Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Engineering & Technology / The Panama Canal: A history and description of the enterprise / Braille

The Panama Canal: A history and description of the enterprise ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

371,862 braille cells · 391 embossed pages at 40×25 · 981 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠠⠉⠕⠇⠕⠍⠃⠊⠁⠝⠀⠛⠕⠧⠑⠗⠝⠍⠑⠝⠞⠀⠁⠞⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠙⠁⠞⠑⠲⠀⠠⠊⠞⠀
⠺⠕⠥⠇⠙⠀⠃⠑⠀⠃⠑⠞⠞⠑⠗⠀⠞⠕⠀⠎⠑⠇⠇⠀⠕⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠃⠑⠎⠞⠀
⠞⠑⠗⠍⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠽⠀⠉⠕⠥⠇⠙⠀⠕⠃⠞⠁⠊⠝⠀⠞⠕⠀⠠⠛⠑⠗⠍⠁⠝⠽⠀⠕⠗⠀
⠁⠝⠽⠃⠕⠙⠽⠀⠑⠇⠎⠑⠀⠃⠑⠋⠕⠗⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠁⠞⠁⠇⠀⠙⠁⠽⠀
⠁⠗⠗⠊⠧⠑⠙⠲⠀⠠⠍⠑⠁⠝⠞⠊⠍⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠥⠝⠊⠞⠑⠙⠀⠠⠎⠞⠁⠞⠑⠎⠀
⠃⠗⠕⠥⠛⠓⠞⠀⠑⠧⠑⠗⠽⠀⠋⠕⠗⠉⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠗⠛⠥⠍⠑⠝⠞⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠍⠑⠝⠁⠉⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠃⠑⠁⠗⠀⠕⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠉⠕⠇⠕⠍⠃⠊⠁⠝⠀
⠛⠕⠧⠑⠗⠝⠍⠑⠝⠞⠲⠀⠠⠎⠑⠉⠗⠑⠞⠁⠗⠽⠀⠠⠓⠁⠽⠀⠎⠑⠝⠞⠀⠥⠗⠛⠑⠝⠞⠀
⠙⠊⠎⠏⠁⠞⠉⠓⠑⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠁⠍⠑⠗⠊⠉⠁⠝⠀⠍⠊⠝⠊⠎⠞⠑⠗⠀⠁⠞⠀
⠠⠃⠕⠛⠕⠞⠁⠲⠀⠠⠓⠑⠀⠗⠑⠍⠊⠝⠙⠑⠙⠀⠠⠉⠕⠇⠕⠍⠃⠊⠁⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑
⠀⠙⠑⠉⠊⠎⠊⠕⠝⠀⠞⠕⠀⠁⠙⠕⠏⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠏⠁⠝⠁⠍⠁⠀⠗⠕⠥⠞⠑⠀⠺⠁⠎
⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀⠊⠗⠗⠑⠧⠕⠉⠁⠃⠇⠑⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠎⠏⠕⠕⠝⠑⠗⠀⠇⠁⠺⠀
⠁⠥⠞⠓⠕⠗⠊⠵⠑⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠁⠍⠑⠗⠊⠉⠁⠝⠀⠏⠗⠑⠎⠊⠙⠑⠝⠞⠀⠞⠕⠀
⠁⠺⠁⠊⠞⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠁⠀⠗⠑⠁⠎⠕⠝⠁⠃⠇⠑⠀⠞⠊⠍⠑⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠁⠝⠀
⠁⠛⠗⠑⠑⠍⠑⠝⠞⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠠⠉⠕⠇⠕⠍⠃⠊⠁⠲⠀⠠⠓⠁⠧⠊⠝⠛⠀⠺⠁⠊⠞⠑⠙
⠀⠎⠕⠀⠇⠕⠝⠛⠂⠀⠓⠑⠀⠺⠁⠎⠀⠁⠃⠇⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠊⠝⠙⠑⠑⠙⠀⠃⠕⠥⠝⠙⠀
⠞⠕⠀⠗⠑⠎⠥⠍⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠝⠊⠉⠁⠗⠁⠛⠥⠁⠝⠀⠏⠗⠕⠚⠑⠉⠞⠲⠀⠀
⠠⠺⠓⠑⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠉⠕⠇⠕⠍⠃⠊⠁⠝⠀⠠⠉⠕⠝⠛⠗⠑⠎⠎⠀⠙⠥⠇⠽⠀
⠗⠑⠚⠑⠉⠞⠑⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠓⠁⠽⠤⠠⠓⠑⠗⠗⠁⠝⠀⠠⠞⠗⠑⠁⠞⠽⠀⠊⠝⠀
⠠⠁⠥⠛⠥⠎⠞⠀⠼⠁⠊⠚⠉⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠝⠑⠺⠀⠠⠏⠁⠝⠁⠍⠁⠀⠠⠉⠕⠍⠏⠁⠝⠽
⠀⠃⠑⠉⠁⠍⠑⠀⠧⠑⠗⠽⠀⠎⠑⠗⠊⠕⠥⠎⠇⠽⠀⠁⠇⠁⠗⠍⠑⠙⠲⠀⠠⠕⠞⠓⠑⠗⠀
⠕⠋⠋⠑⠗⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠏⠥⠗⠉⠓⠁⠎⠑⠀⠺⠑⠗⠑⠀⠗⠑⠝⠑⠺⠑⠙⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑
⠀⠎⠊⠞⠥⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠃⠑⠉⠁⠍⠑⠀⠉⠗⠊⠞⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠠⠥⠝⠊⠞⠑⠙⠀⠠⠎⠞⠁⠞⠑⠎⠲⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠁⠍⠑⠗⠊⠉⠁⠝⠀⠉⠕⠥⠝⠎⠑⠇⠀
⠋⠕⠗⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠕⠍⠏⠁⠝⠽⠂⠀⠠⠍⠗⠲⠀⠠⠺⠊⠇⠇⠊⠁⠍⠀⠠⠝⠑⠇⠎⠕⠝⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.