] w\ld p>tly be accommodat$ 9 ! lake by reason ( ! great height ( ! dam above l[-wat] /age1 & p>tly by runn+ ! excess into ! ,canal1 by :i* x w\ld escape to ! sea1 g5]at+ curr5ts :i* ! ,bo>d calculat$ w\ld n atta9 an injuri\s velocity4 #h ,report1 ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s1 p4 #bje4 ,/reams ent]+ ! ,*agres 9 its l[] rea*es w\ld be damm$ back or div]t$--a consid]able1 b n mom5t\s1 und]tak+4 ,! ?ree great objections to ! s*eme appe>$ to be3-- #a4 ,! extra co/1 & above all ! extra "t1 requir$ to complete ! imm5sely great] quantity ( excavation requir$ = ! la/ #he feet2 #b4 ,! fact t ! artificial lake 0 to be above ! ,canal1 s t1 if ! dam bur/1 ! ,canal might be ru9$2 &1 #c4 ,t ! velocity ( curr5ts 9 ! ,canal due to dis*>ge ( ! surplus wat]s might p]haps be a s]i\s drawback to navigation 9 a n>r[ *annel4 ,x w be se5 pres5tly t ! second disadvantage is (fset by correspond+ disadvantages 9 ! dam requir$ = ! high-level canal4 ,z = ! co/1 t has always be5 an unkn[n quantity1 &1 ,i ?9k1 has always be5 a second>y consid]ation4 ,! fe> ( undue delay seems to h be5 ! pr9cipal decid+ factor 9 fav\r ( ! high-level s*eme4 ,rival exp]t op9ions t ! majority ( ! ,bo>d ( ,eng9e]s _h "u-e/imat$ ! "t requir$ = ! tide-level canal 7 adopt$ by ^? 9 au?ority1 & ma9ly on ?is acc\nt1 ,i ?9k1 ! high-level s*eme became law4 ,s9ce visit+ ! ,i/hmus a second "t1 & inspect+ ! "w 9 ! great ,cut betwe5 ,empire & ,p>aiso1 x has seem$ to me t !re is an objection to ! tide-level project :i* did n fully appe> 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! "w1 viz41 t ! behavi\r ( ! rock might involve ! eng9e]s 9 ev]-increas+ difficulties z ! dep?s increas$4 ,! op9ion :i* _h be5 held by _m t ! difficulties w\ld dim9i% ) ! dep? did n seem to me to be ju/ifi$ up to t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lidg]wood ,,unload]1 ,,w9d+ ,,app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anopheles ,,brigade ,,oil+ ,a ,,dit*4 ,next let u see :at are ! special difficulties ( ! high-level project4 ,?is also dep5ds = its success ma9ly on ! efficacy ( "o dam1 :i* is n[ be+ made at ,gatun4 ,x w hold up ! wat]s n only ( ! ,*agres b ( its tribut>ies1 to a level ( #he feet above mean tide1 & ! area ( ! lake ?us to be =m$ is %[n on ! map4 ,! ,*agres w be pond$ back f> above ! po9t :]e x ent]s ! ,canal1 & ?us w be effectually tam$4 ,! flood-wat]s w be spread ov] an area ( ab\t #afd squ>e miles--= ,lake ,gatun w be twice ! size ( ,lago ,maggiore & ab\t f\r-fif?s t ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1#i & %ips1 9 ! ample wat]way1 w n be tr\bl$ by curr5ts4 #i ,! size1 9 fact1 w n diff] greatly f t ( ! pr9cipal bas9 ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 all above ! petit lac1 or n>r[ "p at ! ,g5eva end4 ,a good idea ( ?is area is obta9$ by recall+ ! well-kn[n view ov] ! wat]s ( ?is lake f ! quai at ,ou*y4 ,a flight ( ?ree locks at ,gatun w raise %ips to ! level ( ?is lake 9 com+ f ! ,atlantic1 & "o lock at ,p$ro ,miguel & two at ,milaflores w l[] !m to ! level ( ! ,pacific4 ,x has be5 claim$ t if ! ,gatun dam bur/ ! consequ5ces w\ld be less disa/r\s ?an if ! ,gamboa dam bur/1 b !re is 9 reality little to *oose betwe5 ! two cata/rophes4 ,! great blot on ! high-level s*eme is t ! great ,gatun dam is n f\nd$ on solid rock4 ,! ,gamboa dam ( ! tide-level project w\ld h be5 f\nd$ ?r\gh\t on h>d rock1 f :i* x c\ld h be5 built up ( masonry s t ! /ructure %\ld be "p & p>cel ( ! rocky framework ( ! globe itself4 ,! ,gatun dam z recomm5d$ 9 ! m9ority report1 on ! o!r h&1 0 design$ to consi/ ess5tially ( a mass ( e>? dump$ ^u an alluvial pla9 s z to fill up a gap ( #b1jjj y>ds betwe5 two ranges ( hills1 ! gap ?r\gh :i* ! ,*agres escapes to ! ,atlantic4 ,?us ! ,gatun lake 0 to be held up z a glaci] lake is held by a mora9e block+ a valley4 ,we %all pres5tly describe ! high-level canal z x is to be1 f :i* x w be se5 t x w provide a magnific5t wat]way1 b be=e conclud+ ! pres5t section ,i mu/ m5tion ! special po9t 9 :i* x w be inf]ior to a tide-level canal4 ,?is is = purposes ( def5ce4 ,a =tress has to be pres]v$ f capture1 b n f damage4 ,! locks1 h[ev]1 mu/ be pres]v$ f s]i\s damage1 :i* dem&s f> m elaborate protection4 ,su* protection1 moreov]1 has to be provid$ at two positions 7,gatun & ,milaflores7 ab\t #cj miles ap>t4 ,! ,high-level ,canal z x is to be4 ,! ,spoon] ,act1 ! law "u :i* ! ,canal is be+ con/ruct$1 enacts t x %all be ( suffici5t capacity & dep? z %all af=d conv5i5t passage = vessels ( ! l>ge/ tonnage & greate/ draft n[ 9 use1 & su* z may reasonably be expect$4 ,accord+ly ! foll[+ dim5sions h be5 select$3-- #a4 ,a m9imum dep? ( #da feet4 ,! ,suez ,canal has a dep? ( #ca feet#aj admitt+ ( ! passage ( %ips ) a draft ( #bg feet4#aa ,! *annel ( ?is canal is n[ be+ deep5$1 s t by #aiae x is hop$ t a dep? ( #cf feet#ab w be obta9$4 ,! ,kiel ,canal has a dep? ( #cj feet4 ,! av]age draft ( ! ,cun>d s4s4 ,mauretania1 ! l>ge/ %ip n[ afloat1 is ab\t #cb feet1 b %e is /at$ to draw1 :5 fully lad51 ab\t #cg feet1 & !re are comp>atively few h>b\rs 9 ! _w :i* %e c\ld ent] fully load$4 #aj ,report1 ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s1 p4 #age4 #aa ,f\r ,c5turies ( ! ,panama ,canal1 p4 #dcf4 #ab ,daily ,telegraph1 ,june #ah1 #aijh4 #b4 ,a m9imum bottom wid? ( #bjj feet 9 ! ,culebra ,cut4 ,! m9imum bottom wid?1 or wid? at a dep? ( #ca feet1 9 ! ,suez ,canal is #ajh feet4 ,! bottom wid? ( ! ,kiel ,canal is #gb feet4#ac #ac ,report1 ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s1 p4 #agc4 #c4 ,ea* lock w h a usable l5g? ( #a1jjj feet & a wid? ( #aaj feet4 ,! locks ( ! ,kiel ,canal h an available l5g? ( #dib feet & wid? ( #hb feet4 ,! ,mauretania has a l5g? ( #gij feet & beam ( #hh feet4 #d4 ,! m9imum radius ( ! curves is #e1egg feet 7#a1gjj metres74#ad ,?is curve1 h[ev]1 does n come 9 ! ,culebra ,cut1 :]e ! bottom wid? is to be #bjj feet1 b nor? ( ,bas ,obispo1 :]e ! bottom wid? is #ejj feet4 ,mo/ ( ! curves h a radius ( #i1hdb feet 7#c1jjj metres74 #ad ,vide p4 #bje ( ,g5]al ,abbot's ,problems ( ! ,panama ,canal 7#aijg74 ,slight *anges 9 ! project$ c\rse are made f "t to "t1 s t ?is figure is subject to slight modification4 ,9 ! ,suez ,canal1#ae outside ,lake ,timsah1 !re are five curves ) a radius ( #b1jjj metres1 or a little m1 :i* are be+ enl>g$ to #b1ejj metres 7#h1bjb feet74 ,! usual bottom wid? 9 ^! curves 0 #ahd feet1 b ?is is be+ increas$ to ab\t #bcj feet4 ,! ,kiel ,canal has f\r curves ) a radius ( #a1jjj metres 7#c1bhd feet74 #ae ,report1 ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s1 p4 #agh4 ,a ref]5ce to ! accompany+ plan 7vide ,map1 end ( volume7 ( ! ,panama ,canal w %[ t mo/ ( ! curves are situate 9 ,gatun lake1 :]e ! wid? ( ! canal prop] is l>ge1 & :]e ! spread ( %all[] wat]s secures bett] /e]age4 ,?us ! high-level ,canal is n only deep & wide1 b also mu* fre] f tr\blesome curves ?an might be suppos$ f a casual inspection ( its c\rse4 ,! details ( ! bottom wid? ( ! high-level ,canal 9 its diff]5t p>ts are z foll[s3-- ,feet4 ,f ! ,atlantic entrance to ,juan ,gr&e 7#bg miles7 #a1jjj ,juan ,gr&e to ,bas ,obispo #ejj ,bas ,obispo to a po9t ab\t half-way betwe5 ,empire & ,culebra #cjj ,culebra ,cut ne>ly to ,p$ro ,miguel lock 7ab\t #d miles7 #bjj ,p$ro ,miguel to ,pacific entrance #ejj ,illu/ration3 #ajj-,,ton ,,wreck+ ,,crane1 ,,gorgona4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,ma*9e ,,%op1 ,,gorgona4 ,limon ,bay be+ %all[1 ! deep wat] :]e a battle%ip c freely navigate or manoeuvre lies outside a l9e jo9+ ,colon ,ligh?\se ) ,toro ,po9t1 & at a di/ance ( #g-a_/b miles f ,gatun locks4 ,f ?is di/ance ! lock-excavation c n[ be pla9ly disc]n$ f ! deck ( a %ip )\t ! aid ( a glass4 ,"h1 :5 ! ,canal is complete1 a %ip w ent] ! buoy$ *annel ( ! subm>9e portion ( ! ,canal1 b ?is "p ( ! *annel does n lead directly t[>ds ! locks1 :i* are n visible ^u ! face ( ! wat]4 ,moreov]1 !y are pres5tly hidd5 altoge!r by ! l&4 ,n until ,mile #e1 ne> ,m9di1 is rea*$ does ! c\rse ( ! ,canal1 by a slight b5d1 op5 up ! locks to un9t]rupt$ view1 & at ?is po9t ! %ip is already conf9$ betwe5 banks4 ,:5 ! foot ( ! flight ( ?ree locks is rea*$ a vessel w no long] proce$ "u h] own /eam1 b be w>p$ ?r\gh4 ,! l5g? & wid? ( ! locks has already be5 /at$4 ,! maximum lift w be #cb feet1 or ab\t #d feet m ?an 9 any o!r locks at pres5t 9 use4 ,z ! wid? 7#aaj feet7 is mu* great] ?an t ( exi/+ locks1 x foll[s t ! lock gates w be f> l>g] ?an any n[ 9 use4 ,! vessel has to pass ?r\gh a flight ( ?ree succe$+ locks4 ,p>allel ) ?is is a second flight ( ?ree locks1 s t two %ips c\ld be simultane\sly put ?r\gh ei!r flight 9 ! same1 or 9 opposite1 directions4 ,ea* lock ?r\gh :i* ! vessel passes on h] upw>d c\rse is provid$ ) two pairs ( mitre gates1 i4e41 d\ble-sw++ doors1 b ! upp]mo/ lock has 9 addition a roll+ gate ne> ! l[] end4 ,?is is a precaution aga9/ ! break+ ?r\gh ( ! upp] fold+ doors by a %ip com+ d[n1 i4e41 f ! ,pacific side4 ,an em]g5cy gate is also be+ design$1 a sort ( sw+ bridge1 to close ! upp] entrance to ! flight ( locks1 = ,gatun1 ,p$ro ,miguel1 & ,milaflores4 ,x is hop$ t a vessel w be put ?r\gh all ?ree locks at ,gatun 9 #ej m9utes1 to :i* mu/ be add$ "s delay 9 approa*+4 ,com+ f ! ,atlantic ! wat] ( ! ,canal w be smoo?1 & ! vessel some:at %elt]$1 s t !re %\ld be no difficulty4 ,approa*+ f ! lake !re may be "s r\ghness1 b any?+ m ?an a fre% breeze is r>e1 & ! lake w be practically free f curr5ts1 s t ! approa* %\ld pres5t little difficulty4 ,! ,pacific side is always calm1 s t no difficulty ( approa* or exit is to be anticipat$ !re on acc\nt ( ei!r w9ds1 waves1 or curr5ts4 ,our vessel1 hav+ be5 lock$ up to ! broad surface ( ,lake ,gatun1 proce$s "u h] own /eam & at a fair rate ( spe$ across t lake1 sl[+ d[n to ab\t #d-a_/b miles p] h\r = ! #i miles ( ,culebra ,cut1 :i* w ?us occupy two ( ! #h or #aj h\rs 9 :i* x is hop$ to accompli% ! :ole transit4 ,on ?is basis x is calculat$ t #dj %ips c\ld be put ?r\gh 9 #bd h\rs f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 or two fleets ( #bj %ips if pass+ simultane\sly 9 opposite directions4 ,a #aj-;h\r transit ( ! #ej-mile *annel is ab\t ! same rate ( progress z t 9 ! ,suez ,canal1 :]e1 ?\gh !re are no locks1 ! spe$ has to be kept l[ on acc\nt ( ! friable nature ( ! banks4 ,x is evid5t t ! "t ( transit _c yet be c]ta9ly kn[n to an h\r or two1 b a consid]able m>g9 beyond ! above e/imate w\ld enable ! passage to be made betwe5 dawn & dusk ( ! tropical day4 ,at ,p$ro ,miguel our vessel passes ?r\gh "o lock on h] way d[n to ! ,pacific1 & at ,milaflores ?r\gh two locks4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree locks has1 ( c\rse1 a duplicate alongside1 p]mitt+1 z at ,gatun1 ! simultane\s passage ( a companion vessel1 or ( "o pass+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,9 case ( repairs to "o set ( locks ! p>allel set w\ld ma9ta9 ! wat]way4 ,! lift ( ! l[] lock at ,milaflores is v>iable1 dep5d+ ^u ! level ( ! tidal wat] 9 ! la/ rea* ( ! ,canal4 ,! extreme range ( ! tide at ,la ,boca1 ! ,pacific entrance to ! ,canal1 is #bj feet2 t is to say1 l[ wat] dur+ spr+ tides is #aj feet bel[ ! av]age sea-level4 ,dur+ l[ tide on ! ,pacific side1 !re=e1 ! wat] 9 ! ,canal /&s #ie1 in/ead ( #he1 feet above t sea4 ,h5ce ! maximum lift ( #cb feet already /at$1 = #cb x #c #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9e ,,%ops1 ,,gorgona4 ,illu/ration3 ,,club ,,h\se ,,= ,,employees1 ,,gorgona4 ,beyond ! ,milaflores locks our vessel ent]s a rea* ( ! ,canal :i* is expos$ to ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide & :i* w be conf9$ )9 banks or levees z f> z ,la ,boca4 ,9 ?is respect ! plan & ! section are bo?1 un=tunately1 mislead+4 ,! ,la ,boca lock & dam h be5 ab&on$1 & no ,sosa lake w !re=e come into exi/5ce1 ! l[e/ lock be+1 z ,i h said1 at ,milaflores4 ,i h ?\ght x bett] to reproduce ! exi/+ maps z !y /& r ?an to attempt a re-draught :i* w\ld necess>ily be imp]fect4 ,our vessel1 !n1 bel[ ,milaflores is 9 a tidal *annel & w be subject to "s tidal curr5t4 ,by design+ ?is *annel s z to avoid a bottle neck1 & by giv+ x a wid? ( #ejj feet1 ! calculat$ curr5t w1 h[ev]1 n exce$ #a foot p] second4 ,! ,la ,boca site = locks 0 f\nd to be mu* too expos$ to gun fire & o!r modes ( attack f ! sea1 :]eas ! ,milaflores site is n only di/ant ab\t #e miles f ! %ore1 b is well %elt]$ bo? by hills ne> x & by ! position ( ! hilly em95ces ( ! %ore l9e4 ,x w be se5 f ! map t ! dr$g$ sea *annel by :i* our vessel w rea* deep wat] on ! ,pacific passes to ! we/ ( ! ,isle ( ,naos in/ead ( to ! ea/1 z 0 propos$ 9 ! e>li] plans4 99 99 99 99 99 ,return+ n[ to ! ,gatun locks4 ,! mitre sill ( ! top lock is #cg feet above mean sea-level1 i4e41 #dh feet bel[ ! surface ( ! lake1 :i* is #he feet above mean sea-level4 ,b ! bottom ( ! lake "h is only ab\t #e feet above sea-level1 ! total dep? ( wat] imm$iately above ! locks & dam be+ #hj feet4 ,x foll[s t1 9 ! extreme case ( bo? gates ( "o ( ! top locks 7z well z ! roll] gate7 be+ wreck$1 ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! lake c only fall to ! level ( #cg1 :i* w\ld leave a dep? ( #cb feet imm$iately above ! dam4 ,%ips ( l>ge draft c\ld !re=e lie !re )\t be+ /r&$4 ,moreov]1 ! lake is s l>ge t ! outfl[ ?r\gh ! brok5 locks w\ld only l[] ! level #b feet p] diem1 s t m ?an ?ree weeks w\ld elapse be=e ! wat] sank to ! level ( ! mitre sill4 ,aga91 ! *annel provid$ by ! brok5 lock w\ld be s small t 9 ! ,canal bel[ ! calculat$ curr5t :i* w\ld result f ! outfl[ w\ld h a velocity ( only #c-a_/b miles p] h\r4 ,above ! ,p$ro ,miguel & ,milaflores locks !re is n ! same surplus dep? ( wat]1 s t vessels might be gr\nd$ if ! locks 7 brok54 ,moreov]1 z !re is no wide-spread+ lake above ,p$ro ,miguel1 ! outfl[ ( wat] w\ld g5]ate a some:at swift curr5t above ! lock1 :i* might be a s\rce ( dang] to %ips4 ,?is circum/ance s]ves to en=ce ! app>5t p>adox t ! great area ( ,lake ,gatun is 9 sev]al respects an elem5t ( safety1 n1 z ! layman might suppose1 ( dang]4 ,! hydro/atic pressure ^u ! dam dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 solely ^u ! dep? ( wat]1 n ^u ! area ( ! lake1 :ile ! great] ! cont5ts ( ! res]voir ! m ne>ly /agnant are its wat]s4 ,z !re is to be no lock at ,la ,boca1 ! dams %[n !re on ! plan & pr(ile w n h to be con/ruct$1 s t x is n necess>y to deal ) ! que/ions to :i* !y =m]ly gave rise4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! locks at ,p$ro ,miguel & ,milaflores1 h[ev]1 dams h to be con/ruct$ to hold up ! wat]4 ,at bo? places ! dams w be %ort1 & w be f\nd$ ^u h>d rock1#af & 9 ea* case ! head ( wat] to be held up w only be ab\t #dj feet1 in/ead ( #hj1 z at ,gatun4 ,! con/ruction ( ! dams at ,p$ro ,miguel & ,milaflores is n1 !re=e1 reg>d$ ) anxiety4 #af ,canal ,zone ,pilot1 pp4 #caf-cag4 ,! great ,gatun dam rema9s ! "o important exp]im5t 9 ! :ole s*eme ( ! high-level ,canal1 & mu* att5tion is be+ devot$ to ! plann+ ( ?is "w4 ,! alluvial f\ndation is a disadvantage %>$ by ! ,bohio site =m]ly *os51 & all o!r sites 9 ! l[] ,*agres valley2 s t1 hav+ decid$ ^u ! ,panama r\te1 & a high-level canal1 !re appe>s to be no alt]native to ! con/ruction ( a dam ^u ?is k9d ( bottom4 ,! details ( ! propos$ /ructure1 z elaborat$ 9 ,april1 #aijh1 7 z foll[s3-- ,! l5g? ( ! great e>!n dam at ,gatun is #g1gjj feet1 its bread? no less ?an #b1jfj feet4 ,! weight ( ! dam p] l9e> foot is m ?an #fj times ! horizontal pressure ( ! wat] 9 ! lake1 s t ! pressure c\ld n move ! :ole mass2 & ! weight ( ! dam is spread ov] su* a great wid? t x is n ?\ght t ! gr\nd w s9k b5ea? x4 ,! =m ( ! plan & section is %[n on ! map1 & an idea ( ! topography may be obta9$ f ! photographs1 :i* ,i took 9 ,april1 #aijh4 ,! s\?-ea/]n end ( ! dam abuts on ! hill ( h>d1 f9e-gra9$1 argillace\s s&/one 9 :i* ! lock-site is be+ excavat$4 ,! dam1 accord+ to ^! plans1 is n to be m]ely sup]pos$ ^u ! surface1 z orig9ally propos$ 9 #aije4 ,emb$d$ 9 its e>?y mass !re is to be a puddl$ core1 & a tr5* w be excavat$ to a level ( #dj feet bel[ ! sea 7-#dj feet7 = ! l[] "p ( ?is core4 ,nor is ?is all t is to be done to *eck seepage b5ea? ! e>!n dam4 ,f ! bottom ( ! tr5* excavat$ = ! puddl$ core1 %eet pil+1 made ( #d-;in* timb]s1 is to be driv5 d[n = ano!r #dj feet1 s t %eet pil+ & puddl$ core toge!r w =m an imp]vi\s b>ri] to -#hj feet2 t is to say1 #hj feet bel[ ! surface-level ( ! sea1 or ab\t #he feet bel[ ! l[e/ natural surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! puddl$ core is c>ri$ up ?r\gh ! e>!n dam to ! level ( #ij1 t is to say1 #e feet above ! level ( ! lake1 :i* is to be #he feet above sea4 ,! cre/ ( ! dam w be #ace feet1 i4e41 #ej feet above ! level ( ! lake2 ?is excess ( height be+ to provide top weight = increas$ /ability ( ! :ole /ructure1 & also = ! purpose ( compact+ ! und]ly+ mat]ial4 ,! und]wat] slopes ( ! e>?y mat]ials h be5 r$uc$ f ! #a3c ( #aije to #a3e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 decid$ t ! wid? ( #b1fbe feet giv5 9 #aije 0 9 excess ( utility1 & t a r$uction ( betwe5 #ejj & #fjj feet c be made )\t loss ( /r5g? or effici5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,excavation ,,9 ,,! ,,cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pipe ,,= ,,div]sion ,,( ,a ,,riv]1 ,,ne> ,,empire4 ,ab\t half way across ! valley occurs a l[ hill1 on :i* a h\se is %[n 9 ! photograph4 ,?is hill is on ! cre/-l9e ( ! dam1 & is useful z giv+ support to ! sides ( ! regulat+ *annel :i* w be excavat$ 9 x4 ,! mat]ial ( ! hill1 h[ev]1 is n ! h>d argillace\s s&/one ( ! lock site1 b m]ely alluvial4 ,! regulat+ works !mselves w be built ( concrete3 a solid mass built up to #fi feet1 & on ?is pi]s w be con/ruct$ #h feet 9 ?ickness1 betwe5 :i* w be ! sluice-gates4 ,by _! means ! level ( ! lake w be prev5t$ f ris+ unduly 9 flood "t4 ,! capability ( ! dam to ma9ta9 ! wat]s ( ! lake at a suffici5t level 9 ! dry season dep5ds ^u _! n f9d+ a ready way ei!r ?r\gh ! dam itself or bel[ x4 ,! con/ruction ( ! dam is believ$ to gu>antee its own practical imp]meability4 ,n only is !re a puddl$ core1 b ! mud1 s&1 & rocks ( :i* ! pr9cipal mass w be compos$ w be laid d[n 9 ! mann] be/ calculat$ to secure compactness4 ,) reg>d to und]gr\nd fl[1 !re is an und]ly+ b$ ( indurat$ clay :i* is reg>d$ z suffici5tly imp]vi\s1 & :]ev] ! puddl$ core & pil+ are imb$d$ 9 t clay x may1 ,i ?9k1 be assum$ ) "s confid5ce t ! leakage w be unimportant4 ,on ref]r+ to ! section 7map71 h[ev]1 x w be se5 t !re are 9 ! valley two old riv] gorges1 :i* to a dep? ( #bjj & #bfj feet are fill$ only ) gravel1 s&2 s&1 %ells1 & wood2 clayey s&1 & s =?4 ,^! gorges1 measur$ on ! section %[n 9 ! figure1 h wid?s ( ab\t #a1bjj & #ejj feet respectively at ! dep? to :i* ! %eet pil+ goes1 & ext5d ab\t #abj & #ahj feet bel[4 ,h[ mu* wat] may escape by ^! gorges x is difficult to say4 ,?is leads u to ! next division ( our subject4 ,on ! ,supply ( ,wat] ,available = ! ,ne$s ( ! ,high-level ,canal4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ,suez ,canal 0 a "w ( excavation pure & simple4 ,! con/ruction ( any k9d ( canal across ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama involves ano!r task1 second only 9 importance to ! prim>y "w ( excavation1 viz41 t ( regulat+ ! riv]s4 ,9 ! case ( a sea-level canal ! problem w\ld h be5 h[ to get rid ( _! wat]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ra9y season4 ,9 ! actual case ( an #he-;foot-level canal1 ! regulation ( ! riv]s1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,*agres1 pres5ts two aspects1 viz43-- 7#a7 ,9 ! wet season1 dispos+ ( ! surplus wat]s4 7#b7 ,9 ! dry season1 cons]v+ wat] suppli$ by ! ra9s s z to meet ! wa/e caus$ 7a7 by lock+1 7b7 by evaporation1 7c7 by p]colation4 ,! arrangem5ts = tam+ ! torr5ts ( ! ,*agres & its tribut>ies h already be5 describ$4 ,!y are1 briefly1 ! con/ruction ( ! ,gatun dam & its spillway4 ,turn+ to ! o!r aspect ( ! problem1 ,i h to answ] ! "q1 ,:at is ! gu>antee t !re w be suffici5t wat] 9 ! dry season8 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,! ,,cut1 ,,wid? #ejj ,,feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,! ,,cut1 ,,look+ ,,s\? ,,t[>ds ,,culebra4 ,probably !re is no problem ( ! ,panama ,canal :i* has receiv$ m prolong$ & c>eful /udy ?an ?is4 ,f ! outset ! ,fr5* eng9e]s comm5c$ collect+ data relat+ to ! hydrology ( ! ,i/hmus1 & :5 funds grew l[1 & ! propos$ level ( ! canal began to rise1 ! matt] receiv$ ev]-increas+ att5tion4 ,! ,comite ,te*nique ( ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company comm5c$ 9 #ahid elaborate inve/igations to det]m9e ! cat*m5t area1 ! am\nt ( ra9fall1 & ! dis*>ge ( riv]s4 ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,h5ry ,l4 ,abbot 7late ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 ,u4,s4,a471 ^: inve/igations ^u ! ,mississippi are kn[n ! _w ov]1 0 a memb] ( ?is ,committee ( ! ,new ,panama ,company until ! "w 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = :om he cont9u$ to act2 & he 0 a memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s1 sign+ ! m9ority report 9 fav\r ( an #he-;foot-level canal 9 ,janu>y1 #aijf4 ,a cont9u\s /udy = sev5 ye>s is an advantage enjoy$ by few ( ! ,am]ican eng9e]s1 & ! book on ,problems ( ! ,panama ,canal publi%$ by ,g5]al ,abbot 9 #aije 7new edition #aijg7 deals v fully & ably ) ! hydrology & meteorology ( ! ,i/hmus4 ,! obs]vations 7 cont9u$ "u ! direction ( ,don ,ric>do ,m4 ,arango1 :o has also a long exp]i5ce on ! ,i/hmus4 ,i %all n attempt to summ>ise ! mass ( data ^u :i* ! au?orities rely 9 _! calculation t !re is a suffici5t wat] supply = ! ne$s ( ! ,canal dur+ ! dry season1 cont5t+ myself ) %[+1 z above1 t 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( /udy1 :i* m ?an all o!rs connect$ ) ! ,canal dem&s long exp]i5ce1 ?is requisite has 9 fact be5 secur$4 ,yet :atev] dep5ds ^u climate is liable to unexpect$ accid5ts1 & p]sonally ,i reg>d z an important safegu>d ! fact t at ,alhajuela1 on ! ,*agres1 #i or #aj miles above ,obispo1 !re is an excell5t site = a dam1 :i* w\ld =m a res]voir :]e "s ( ! surplus wat] ( ! wet season c\ld be /or$1 & suppli$ to ! ,canal z requir$4 ,! details = su* a dam 7 elaborat$ 9 connection ) "o ( ! e>li] plans ( ! ,canal1 s t ! necess>y data w\ld be imm$iately available 9 case its con/ruction %\ld become necess>y 9 ! future4 ,h>b\rs & ,=tifications4 ,!re are no /orms 9 ! ,bay ( ,panama1 & b little additional protection f wea!r is ne$$ !re = %ipp+4 ,! entrance to ! ,canal be+ at ,la ,boca1 a new city w gr[ up !re4 ,?is w be ! second we/w>d migration ( ! t]m9al port1 ! pres5t city ( ,panama ly+ betwe5 ,old ,panama & ,la ,boca4 ,colon is expos$ to nor!rs1 & protection aga9/ ! heavy sea :i* !n rolls 9 w h to be provid$4 ,:e!r ?is w be done by breakwat]s or by =m+ an int]ior bas9 is n yet decid$1 & ! co/ ( ?is "p ( ! ,canal works is !re=e n yet kn[n4 ,! ,canal1 z already /at$1 is to be =tifi$2 b ,i made no inquiries z to ! location or "* ( ! propos$ =tifications1 a matt] :i* ,i reg>d$ z outside my prov9ce4 ,! co/ ( =tifications is includ$ 9 ! provision made by ,congress = ! ,canal4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,on ,,! ,,pres5t ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,culebra ,,cut1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,me?ods ,,employ$ ,,= ,,excavation ,,& ,,disposal ,,( ,,! ,,spoil ,,ref]5ce once m to ! plan & pr(ile on ! map w %[ at a glance ! l5g? & position ( ! rocky divide1 ! :ole ( :i* is t]m$ ! ,culebra ,cut1 f ! "n ( ! t[n ne> ! highe/ po9t4 ,! propos$ =m & dim5sions ( ?is cut1 ?r\gh\t ! #e miles ( ! greate/ height1 is also %[n 7! section adopt$ at ! comm5cem5t ( #aijf71 & ! /age rea*$ 9 ,april1 #aijh1 is %[n by ! photographs4 ,! l9e drawn across ! above section at a level ( #abj feet above bottom 7#afj feet above sea71 %[s ! g5]al level ( ! bottom ( ! work+s at ,culebra itself at ! "t ! photographs 7 tak54 ,a n>r[ pilot cut1 only1 0 !n #bj feet l[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rock ,,drill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rock ,,drills ,,at ,,"w ,,9 ,,! ,,cut4 ,all t "p ( ! section bel[ ?is l9e 7#afj7 rema9$ to be excavat$4 ,mo/ ( ! rock above ?is l9e has be5 remov$1 b n all1 = ! f9al wid? is n1 ( c\rse1 rea*$ at any level until ! c5tral portion has be5 excavat$ bel[ t level4 ,! level ( ! orig9al rock l9e %[n 9 ?is section 0 #bge1 i4e41 #bce above canal bottom1 s t ! photographs %[ excavation ( #aae feet ( rock4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 soil above ! h>d basaltic rock1 ( v>y+ ?ickness--remov$ to ! slope #a3b z %[n on ! section4 ,! highe/ orig9al surface ( ! soil on ! c5tre l9e ( ! ,canal 7betwe5 ,gold5 ,hill & ,silv] ,hill at ,culebra7 0 #cab feet1#ag s t ! photographs 9 :i* ,gold5 ,hill appe>s %[ a total excavation ( #aeb feet along ! c5tre l9e4 ,z ?is l9e pass$ along a saddle betwe5 ! two hills1 ! orig9al surface at ! sides 0 consid]ably high]1 s t ! total height %[n 9 ! photographs f ! bottom ( ! cut to ! highe/ b]m1 or l$ge1 on ,gold5 ,hill is consid]ably m ?an #aeb feet4 #ag ,! pr(ile at end ( volume %[s ! /age ( excavation :5 ! height "h _h be5 r$uc$ to #baj4 ,! bottom ( ! ,canal w be #bgb feet bel[ ! orig9al saddle1 & its dep? bel[ ?is b]m1 :i* is se5 on ! photograph1 is consid]ably m4 ,?us w ! gorge appe> :5 ! excavation is f9i%$ & be=e ! wat] is all[$ to fl[ 94 ,:5 full1 ! surface ( ! wat] w be #bbg feet bel[ ! orig9al saddle1 & ! pass5g] on a vessel w gaze ^u ! sc>p$ banks ( a some:at great] height ?an ?is4 ,= a tide-level canal1 n only w\ld ! dep? be #he feet great]1 b1 z ! slope c\ld n be made /eep]1 ! wid? ( ! :ole cutt+ w\ld be correspond+ly increas$4 ,) ref]5ce to ! slope ( ! sides1 x is important to note t x has n be5 f\nd practicable to adh]e always to ! propos$ section1 :i* has to be made flatt]1 ?us consid]ably increas+ ! am\nt ( excavation requir$4 ,! behavi\r ( liv+ rock is n susceptible ( ! precise specification :i* c be appli$ to qu>ri$ /one on ! "o h& or loose gravel on ! o!r4 ,me*anically x is complex1 bo? on acc\nt ( its /ructure & ( ! role :i* wat] plays 9 its economy4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,culebra rock1 ! volcanic dykes by :i* x is trav]s$ h alt]$ ! nature ( ! rock 9 _! vic9ity1 & ! "p play$ by wat] is consid]able1 ow+ to ! wetness ( ! climate4 ,moreov]1 ! rock does n rema9 :olly un*ang$ :5 expos$ to air1 b det]iorates by wea!r+1 a *emical & physical process :i* proce$s mu* fa/] 9 an equatorial climate ?an 9 ! temp]ate zones4 ,! climate1 h[ev]1 has a comp5sat+ action1 9 s f> z ! rapid gr[? ( vegetation soon clo!s & protects ! sc>p$ slopes1 ?us act+ z a revetm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,alight+ at ,culebra /ation on ! ,panama ,railway1 & proce$+ to ! we/]n side ( ! cut1 "o obta9s ! mo/ impressive view ( ! ,canal works1 & ?is is ! spot usually visit$ by travell]s & t\ri/s4 ,i fir/ /ood !re 9 ,janu>y1 #aijg1 & return$ 9 ,april1 #aijh4 ,! impressions obta9$ 7 v diff]5t on ^! two occasions4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aijg1 aft] two & a half ye>s ( ,am]ican occupation1 :at /ruck me mo/ 0 ! enorm\s mass ( mat]ial :i* _h be5 remov$ by ! ,fr5* companies1 & ! comp>atively insignificant appe>ance ( ! ,am]ican excavations1 :i* c\ld readily be di/+ui%$ f ! old] "w1 already coat$ ) vegetation4 ,x 0 !n t ,i began to appreciate ! h]oic lab\rs ( ! ,fr5* eng9e]s1 ^: a*ievem5ts "u circum/ances ( great difficulty are be+ daily m & m appreciat$ & prais$ by _! successors4 ,turn+ to /udy ! progress ( "w1 ,i wat*$ ) delight ! op]ations ( ! #ajj-ton /eam %ovels1 :i* at a di/ance1 :5 ! human h&s are n se51 appe> end[$ ) volition1 & rem9d ! spectator ( elephants at "w4 ,! c>s 7 load$ ) surpris+ cel]ity1 & ! dirt-tra9 0 haul$ (f to ! di/ant dump by an old ,belgian locomotive1 "p ( ! ma*9]y tak5 ov] f ! ,new ,company4 ,b !n ! hit* came--!re 7 no c>s to take ! place ( ^? already fill$1 & ! /eam %ovel 0 idle4 ,look+ r\nd1 ,i f\nd t _m o!r /eam %ovels & _! crews 7 idle f ! same cause1 ! ma*9]y = transportation n hav+ be5 provid$ 9 prop] proportion to ! ma*9]y ( excavation4 ,t ! "t requir$ = ! completion ( ! rock-cut 0 limit$ by ! possible rate ( transportation ( spoil1 & n by t ( excavation1 _h long be5 kn[n1 & ! report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s conta9s elaborate diagrams ( space available = %ovels & = tracks4 ,x 0 app>5t1 !re=e1 t ! organisation ( ! "w 0 n yet p]fect$4 ,9 l mann]1 z f> z ,i c\ld judge dur+ my fir/ %ort visit1 ! ,we/ ,indian lab\r 0 n yield+ ! be/ results1 ow+ to :ite =em5 & col\r$ lab\r]s n be+ 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cut1 ,,look+ ,,nor? ,,f ,,culebra4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cut1 ,,look+ ,,s\? ,,f ,,culebra4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! fight+ =ce1 s to speak1 ( ! ,i/hmian army 0 obvi\sly imp]fect 9 _m respects1 great results _h evid5tly be5 a*iev$ by ! auxili>y s]vices4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sanitation _h already made ! ,i/hmus heal?i] ?an mo/ equatorial c\ntries1 food & qu>t]s 7 excell5t1 law & ord] 7 well ma9ta9$4 ,on ! fir/ day ( my second & prolong$ visit1 ,april1 #aijh1 fifte5 mon?s lat]1 ,i w5t at once to ! same spot on ! ,culebra ,cut opposite to ,gold5 ,hill & aga9 survey$ ! sc5e ( op]ations4 ,! *ange 0 enorm\s4 ,! gorge bel[ me 0 greatly enl>g$1 ! %ape ( ! hills alt]$1 ! face ( ! l&scape *ang$4 ,z ,i gaz$ into ! deep tr5* bel[1 ! ?\ght fla%$ across my m9d1 ,if my life be sp>$ a few ye>s long]1 ,i w sail ?r\gh ?is on a %ip4 ,! reason ( ! great *ange 0 readily app>5t3 organisation _h n[ be5 p]fect$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! :ole wid? ( ! cut 0 laid d[n 9 railway tracks1 ti] above ti] at ! diff]5t levels1 s t ! view 0 l ! approa* to ! metropolitan t]m9us ( "o ( ! _w's great railways4 ,up & d[n ^! tracks !re came & w5t )\t ceas+ ! spoil-tra9s1 n[ compos$ ( l>g] trucks ?an =m]ly1 ) new & +5i\s devices = rapid unload+4 ,! numb] ( /eam %ovels visible 0 mu* l>g] ?an 9 #aijf1 yet !y 7 kept con/antly busy1 & all ! "t ! drill+ ma*9es 7 at "w bor+ holes = *>ges ( dynamite1 & gangs ( m5 7 complet+ ! prep>ations = explosions 9 o!r holes already made4#ah ,yet if ! eyes 7 rais$ = a mom5t f ! busy sc5e bel[1 !y re/$ on a sil5t wild]ness ( tropical =e/1 /ret*+ unbrok5 to ! horizon4 ,i /ay$ until1 at ! approa* ( sunset1 ! "w ( ! %ovels ceas$1 & hundr$s ( m5 sw>m$ out ( ! ,cut1 & s\ght _! qu>t]s & ! ev5+ meal4 ,b all 0 n ov] = ! day1 = n[1 :5 ! ,cut 0 cle>$1 ! %ot-fir+ began4 ,at int]vals !re occurr$ a deaf5+ explosion1 ! e>? trembl$ z 9 a consid]able1 b pret]naturally %ort1 e>?quake1 & masses ( rock roll$ d[n ! slopes1 dis9tegrat$ & ready = ! %ovel-man :5 he %\ld arrive next morn+4 ,i paid _m visits to ! ,cut1 betwe5 ,empire & ,p$ro ,miguel1 b (t5e/ at ,culebra itself4 ,! sight nev] palls1 & is "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,! ,pyramids are ano!r wond] ( ! _w :i* 9 common ) _m ?\s&s 9 all ages ,i h ?\ght x wor? go+ to see--b to g to ,culebra is z if "o 7 privileg$ to wat* ! build+ ( ! ,pyramids4 ,yet h[ few g to ! ,i/hmus on purpose to see ^! ?+s1 &1 mirabile dictu1 h[ few ,am]icans6 ,h[ is x t ?is p1 s en?usia/ic 9 all t relates to national a*ievem5t & addict$ to =eign travel1 does n include ! ,i/hmus among its _m recognis$ places ( pilgrimage8 ,( ! ,am]icans :om ,i met on ! ,zone !re 0 sc>cely "o :o _h come volunt>ily = pleasure4 ,! hotel accommodation1 x is true1 is limit$1 b x is m ?an suffici5t = pres5t ne$s1 & is good1 z hotels 9 ! tropics are reckon$4 ,moreov]1 ,panama is n[ "o ( ! heal?ie/ places 9 ! ,equatorial ,zone4 ,engli% t\ri/s go+ out to ! ,we/ ,indies by ! ,royal ,mail are g5]ally able to cross ! ,i/hmus & see some?+ ( ! "w :ile _! %ip is unload+ at ,colon2 b ,i w\ld v5ture to sugge/1 to su* ( ^! z c>e to foll[ ! _w's progress1 t !y %\ld make arrangem5ts be=eh& to /ep (f at ,colon1 cross to ,panama1 put up !re1 visit !nce ! ,canal works at v>i\s po9ts1 & proce$ by _! next %ip4 ,! ,we/ ,indian t\ri/ season co9cides ) ! dry season on ! ,i/hmus4 ,at ,panama ! mosquito is almo/ an ext9ct animal1 & ?\gh ! heat !re is sometimes try+1 a run up to ,culebra br+s "o to a dry & brac+ atmosph]e :]e a fre% breeze is almo/ always bl[+4 #ah ,dur+ #aijh no less ?an "o million dynamite *>ges 7 explod$4 ,! /eam %ovel is ! pr9cipal ag5t ( excavation4 ,x scoops out loose soil directly1 b ! basaltic rock has to be brok5 up fir/ by bla/+4 ,"o %ovel w load #a1bjj cubic y>ds ( su* mat]ials ^u ! c>s )9 ! work+ day ( #h h\rs1 an am\nt equal to #fjj two-horse loads4 ,= accel]at+ transportation railway trucks provid$ ) flaps are us$1 :i* make ( ! :ole tra9 a s+le plat=m4 ,at ! re> ( ! tra9 is a pl\gh :i* c be drawn by a wire rope atta*$ to a drum c>ri$ on a special c> 9 ! =e "p ( ! tra94 ,:5 ! tra9 arrives at ! dump ! drum is />t$1 & ! pl\gh1 advanc+1 cle>s ! #cbj cubic y>ds ( e>? & rock f ! #af c>s 9 #g m9utes4 ,?is is ! ,lidg]wood ,unload]4 ,ano!r important piece ( ma*9]y is ! track-%ift]1 :i* picks up & relays ! railway l9es ( ! ev]-%ift+ spoil-tracks4 ,?is rem>kably successful contrivance 0 inv5t$ by an employee on ! ,i/hmus1 & is moreov] manufactur$ !re 9 ! great work%ops at ,gorgona4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,culebra1 ,,look+ ,,ea/ ,,to ,,di/ant ,,hills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,culebra1 ,,look+ ,,ea/ ,,across ,,! ,,cut4 ,f ,bas ,obispo to ,p$ro ,miguel1 :i* con/itutes ! ,cut1 is a di/ance ( ab\t #i miles1 & excavation is s plann$ t a summit is ma9ta9$ at ,lirio1 ne> ,culebra1 ab\t half-way betwe5 ^! two po9ts4 ,on ! nor? slope are#ai #ba /eam %ovels1 load+ c>s on #ad tracks4 ,^!1 :5 load$1 are haul$ d[n-grade to ! nor!rn dumps at ,tav]nilla & else:]e1 or to ! site ( ! ,gatun dam1 :i* is also a dump4 ,ne>ly #d1jjj cubic y>ds ( rock are c>ri$ to ! dam daily1 a di/ance ( ab\t #bd miles4 ,! return up-grade is made ) empty c>s4 ,on ! s\!rn slope ab\t ! same numb] ( /eam %ovels are at "w1 ! spoil be+ tak5 to ! s\!rn dump+ gr\nds on ! ,pacific side1 includ+ ! tre/le dump = ! breakwat] to ,naos ,isl&4 ,! spoil-tra9s foll[ "o ano!r at int]vals ( ab\t ?ree m9utes1 & if1 f any cause1 delay occur1 ! /eam %ovels1 & inde$ ! :ole process ( excavation1 is br\ght to a /&/ill4 ,any cause ( delay is !re=e report$ at once by telephone to ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,transportation at ,empire1 & all en]gies are at once direct$ to cle>+ ! way4 ,on ! ,i/hmus ev]y?+ gives way to ! spoil-tra91 z 9 a city to ! fire-eng9e4 ,an excell5t lesson bo? 9 ! complexity & urg5cy ( ! transportation is af=d$ by a run ?r\gh ! ,cut on a motor trolley 9 company ) ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,excavation4 ,con/antly %unt$ f "o track to ano!r1 & occasionally hav+ to retreat1 mu* +5uity is requir$ to ?read a way among ! spoil-tra9s1 b ev5 ! almo/ invaluable "t ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t himself is sacrific$ r ?an any delay %\ld occur to ! dirt tra91 z x is usually call$4 ,x is ?is dirt :i* /&s betwe5 ! ,am]ican nation & ! realisation ( _! long *]i%$ s*eme1 & n[h]e is ! classical def9ition ( dirt z matt] 9 ! wrong place s appropriate z on ! ,i/hmus4 #ai ,?is is = ,july1 #aijh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u n[ see h[ mu* matt] has be5 remov$1 & h[ mu* dirt rema9s :i* has yet to be remov$4 ,i w give fir/ ! totals ( :at has be5 got out 9 bo? dry & wet way1 bo? 9 ! ,canal prism itself & = auxili>y works4 ,,total ,,excavations ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,! ,,panama ,,canal4#bj ,cubic ,y>ds4 ,by ! ,fr5* ,companies ab\t #ha1edh1jjj ,by ! ,am]ican ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission up to ! end ( ,june1 #aijh #dj1ibc1ecc ----------- #abb1dga1ecc #bj ,canal ,record1 ,july #h1 #aijh4 ,mu* ( ! "w ( ! ,fr5* ,companies1 h[ev]1 consi/$ 9 dr$g+ out sea-level *annels at bo? ends ( ! ,canal1 :]eas ! pr9cipal ,am]ican "w has be5 rock-excavation 9 ! ,culebra ,cut--or ! ,cut1 z x might equally well be call$4 ,! figures relat+ to ! ,cut are3-- ,,excavation ,,betwe5 ,,bas ,,obispo ,,& ,,p$eo ,,miguel1 i4e41 ,,! ,,culebea ,,cut1 #i-a_/b ,,miles4 ,cubic ,y>ds4 ,by ! ,fr5* ,companies #bb1fjj1jjj ,by ! ,am]ican ,commission to end ( ,june1 #aijh #bj1abe1ahe ----------- ,total excavat$ 9 ! ,cut #db1gbe1ahe ,rema9+ to be excavat$ #cg1igc1jfc ----------- #hj1fih1bdh s t at ! end ( la/ ,june ! ,cut 0 half cut ?r\gh1 "o qu>t] hav+ be5 done by ! ,fr5* ,companies & "o qu>t] by ! ,am]ican ,commission4#ba #ba ,! total excavation = ! prism ( a sea-level canal 0 calculat$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s at #bca1jbf1dgg cubic y>ds4 ,?is /atem5t by itself1 h[ev]1 w\ld give a v inadequate idea ( ! rate at :i* ! excavation is n[ proce$+1 = ( ! total tak5 out by ! ,commission s9ce #aijd1 #aa1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds 7 due to ! "w ( ! #ab mon?s prior to ,june la/4 ,x w be se5 f :at has gone be=e t ! rate ( progress is n[ ev5 great] ?an 9 ! ye> ,june1 #aijg-,may1 #aijh1 = ! daily output f ! ,cut = ,july1 #aijh 7#ee1dbg cubic y>ds71 works out at #a1dda1ajb cubic y>ds1 all[+ #bf work+ days ( t mon?1 :i*1 moreov]1 is a wet mon?1 :5 "w is mu* ret>d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,culebra1 ,,look+ ,,ea/ ,,to ,,gold5 ,,hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cut ,,at ,,culebra1 ,,look+ ,,nor?4 ,on ! ,date ( ,completion ( ! ,canal4 ,colonel ,goe?als1 ,*ief ( ! ,commission1 :5 exam9$ e>ly 9 #aijh at ,wa%+ton1 decl9$ to b9d himself to a date = completion1 or to an e/imate ( co/2 nev]!less1 x is n difficult to calculate ! date ( completion f ! actual rate ( progress on ! assumption t all goes well4 ,! ye> #aiae is ?us arriv$ at by ! au?orities = ! calculat$1 ?\gh n promis$1 completion4 ,?is is bas$ prim>ily ^u ! rate ( excavation possible "u ! re/rictions impos$ by ! n>r[ gorge along :i* ! spoil has to be transport$4 ,x has be5 also calculat$ t ! con/ructive works1 ! locks & dams1 w\ld require ab\t ! same "t z1 b n long] ?an1 ! excavations4 ,?is j balance betwe5 ! "t requir$ = ! two elem5ts1 excavation & build+1 0 "o ( ! argum5ts employ$ 9 fav\r ( ! #he-;foot-level canal1 z secur+ ! utmo/ practicable spe$ ( con/ruction#bb :i* c\ld be obta9$ 9 a canal af=d+ conv5i5t passage = vessels ( ! l>ge/ tonnage4 #bb ,see address by ,presid5t ,roosevelt to ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s1 ,septemb] #aa1 #aije4 ,report ( ! ,bo>d1 p4 #ab4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! mo/ impressive features on ! ,i/hmus at ! pres5t "t is ! great work%op at ,gorgona1 :]e repairs ( all k9ds are done1 & l>ge ma*9es su* z ! track-%ift] are actually built4 ,z ,i pass$ f ma*9e %op to boil] %op1 smi? %op1 c> %op1 patt]n %op1 & s on1 ,i felt myself back among ! circum/ances ( "o ( ! great manufactur+ t[ns1 & =got = ! "t my actual surr\nd+s4 ,x 0 ) a feel+ ak9 to surprise t1 on quitt+ ! f\ndry1 ,i f\nd myself on ! fr+e ( ! tropical =e/1 n[ d>k5+ ) ! %ad[s ( ! swift-desc5d+ sun4 ,i may "h note by ! way t ! furnaces ( ! f\ndry produc$ consid]able relief f ! effects ( ! tropical heat1 :i* t day 0 some:at oppressive4 ,relay+ ! ,panama ,railway4 ,ref]5ce to ! map at ! end ( ! volume w %[ h[ consid]able is ! task ( recon/ruct+ ! ,panama ,railroad--:at embankm5ts h to be =m$1 circuits made1 & 7ne> ,milaflores7 a tunnel bor$4 ,! track1 too1 is be+ d\bl$1 & ! roll+ /ock has be5 greatly improv$4 ,! pass5g] c>s are bo? com=table & relatively cool1 & ! d\ble j\rney f ,pacific to ,atlantic ,ocean & back aga9 c be pleasantly p]=m$ betwe5 lun*eon & d9n]4 ,mu* ( ! v]dant =e/ l& on :i* ,i h gaz$ ) s mu* delight f ! w9d[s ( ! c>s w soon cease to be l& at all4 ,x w be dr[n$ b5ea? ! wat]s ( ,lake ,gatun2 virg9 =e/1 cultivat$ pat*1 squatt]'s hut1 villages1 & ev5 small t[ns w disappe>1 _! sites subm]g$ by wat]1 & pres5tly to be cov]$ by ! silt ( riv]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,m5 ,,on ,,! ,,i/hmus ,we/ ,indian ,lab\r4 ,,! success ( sanitation1 & ! mod]n facilities = /orage ( food1 h greatly simplifi$ ! task ( obta9+ an adequate supply ( navvies = ! pick & spade "w4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,am]ican-born1 p>ticul>ly ! majority :o are ( ,anglo-,saxon /ock1 n[ =m an ari/ocracy ( lab\r1 & = ! la/ fifte5 ye>s or s h p]=m$ b little ( ! pick & spade1 or ord9>y navvy's1 "w4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ! unskill$ lab\r is ma9ly p]=m$ by ! ,am]ican negro4 ,else:]e ! pick & spade "w is done by new immigrants1 "s ( :om settle1 & "s g home ) _! sav+s4 ,!y are l>gely f ,s\!rn & ,c5tral ,europe1 _m be+ ,italians1 & 9 ! extreme ,we/ !re are ,japanese also4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gang ,,( ,,we/ ,,indian ,,lab\r]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gang ,,( ,,spani% ,,lab\r]s ,,at ,,culebra4 ,! ,commission1 h[ev]1 did n recruit 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ord] n to di/urb ! lab\r m>ket !re1 b s\ght else:]e = ! supply ( unskill$ lab\r4 ,at fir/ !y reli$ almo/ entirely ^u ! ,we/ ,indian negro1 :o =m$ ! majority ( ! navvies employ$ "u ! ,fr5* ,companies4 ,! ,commission1 h[ev]1 7 pr(\ndly dissatisfi$ ) ! result4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aijf1 !y report$ t-- ,ano!r ye>'s exp]i5ce ) negro lab\r]s f ne>-by tropical isl&s & c\ntries has conv9c$ ! ,commission ( ! impossibility ( do+ satisfactory "w ) !m4 ,n only d !y seem to be disqualifi$ by lack ( actual vitality1 b _! disposition to lab\r seems to be z frail z _! bodily /r5g?4 ,nev]!less1 !y are /ill employ$ 9 undim9i%$ numb]s on ! ,i/hmus1 & ! tone ( ! au?orities t[>ds !m has *ang$4 ,?is *ange is noticeable bo? 9 ! (ficial publications & also 9 ! conv]sation ( ! =em5 imm$iately 9 *>ge4 ,) reg>d to ! latt]1 ,i f\nd a great diff]5ce ( tone betwe5 ,janu>y1 #aijg1 & ,april1 #aijh4 ,! improv$ relations ) ! ,we/ ,indians is due to two causes1 relat+ to ! alleg$ lack ( vitality & ( indu/ry respectively4 ,! lack ( /r5g? 0 f\nd to be due l>gely to improp] diet1 & mo/ ( ! ,we/ ,indians are n[ provid$ ) prop] cook$ meals1 z is done 9 ! case ( ,am]ican & ,european employees4 ,9 ord] to ensure _! pr(it+ by ?is provision1 h[ev]1 ! *>ge = meals 9 ! case ( ,we/ ,indians is d$uct$ f wages4 ,! result ( supply+ a n\ri%+ diet has be5 a m>k$ increase 9 work+ /r5g? z %[n by output4 ,9 respect ( disposition to lab\r !re has also be5 an improvem5t4 ,?is is %[n bo? by ! abs5ce ( animadv]sion 9 lat] (ficial reports1 & also by ! *ang$ tone ( ! =em5 & o!r ,am]icans 9 imm$iate control ( ! ,we/ ,indians1 :5 que/ion$ on ! subject4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aijg1 ,i he>d little b disp>agem5t1 :ile 9 ,april1 #aijh1 a mu* m fav\rable acc\nt 0 giv54 ,to "o :o has se5 some?+ ( bo? ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! reason = ! improv$ /ate ( affairs 0 easily und]/ood1 viz41 ! ,am]ican =em5 & o!rs 9 *>ge _h begun to und]/& ! type ( m5 ) :om !y 7 deal+4 ,accu/om$ to ! "* ( ! ,am]ican negro1 & to ! conv5tions :i* regulate int]c\rse ) ! col\r$ man 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !y did n at fir/ recognise t ! ,we/ ,indian 0 a di/9ct type1 & accu/om$1 at any rate 9 ! ,briti% ,colonies1 to v diff]5t social relations t[>ds ! :ite man4 ,! h&l+ ( a gang ( negroes f ! tropics is an art :i* has _h to be le>nt4 ,! ,b>badians are report$ to be1 g5]ally speak+1 ! be/ ( ! ,we/ ,indian workm51 except ! m5 f "s ( ! c\ntry di/ricts ( ,jamaica1 :o are _! equals4 ,al?\gh ! climate & products ( ! ,i/hmus are s simil> to ^? ( _! own isl&s1 comp>atively few ( ^! employees settle !re1 b return to ! homes !y love s well4 ,x _c b be gratify+ to an ,engli%man to f9d t ^? :o come f ! ,briti% isl&s are pr\d ( _! citiz5%ip & pleas$ to greet him z a fell[-subject4 ,!re are ab\t n9ety negro policem5 on ! ,zone1 mo/ ( :om 7 orig9ally tra9$ by ,engli% (fic]s 9 ! ,jamaica ,con/abul>y4 ,!y are highly spok5 ( by ! ,*ief ( ,police1 :o f9ds t !y "k bo? :5 to arre/ & :5 n to arre/4 ,!y are also ( mu* s]vice to ! new arrivals ( _! own col\r1 :o ref] to !m = all in=mation4 ,! ord9>y ,we/ ,indian lab\r] receives #aj c5ts gold 7ab\t #e;d47 p] h\r & free qu>t]s4 ,d$uct+ ! #cj c5ts p] diem *>g$ = meals1 he receives #ej c5ts 7#bs4 #a;d47 = an #h-;h\r day1 besides food & lodg+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,%ovel ,,excavat+ ,,soil ,,at ,,culebra4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,%ovel ,,unload+ ,,into ,a ,,dirt ,,c>4 ,! total numb] actually at "w on ! ,i/hmus has be5-- ,june #cj1 #aijg4 ,on ! ,canal ,works #ad1fjf ,on ! ,panama ,railroad #d1igi ------ ,total #ai1ehe & on ,june #cj1 #aijh1 ! numb] on ! ,canal ,works alone 0 #af1jgh4 ,! total numb] on ! roll is1 ( c\rse1 consid]ably m ?an #bj1jjj1 z !re are necess>ily abs5tees e day ow+ to sickness1 accid5t1 or o!r cause4 ,european ,lab\r on ! ,i/hmus4 ,9 #aijf ! numb] ( ,european lab\r]s on ! ,i/hmus 0 insignificant1 & ! ,commission1 at t "t pr(\ndly dissatisfi$ ) ! ,we/ ,indians1 issu$ invitations = proposals to furni% #b1ejj ,*9ese lab\r]s1 ) ! privilege ( increas+ ! numb] to #ae1jjj4bc ,no?+ came ( ?is s*eme1 h[ev]1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! already improv$1 & /ill improv+1 conditions on ! ,i/hmus enabl$ ! ,commission to obta9 a l>gely increas$ supply ( ,european lab\r4 ,:ile ! supply ( ,we/ ,indians 0 ma9ta9$ con/ant1 or only sl[ly increas$1 ! additional =ce requir$ 0 !re=e obta9$ f ,europe4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ?is3-- ,european ,lab\r]s actually at ,"w on ,june #cj1 #aijf #ejj ,june #cj1 #aijg #d1cag ,june #cj1 #aijh #d1iac #bc ,report ( ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 #aijf1 p4 #ad4 ,a few ,russian & ,baltic folk came1 b appe>$ unable to /& ! "w1 & ! few ,fr5* :o arriv$ did n take to pick & spade4 ,! majority 7 f ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,spa91 ea* ( ^! c\ntries s5d+ at fir/ ab\t ! same numb]4 ,! ,greeks prov$ to be physically inf]ior to ! ,italians & ,spani>ds1 & _! numb] 9 ,april1 #aijh1 0 only ab\t #cjj4 ,! ,italians1 physically excell5t1 & /&+ ! climate well1 7 f\nd some:at intractable4 ,a l>ge proportion 7 migrant lab\r]s1 :o _h become some:at prone to collective action :5 dissatisfi$1 & _! numb]s 9 ,april1 #aijh1 _h be5 r$uc$ to #ejj or #fjj4 ,! ,spani>ds1 ma9ly ,galicians & ,ca/ilians1 7 f\nd to be q equal to ! ,italians 9 physique & heal?1 & to give f> less tr\ble1 a fact :i* is attribut$ p>tly to ! circum/ance t mo/ ( !m came directly f _! villages4 ,!y are report$ to be sob]1 pati5t1 civil1 & quick to le>n4 ,! numb] employ$ 9 ,april1 #aijh1 0 ab\t #e1jjj1 s t ! ,spani>ds con/itut$ ab\t five-six?s ( ! ,european =ce1 :i* numb]$ 9 all slightly ov] #f1jjj4 ,! figures giv5 above = ^? at "w on c]ta9 days are consid]ably less1 !re be+ always a numb] abs5t f "o cause or ano!r4 ,t ! ,spani>d is n oppress$ by ! tropical heat 0 app>5t to me :5 wat*+ gangs at "w ne> mid-day at ab\t ! hotte/ "t ( ye>1 viz41 ! la/ weeks ( ! dry season1 t[>ds ! end ( ,april4 ,clo!d 9 ,european kit1 we>+ velvete5 tr\s]s & ) only a cap = head-cov]+1 ^! m5 %[$ no signs ( di/ress1 or ev5 discom=t4 ,!y %[$1 9 fact1 less sign ( be+ heat$ ?an ,am]icans ( app>5tly ,briti% or o!r ,nor!rn desc5t engag$ ^u less labori\s "w4 ,! ord9>y ,european lab\r]1 9 addition to free qu>t]s1 receives #bj c5ts gold p] h\r1 or #a4fj p] #h-;h\r day2 m :5 work+ ov]time4 ,he is *>g$ #dj c5ts p] diem = 8 ?ree meals1 s]v$ 9 ! ,european mess1 :i* leaves #a4bj z a m9imum net wage p] diem1 or a little less ?an #cjs4 p] week2 b _m e>n m1 & x %\ld n be difficult "u ^! conditions = a lab\r] to save ,l#e a mon?4 ,i 0 in=m$ ( "o in/ance ( a ,spani% lab\r] sav+ ,l#aj p] mon?1 b su* virtue mu/ be r>e4 ,! ,spani>d %[s no sign ( settl+ ^u ! ,zone4 ,sometimes he goes on to railway "w 9 ,brazil2 m (t5 he returns home ) 8 sav+s4 ,skill$ ,lab\r on ! ,i/hmus4 ,! skill$ lab\r on ! ,i/hmus has f ! outset be5 ma9ly done by :ite ,am]icans1 b !re are /ill on ! ,gold ,roll1 z x is t]m$1 "s ,europeans4 ,new rules r$uc+ ! maximum l5g? ( leave h1 h[ev]1 made ^! po/s less attractive to ^? ^: homes are at a great] di/ance1 & by an ord] ( ,febru>y #h1 #aijh1 all future appo9tm5ts on ! ,gold ,roll %all be ,am]ican citiz5s1 if ! special s]vices requir$ c be obta9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & 9 ! ev5t ( any r$uction ( =ce1 pref]5ce %all be giv5 to ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,! duties be+ v>i\s1 ! pay necess>ily diff]s1 b1 tak+ free qu>t]s into acc\nt1 is high] ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z is ( c\rse necess>y 9 a di/ant & tropical l&4 ,s9ce ! indu/rial difficulties ( #aijg-h !re has be5 consid]able competition = ^! billets4 ,an #h-;h\r day is e/abli%$ by law = employees on ! ,gold ,roll1 ! qu>t]s are excell5t1 & ! ?ree meals a day provid$ at a fix$ *>ge are up to ! /&>d ( a good hotel4 ,inde$1 ! opportunity to %>e ^! meals1 suppli$ 9 l>ge airy rooms1 scre5$ by gauze b op5 to ! breeze1 made my task on ! ,i/hmus mu* light]4 ,f almo/ any "p ( ! ,canal ,i c\ld rea* "o ( ! ,commission hotels = meal-"t1 & = #ej c5ts 7#bs4 #a;d47 obta9 bett] food ?an ,i h g5]ally be5 able to get 9 ! tropics at a mu* high] price4 ,i took pleasure also 9 my company1 =1 if ,i may be p]mitt$ to say s1 ! skill$ me*anic ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has always seem$ to me a mo/ attractive repres5tative ( 8 nation2 & "h p>ticul>ly s1 :]e "o is 9 t\* ) 8 "w4 ,moreov]1 ea* man's job on ! ,i/hmus is "p ( a va/ und]tak+1 ! progress ( :i* he c wat*1 :i* fires 8 en?usiasm1 & makes him feel t he has a rew>d beyond 8 wage 9 ! privilege ( p>ticipat+ 9 national a*ievem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,%ovel ,,ne> ,,end ,,( ,,/roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,%ovel1 ,,/roke ,,f9i%$1 ,,load$ ,,) ,,soil4 ,i %\ld l 9 ?is place to add a ^w ( tribute to ! great c\rtesy & k9dness :i* !y %[ t[>ds ladies1 a circum/ance :i* did mu* to r5d] pleasant ! excursions :i* my wife took on ! ,i/hmus1 sometimes 9 my company & sometimes alone4 ,! numb] ( ,am]icans on ! ,gold ,roll 9 ,janu>y1 #aijh1 0 ab\t #f1jjj1 ! total numb] ( employees on ! rolls ( ! ,commission & ( ! ,panama ,railroad be+ !n approximately #dc1jjj4 ,! total numb] ( employees actually at "w on ,janu>y #bi1 #aijh1 0 ,on ! ,canal works #be1cfg ,on ! ,panama ,railroad #f1eeg ------ ,total #ca1ibd ,! ,responsible ,(ficials & ! ,s*eme ( _! ,organisation4 ,! responsibility = ,canal con/ruction "u ! conditions laid d[n by ,acts ( ,congress is ve/$ 9 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )9 ! limits ( ! money :i* has s f> be5 vot$4 ,! ,presid5t appo9t$ a ,commission 9 #aije to c>ry out ! "w4 ,! fir/ *ief eng9e] appo9t$ 0 ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,wallace1 :o arriv$ on ! ,zone ,june #bh1 #aijd1 accompani$ by ,colonel ,gorgas1 ,u4,s4,a41 head ( ! ,sanitation ,dep>tm5t4 ,mr4 ,wallace 0 9 fav\r ( a tide-level canal4 ,9 ,april1 #aije1 ! ,presid5t appo9t$ a second ,commission 9 place ( ! fir/1 ) a *ang$ p]sonnel1#bd b ,mr4 ,wallace 0 reta9$ z *ief eng9e]1 &1 moreov]1 became a memb] ( ! second ,commission4 #bd ,colonel ,gorgas1 head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sanitation1 has rema9$1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh all *anges4 ,see po/1 ,*apt] ,v4 ,he1 h[ev]1 resign$1 ,june #bf1 #aije1 & 8 place 0 tak5 by ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,/eph5s1 :o arriv$ on ! ,zone ,july #bg?4 ,at ?is "t !re 0 panic ?r\gh\t ! ,i/hmus#be ow+ to ! preval5t sickness1 & resignations 7 s num]\s t x 0 difficult to c>ry on "w at all1 & eng9e]+ op]ations 7 p>tly susp5d$ = a "t4 ,:5 ! sanit>y conditions improv$1 h[ev]1 "w 0 resum$ ) vig\r4 ,?is second ,commission propos$ t ! "w %\ld be put out to contract1 & bids 7 invit$4 ,x 0 "u ?is ,commission t ! #he-;foot-level canal became law4 ,mr4 ,/eph5s 0 9 fav\r ( ?is =m4 ,he resign$ e>ly 9 #aijg1 8 resignation tak+ effect on ,april #a/1 & at ! same "t ! ,presid5t = ! second "t reorganis$ ! ,commission4 #be ,see ,report ( ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,canal ,zone1 #aije1 p4 #cj1 & ,sanitation 9 ! ,canal ,zone1 by ,w4,c4 ,gorgas1 ,m4,b41 ,colonel1 ,j\rn4 ,am4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,july #f1 #aijg1 vol4 xlix4 ,! ?ird ,commission1 appo9t$ ,april #a1 #aijg1 :i* is t "u :i* ! "w 0 be+ c>ri$ on at ! "t ( my second visit1 diff]s f its pr$ecessors 9 t its memb]s are resid5t on ! ,zone4 ,?us ! memb]s ( ! ,commission are ! actual executive1 ! *airman ( ! ,commission be+ himself *ief eng9e]4 ,! o!r important diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t & ! =m] organisations is ! fact t almo/ all ! important dep>tm5ts are n[ "u (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 & 9 "o in/ance ( ! ,navy4 ,! *airman & *ief eng9e]1 ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,george ,w4 ,goe?als1 ( ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 _h previ\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,i/hmus1 hav+ be5 engag$ ^u "w connect$ ) =tification4 ,) respect to ! o!r (fic]s ( eng9e]s1 ! significance ( ! appo9tm5ts lies n 9 _! be+ milit>y m51 b 9 _! be+ p]man5t ,gov]nm5t s]vants4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 unlike t ( 8 ,britannic ,maje/y1 does n possess a l>ge ,civil ,s]vice ^: memb]s rema9 9 ! public employm5t ?r\gh all *anges ( political p>ties4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any consid]able body correspond+1 = in/ance1 to our ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates frequ5tly relies ^u ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s = ! sup]vision ( great public works4 ,at ! "t ( my second visit ! s*eme ( organisation 0 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,g5]al ,,organisation ,,( ,,dep>tm5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,m5 ,excavation & ,dr$g+ #ab1cei ,major ,d4,d4 ,gaill>d ,locks & ,dams #i1cdj ,major ,wm4 ,l4 ,sib]t ,ma*9]y & ,build+s#bf #b1afd ,h4,h4 ,r\seau1 ,u4,s4,n4 ,lab\r1 ,subsi/5ce1 & ,qu>t]s #b1jdh ,jackson ,smi? 7resign$7 ,mat]ial & ,supplies #a1bbj ,w4,g4 ,tubby ,sanitation #b1ddi ,colonel ,w4,c4 ,gorgas ,civil ,adm9i/ration #dea ,j4,c4,s4 ,blackburn ,panama ,railroad #f1fai ,w4,g4 ,bi]d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bf ,n[ m]g$ 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,%ovel ,,at ,,culebra4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ovel-,,m5 ,,at ,,culebra4 ,te*nically ! ,panama ,railroad is n a dep>tm5t1 b practically ! con/ruction ( ! ,canal & ! recon/ruction ( ! ,railroad are work$ z p>ts ( a s+le s*eme4 ,9 addition to ! above are "s small] divisions1 report+ directly to ! ,*airman1 su* z t ( ,acc\nts4 ,! (fice ( ! ,pur*as+ ,(fic] is situate 9 ,wa%+ton1 practically all ! supplies be+ obta9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is (fic] also reports to ! ,*airman resid5t on ! ,zone4 ,! numb]s giv5 above are subject to cont9ual fluctuation1 & are quot$ m = ! purpose ( %[+ ! g5]al proportions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! und]tak+ ?an to give an exact total ( ! =ce employ$4 ,"s acc\nt has already be5 giv5 ( ! activities ( ! m5 employ$ on excavation1 on locks & dams1 & on ! railway4 ,^? ent]$ "u ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ma*9]y & ,build+s are *>g$ n only ) ?is "w 9 ! ,zone1 b also ) ! pav+ & o!r improvem5ts 9 ! cities ( ,colon & ,panama4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sanitation also und]takes ! hygi5e ( ^! two cities1 no small "p ( its responsibilities4 ,! ,republic ( ,panama provides ! cities ) police1 :o are ,panamanians4 ,! police =ce ( ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission 7,dep>tm5t ( ,civil ,adm9i/ration7 numb]s #bjj1 ( :om #hh are ! ,we/ ,indians already m5tion$ & ! rema9d] :ite ,am]icans4 ,! =ce is num]ically small1 b ! p[] to deport all undesirable p]sons is ( great assi/ance4 ,moreov]1 z ! ,zone is practically inaccessible except f ! ports ( ,colon & ,panama1 a fairly complete wat* c be kept on all entries4 ,aft] mak+ due all[ance = all ^! advantages1 h[ev]1 "o _c b be impress$1 n only by ! ord]1 b by ! respectability ( ! ,i/hmus1 :i* is s+ul>ly free f any?+ unseemly4 ,a scatt]$ =ce ( #bjj w\ld be insuffici5t to deal ) tumult among s l>ge a population ( m51 b !re is ma9ta9$ at ,obispo1 a c5tral po9t1 a =ce ( ab\t #cej ,unit$ ,/ates ,m>9es4 ,! "w ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sanitation is ( su* prim>y int]e/ & importance1 especially to geograph]s1 t ,i deal ) x sep>ately 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,heal? ,,on ,,! ,,i/hmus ,,& ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,race ,,9 ,,! ,,tropics ,yell[ ,fev]4 ,,! cities ( ,colon & ,panama h nev] be5 p>ticul>ly unheal?y to ! ,panamanian born1 :e!r :ite or col\r$1 or to ! ,we/ ,indian /rang]4 ,?is population has m]ely be5 subject to ! mal>ia common to equatorial t[ns1 especially :5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( swamps1 & to ! evils :i* att5d imp]fect sanitation 9 a hot climate4 ,! int]v5+ c\ntry is v mal>i\s 9 ! l[-ly+ p>ts1 less s on ! hilly divide1 diff]+ 9 no way f o!r simil> localities 9 ! same latitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,,read+ ,,room1 ,,employees' ,,club1 ,,culebra4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hall ,,( ,,employees' ,,club1 ,,culebra4 ,! reputation ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama z a dea?-trap is due to ! sickness :i* 7previ\s to #aijf7 has always be5 preval5t among :ite /rang]s1 & mo/ o!r visitors1 & p>ticul>ly to ! high p]c5tage ( dea? f yell[ fev]4 ,to ?is %ort1 %>p1 & mo/ deadly disease ! native-born is immune2 h5ce ! affairs ( ! city ( ,panama h gone on well en\gh = c5turies1 z f> z ! resid5ts are conc]n$1 except t travell]s by ! ,i/hmian r\te t>ri$ no long] ?an !y c\ld help4 ,:5ev] l>ge numb]s ( /rang]s h congregat$ on ! ,i/hmus1 z dur+ ! ,cali=nian gold-ru%1 ! con/ruction ( ! railway1 & ! ,canal con/ruction ( ! ,fr5* ,companies1 !re has be5 an epidemic ( yell[ fev] among !m1 & a v l>ge proportion ( cases h t]m9at$ fatally4 ,! immunity :i* ! ,we/ ,indian negro enjoys f ?is disease gave him a sup]iority ov] o!r lab\r]s on ! ,i/hmus :i*1 s9ce ! ext9ction ( ! disease1 is no long] 84 ,dur+ ! ,am]ican occupation ( ,havana1 aft] ! ,am]ican-,spani% ,w>1 yell[ fev] broke out among ! /rang]s1 & ! m]e clean+ up ( ! city1 ?\gh c>ri$ out ) milit>y ?or\ghness1 _h no effect 9 *eck+ ! disease4 ,a m$ical bo>d 0 s5t to /udy ! matt]4 ,?is 0 9 #aijj1 f\r ye>s aft] ,major ,ronald ,ross1 ( ! ,indian ,m$ical ,s]vice1 _h discov]$ ! cause ( mal>ia4 ,ross _h prov$ t ! cause ( mal>ia 9 man 0 ! pres5ce 9 8 blood ( an organism introduc$ by ! attack ( ! anopheles gnat 7or mosquito71 & t ! species 0 only poison\s to man if x _h itself become infect$ ) ! g]m ( ?is organism 9 bit+ a man suff]+ f mal>ia4 ,?us man & anopheles act alt]nately z ho/s to ! organism1 :i* app>5tly requires _! co-op]ation = ! cont9uance ( its species4 ,gnats1 or mosquitoes1 z !y are indiff]5tly t]m$1 be+ ?us "u m ?an suspicion z an imm$iate cause ( tropical fev]s1 ! m$ical bo>d turn$ _! att5tion to !m1 & ,mr4 ,re$1 a memb] ( ! bo>d1 track$ ! yell[ fev] to ano!r gnat1 ! /egomyia1 &1 aid$ by ! h]oic devotion ( 8 assi/ants1 prov$ beyond %ad[ ( d\bt t ?is disease is due to ! activity ( ano!r m9ute organism1 :i* lives a d\ble life 9 man & /egomyia4 ,m]e contact ) ! clo?+1 c41 ( yell[-fev] pati5ts 0 prov$ to be no s\rce ( infection4 ,! /egomyia lives ?ree mon?s4 ,x becomes dang]\s only by imbib+ ! organism ?r\gh attack+ man dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days ( yell[ fev]1 &1 ev5 !n1 twelve days elapse be=e its bite is infecti\s4 ,six days aft] a man has be5 bitt5 by an infecti\s /egomyia he develops yell[ fev]1 & = ! next ?ree days 7z has be5 already said7 he is infecti\s to ! /egomyia4 ,dur+ ! ,am]ican occupation ( ,cuba attempts 7 made to obta9 immunity f yell[ fev]1 b x 0 f\nd impossible to regulate ! disease :5 volunt>ily communicat$ by ! bite ( ! mosquito1 & at pres5t immunity is only enjoy$ by p]sons :o inh]it ! privilege4 ,! /egomyia does n bre$ 9 op5 swamps or l>ge bodies ( wat]1 b ne$s %elt]1 & is also incapable ( su/a9+ a long flight4 ,x bre$s *iefly 9 & ne> t[ns1 deposit+ its l>vae ^u ! surface ( ci/]ns or /agnant pools4 ,colonel ,w4,c4 ,gorgas1 ,m4,d41 took *>ge ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sanitation ( ! ,commission 9 ,july1 #aijd4 ,! exp]i5ce ( our pr$ecessors1 he writes1#bg 0 ample to conv9ce u t unless we c\ld protect our =ce aga9/ yell[ fev] & mal>ia we w\ld be unable to accompli% ! "w4 #bg ,sanitation 9 ! ,canal ,zone1 by ,w4,c4 ,gorgas ,j\rn4 ,am4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,july #f1 #aijg1 vol4 xlix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,read+ ,,room1 ,,employees' ,,club1 ,,culebra4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hall ,,( ,,employees' ,,club1 ,,culebra4 ,at ?is "t !re 0 b little yell[ fev] on ! ,i/hmus1 &1 9 spite ( ! arrival ( a l>ge numb] ( non-immunes1 no al>m+ outbreak occurr$ dur+ ! fir/ t5 mon?s4 ,dur+ ,april1 #aije1 h[ev]1 ! adm9i/ration build+ 9 ,panama1 9 :i* work$ "s #cjj non-immune employees ( ! ,commission1 became infect$4 ,9 t mon? !re 7 #i cases & #b dea?s2 9 ,may1 #cc cases & #h dea?s1 ( :i* #ba cases & #b dea?s 7 among employees ( ! ,commission4 ,9 ,june !re 7 #ai dea?s f yell[ fev] on ! ,i/hmus1 & 9 ,july #ac4 ,! ,commission report$#bh t3-- ,a feel+ ( al>m1 almo/ am\nt+ to panic1 spread among ! ,am]icans on ! ,i/hmus4 ,_m resign$ _! positions to return to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile ^? :o rema9$ became possess$ ) a feel+ ( le?>gy or fatalism1 result+ f a conviction t no rem$y exi/$ = ! p]il4 ,!re 0 a disposition to p>tly ignore or op5ly condemn & ab&on all prev5tive measures4 ,! gravity ( ! crisis 0 app>5t to all4 #bh ,annual ,report1 #aije1 p4 #cj4 ,colonel ,gorgas writes#bi ( ?is "t3-- ,we c\ld readily see t if ! conditions z !y exi/$ 9 #aije 7 to cont9ue ! ,canal w\ld nev] be f9i%$4 ,& he adds t3-- ,! ,executive ,bo>d ( ! ,commission itself1 z late z ,june1 #aije1 /at$ t ! sanit>y "w ( ! ,i/hmus _h be5 a failure & recomm5d$ t ! p]sonnel be *ang$ & o!r me?ods tri$4 ,b ! ,supreme ,au?orities 444 gave u /eady support1 & by ! foll[+ ,decemb] yell[ fev] _h disappe>$ f ! ,i/hmus4 #bi ,sanitation 9 ! ,canal ,zone4 ,! total dea?s among employees ( ! ,commission f yell[ fev] dur+ ! #ab mon?s ,octob] #a1 #aijd1 to ,septemb] #cj1 #aije1 0 #cg1 among ab\t #ag1jjj4cj ,! total f yell[ fev] among ! :ole population1 includ+ ,canal employees1 dur+ ! f\r mon?s ,may #a to ,augu/ #ca1 #aije1 0 #dg1 :ile ! numb] ( dea?s f mal>ia dur+ ! same p]iod 0 #ajh4 ,! effect ( mal>ia 9 impair+ physical effici5cy 0 ev5 m 9 excess ?an ^! figures indicate1 = ! fatal cases are a small proportion ( ! :ole 9 mal>ia1 & a v l>ge proportion 9 yell[ fev]4 ,! moral effect ( ! imm95ce ( ! m sudd5 & fatal =m ( disease 01 h[ev]1 z ^! reports %[1 mu* ! great]1 & x 0 ?is moral effect :i* caus$ ! crisis above describ$4 #cj ,9 #ahhc-hd ! ,fr5* ,company lo/ by yell[ fev] #ff m5 out ( ab\t ! same numb] ( employees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,previ\s to ,febru>y1 #aije1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sanitation _h done little to improve ! hygi5ic conditions ( ,colon & ,panama1 *iefly ow+ to ! op9ion until !n ma9ta9$ by ! legal advis]s t !re 0 no au?ority to exp5d money 9 ^? cities1 :i* are n )9 ! ,canal ,zone4 ,9 ,april ! yell[ fev] broke out2 ! numb] ( m5 employ$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sanitation 0 increas$ to ! huge total ( #d1ajj1 & ! battle ) yell[ fev] began 9 e>ne/4 ,all cases 7 ei!r transport$ to scre5$ build+s1 or1 if left 9 _! own homes1 ^! 7 c>efully scre5$ ) f9e-me%$ copp] gauze4 ,! object ( ?is isolation 0 to prev5t ! pati5t f infect+ heal?y /egomyia mosquitoes4 ,e dwell+ 9 ,colon & ,panama 0 ?or\ghly fumigat$ ) pyre?rum p[d] or ) sulphur1 & !n cle>$ ( du/ & refuse1 :i*1 ) ! ins5sible b n always dead mosquitoes1 0 !n burnt4 ,! complete1 &1 x is hop$1 f9al fre$om f yell[ fev] 9 ,colon & ,panama has be5 obta9$ by means ( a prop] wat] supply & univ]sal pav+ ) brick or cem5t1 z well z ! supply ( prop] dra9age4 ,=m]ly wat] = dome/ic use 0 /or$ 9 ci/]ns1 tanks1 tubs1 j>s1 & s =?1 &1 aft] ra91 wat] /ood /agnantly 9 a ?\s& ruts & holes 9 ! unpav$ squ>es1 /reets1 & lanes4 ,^! bre$+-places ( ! /egomyia h n[ be5 done away ) completely 9 ,panama1 & almo/ completely 9 ,colon4 ,! latt] city is s l[-ly+ & flat1 & subject to su* heavy ra9fall1 t pools ( /agnant wat] w =m4 ,!y c1 h[ev]1 be oil$1 :i* kills ! l>vae1 &1 moreov]1 x is ,panama1 & n ! w9d-swept1 salt-saturat$1 t[n ( ,colon1 :i* has be5 ! *ief s\rce ( yell[ fev]4 ,! la/ case ( ! disease 9 ,panama occurr$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aije1 & 9 ,may1 #aijf1 !re 0 an isolat$ case 9 ,colon4 ,! infection is consid]$ to be at an end 9 a city ?ree mon?s aft] ! la/ case1 t be+ ! lifetime ( /egomyia4 ,aft] ?is p]iod1 all infect$ /egomyia hav+ di$1 ^? t rema9 are p[]less = h>m4 ,nev]!less1 ! /r+5t measures = _! de/ruction are n relax$1 z1 :ile /egomyia exi/s1 ! g]m1 if re-introduc$1 w be rapidly dissem9at$4 ,?us ! yell[ fev]1 hav+ tak5 toll = f\r hundr$ ye>s ( ^? :o cross$ ! ,i/hmus1 has be5 completely eradicat$ by4 ,colonel ,gorgas & 8 assi/ants4 ,x is a triumph ( sci5ce & ( despotic gov]nm5t comb9$2 & only 9 ?is comb9ation c prev5tive m$ic9e a*ieve full success4 ,!re is "o o!r aspect ( ! yell[ fev] campaign :i* mu/ be m5tion$ be=e go+ on to describe ! fight ) mal>ia4 ,yell[ fev]1 unlike mal>ia1 does n occur 9 all tropical c\ntries4 ,its home is ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,c5tral1 & p>ts ( ,s\?1 ,am]ica1 &1 be=e its ext9ction 9 ,havana1 x has be5 a s]i\s sc\rge 9 ! ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w cases h occurr$ z f> nor? z ,quebec1 9 ,europe cases h occurr$ 9 ,wales & ,france1 & !re h be5 s]i\s epidemics 9 ,spa94 ,x has nev] be5 kn[n ea/ ( ,g5oa1 :e!r 9 ,europe or else:]e4 ,?us 9 ,africa x is kn[n on ! we/ b n on ! ea/ coa/4 ,! fact t x is unkn[n 9 ,india is v rem>kable1 see+ t /egomyia is a v preval5t v>iety ( mosquito !re4 ,x foll[s f ?is t if yell[ fev] once got hold 9 ,india x w\ld probably spread & might "w great havoc4 ,! same is true ( ,*9a 9 an ev5 great] degree1 = su* prev5tive measures z h be5 tak5 9 ,panama w\ld be f> m difficult to c>ry out 9 ! great cities ( ,india1 & altoge!r impracticable 9 ^? ( ,*9a4 ,?us1 z ,colonel ,gorgas has po9t$ out1 if ! ,canal _h be5 con/ruct$ 9 spite ( yell[ fev]1 & if t disease _h be5 all[$ !n to p]si/ at ,panama1 ! disease might n improbably h be5 c>ri$ to ,asia1 = ! ?ree mon?s ( life ( /egomyia is ample = ! voyage4 ,9 ?is ev5t ! ,panama ,canal might h prov$ a curse r ?an a boon to mank9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cut ,,s\? ,,( ,,culebra1 ,,l&slip ,,on ,,left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,nor?1 ,,! ,,sc>p$ ,,face ,,( ,,gold5 ,,hill ,,on ,,! ,,"r4 ,mal>ia4 ,! campaign aga9/ mal>ia has be5 conduct$ on some:at diff]5t l9es4 ,! anopheles1 :i* transmits t disease1 deposits its l>vae 9 clean wat] :]e grass & algae gr[1 & is !re=e almo/ entirely a mosquito ( c\ntry di/ricts4 ,b ,colon & ,panama1 bo? small cities1 are expos$ to ! disease1 z are ab\t sev5te5 little t[ns & =ty villages = lab\r]s along ! l9e ( ! ,canal4 ,z ! flight ( anopheles is n m ?an "o hundr$1 or possibly two hundr$ y>ds1 ! work+ population c be 9 great measure protect$ f _! attack by de/roy+ ! bre$+ places = su* a di/ance on ei!r side ( ! dwell+ & work+ places4 ,?is 9 itself is a l>ge task1 :i* c\ld n be c>ri$ out 9 a %ort "t1 & :ile 9 progress ! ,sanit>y ,dep>tm5t reli$ ma9ly ^u ! erection ( build+s completely scre5$ 7includ+ ! v]&ahs7 ) f9e copp] gauze1 :i* effectually %ields ! employees aga9/ mosquito attack )9 doors1 & !re=e dur+ ! p>ticul>ly dang]\s h\rs ( night4 ,9 addition1 ! employees are suppli$ ) qu99e1 & recomm5d$ to take ?ree gra9s daily :ile 9 heal?4 ,?is c9*onises ! blood & r5d]s x un:olesome to ! mal>ial p>asite4 ,! effect ( scre5+ is %[n by ! foll[+ example f ! report ( ! ,commission1 ,decemb]1 #aijf3-- ,! fir/ %ipload ( ,european lab\r]s arriv$ dur+ ! dry season1 :5 mosquitoes 7 mo/ sc>ce1 & 7 qu>t]$ 9 unscre5$ build+s4 ,)9 six weeks ( _! arrival #cc p] c5t4 ( ^! lab\r]s _h be5 tak5 sick ) mal>ia4 ,! second %ipload arriv$ dur+ ! ra9y season1 & 7 qu>t]$ 9 a camp n #bjj y>ds di/ant f t ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,! build+s ( ! camp 7 scre5$4 ,sickness among ! m5 0 infrequ5t1 & :5 !y _h be5 ^u ! ,i/hmus six weeks x 0 f\nd t only #d p] c5t4 _h f\nd _! way to ! hospitals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! de/ruction ( l>vae1 & ( _! hid+ places1 is comm5c$ by ! cle>+ ( grass & bu%es1 :i* are cut d[n ) ! ma*ete1 a %ort cutlass ) :i* ! ,panamanian is v exp]t1 ma*ete "w be+1 inde$1 ! pr9cipal role 9 :i* ! ,panamanian is employ$ by ! ,commission4 ,also dit*es are clean$ out1 & heavy oil p\r$ ^u ! wat] 9 tr5*es & pools1 & l&-crabs are caught & ! holes 9 :i* !y dwell are fill$ 9 or oil$4 ,f9ally ! soil is dra9$1 :i* is ! only means ( mak+ ! gr\nd p]man5tly unfit = mosquito bre$+4 ,subsoil dra9+ is ! be/1 a tile dra9 be+ put 92 =1 ev5 9 concret$ gutt]s1 pools w =m1 ow+ to accid5tal ob/ruction1 & rema9 suffici5tly long = ! deposition & hat*+ ( ! l>vae4 ,su* is ! "w ( ! anopheles brigade1 & ! /egomyia brigade c>ry out simil> op]ations1 9 ! neighb\rhood m p>ticul>ly ( ,panama4 ,) reg>d to ! effect ( ^! op]ations ^u ! numb]s ( ! mosquitoes ,i may n>rate my own exp]i5ce4 ,i arriv$ at ,colon fir/ 9 ,janu>y1 #aijg1 & sp5t "o or two nights on bo>d my %ip4 ,?is 0 two ye>s & a half aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! mosquito campaign1 & ! (fic]s ( ! %ip congratulat$ !mselves ^u ! abs5ce ( ! sw>ms ( mosquitoes :i* =m]ly attack$ !m at night on _! vessel4 ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh !re 0 no sw>m ( mosquitoes1 su* z ,i h se51 e4g41 :5 on bo>d %ip 9 ! h>b\r ( ,colombo1 ,ceylon1 yet t ! individuals :o rema9$ c]ta9ly caus$ me discom=t1 & ,i ?9k "s subsequ5t indisposition4 ,9 ,april1 #aijh1 h[ev]1 dur+ two days at ,colon1 ,i did n s mu* z see a s+le mosquito4 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,nor? ,,f ,,railway ,,bridge ,,at ,,p>aiso4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ab&on$ ,,fr5* ,,ma*9]y4 ,at ,panama1 9 ,janu>y1 #aijg1 my wife & ,i /ay$ 9 ! ,commission's scre5$ hotel on ,ancon ,hill1 n c>+ to face ! dirt & squalor ( ! old city4 ,9 ,april1 #aijh1 f9d+ ! city prop]ly pav$1 dra9$1 & plumb$1 we took up our qu>t]s at ! ,hotel ,c5tral 9 ! t[n1 :]e we sp5t a =tnight 9 p]fect heal?2 & al?\gh ?is build+1 n be+ "u ! ,commission1 is unscre5$1 ,i 0 only bitt5 by mosquitoes1 to my k1 twice dur+ t "t1 & ?is )\t subsequ5t ill effect4 ,i may add t ! picturesque surr\nd+s1 n unlike ^? ( "s city on ! ,m$it]ranean1 greatly enhance ! pleasure ( a /ay on ! ,i/hmus1 n[ t !y c be enjoy$ )\t squalid accompanim5ts4 ,i did n1 except on "o or two nights1 ev5 draw ! mosquito curta9s4 ,out ( doors1 9 ! city ( ,panama1 ,i 0 n bitt5 once1 ?\gh ,i 0 attack$ once or twice by solit>y mosquitoes :5 walk+ on roads or pa?s ) %rub or jungle adjo9+4 ,?is 0 ne> ! end ( ! dry season4 ,:5 ! ra9s comm5ce a great] numb] ( mosquitoes mu/ be expect$4 ,natives ( ! ,i/hmus & ! ,we/ ,indies are n immune f mal>ia1 & 9 #aijd-e ab\t "o-half ( ! inhabitants :o 7 exam9$ prov$ to h ! p>asite ( mal>ia 9 _! blood4 ,z ! anopheles becomes infecti\s ?r\gh bit+ a mal>i\s man1 x is evid5t t su* a dissem9ation ( ! p>asite ?r\gh\t ! blood ( ! human population r5d]s mosquitoes especially dang]\s4 ,9 ! same proportion z ! population becomes less mal>i\s1 s ! mosquitoes become less dang]\s1 & !oretically a mill5nium is possible 9 :i* man & anopheles1 mutually purg$ ( ! mal>ial organism1 may live happily toge!r4 ,un=tunately1 a mal>i\s man x is believ$ rema9s infecti\s to anopheles = no less ?an ?ree ye>s1 in/ead ( ! ?ree days' limit ( yell[ fev]1 & ?is greatly increases ! difficulty ( ext]m9at+ mal>ia4 ,dur+ #aijf1 ) a =ce ( #bf1jjj1 !re 7 #ba1gci cases ( mal>ia admitt$ to ! ,commission ,hospitals1 & ! dea?-rate f ?is disease 0 among :ites #b p] ?\s&1 among negroes #h p] ?\s&4 ,9 #aijg1 ) a =ce ( #ci1jjj1 !re 7 #af1gec cases1 ! dea?-rate among :ites be+ #c p] ?\s& & among negroes #d p] ?\s&4 ,! increase among :ites 0 due to ! great] proportion ( ! ,european lab\r]s1 ^: circum/ances are diff]5t f ^? ( ! skill$ artisans & ! scre5$ cl]ical /aff ( ,am]icans4 ,! total dea?-rate f all causes 9 #aijg is %[n bel[3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,av]age ,total ,annual ,dea? ,numb]4 ,dea?s4 ,rate p] ,?\s&4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,:ite ,employees #aj1gji #agi #af4ga ,black ,employees #bh1fcd #iec #cc4bh ---------------------------------- ,total #ci1cdc #a1acb #bh4gg ---------------------------------------- ----------------- --b accid5ts acc\nt = a consid]able proportion ( ! dea?s4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod ! av]age numb] ( ,am]ican wom5 & *ildr5 9 ,commission qu>t]s 0 #a1ccg1 among :om occurr$ n9e dea?s1 an av]age annual dea?-rate ( #f4gc p] ?\s&4 ,9 addition to mal>ia !re is "o o!r disease :i* proves fatal to consid]able numb]s ( employees1 attack+ pr9cipally ! black lab\r]s4 ,?is is pneumonia1 to :i* are attribut$ altoge!r #cbh dea?s z aga9/ #aed f mal>ia4 ,x appe>s t special rese>* is ne$$ into ! cause & prev5tion ( ?is disease among negroes 9 ! tropics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 #aijg no less ?an #ga1jjj p]sons arriv$ on ! ,i/hmus1 all ( :om _h to pass ! ,commission doctor at ! entrance port4 ,all b transi5ts are vacc9at$ on arrival1 & great wat*fulness is ex]cis$ aga9/ ! introduction ( any new disease f abroad4 ,?us1 :5 bubonic plague broke out at ,guayaquil1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sanitation comm5c$ a campaign aga9/ rats z a precaution aga9/ ! spread ( ! disease 7:i* is propagat$ by ! rat flea7 9 case qu>ant9e measures fail$ to keep x out4 ,aga91 :5 "o or two cases ( rabies rec5tly occurr$ on ! ,i/hmus1 all dogs = :om an own] c\ld n be f\nd 7 at once de/roy$4 ,life on ! ,i/hmus1 & on ! ,future ( ! ,:ite ,man 9 ! ,tropics4 ,! ,canal ,zone n[ be+ heal?y1 ! life ( ! ,am]icans is a *e]ful z well z a busy "o4 ,! climate1 to :i* ! local diseases us$ to be attribut$1 is n by any means :olly bad4 ,!re are really two climates1 t ( ! ,atlantic seabo>d & t ( ! ,pacific side4 ,colon is some:at try+ on acc\nt ( ! humidity1 b a heal?y trade-w9d bl[s4 ,! t[n ( ,panama1 ?\gh receiv+ mu* less ra91 is also some:at humid1 ow+ to !re be+ less breeze4 ,! temp]ature1 h[ev]1 is l[] ?an t ( ! great cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ev5 9 ! ,nor?1 dur+ summ] heat-waves1 ! h\rs ( sun%9e are %ort]1 & ! g5]al feel+ ( oppression is1 ,i ?9k1 di/9ctly less4 ,! ,ancon suburb1 :]e ! ,commission build+s are situate1 is free f ! humidity ( ! l[-ly+ city4 ,! high l&s at or ne> ,culebra1 :]e a l>ge "p ( ! ,am]ican population n[ resides 9 scre5$ wood5 build+s1 enjoy 9 ! dry season a brac+ climate1 a fre% dry w9d bl[+ across ! divide1 imp>t+ a s5se ( exhil>ation1 :i* is height5$ by ! f9e sc5]y1 ! pleasant sc5ts ( ! surr\nd+ woodl&1 & ! ord]$ activity ( ! life4 ,amid/ su* circum/ances ! ,canal (ficial f9ds x easy to "w h>d4 ,i notic$ 9 ?is a great contra/ to ! condition t5 ye>s ago at ,ismailia1 ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,suez ,canal ,adm9i/ration4 ,?is place1 be=e ,major ,e4 ,ross's discov]ies1 suff]$ sev]ely f mal>ia1 & ! (ficials ( ! ,adm9i/ration1 "s ( :om _h resid$ !re = tw5ty ye>s or m1 7 9 _m cases saturat$ ) mal>ial poison4 ,"w = !m 0 a burd51 bravely borne inde$1 b tak5 up ea* day ) a sigh4 ,i sp5t ab\t a =tnight !re 9 a hot season conduct+ "s inve/igations ^u ! =ms & movem5t ( drift+ s&-dunes4 ,i suff]$ dur+ "p ( ! "t f fev]1 & only kept on work+ ) an ef=t1 :]eas on ! ,i/hmus ,i enjoy$ m ?an usual vig\r4 ,at ,culebra1 inde$1 ! dry season is s brac+ t ! arrival ( ! ra9s is welcome = ! soo?+ effect ( great] humidity1 z well z on acc\nt ( dim9i%$ du/4 ,! :ite woolly cl\d or mi/ :i* !n wraps r\nd ! hill-tops is no long] ! :ite dea?1 z x 0 call$ 9 ! days ( ! ,fr5* ,company1 :5 ! vap\rs 7 cr$it$ ! poison :i* really lurks 9 ! mosquito4 ,ev5 n[1 h[ev]1 !re is an increase 9 ! numb] ( mosquitoes1 & "s increase 9 mal>ia1 :5 ! ra9s come4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gang ,,( ,,european ,,lab\r]s 7,,9 #aijg74 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,=m] ,,hot-,,b$ ,,( ,,mal>ia1 ,,n[ ,,dra9$4 ,n only d ! m5 look well1 b ! wom5 & *ildr5 also4 ,! wom5 9 g5]al h ! same appe>ance z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 p]fectly dress$1 z always1 quiet 9 mann]1 & app>5tly happy1 ?\gh occasionally some:at bor$4 ,to ! wife1 n hav+ ! absorb+ int]e/ ( ! ,canal "w1 ! ,i/hmus is g5]ally less int]e/+ ?an to h] husb&1 b ( late !re h gr[n up organisations = promot+ intellectual & o!r social int]c\rse :i* are rapidly reliev+ ! ?reat5$ ennui4 ,! *ildr51 on ! o!r h&1 look actually happi] & /rong] ?an !y d 9 ! cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y are 9 ! op5 air all day1 = sun/roke is r>e on ! ,i/hmus2 !y are bronz$1 active1 fe>less 9 be>+1 & app>5tly ?or\ghly satisfi$ ) !mselves & ) _! surr\nd+s4 ,ev5 :5 )9 doors !y are /ill 9 a s5se 9 ! op5 air1 = ! w9d[s are unglaz$1 & ! h\ses are con/ruct$ s z to secure a free circulation ( air4 ,x has be5 said t ! possession ( ,india taught ! ,engli% ! value ( ! cold ba?1 an in/itution :i* has be5 sl[ly adopt$ f u by o!r ,nor!rn nations 9 ,europe4 ,p]haps ! possession ( ! ,canal ,zone w lead to ! salut>y op5-w9d[ habit1 :i* is n yet g5]al 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,commission clubs = gold-employees at ! pr9cipal /ations are commodi\s /ructures1 admirably design$ = social recreation2 _! managem5t is entru/$ to ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association4 ,!re are well-equipp$ read+ & writ+ rooms & gymnasia1 ma9ly us$ by ! m51 b ! int]e/s ( ! wom5 & *ildr5 are n neglect$1 & = ! la/ playrooms are provid$4 ,! l>ge halls are us$ = ent]ta9m5ts & = meet+s ( ! num]\s b5evol5t secret societies :i* h be5 s important a factor 9 ! prelim9>y organisation ( ,am]ican society 9 newly settl$ t]ritories4 ,9 ! clubs only s(t dr9ks are provid$1 b ,i c te/ify to _! excell5t effects4 ,! "q :e!r ! :ite race c make a home 9 ! tropics dep5ds ultimately ^u ! tropical baby--^u 8 own heal? & t ( 8 "m4 ,! ,am]ican occupation is /ill rec5t1 b z f> z exp]i5ce goes x seems t ! :ite *ildr5 born on ! ,i/hmus h n %[n unusual delicacy1 & ! mo!rs h made a normal1 ?\gh sometimes r sl[1 recov]y f conf9em5t4 ,! views ( ,colonel ,gorgas ^u ! future ( ! :ite race 9 ! tropics des]ve quotation4 ,he writes#ca3-- ,i ?9k ! sanit>ian c n[ %[ t any population com+ into ! tropics c protect itself aga9/ ^! two diseases mal>ia & yell[ fev] by measures t are bo? simple & inexp5sive2 t ) ^! two diseases elim9at$ life 9 ! tropics = ! ,anglo-,saxon w be m heal?ful ?an 9 ! temp]ate zones2 t gradually1 )9 ! next two or ?ree c5turies1 tropical c\ntries1 :i* (f] a mu* great] return = man's lab\r ?an d ! temp]ate zones1 w be settl$ up by ! :ite races1 & t aga9 ! c5tres ( weal?1 civilisation & population w be 9 ! tropics1 z !y 7 9 ! dawn ( man's hi/ory1 r ?an 9 ! temp]ate zone1 z at pres5t4 #ca ,sanitation 9 ! ,canal ,zone4 ,9 ?is connection ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to ref] to an int]e/+ sugge/ion made 9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation by ,colonel ,gorgas1 al?\gh ,i omitt$ to inquire if x _h be5 publi%$4 ,?is sugge/ion 0 t ! records ( ! movem5ts ( great armies "u ! rul]s ( anci5t ,mesopotamia & ,egypt indicate t mal>ia did n !n exi/ 9 ! ne>] ,ea/1 & t mal>ia1 l yell[ fev]1 0 once a local disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne> ,,! ,,site ,,( ,,milaflores ,,locks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,nor? ,,to ,,culebra ,,divide ,,f ,,ancon ,,hill4 ,f :at ,i h se5 z t\ri/ & travell] 7n z resid5t7 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & 9 ! ,ori5t1 ,i h arriv$ at ! foll[+ t5tative conclusions1 viz43-- ,t ! debilitat+ effect :i* ! tropics h be5 obs]v$ to ex]cise ^u ^? :o come f temp]ate regions has be5 due ma9ly to ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 diseases :i* c be done away )4 ,t ! rapid det]ioration ( ! :ite /ock :i* is usually notic$ 9 ! tropics1 especially ne> ! equator1 is ma9ly due to ! same cause4 ,b t ,anglo-,saxons _c p]=m ne>ly ! same am\nt ( h>d bodily lab\r 9 a con/antly hot climate z !y c 9 ! temp]ate zone1 & ,anglo-,saxon immigrants nev] w be able to d s4 ,9 ?is ,i ?9k ! ,m$it]ranean races--at all ev5ts ! ,spani>ds & ,italians--are our sup]iors4 ,:e!r ! desc5dants ( ,anglo-,saxon /ock :o h settl$ 9 a tropical c\ntry purifi$ f tropical diseases w be able to support cont9u$ h>d bodily lab\r bett] ?an _! immigrant ance/ors is a matt] ab\t :i* we h at pres5t no direct evid5ce4 ,x may possibly be wor? not+1 h[ev]1 t "s ye>s ago1 :5 w9t]+ 9 ,manitoba1 ,i f\nd t "s ( ! f>m] immigrants f ,engl& felt ! cold m z ! ye>s w5t by1 b t _! *ildr5 born 9 ! c\ntry 7 unaffect$ by x4 ,x is ! case t 9 ! tropics1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! equable equatorial belt1 _m evils ( ! temp]ate zone are avoid$1 *iefly ^? due to cold & to sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature4 ,x is ?is equatorial belt ( equable temp]ature & heavy ra9fall t ,i *iefly h 9 m9d1 = x comprises ^? va/ regions ( prolific vegetation :i* appe> capable ( support+ s l>ge a population4 ,! :ite man already rules1 or has m>k$ (f = rule1 ! :ole ( ! equatorial belt1 b :o is to be ! peasant cultivat+ ?is belt8 ,9 ^? p>ts ( tropical ,asia already peopl$ by indu/ri\s ,ori5tals !re c nev] be a :ite peasantry4 ,equatorial ,africa pres5ts great diff]5ces 9 diff]5t p>ts ) respect to native population1 & ! "q ( a possible future = :ite peasantry is !re a complicat$ "o4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 !re are va/ equatorial regions ei!r :olly unpeopl$1 or sp>sely inhabit$ by tribes ( t ,indian /ock :i* has else:]e prov$ s slight an imp$im5t to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! :ite lab\r]4 ,s]v$ by a sy/em ( riv]s unrivall$ else:]e 9 equatorial regions1 already p>tition$ among ,*ri/ian ,gov]nm5ts1 & = ! mo/ "p un9habit$1 ! =e/s & savannahs ( ,equatorial ,s\? ,am]ica (f] ! readie/ field = ! e/abli%m5t on a va/ scale ( a :ite peasantry "u ! equator4 ,by cle>+ ! scrub )9 "o or two hundr$ y>ds ( 8 cottage1 & by employ+ wire scre5s1 ! cultivator c protect himself aga9/ mal>ia1 & 8 crops come n once1 b sev]al times a ye>4 ,if ! ,spani%1 ,portuguese1 & ,italian peasant 7 to turn 8 att5tion to ?is field1 in/ead (1 or 9 addition to1 t ( navvy "w1 great ?+s might come ( x4 ,! circum/ance t ,s\? ,am]ica is a ,roman ,ca?olic cont95t1 :]e ! ,lat9 races are dom9ant1 w\ld enorm\sly fav\r ! exp]im5t4 ,on ! ,zone1 ! ,spani% lab\r] works 9 ord] to save & to dep>t1 ! milieu be+ =eign to him & unattractive4 ,9 a ,lat9 ,/ate x w\ld be diff]5t4 ,9 writ+ ( ! possibilities ( ! :ite race 9 ! equatorial zone x is und]/ood t ! problem relates to ! l[l&s4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 fav\r$ highl&s1 su* z ^? ( ,colombia1 :]e ! temp]ature is at ! same "t mod]ate & equable & ! climate appe>s admirably adapt$ to :ite m54 ,a heal?y city life 9 ! tropics w\ld be easily atta9able 9 a new c\ntry settl$ :olly by :ite p & "u a m$ical despotism4 ,! g5]al1 b non-speciali/1 op9ion ^u ! ,i/hmus is n z sangu9e z t ( ,colonel ,gorgas ^u ! hygi5ic future ( ! :ite race 9 ! tropics4 ,! g5]al op9ion among ,am]icans seems to be t1 z f> z !y are conc]n$1 !y w\ld1 if engag$ 9 ! tropical p>ts ( ,s\? or ,c5tral ,am]ica1 avail !mselves ( ! improv+ means ( transit to revisit frequ5tly ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & w\ld rely ^u su* vacations 9 high] latitudes = ! ret5tion ( _! native vig\r4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,on ,,! ,,%ort5+ ,,( ,,di/ances ,,by ,,sea1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,/eam%ips ,,available ,,= ,,canal ,,transit ,! ,%ort5+ ( ,di/ances by ,sea4 ,,z ! sole object ( a %ip canal is to %ort5 sea di/ances1 ! figures giv5 9 ?is section are ( prim>y importance to a prop] und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,! figures "h giv5 are ^? = /eam%ips foll[+ ! actual or prospective r\tes4 ,!y are adopt$ f ! figures suppli$ to ! ,canal ,commission f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,bureau & are express$ 9 nautical miles4 ,x is p]haps n :olly sup]flu\s to w>n ! read] t ! app>5t relative di/ances z %[n on *>ts ( ! _w1 especially ^? on ! usual ,m]cator projection1 are v diff]5t f ! real relative di/ances4 ,moreov]1 x is impossible to see correctly ! relative di/ances betwe5 places f> ap>t on a globe1 = ! =e%ort5+ ( ! r\nd$ surface produces di/ortion4 ,by apply+ a measur+ tape to ! globe ! true relative di/ances c be readily asc]ta9$4 ,?is is a salut>y ex]cise & s]ves to correct ! errone\s notions :i* t5d to fix !mselves 9 ! m9ds ( all ( u ow+ to ! appe>ance ( ! surface ( ! globe on ! plane ( ! pap] or on ! plane ( vision4 ,su* a measurem5t ( %orte/ di/ances w\ld give a v fair notion ( ! actual r$uctions due to ! ,suez & ,panama ,canals1 b !re w\ld /ill be consid]able diff]5ces betwe5 ^! figures & ! di/ance calculat$ f ! actual c\rses pursu$ by /eam%ips1 :i* 9 :at foll[s w be ref]r$ to simply z ! di/ance betwe5 ports4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rio ,,gr&e1 ,,ne> ,,la ,,boca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rio ,,gr&e1 ,,f ,,ancon ,,hill4 ,! mo/ notable effect ( ! ,panama ,canal w be ! r$uction ( di/ance betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ports ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,tak+ ,new ,york z our port ( reckon+ on ! ,atlantic1 ! di/ance !nce to ,panama & all ports nor? !re( on ! ,pacific seabo>d ( ,c5tral & ,nor? ,am]ica w be r$uc$ by #h1dae miles4 ,! r$uction ( di/ance f ,new ,york to ! ,pacific ports ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 on ! o!r h&1 is n con/ant1 b v>ies f ! above maximum ( #h1dae miles at ,panama to a m9imum ( ab\t #a1jjd miles at ,punta ,ar5as 79 ! ,/raits ( ,magellan74 ,! av]age %ort5+ on ?is coa/ is !re=e #h1dae #a1jjd ------------- #d1gji miles4 #b ,! actual %ort5+ to ,iquique1 ! nitrate port 9 ,*ile1 is #e1bjj miles4 ,we %all n be f> out 9 say+ briefly t ! di/ance betwe5 ,new ,york & ,s\? ,am]ican ,pacific ports w be %ort5$ by an av]age ( #e1jjj miles4 ,! ,canal %ort5s ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! ,am]icas & ! ports ( ,europe also1 ?\gh 9 a less] degree4 ,?us1 tak+ ,liv]pool z our example 7& ! r$uctions are mu* ! same = ,london1 ,antw]p1 or ,hamburg71 ! ,canal w %ort5 ! di/ance to ,panama & all ports on ! coa/ to ! nor? by a con/ant quantity1 viz41 #f1jdf miles4 ,! r$uction to ,pacific ports s\? ( ,panama is n a con/ant b a v>iable quantity1 rang+ f ! above maximum ( #f1jdf miles at ,panama itself to z]o at a po9t betwe5 ,punta ,ar5as & ,coronel 7! mo/ s\!rn indu/rial port ( ,*ile74 ,we may put ! av]age %ort5+ ( di/ance betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,s\? ,am]ican ,pacific ports at ab\t #b1fjj miles4 ,view+ ! :ole matt] f ! /&po9t ( ! ,pacific ports ( ! ,am]icas1 we see an absolute comm]cial advantage accru+ to !m all 9 ! dim9i%$ di/ance to ! ,atlantic & ,gulf ports ( ,nor? ,am]ica & to ! ports ( ,europe4 ,view+ ! matt] f ! /&po9t ( ! ,atlantic & ,gulf ports ( ,nor? ,am]ica--to fix our ideas we w say f ! /&po9t ( ,new ,york--we see ! same absolute advantage plus a competitive advantage1 9 t ! r$uction is great] = ,new ,york ?an = ,liv]pool 7i4e41 ,europe74 ,z ! _w is at pres5t con/itut$1 /eam]s f ,new ,york & f ,liv]pool proce$+ to ^! ,pacific ports all pass ,p]nambuco1 9 ,brazil1 ne> ! ea/]nmo/ po9t ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 n f> s\? ( ! equator4 ,?is port is #d1jff miles f ,liv]pool & #c1fif miles f ,new ,york1 s t1 by sea1 ,san ,francisco is only #cgj miles ne>] to ,new ,york ?an to ,liv]pool4 ,b ,colon is #d1gbj miles f ,liv]pool & only #a1ifa f ,new ,york1 s t via ! ,canal all ! ,pacific ports ( ! ,am]icas are #b1gei miles ne>] to ,new ,york ?an to ,liv]pool4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u next consid] ! ,canal z ! />t+ place = ,transpacific voyages1 ! role = :i* x 0 orig9ally project$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ^? days ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez 0 firmly held by ! ho/ile ,moslem1 & ev5 if a canal _h !n be5 op5 !re1 x w\ld n h be5 available = ! comm]ce ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,?us ! discov]y ( a /rait1 or ! cutt+ ( a canal1 at ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama w\ld at t "t h op5$ to ,europeans a %ort] seaway to ! ,ori5t4 ,b n[ t ! ,suez r\te has be5 op5$ = %ips1 ! ,panama ,canal w n br+ any port 9 ,au/ralia or ! ,ea/ ,indies1 nor any ice-free port 9 ,asia or ,asiatic ,isl&s1 ne>] to any ,european port4 ,( all ports on ! we/1 t is to say ! ,old ,_w or ,ori5tal side1 ( ! ,pacific1 only ^? ( ,new ,zeal& & "s 9 ,sib]ia w be br\ght ne>] to ,liv]pool1 & t to an insignificant am\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,la ,,boca1 ,,f ,,ancon ,,hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ancon ,,cemet]y4 ,di/ances are1 h[ev]1 mu* dim9i%$ betwe5 ,new ,york & bo? ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn ports ( ! ,ori5tal ,pacific coa/s1 z ! foll[+ table %[s3-- ,new ,york to-- ,r$uction4 ,yokohama by ,suez #ac1efd #c1gbi miles4 by ,panama #i1hce ,%anghai by ,suez #ab1ead #a1fbi miles4 by ,panama #aj1hhe ,sydney by ,cape ( ,good ,hope #ac1feh #c1hjf miles4 by ,panama 7via ,tahiti7 #i1heb ,melb\rne by ,cape ( ,good ,hope #ac1jhc #b1fef miles4 by ,panama 7via ,tahiti7 #aj1dbg ,well+ton1 by ,/raits ( ,magellan #aa1dad #b1edb miles4 ,n4,z4 by ,panama 7via ,tahiti7 #h1hgb ,s9ce ! ,canal does n r$uce ! di/ances betwe5 ^! places & ,europe 7except slightly 9 ! case ( ,well+ton71 ! competitive ga9 ( ,new ,york is equal 9 all cases to ! absolute ga9 9 di/ance4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! di/ances f ,new ,york to ,hong ,kong & ,manila by ! ,suez & ,panama r\tes3-- ,new ,york to-- ,r$uction4 ,hong ,kong by ,suez #aa1fee by ,panama #aa1gdd ,manila by ,suez #aa1fja by ,panama1 via ,san ,francisco #af miles4 & ,yokohama #aa1ehe by ,panama1 ,honolulu & ,guam #aa1gbi ,ports on ! ma9l& ( ,asia 9 ^! latitudes are ( c\rse ne>] to ,new ,york by way ( ,suez4 ,! opportunities ( a port = comm]ce obvi\sly dep5d 9 a great measure ^u ! c5trality ( its position ) ref]5ce to ! o!r ports ( ! _w4 ,let u see h[ ,liv]pool & ,new ,york 7 orig9ally situat$ 9 ?is respect1 & h[ f> _! situations are alt]$ fir/ by ! op5+ ( ! ,suez r\te & secondly by t ( ,panama2 rememb]+ also t ! *anges introduc$ by ! canals h ab\t ! same effect on ,antw]p or ,hamburg z on ,liv]pool4 ,prior to ! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,canal 9 #ahfi ! r\te to ,asia & ,au/ralia 0 via ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope f bo? ,liv]pool & ,new ,york4 ,?is gave ,liv]pool an advantage ( #dhj miles = all ,asiatic & ,au/ralian ports z well z = ! ,ea/ ,coa/ ( ,africa4 ,= mo/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica & all ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! ,am]icas ! r\te 0 via ,p]nambuco1 & ,new ,york _h an advantage ( #cgj miles4 ,suez be+ op5 b ,panama /ill clos$1 ! r\te to ,asia is via ,gibralt> = bo? ,liv]pool & ,new ,york4 ,new ,york is di/ant #c1bjg miles & ,liv]pool #a1bhc f t place1 s t ,liv]pool has an advantage ( #a1ibd miles in/ead ( #dhj on ! voyage to all ,asiatic ports1 a competitive b5efit ( #a1ddd miles result+ f ! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,canal4 ,! voyage to ,au/ralia f ,new ,york be+ /ill made via ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 :ile t f ,liv]pool is mo/ %ortly made by ,suez1 ,liv]pool is #a1fbb miles ne>] by ! canal & #dhj by ! ,cape1 ?us obta9+ a b5efit ( #a1adb miles :5 ! ,suez r\te is tak54 ,! op5+ ( ! ,panama r\te leaves un*ang$ ! relative di/ances to ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 to ,africa1 & to ,asiatic ports s\? ( ,%anghai2 b x is ,new ,york & n ,liv]pool :i* is n[ ! ne>] port to ,yokohama1 ,sydney1 & ,melb\rne2 & ,well+ton1 ,new ,zeal&1 =m]ly ne>ly equidi/ant1 is plac$ #b1gci miles ne>] to ,new ,york ?an to ,liv]pool4 ,) ref]5ce to ,nor!rn ,*9a1 h[ev]1 x is to be not$ t1 al?\gh ! ,panama r\te %ort5s ! di/ance betwe5 ,new ,york & ,%anghai by #a1fbi miles1 ,liv]pool w /ill be ! ne>] to ,%anghai by #bie miles1 assum+ ! ,new ,york vessel to call at ,san ,francisco4 ,illu/ration3 ,,commission',s ,,hotel ,,at ,,ancon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,adm9i/ration ,,build+1 ,,ancon4 ,^! facts are illu/rat$ by ! figures giv5 on ! next page4 ,ne>] to ,new ,york ?an to ,liv]pool by ,new ,york via ,panama1 ,san ,francisco & by ,great ,circle #i1hce ,yokohama ,liv]pool via ,suez1 ,ad51 #a1hje miles4 ,colombo1 ,s+apore1 ,hong ,kong & ,%anghai #aa1fdj ,new ,york via ,panama & ,tahiti #i1heb ,sydney ,liv]pool via ,suez1 ,ad51 ,colombo1 ,k+ ,george's #b1chc miles ,s\nd1 ,adelaide & ,melb\rne #ab1bcd ,new ,york via ,panama ,well+ton1 & ,tahiti #h1hgb ,n4,z4 ,liv]pool via ,panama & #b1gei miles4#cb ,tahiti #aa1fca #cb ,liv]pool to ,colon1 #d1gbj2 ,new ,york to ,colon1 #a1ifa3 diff]5ce1 #b1gei1 ! subsequ5t r\tes be+ id5tical4 ,let u take a *>t ( ! _w & exam9e ! portion compris$ betwe5 ! p>allels ( #dj deg4 ,nor? & #dj deg4 ,s\? & ! m]idians ( #abj deg4 ,ea/ & #afj deg4 ,ea/ ( ,gre5wi*4 ,?is b&1 9 :i* are includ$ ,japan & ,korea1 ,%anghai & ! ,philipp9es1 ,new ,gu9ea & mo/ ( ,au/ralia1 is ( p>ticul> int]e/ 9 relation to ,canal trade4 ,let u take ! /&po9t1 n ( ,europe or ( ,am]ica1 b ( trad]s resid+ 9 ?is area4 ,ne> its we/]n m>g9 ! ,suez & ! ,panama r\tes to ,new ,york are equal 9 l5g?4 ,ne> its ea/]n m>g91 :i* lies1 h[ev]1 outside ,japan & ,au/ralia & only passes among small isl&s1 ! ,suez & ,panama r\tes to ,liv]pool are ( equal l5g?4 ,on a l9e r we/ ( ! c5tre & runn+ f r we/ ( nor? to r ea/ ( s\?1 all places are equidi/ant f ,new ,york & ,liv]pool--! latt] via ,suez1 ! =m] via ,panama4 ,x ne$s no prophet to =esee int]e/+ comm]cial developm5ts 9 a region :]e ! alt]native r\tes & alt]native s\rces ( manufactur+ supply (f] almo/ equal allurem5ts4 ,i mu/ also draw att5tion to ! position ( ,new ,orleans & o!r ports on ! ,gulf ( ,mexico 9 relation to ! ,canal4 ,at pres5t ,new ,orleans by sea is fur!r ?an ,new ,york f ,valp>aiso & ,san ,francisco1 ,yokohama & ,%anghai1 b x is #eha miles ne>] to ,colon4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! ,panama ,canal is op5 x w be #eha miles ne>] ?an ,new ,york to ^? ports1 & to ,sydney1 ,melb\rne1 & ,well+ton4 ,?us1 z ! ,mississippi wat]way is improv$1 an increas+ proportion ( ! manufactures & o!r products ( ! great ,mississippi bas9 w f9d _! way to =eign m>kets via ! ,gulf ports1 & an increas+ proportion ( imports w f9d _! way to ! ,mississippi bas9 ?r\gh ^! ports4#cc #cc ,among ,we/ ,indian ports affect$ by ! ,canal1 ,k+/on1 ,jamaica1 mu/ be p>ticul>ly m5tion$4 ,n[ situate at ! entrance ( a cul de sac1 x w !n be plac$ 9 a position ( mu* great] c5trality = ! _w's comm]ce1 & a/ride ! r\te f ,colon to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,atlantic ports4 ,?us ! importance ( ,jamaica z a con/itu5t ( ! ,briti% ,empire w be enhanc$4 ,may ! op5+ ( ! ,canal increase ! prosp]ity ( our fell[ subjects :o h suff]$ s greatly f hurricane & e>?quake6 ,9 deal+ ) ! %ort5+ ( sea r\tes x 0 %[n t ! greate/ r$uction 0 t betwe5 ! two coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 b ev5 s ! sea r\te rema9s long] ?an t by l&1 s t ! "q ( comm]cial advantage is n settl$ by a m]e /atem5t ( sea di/ances1 & ! indisputable & undilut$ advantages ( ! ,canal r\te = ! ,atlantic & ,gulf ports ( ,nor? ,am]ica are ^? ( comm]ce ) ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ) ,new ,zeal&1 ,au/ralia1 ,japan1 ,nor!rn ,*9a1 ,man*uria1 & ,ea/]n ,sib]ia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! naval po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 ! results ( %ort5+ ! sea di/ance f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco are sc>cely dim9i%$ by ! fact ( railway communication1 s9ce only crews & /ores1 & n w>%ips1 c be transport$ by rail4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! effect ( ! ,canal ^u ! naval position ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! /ud5t ( affairs mu/1 9 addition to ! in=mation giv5 above1 exam9e ! positions relatively to ! ,canal ( ! possessions1 p>ticul>ly ! insul> possessions1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( o!r naval ,p[]s4 ,?is w enable him to gauge = himself ! m p]man5t factors :i* det]m9e ! value ( ! new l9e ( communication1 ! opportunities x af=ds = conc5trat+ =ce :]e want$1 & ! responsibilities ( def5ce :i* x entails4 ,) ! aid ( a fairly good atlas ?is c easily be done by anyone acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al facts ( naval p[] at ! pres5t "t4 ,! geographical facts1 :i* are p]haps ! only ones beyond "q or dispute1 are suffici5tly simple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,f ,,spani% ,,=t1 ,,panama4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,squ>e1 ,,panama4 ,on ! ,/eam%ips ,available = ,canal ,transit4 ,! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 9 ! ,report ( #ahii1 di/+ui%es betwe5 ! comm]cial & ! indu/rial b5efits ( ! ,canal1 mean+ by ! =m] t]m ! increas$ c>ry+ ( goods1 & by ! latt] ! developm5t ( production induc$ by improv$ facilities ( c>riage4 ,! tables ( di/ances already giv5 %[ ! pot5tial comm]cial advantages1 & h[ !y are di/ribut$ 9 diff]5t measure among diff]5t c\ntries1 & ^! figures h all ! p]man5ce :i* makes geographical figures ( su* endur+ importance4 ,b ! actual comm]cial advantage ( a %ip canal dep5ds equally ^u a second factor1 viz41 ! available %ip-tonnage4 ,suppos+ a ,panama ,canal to be op5 at ! pres5t "t1 !re w\ld be h>dly any ,unit$ ,/ates %ips to use x1 except 9 transport betwe5 home ports f :i* %ips fly+ =eign flags are deb>r$4 ,! transport to ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,au/ralia1 ,nor!rn ,*9a1 & ,japan w\ld necess>ily be almo/ :olly c>ri$ on by %ips ( o!r nations1 especially ,briti%4 ,! abs5ce ( an ,am]ican m]*ant m>9e trad+ ) =eign ports is inde$ a circum/ance )\t p>allel among o!r nations engag$ 9 mod]n manufacture4 ,_m int]e/+ facts relat+ to ?is /range ph5om5on 7 put on record 9 ! debates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aijh4cd #cd ,congressional ,record1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aijh4 ,at t "t !re 0 n "o /eam%ip fly+ ! flag ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates betwe5 h] ports & ^? ( ,brazil1 ! ,arg5t9e1 ,*ile1 or ,p]u4 ,! ?ree /eam%ips ( ! ,oceanic ,l9e =m]ly ply+ to ,au/ralia 7 !n laid up 9 ! h>b\r ( ,san ,francisco1 be+ unable1 al?\gh subsidis$ = mails by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 to compete ) =eign vessels4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 ?ree ,unit$ ,/ates /eam]s ply+ f ,puget ,s\nd to ,japan & ,*9a1 occasionally rea*+ ! ,philipp9es4 ,! mails f ,new ,york & ! o!r ,atlantic ports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,brazil & ! ,arg5t9e g via ,europe1 s t 9 ?is important matt] ,new ,york is actually #c1jjj miles fur!r ?an ,europe1 in/ead ( be+ #cgj miles ne>] to ^? c\ntries4#ce #ce ,s5ator ,gall+]1 loc4 cit4 ,9 ! same debate ,s5ator ,depew said t %ips receiv+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates mail subsidy1 ! only =m ( subsidy giv51 h to be ,am]ican built1 mann$ by ,am]icans1 & ! diet ( ! sailors z prescrib$ by law4 ,he add$ t-- ,! lab\r unions h rightly & prop]ly tak5 c>e ( _! wages4 ,! result is t ! co/ 9 wages & food to run ,am]ican %ips "u ,am]ican conditions across ! ,pacific is d\ble t ( ,european or ,japanese /eam]s4 ,! relative co/ ( op]at+ ,am]ican & ,european vessels 0 giv5 by ! ,hon4 ,elihu ,root1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 9 an address deliv]$ ,novemb] #cj1 #aijf1cf z foll[s3-- ,! op]ation ( an ,am]ican /eam%ip ( #b1ejj tons co/s #ah1bhi p] annum m ?an t ( a ,briti% %ip ( ?is tonnage1 or #g4ca m p] ton2 & ,! op]ation ( an ,am]ican /eam%ip ( #c1ejj tons co/s #ae1cae p] annum m ?an t ( a ,g]man %ip ( ! same size1 or #d4cg m p] ton4 #cf ,address to ,mississippi ,comm]cial ,congress1 ,kansas ,city1 revis$ by ,mr4 ,root & publi%$ ,nat4 ,geogr4 ,mag41 #aijg1 vol4 xviii4 pp4 #fa-gb4 ,?us x is evid5t t1 9 spite ( geographical advantages1 !re are at pres5t "s gr\nds = ! extreme op9ion sometimes express$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t ! ,canal is be+ built ) ,am]ican money = ! use ( ,europe--&1 "o may add1 ( ,japan4 ,:at attempts may be made to rem$y ?is /ate ( ?+s1 & :at effects su* attempts may h1 are matt]s on :i* ,i %all n /ay to speculate4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,! ,,canal ,,( ! exi/+ canals = ocean-go+ %ips1 t ( ,suez 0 built by a company z a comm]cial und]tak+ to e>n divid5ds by tolls4 ,x co/ #ij1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal 0 p>tly comm]cial1 p>tly indu/rial1 i4e41 ! l>ge contribution ( ! city ( ,man*e/] 0 made n z a f9ancial speculation1 b 9 ord] to promote an und]tak+ likely to develop ! indu/ries ( ! city4 ,?is canal1 p>tly comm]cial1 p>tly indu/rial1 co/ #ge1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,kiel ,canal has fur!r a milit>y purpose1 provid+ a %ort l9e ( communication = w>%ips4 ,x co/ #dj1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,panama ,canal is comm]cial1 indu/rial1 & milit>y1 & w co/ m ?an all ! above put toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,palace ,,( ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,republic ,,( ,,panama4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,flat ,,ar* ,,at ,,panama4 ,up to ,june #cj1 #aijh1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t h sp5t #abf1jdg1jfb on ! ,panama ,canal1 made up z foll[s3-- ,paym5t to ,new ,panama ,canal ,company #dj1jjj1jjj1 & to ,republic ( ,panama #aj1jjj1jjj #ej1jjj1jjj ,exp5diture on "w prior to ,july #a1 #aijg #dc1agb1djh ,exp5diture on "w ,july #a1 #aijg-;,june #cj1 #aijh #cb1hgd1fed ----------- ,total #abf1jdg1jfb ,! am\nt au?oris$ to be appropriat$ by ! ,act ( ,june #bh1 #aijb1 0 #ace1jjj1jjj1 plus #ej1jjj1jjj pur*ase money1 t is to say1 #ahe1jjj1jjj 9 all1 = ! canal1 h>b\rs1 & def5ces4 ,:at ! total co/ w be is unkn[n1 b ,colonel ,goe?als /at$ 9 evid5ce 7,janu>y1 #aijh7 t ! ,canal w\ld co/ at lea/ #bej1jjj1jjj1 & possibly z mu* z #ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,! comb9$ co/ ( ! ,suez1 ,man*e/]1 & ,kiel ,canals has be5 #bje1jjj1jjj4 ,! foll[+ important %ip canals h be5 complet$ = small] sums3-- ,u4,s4,s4 ,/4 ,m>ie 7some:at m ?an7 #f1jjj1jjj ,canadian ditto ne>ly #d1jjj1jjj ,am/]dam #aj1jjj1jjj ,cor9? 7ab\t7 #e1jjj1jjj ,cron/adt 7ab\t7 #aj1jjj1jjj ,well& 7,lake ,erie-,lake ,ont>io7 #bd1jjj1jjj ---------- ,total #ei1jjj1jjj ,add+ ^! figures to ^? already giv51 we h a gr& total ( #bfd1jjj1jjj = ! co/ ( n9e ( ! greate/ exi/+ %ip canals1 :i* is ab\t ! same z ! l[e/ curr5t (ficial e/imate = ! f9al co/ ( ! ,panama ,canal4 ,9 ! case ( a comm]cial company und]tak+ su* a "w z ! ,panama ,canal1 ! *>ge = comp\nd$ int]e/ increases z ! unremun]ative ye>s advance at an appall+ rate1 :i* w\ld surprise anyone n v]s$ 9 ! cumulative capability ( figures :i* increase 9 geometrical progression4 ,=tunately x is n necess>y = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to reckon ! co/ ( ! ,canal 9 ?is way1 & ! ,gov]nm5t h be5 9 a peculi>ly advantage\s position = f9anc+ ! ,canal4 ,! bonds be> int]e/ at #b p] c5t41 & 9 ,decemb]1 #aijg1 7 slightly above #ajc4 ,z all ,am]ican banks h to deposit gold ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury x evid5tly pays to take up & deposit ^! bonds1 :i* reckon z gold1 receiv+ #b p] c5t4 int]e/4 ,moreov]1 ! small am\nt ( securities ) ,gov]nm5t gu>antee 9 ,am]ica r5d]s su* issues conv5i5t1 s t ! ,gov]nm5t c raise money m *eaply ?an ) u1 al?\gh = indu/rial purposes ! rates may be high]4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! paym5ts ( ,gov]nm5t p5sions 9 connection ) ! ,civil ,w> are ye>ly dim9i%+ at a rapid rate4 ,f9ally1 !re has be5 9 ! ,treasury a l>ge surplus ( ca%4 ,?us f "o cause & ano!r ! exp5diture already incurr$ has n yet be5 felt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ,i write ! la/ l9es ( ! acc\nt 9 :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to /ate ! sali5t facts relat+ to a great und]tak+ at only mod]ate l5g?1 ,i recall our dep>ture f ,colon h>b\r on ! ,r4,m4,s4 ,or9oco homew>d b\nd4 ,i confess t aft] ! ,canal ,zone mo/ places seem only half alive1 & ,i long to be back :]e "o c wat* human activities s great & s intellig5t1 :ile ! _s is soo!d by ! balmy air :i* bl[s w>m & fragrant f ! tropical =e/4 ,may ! ardu\s lab\rs ( ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission be cr[n$ ) success6 ,,index ,a ,abbott1 ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,hy4 ,l41 #gf ,alhajuela1 #gg ,am]ica1 ,s\?1 possibilities = :ite peasantry1 #adh-i ,anopheles mosquito1 see also ,mal>ia1 #acb1 #acg ,antw]p1 port (1 see ,di/ances ,arango1 ,mr4 ,r4,m41 #gg ,asp9wall1 ,w4,h41 & colleagues con/ruct ,panama ,railway1 #cj ,asiatic ports1 see ,di/ances ,au/ralia1 see ,di/ances ,b ,b>badians z lab\r]s1 #ajd ,bohio1 ab&on$ site ( dam1 #gj ,c ,cali=nia1 ru% ( gold-seek]s to1 #bi ,canal1 ,panama1 national & comm]cial /atus def9$1 #ci-dc tide-level s*emes1 #eb1 #ed-ee curvatures (1 #fj "t ( transit ?r\gh1 #fd date ( completion1 #ie-f ,suez1 op5$ #ahfi1 #cj effect on value ( ,panama r\te1 #cj dim5sions & co/1 #ei1 #agc ,c>ibbean ,sea1 ,spa9 unable to protect h] %ips 91 #bg ,*agres1 ,riv]1 c\rse (1 #dh sudd5 rise (1 #ea ,*>les ,v4 ( ,spa91 canal project1 #bf ,*ildr51 :ite1 heal? (1 on ,i/hmus1 #adc ,climate ( ! ,i/hmus1 #adj-b ,clubs = employees1 #adc ,colombia 7=m]ly ,new ,granada71 treaty ) ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahdf1 #bh ,s5ate (1 does n accept (f] ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aijc1 #ch want ( sea-p[]1 #ci ,colon1 protection f nor!rs1 #gh yell[ fev] 91 #abi ,columbus discov]s ,bay ( ,limon1 #be ,commission1 ,i/hmian ,canal1 ,report ( #aija1 #cf-cg a second appo9t$1 #aac a ?ird appo9t$1 #aad ,congress1 appo9ts ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 #ahii1 #be ,spoon] ,act (1 #cg-eh ,congress1 ,act (1 sanction+ #he-;foot-level canal1 #aijf1 #ec ,con/ant9ople1 conque/ by ,turks1 #adec1 #be ,contract ,con/ruction ( ,canal1 propos$ by ,second ,commission1 #aad ,cortes se>*es = a /rait1 #bf ,culebra1 view ( works f1 describ$1 #hd-ij ,cut1 =m & dim5sions (1 #ha-hd am\nt excavat$ 91 #id ,curr5ts 9 ,canal advanc$ z objection to tide-level s*eme1 #ee tidal1 bel[ ,milaflores1 #ff ,d ,dam1 ,bohio1 ab&on$1 #gj ,gamboa1 controll+ feature ( tide-level s*eme1 #ed1 #eg ,gatun1 z propos$ 9 m9ority report ( ,bo>d ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]s1 #ef-eh plans (1 ,april1 #aijh1 #gj-gd ,milaflores1 #fi ,p$ro ,miguel1 #fi ,de ,lesseps1 ,f]d9&1 =ms ,fir/ ,panama ,canal ,company1 #ahgi1 #ca plan = tide-level canal1 #eb ,depew1 ,s5ator1 on ! co/ ( op]at+ ,am]ican %ips1 #afh ,dim5sions ( ,panama & o!r ,canals1 #ei-fa ,di/ances1 ,%ort5+ (1 by ,suez ,canal1 #afj by ,panama ,canal1 #aec-afe to ,pacific ,coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #aee1 #aef to ,pacific ,coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aee1 #aef to ,asiatic ports1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa1 #afb ,au/ralian & ,new ,zeal& ports1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afb ,e ,employees1 numb] (1 on ,canal ,zone1 #aab ,eng9e]s1 ,fr5*1 ability (1 #cb ,bo>d ( ,consult+1 ,majority ,s*eme = tide-level canal1 #ec-ee ,m9ority ,s*eme = high-level canal1 #ef-gj names ( *ief1 #aac-aae ,corps (1 ,u4,s4,a41 & public works1 #aae ,excavation1 am\nt (1 by ,fr5* ,companies1 #id by ,am]ican ,commission1 #id ,f ,fev]1 ,yell[1 #aba-acb geographical di/ribution (1 #acj-aca ,mal>ial1 see ,mal>ia ,floods ( ! ,*agres ,riv]1 #ea control (1 #ed ,=e/s1 tropical1 insulate ! ,canal ,zone1 #ci ,=tifications = def5ce ( ! ,canal1 #dj1 #gh ,fr5* ,companies1 excavation accompli%$ by1 #id ,eng9e]s1 ability (1 #cb ,inve/ors1 #ca-cb ,g ,gall+]1 ,s5ator1 on ! lack ( ,u4,s4 /eam%ips trad+ ) =eign ports1 #afg-h ,gamboa1 site ( controll+ dam ( ! tide-level s*eme1 #ed ,gatun dam1 see ,dam ,lake1 #ef1 #fi locks1 see ,locks ,g]many1 /eam%ips (1 co/ ( op]at+ z comp>$ ) ,am]ican /eam%ips1 #afi ,goe?als1 ,colonel ,george ,w41 ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 #bj appo9t$ ,*airman ( ,commission & ,*ief ,eng9e]1 ,april1 #aijg1 #aae ,gold ,roll1 see ,lab\r1 skill$ ,europeans on1 #aaj ,gold5 ,hill1 highe/ orig9al level at1 #hb ,gorgas1 ,colonel ,w4,c41 ,m4,d41 head ( ,dep>tm5t ( ,sanitation1 #aac1 #abe1 #abf1 #acj on ! future ( ! :ite race 9 ! tropics1 #add-e ,gorgona1 work%ops at1 #ig ,grant1 ,presid5t1 recomm5ds con/ruction ( ,i/hmian ,canal1 #ahfi1 #cd ,greeks z lab\r]s1 #ajg ,gulf ports1 see ,di/ances ,h ,hamburg1 see ,di/ances ,h>b\rs1 at t]m9als ( ,canal1 #gh ,havana1 yell[ fev] at1 #abc ,hotels1 ,commission's1 = employees1 #aaa ,i ,indies1 ,ea/1 orig9al objective ( ,canal project1 #bf ,ismailia1 effect ( mal>ia at1 #ad ,italians z lab\r]s1 #ajg1 #ajh z peasantry 9 ! tropics1 #adi ,j ,jamaica1 effect ( ,canal on position (1 #afd ,jamaicans z lab\r]s1 #ajd z policem51 #aje ,japan1 /eam%ips (1 to use ,canal1 #afi see ,di/ances ,k ,kiel ,canal1 dim5sions (1 #ei-fa co/1 #agc ,k+/on1 see ,jamaica ,l ,la ,boca1 tide at1 #fe s*eme = locks ab&on$1 #fg ,lab\r on ! ,i/hmus1 ,*9ese propos$1 #ajf ,we/ ,indian1 #aja-ajf ,european1 #ajf-aaj skill$1 #aaj-aab :ite1 9 tropical c\ntries1 #adj-aej ,panamanian1 #acd ,limon1 ,bay (1 discov]$ by ,columbus1 #be ,liv]pool1 see ,di/ances ,lock at ,p$ro ,miguel1 dep? ( wat] above1 #fh gates describ$1 #fc ,locks1 dim5sions ( propos$1 #fj1 #fb at ,gatun1 di/ance f deep wat]1 #fb ,gatun1 c\rse ( ,canal bel[1 #fb dep? ( wat] above1 #fh at ,milaflores1 v>iable lift (1 #fe ,longitude1 m]idians betwe5 :i* di/ances via ,suez & ,panama are equal1 #afb ,m ,mc,kinley1 ,presid5t1 #ce ,magellan1 ,/raits (1 discov]$ #aebj1 #bf ,mal>ia1 #acb-acg1 #adf ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal1 co/ (1 #agc ,manila1 di/ance f ,new ,york via ,suez & via ,panama1 #aei ,m>9es1 ,u4,s41 =ce ( on ,i/hmus1 #aah ,mauretania1 s4s41 dim5sions (1 #ei1 #fj ,meteorology ( ,i/hmus1 #gf ,mexico1 w> ( ,unit$ ,/ates )1 #bh ,milaflores1 see ,dams & ,locks ,mississippi1 bas9 (1 #afd ,n ,naos1 ,isle (1 #fg1 #ib ,new ,granada1 treaty ( ,u4,s4 )1 #bh ,new ,york1 see ,di/ances ,new ,zeal&1 see ,di/ances ,nic>agua1 canal r\te ?r\gh1 #bh1 #cg ,o ,obispo1 *ange 9 c\rse ( ,*agres ,riv] at1 #dh ,oregon1 battle%ip1 voyage (1 #ahih1 #cd ,organisation1 effici5cy (1 9 #aijg & #aijh comp>$1 #hf-hh ,p ,panama ,canal ,company1 ,fir/1 =m$ #ahgi1 #ca 9 liquidation #ahhi1 #cc ,new1 =m$1 #cc accepts (f] ( #dj1jjj1jjj1 #cg "w (1 #ej ,i/hmus (1 topography1 #dg ,prov9ce (1 revolts1 #ch ,railway1 complet$ #ahee1 #bi pur*as$ by ,fir/ ,p4 ,c4 ,company1 #cb relay+ (1 #ig ,republic (1 indep5d5ce gu>ante$ by ,u4,s41 #ch1 #ci ,p$ro ,miguel1 see ,dams & ,lock ,p]u1 ,spani% possessions 91 protect$ by ,i/hmus1 #bg ,police1 =ce (1 #aag ,pneumonia among negroes 9 ! tropics1 #aci ,plague1 bubonic1 #aci ,r ,ra9fall on ! ,i/hmus1 #ea ,re$ discov]s cause ( yell[ fev]1 #abd ,rio ,gr&e1 valley (1 #di ,ross1 ,ronald1 discov]s cause ( mal>ia1 #abc ,roosevelt1 ,presid5t1 #ec1 #if ,root1 ! ,hon4 ,elihu1 #afh ,s ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 !1 a suppos$ r\te to ,*9a1 #bf ,san ,blas r\te1 #cf ,sanitation1 ,dep>tm5t (1 #aah1 #abe1 #abh1 #acc1 #aci ,sea-p[]1 importance (1 9 ,i/hmian affairs1 #ci ,societies1 b5evol5t1 9 ! ,canal ,zone1 #add ,spani>ds z navvies & z peasantry 9 tropics1 #ajh-aaj1 #adi ,spani% ,w>1 voyage ( ,oregon dur+1 #cd ,/eam %ovel1 rate ( load+ by1 #ia ,/eam%ips available = ,canal transit1 #afe-afi relative co/ ( op]at+ ,am]ican & ,european1 #afi ,/egomyia mosquito1 mode ( infection by1 #abd ,/eph5s1 ,john ,f41 *ief eng9e] #aije-aijg1 #aac-aad ,t ,tide1 range (1 at ,la ,boca1 #fe ,tolls on ! ,panama ,canal equal = all nations1 #dc ,t\ri/s1 attractions =1 on ! ,i/hmus1 #hi ,track-%ift]1 !1 #ia ,transportation ( spoil 9 ,culebra ,cut1 #ia-ic ,treaty betwe5 ,u4,s4 & ,new ,granada1 #ahdf1 #bh1 #ch ,great ,brita9 7,clayton-,bulw]7 #ahej1 #bi ,great ,brita9 7,hay-,pauncefote7 #aija1 #ai1 #cg1 #dj ,republic ( ,panama1 #aijc1 #ci1 #dj1 #db ,tropics1 future ( :ite race 91 #adj-aej ,u ,unit$ ,/ates1 civil w> 91 int]rupts ,canal s*eme1 #cj ,unload]1 !1 = dirt-c>s1 #ia ,w ,wages on ! ,i/hmus1 see ,lab\r ,wallace1 ,john ,f41 *ief eng9e]1 #aijd-aije1 #aac ,wat] supply = high-level canal1 #gd-gg ,we/ ,indians1 relations ) ,am]ican employ]s1 #ajb-ajd immunity f yell[ fev]1 #abb see also ,lab\r ,:ite race1 future (1 9 tropics1 #adj-aej ,wom51 :ite1 life (1 on ,i/hmus1 #adb ,y ,y4,m4,c4,a4 & managem5t ( clubs1 #add ,z ,zone1 ! ,canal1 #ai ,,unw9 ,,bro!rs1 ,,limit$1 ,,! ,,gre%am ,,press1 ,,wok+ ,,& ,,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,canal ,,zone4