,,! ,,panama ,,canal ,illu/ration3 ,cl9$9/--,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,,col4 ,,george ,w4 ,,goe?als1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,*airman & ,*ief ,eng9e] ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission4 ,,! ,,panama ,,canal ,a ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,ent]prise ,,by ,j4 ,,saxon ,,mills1 ,m4,a4 ,,b>ri/]-,,at-,,law ,,) ,,maps ,,& ,,illu/rations ,,?omas ,,nelson ,,& ,,sons ,,london1 ,,ed9burgh1 ,,dubl91 ,,man*e/]1 ,,le$s ,,p>is1 ,,leipzig1 ,,melb\rne1 ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,preface4 ,! lit]ature on ! subject ( ! ,panama ,canal is r disp]s$4 ,a full & ent]ta9+ hi/ory ( ! project w be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,johnson's ,f\r ,c5turies ( ! ,panama ,canal 7,cassell & ,co41 #aijg71 a "w to :i* ,i am greatly indebt$4 ,dr4 ,vaughan ,corni% has giv5 ! results ( mu* rese>* & sev]al visits to ! canal 9 ,! ,panama ,canal & its ,mak]s 7,t4 ,fi%] ,unw91 #aiji71 & 9 sev]al lectures1 especially "o be=e ! ,royal ,colonial ,in/itute1 ,june #aa1 #aiab4 ,an inexhau/ible m9e ( in=mation w be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,emory ,r4 ,johnson's ,(ficial ,report on ,panama ,canal ,traffic & ,tolls 7,wa%+ton1 #aiab74 ,! ,report on ! ,trade & ,comm]ce ( ! ,republic ( ,panama = ! ye> #aiaa1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,*alkley1 ,act+ ,briti% ,consul at ,colon1 conta9s useful in=mation4 ,a valuable s]ies ( articles on ! ,panama ,canal appe>$ 9 ,! ,times ( #aiab4 ,! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e ( ,febru>y #aiaa conta9s an au?oritative article by ,colonel ,g4 ,w4 ,goe?als1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,canal1 & ! numb] = ,febru>y #aiab an int]e/+ appreciation by ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,%[alt]4 ,9 ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e = ,febru>y #aiac1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,bi%op1 ,secret>y ( ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 writes a v useful pap] on ! ,sanitation ( ! ,i/hmus4 ,9 8 rec5t "w on ,s\? ,am]ica ,mr4 ,bryce devotes "o ( 8 delightful *apt]s to ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,a *apt] on ! ,panama ,canal w be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,asp9all's ,! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 & _m ref]5ces 9 ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,murray's ,a ,unit$ ,we/ ,indies4 ,i mu/ ?ank ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,lew91 ! ,libr>ian ( ! ,royal ,colonial ,in/itute1 = 8 unfail+ help & c\rtesy4 ,,bu%ey1 #aiac4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,preface #e ,,date ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,canal #aa ,i4 ,,! ,,secret ,,( ,,! ,,/rait #ae ,,ii4 ,,canal ,,projects #bc ,,iii4 ,,! ,,clayton-,,bulw] ,,treaty ,,& ,,! ,,suez ,,canal #db ,,iv4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,failure #eb ,v4 ,,! ,,hay-,,pauncefote ,,treaty #fd ,,vi4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,colombia #gg ,,vii4 ,a ,,m9iature ,,revolution #hh ,,viii4 ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,! ,,levels #aab ,,ix4 ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,gnat #abi ,x4 ,,life ,,at ,,! ,,i/hmus #aec ,,xi4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,con/ruction #agb ,,xii4 ,,! ,,culebra ,,cut #ahf ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,locks #aie ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,complet$ ,,canal #bjg ,,xv4 ,,panama ,,& ,,! ,,i/hmus #bbf ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,new ,,ocean ,,highways #bdb ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,canal ,,& ,,! ,,am]icas #bfe ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,canal ,,& ,,! ,,briti% ,,empire #bhd ,,xix4 ,,! ,,new ,,pacific #caf ,,app5dix ,i4--,,hay-,,pauncefote ,,treaty #cbc ,,app5dix ,,ii4--,,panama ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,indep5d5ce #cbg ,,app5dix ,,iii4--,,hay-,,bunau-,,v>illa ,,treaty ,,clauses #a-i ,,& #bc #ccb ,,app5dix ,,iv4--,,proclamation ,,z ,,to ,,canal ,,toll ,,rates #cdc ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,col4 ,george ,w4 ,goe?als1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,frontispiece ,*airman & ,*ief ,eng9e] ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission4 ,col4 ,william ,c4 ,gorgas #add ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 ,u4,s4 ,army1 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sanitation1 ,ancon4 ,culebra ,cut1 f ,we/ ,bank #aib ,gatun ,locks1 look+ ,s\?-,we/ #bja ,gatun ,upp] ,lock1 look+ ,nor? #bjh ,gatun ,upp] ,lock--,we/ ,*amb] #baf ,p$ro ,miguel ,locks #bbd ,,date ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,canal4 ,conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople by ,turks #adec ,columbus's ,fir/ ,voyage #adib ,columbus discov]s ,bay ( ,limon #adig ,rodrigo de ,ba/idas1 ,balboa1 & ,la ,cosa rea* ! ,i/hmus #aejj ,columbus's ,f\r? ,voyage1 va9ly seeks ! /rait #aejb ,balboa sights ! ,pacific ,sept4 #be1 #aeac ,p$r>ias f\nds ! old t[n ( ,panama #aeai ,magellan discov]s ! /raits t be> 8 "n #aeai-ba ,gonzalez de ,avila discov]s ,lake ,nic>agua #aebb ,! que/ ( ,i/hmian ,/rait giv5 up z hopeless circa #aecb ,gom>a appeals to ,*>les ,v4 to con/ruct canal #aeea ,drake sights ! ,pacific #aegc ,philip ,,iii4 directs surveys = ,d>i5 ,canal #afaf ,engli% seize ,jamaica #afee ,h5ry ,morgan de/roys old ,panama #afga ,pat]son's settlem5t at ,panama #afih ,spani% surveys ( ,tehuantepec & ,nic>agua #agga & #aggi ,von ,humboldt's resid5ce 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica #agii-ahjd ,panama decl>es its indep5d5ce & jo9s ,new ,granada #ahbb ,ov]tures made by ,c5tral ,am]ica to ,unit$ ,/ates = canal #ahbe ,goe!'s prophecies #ahbg ,dut* canal concession f ,nic>aguan ,gov]nm5t #ahbi ab&on$ #ahcj ,briti% ,honduras annex$ by ,great ,brita9 #ahce ,unit$ ,/ates ,treaty ) ,new ,granada #ahdf ,clayton-,bulw] ,treaty #ahej ,panama ,railway op5$ to traffic #ahee ,dick9son-,ayon ,treaty betwe5 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,nic>agua #ahfh ,presid5t ,grant recomm5ds canal "u ,unit$ ,/ates control #ahfi ,appo9ts ,int]oceanic ,canal ,commission #ahfi ,suez ,canal op5$ #ahfi ,la ,societe ,civile ,int]nationale du ,canal ,int]oceanique f\nd$ #ahgf ,grant's ,commission reports 9 fav\r ( ,nic>aguan r\te #ahgf ,! ,de ,lesseps ,company =m$ #ahgh ,company />ts "w #ahha ,bankruptcy ( ,fr5* company #ahhi ,new ,panama ,company =m$ #ahhi ,con/ruction "w at ,nic>agua #ahij-c ,f]d9& de ,lesseps di$ #ahid ,hay-,pauncefote ,treaty #aija ,spoon] ,act #aijb ,panama revolts f ,colombia #aijc ,hay-,bunau-,v>illa ,treaty #aijd ,am]ican occupation ( ,i/hmus beg9s #aijd ,completion ( canal #aiad ,=mal op5+ #aiae ,,! ,,panama ,,canal4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,secret ,,( ,,! ,,/rait4 ,x 0 ei!r v c>eless or v a/ute ( ,nature to leave ! entire l5g? ( ! ,am]ican cont95t )\t a c5tral passage f ocean to ocean1 or1 hav+ provid$ su* a passage at ,nic>agua1 to all[ x to be ob/ruct$ aga9 by volcanic action4 ,?is imp]vi\sness ( ! long ,am]ican b>ri] _h1 z we %all see1 important economic & political results1 & ! ev5tual op5+ ( a wat]way w h results sc>cely less important4 ,! ,panama ,canal w a*ieve1 aft] m ?an f\r c5turies1 ! object ) :i* ,columbus spread 8 sails we/w>ds f ! port ( ,palos--! provision ( a sea-r\te we/w>ds to ,*9a & ! ,indies4 ,! capture ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #adec by ! ,turks int]rupt$ ! anci5t trade r\tes betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,brig&s held up ! c>avans :i* plodd$ across ! des]t s&s f ! ,euphrates & ! ,indus1 & pirates sw>m$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ ,sea1 int]cept+ ! preci\s c>goes ( silks & jewels & spices consign$ to ! m]*ants ( ,italy4 ,! eyes ( all ,europe 7 turn$ to ! ,atlantic1 & an ocean r\te we/w>ds to ,india & ! ,ori5t1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* _h be5 fabl$ f ! days ( ,ari/otle1 became an economic necessity4 ,columbus1 z e "o kn[s1 di$ 9 ! belief t he _h discov]$ ?is r\te1 & t ! l&s he _h visit$ 7 fr+es & isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n ,asiatic cont95t4 ,! geograph]s ( ^? days greatly exagg]at$ ! ea/]n ext5sion ( ,asia1 ) ! result t ! di/ance f ,europe to ,*9a & ,india 0 und]e/imat$ by at lea/ "o-half4 ,?is 0 a =tunate mi/ake1 = x is improbable t if ,columbus _h kn[n t ,ca?ay & ,cipangu 7,japan7 7 a good #ab1jjj miles we/w>ds f ! coa/ ( ,spa9 he w\ld h v5tur$ ^u a cont9u\s voyage ( t l5g? 9 ! vessels ( 8 "t4 ,x 0 9 8 f\r? voyage 7#aejb7 t ,columbus fir/ rea*$ & explor$ ! coa/l9e ( ! i/hmus & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,he 0 app>5tly n ! fir/ to l& on ! i/hmus4 ,t di/9ction belongs ei!r to ,alfonso ,oj$a1 :o is said to h rea*$ ,t]ra ,firma e>li] 9 #aejb1 or to ,rodrigo de ,ba/idas1 :o1 we are told1 set sail f ,cadiz ) ,la ,cosa 9 #aejj1 &1 rea*$ ! i/hmus some:]e ne> ,porto ,bello4 ,ab\t ! do+s ( ,columbus on ! ma9l& we get "s detail$ in=mation f ! ,portuguese hi/orian & explor] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,galvano4 ,x is int]e/+ to read t ! great navigator visit$ ! exact spot :]e ! newly-con/ruct$ canal />ts f ! ,c>ibbean coa/4 ,f ! ,rio ,gr&e1 we read1 ,columbus w5t to ! ,riv] ( ,crocodiles :i* is n[ call$ ,rio de ,*agres1 :i* ha? its spr+s ne> ! ,s\? ,sea1 )9 f\r leagues ( ,panama1 & runne? into ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,x 0 ?is same riv]1 z we %all see1 t became ! fe$] ( ! canal :5 ! high-level s*eme 0 adopt$4 ,s f> out ( 8 reckon+ 0 ,columbus t at ,panama he imag9$ himself to be t5 days' j\rney f ! m\? ( ! ,ganges6 ,"o ( 8 objects1 z we "k f 8 own j\rnal1 0 to conv]t ! ,great ,khan ( ,t>t>y to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ?is entanglem5t 9 :at he call$ ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,sea 0 a sore h9drance to t & all 8 o!r purposes4 ,he began t se>* = ! /rait :i* engag$ ! att5tion & tri$ ! temp] ( ,spani%1 ,portuguese1 & ,engli% navigators = ! next ?irty ye>s4 ,he _h he>d f ! natives ( ! coa/ ( a n>r[ place betwe5 two seas4 ,!y probably meant a n>r[ /rip ( l& z at ,panama4 ,b ,columbus und]/ood !m to mean a n>r[ wat]way1 & rum\rs ( su* a passage no d\bt exi/$ !n1 z !y /ill d among ! i/hmian tribes4 ,he mu/ also h he>d acc\nts ( ! great ocean only ?irty miles away1 & x is r surpris+ he %\ld n h made a da% across & anticipat$ ,balboa & ,drake4 ,9 ,may #aejc1 h[ev]1 he quitt$ ! ,t]ra ,firma )\t solv+ ! great secret1 & he nev] return$ to ! ma9l&4 ,he di$ 9 #aejf1 /ill 9 complete ignorance ( ! nature ( 8 discov]y4 ,he knew no?+ ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica or ( t sev5ty million squ>e miles ( ocean beyond1 to :i* ,magellan gave ! "n ( ,pacific4 ,! ,holy ,grail itself 0 n pursu$ ) m p]si/5ce & devotion ?an ?is my?ical1 elusive /rait by ! navigators ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! i/hmian gov]nor s5t out f ,spa9 w5t ) urg5t in/ructions to solve ! secret ( ! /rait4 ,9 #aeac ,balboa set himself to ! great ent]prise4 ,if he c\ld n discov] a wat]way he w\ld at lea/ see :at lay beyond ! n>r[ l& b>ri]4 ,f ,coibo on ! ,gulf ( ,d>i5 he /ruck inl& on ,septemb] #f ) a hundr$ ,indian guides & be>]s4 ,x is eloqu5t ( ! difficulties ( ! c\ntry :i* he _h to trav]se t x 0 n until ,septemb] #bf t he won1 fir/ ( ,european m51 8 di/ant view ( ! nameless & my/]i\s ocean4#a ,x 0 he1 & n ,cortez1 :o ) eagle eyes1 />$ at ! ,pacific4 ,& all 8 m5 ,look$ at ea* o!r ) a wild surmise1 ,sil5t ^u a peak 9 ,d>i54 ,cortez 0 himself a p]si/5t se>*] = ! my?ical /rait4 ,he wrote home to ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 say+1 ,if ! /rait is f\nd1 ,i %all hold x to be ! greate/ s]vice ,i h yet r5d]$4 ,x w\ld make ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 ma/] ( s _m l&s t he might call himself ! "l ( ! :ole _w4 ,^! va9 attempts _h v important results4 ,!y l$ incid5tally to ! exploration ( ! :ole coa/l9e ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,= example1 ,jacques ,c>ti]1 :o 0 s5t out by ! ,k+ ( ,france ab\t ?is "t to f9d ! %ort] r\te to ,ca?ay1 se>*$ ! coa/ nor?w>ds z f> z ,labrador & ?us prep>$ ! way = ! plant+ ( a ,fr5* colony 9 ,canada4 ,at la/1 9 #aebj1 a sea-passage f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific 0 actually discov]$ by ! fir/ great circumnavigator1 ,magellan1 b x 0 f> away f ! n>r[ l&s betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?r\gh ! p]il\s /raits t h ev] s9ce borne 8 "n at ! s\!rn extremity ( ! cont95t1 ,magellan pu%$ 8 v5tur\s way into ! great ocean beyond4 ,b ev5 ,magellan _h no idea t a few miles s\? ( 8 /rait ! l& end$ & ,atlantic & ,pacific m+l$ _! wat]s 9 "o great flood4 ,t tru? 0 accid5tally discov]$ by ! ,engli% ,drake m ?an fifty ye>s aft]w>ds 7#aegi74 ,drake _h be5 driv5 s\?w>d by /ormy wea!r :5 he made ! discov]y :i* almo/ eclips$ 9 its importance ev5 ,magellan's exploit4 ,9 8 exultation1 we are told1 he l&$ on ! f>!/ isl&1 & walk+ alone ) 8 in/rum5ts to its extremity ?rew himself d[n1 & ) 8 arms embrac$ ! s\!rnmo/ po9t ( ! kn[n _w4 ,f t po9t ,drake sail$ up ! we/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 engag$ ma9ly 9 8 fav\rite pursuit ( s+e+ ! ,k+ ( ,spa9's be>d--captur+1 t is1 ! treasure-%ips b\nd to ,panama4 ,b he did n =get ! m sci5tific duty ( se>*+ = ! /rait4 ,f> nor?w>d he held 8 c\rse1 pa/ ! future ,cali=nia1 till he mu/ h be5 (f ! coa/l9e ( :at is n[ ,briti% ,columbia1 ev] hop+ to f9d ! ,pacific outlet ( ! fam\s ,nor?-,we/ ,passage4 ,b always ! coa/ tr5d$ to ! nor?-we/1 & ,drake1 giv+ up ! que/1 turn$ 8 pr[ we/w>d & cont9u$ 8 voyage ( circumnavigation4 ,b we are ov]-runn+ our dates & mu/ return to ev5ts at ! i/hmus4 ,x 0 ab\t ! ye> #aecj t ! non-exi/5ce ( a natural wat]way became recogniz$4 ,& no soon] 0 ?is fact accept$ ?an projects = an artificial canal began to be put =w>d4 ,x 0 cle> to ! geograph]s & trad]s ( ^? days t an i/hmian r\te we/w>d (f]$ great advantages to ! r\tes via ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,magellan ,/raits1 or ! problematical ,nor?-,we/ ,passage4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! em95ce kn[n z ,balboa ,hill 9 ! ,am]ican canal zone is c]ta9ly n t f :i* ,balboa fir/ sight$ ! ,pacific1 ?\gh v likely a tradition to t effect w n[ gradually be e/abli%$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,canal ,,projects4 ,x appe>s t ! hon\r ( fir/ conceiv+ & propos+ ! project ( an artificial wat]way ?r\gh ! i/hmus belongs to ,alv>o de ,saav$ra ,c]on1 a c\s9 ( ,cortez1 :o _h be5 ) ,balboa at ,panama4 ,c]on _h be5 = twelve ye>s engag$ 9 ! se>* = ! /rait1 & _h f9ally begun to d\bt its exi/5ce4 ,8 ?\ghts turn$ to ! i/hmus at ,panama1 :]e ! n>r[ness & l[ elevation ( ! l& seem$ to (f] ! likelie/ *ance ( an artificial canal4 ,we le>n f ! old hi/orian ,galvano t ,c]on prep>$ plans = ! con/ruction ( a wat]way !re--almo/ precisely along ! r\te *os5 = ! ,am]ican canal ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,c]on's dea?1 h[ev]1 put an end to ?is e>ly project4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d ! ,portuguese hi/orian ,galvano1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 m5tion+ f\r possible r\tes = ! canal--namely1 ,d>i51 ,panama1 ,nic>agua1 & ,tehuantepec4 ,! *oice1 h[ev]1 quickly conf9$ itself to ! ,panama & ,nic>aguan l9es4 ,! read] may feel "s surprise t at su* an e>ly date z ?is an eng9e]+ project %\ld be s]i\sly consid]$ :i* 0 only accompli%$ 9 ! end by ! weal? & me*anical res\rces ( "o ( ! greate/ ( mod]n ,p[]s4 ,! explanation is t ! t9y vessels ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury c\ld h tak5 advantage ( ! natural riv]s & lakes 9 ! i/hmus1 especially ^? on ! ,nic>aguan r\te1 & t f> less artificial con/ruction w\ld h be5 necess>y ?an 9 ^! days ( ! mammo? l9] & w>%ip4 ,*>les ,v41 ,k+ ( ,spa91 seems to h be5 q alive to ! importance ( ^! canal projects4 ,9 #aecd he direct$ ! ,gov]nor ( ,co/a ,firme1 ! old "n = ! ,panama di/rict1 to survey ! valley ( ! ,*agres1 ! riv] :i* supplies ! wat] = ! upp] rea*es ( ! ,am]ican canal4 ,?is g5tleman1 h[ev]1 seems sc>cely to h %>$ ! royal en?usiasm4 ,he may be suppos$ to h kn[n ! i/hmus at ^! po9ts v well1 & 8 scepticism ab\t ! prospect ( canal con/ruction !re 9 ^? days 0 n :olly gr\ndless4 ,! ,spani% hi/orian ,gom>a1 :o wrote a hi/ory ( ! ,indies 9 #aeea & d$icat$ x to ,*>les ,v41 decl>$ a canal to be q feasible along any ( ! f\r r\tes m5tion$ by ,galvano4 ,x is true he recogniz$ ob/acles4 ,!re are m\nta9s1 he wrote1 b !re are also h&s4 ,if det]m9ation is n lack+1 means w n fail2 ! ,indies1 to :i* ! way is to be made1 w furni% !m4 ,to a k+ ( ,spa91 seek+ ! weal? ( ,indian comm]ce1 t :i* is possible is also easy4 ,b ,*>les ,v4 di$ )\t mak+ any practical advance 9 ?is ent]prise1 & a r rem>kable reaction took place "u 8 successor1 ,philip ,,ii4 ,x %\ld be not$ t by ?is "t a p]man5t roadway _h be5 e/abli%$ across ! i/hmus f ,panama to ,porto ,bello1 along :i* ! ,spani% treasure-convoys pass$ f sea to sea )\t mu* int]ruption4 ,! rapidly gr[+ p[] ( ! ,engli% at sea made ,philip fe> t1 if a canal 7 built1 he w\ld be unable to control x1 & w\ld probably lose 8 exi/+ monopoly ( i/hmian transit4 ,s he issu$ a veto aga9/ all projects ( canal con/ruction4 ,he ev5 p]suad$ himself t x w\ld be contr>y to ! ,div9e purpose to l9k toge!r two great oceans :i* ,god _h set asund]1 & t any su* attempt w\ld be visit$ by a t]rible nemesis4#b ,s 8 ,maje/y n only =bade all su* s*emes b decl>$ ! p5alty ( dea? aga9/ any "o :o %\ld attempt to make a bett] r\te across ,c5tral ,am]ica ?an ! l&-r\te betwe5 ,panama & ,porto ,bello4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! k+'s be>d 0 s horribly s+$ by ,engli% navigators & adv5tur]s 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea t ! ,atlantic end ( ! ov]l& trail became almo/ useless1 & ! ,spani% argosies 7 compell$ to sail homew>ds r\nd ! f> ,magellan ,/raits4 ,b 9 #aegi1 z we h se51 ,sir ,francis ,drake 7,el ,draque z he 0 call$ by ! t]rifi$ ,spani>ds7 _h sudd5ly attack$1 captur$1 & scatt]$ ! ,spani% %ips (f ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,s ! i/hmian l&-r\te 0 once m resum$1 & x took ! ,spani>d all 8 "t to hold t op54 ,= _m ye>s no progress 0 made ) ! idea ( an i/hmian canal4 ,w> betwe5 ,engl& & ,spa9 0 ! natural ord] ( ?+s 9 ^! ,c5tral ,am]ican regions4 ,9 #afee ! ,engli% seiz$ ,jamaica1 & soon aft]w>ds e/abli%$ !mselves on ! coa/ ( ,honduras & ,nic>agua4 ,! old city ( ,panama1 ( :i* only a picturesque *ur*-t[] rema9s to-day1 _h be5 f\nd$ by a ,spani% gov]nor nam$ ,p$r>ias 9 #aeai4 ,9 #afga ! city 0 de/roy$ by t wick$ ,wel% buccane]1 ,sir ,h5ry ,morgan4 ,! t[n 0 rebuilt two ye>s lat] by ,alonzo ,m]cado de ,villacorta1 five miles we/ ( ! old site4 ,! project ( a canal across ! i/hmus 0 nev] all[$ entirely to disappe>4 ,9 #afid a v det]m9$ attempt 0 made to plant a ,briti% colony on ! i/hmus at ,d>i51 a little ea/ ( ! ,panama r\te4 ,! pione] 0 ,william ,pat]son1 a ,scotsman1 :o f\nd$ ! ,company ( ,scotl& ,trad+ to ,africa & ! ,indies4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 9 8 ,tales ( a ,gr&fa!r1 ?us describes ! project3-- ,! produce ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 ! ,spice ,isl&s1 & ,ea/]n ,india1 br\ght to ! ,bay ( ,panama1 7 to be transf]r$ across ! i/hmus to ! new settlem5t1 & ex*ang$ = ! commodities ( ,europe4 ,9 ,pat]son's en?usia/ic words1 ,?is door ( ! seas & key ( ! univ]se w enable its possessors to become ! legislators ( bo? worlds & ! arbitrators ( comm]ce4 ,! settl]s at ,d>i5 w acquire a nobl] empire ?an ,alex&] or ,caes>1 )\t fatigue1 exp5se1 or dang]1 z well z )\t incurr+ ! guilt & blood%$ ( conqu]ors4 ,s #a1bjj settl]s set sail f ,lei? 9 ,july #afih1 no d\bt ) a high hope & c\rage4 ,9 ,novemb] ! exp$ition arriv$ & e/abli%$ itself at a po9t ( ! coa/ /ill call$ ,pu]to ,escoces1 or ,scot* ,port1 9 ,cal$onian ,bay1 also nam$ f ! same ev5t4 ,new ,ed9burgh & ,new ,/4 ,&rews 7 f\nd$1 b ! settl]s soon got into difficulties4 ,! climate 0 intol]able1 & ! project 0 oppos$ f ! outset by ! ,engli% & ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,companies1 :o 7 al>m$ on ! score ( _! own exclusive rights1 :ile ,spani>ds & ,indians 7 a p]petual m5ace4 ,brok5 d[n by ^! adv]sities ! orig9al settl]s left ! place1 b 7 succe$$ at once by ano!r company :i*1 aft] "s successful fight+ ) ! ,spani>ds1 7 compell$ by ! sup]ior =ces ( ! enemy to evacuate ! settlem5ts 9 ! ye> #agjj4 ,x is possible t if ?is attempt at colonization _h be5 made aft] & n be=e ! ,union ( ,scotl& & ,irel& x w\ld h met ) mu* less opposition 9 ,engl&1 p]haps w\ld h receiv$ gov]nm5t sympa?y & support4 ,9 t case ! i/hmus w\ld h be5 add$ to ! ,briti% dom9ions1 & a wat]way might h be5 con/ruct$ "u ! ,briti% flag4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ,pat]son1 :o _h p]sonally survey$ ! i/hmus1 positively decl>$ t ! con/ruction ( a canal 0 a feasible und]tak+4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?\gh survey+ 0 c>ri$ out 9 _m p>ts ( ! i/hmus by ,european eng9e]s1 ! project ( a canal 0 nev] s]i\sly tak5 up4 ,x may be rememb]$ t 9 #aghj our own ,nelson 0 at ,nic>agua1 annex+ ! lake & gett+ control ( ! int]oceanic r\te 9 ?is region1 b do+ little m ?an injur+ 8 own heal?4 ,) ! n9ete5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ev5ts began to move at ! i/hmus4 ,! great sci5ti/1 ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 sp5t ! fir/ few ye>s ( ! new c5tury 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,9 8 ,political ,essay on ,new ,spa9 he describ$ ! imp]vi\s i/hmus1 ! b>ri] aga9/ ! waves ( ! ,atlantic1 z = ages ! bulw>k ( ! indep5d5ce ( ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! abs5ce ( any wat] communication at ! i/hmus betwe5 ! two oceans has inde$ _h highly important political & economic results4 ,x kept ,ea/ & ,we/ f> asund]4 ,x remov$ ! we/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica f ! coloniz+ rivalries ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates seem$ = long ages only semiconsci\s ( _! t]ritories on ! ,pacific :i* 7 await+ colonization4 ,ev5 9 rec5t times v few emigrants f ,europe1 :o w5t out ) ! int5tion ( go+ f> we/1 p5etrat$ mu* fur!r ?an ,*icago or ,manitoba4 ,population & indu/rial ent]prise 7 conc5trat$ 9 ! ea/ ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & h only begun )9 mod]n times to move effectually we/w>ds4 ,engl& 0 inde$ s indiff]5t ab\t h] t]ritories along a f> coa/1 :i* c\ld be rea*$ only r\nd ! ,horn or by an almo/ impossible l&-transit1 t 9 ! settlem5t ( ! ,oregon b\nd>y 9 ! middle ( la/ c5tury %e accept$ a ,canadian fronti]-l9e mu* fur!r nor? ?an w\ld o!rwise h cont5t$ h]4 ,%e _h at lea/ z good a "r to ,cali=nia & ! t]ritories to ! nor?w>ds z ! desc5dants ( h] revolt$ coloni/s4 ,! abs5ce ( a wat]way at ! n>r[ l&s secur$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & to ,engl& _! expansion we/w>ds1 b impos$ on ! we/w>d movem5t a v sl[ & gradual pace4 ,"o result ( ! new canal w be a v rapid developm5t ( ^! ,pacific slopes1 especially ^? ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,! effect on ,s\? ,am]ica ( ?is complete sev]ance ( ,ea/ & ,we/ has also be5 v important4 ,! republics on ! ,pacific h be5 %elt]$ z mu* z possible f ,european influ5ces4 ,immigration has be5 naturally re/rict$1 ! population1 especially t ( ,*ile1 kept free f negro admixture1 & ! developm5t ( ! c\ntries effectually *eck$4 ,! op5+ ( ! canal w1 ( c\rse1 h a contr>y effect all along ^! l9es4 ,b1 to return f ?is digression1 ,humboldt describ$ six r\tes 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica :]e a canal w\ld be practicable1 includ+ t :i* 0 aft]w>ds adopt$ at ,panama4 ,he inve/igat$ & discuss$ _m physiographical que/ions 9 connection ) ! subject4 ,!re _h aris5 a g5]al belief t ! level ( ! ,pacific 0 mu* high] ?an t ( ! ,atlantic1 & t a sea-level canal w\ld !re=e be impossible4 ,humboldt decl>$ aga9/ ?is !ory4 ,b x is curi\s to f9d him fav\r+ ! idea t ! con/ruction ( a tide-level canal might h ! effect ( div]t+ ! ,gulf ,/ream f our %ores1 & ?us mak+ ! climate ( our ,briti% isl&s mu* m rigor\s & inhospitable4 ,! rese>*es ( ,humboldt 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,c5tral ,am]ica mu* int]e/$ ! sci5ti/'s great fell[-c\ntryman1 ,goe!4 ,a passage f ,goe!'s ,conv]sations ) ,eck]mann is wor? quot+ z an example ( prophecy wond]fully fulfill$3-- ,humboldt said ,goe! has ) great practical k m5tion$ o!r po9ts :]e1 by utiliz+ "s ( ! riv]s :i* fl[ into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ! end c\ld p]haps be m advantage\sly atta9$ ?an at ,panama4 ,well1 all ?is is res]v$ = ! future1 & = a great _s ( ent]prise4 ,b s mu* is c]ta93 if a project ( ! k9d succe$$ 9 mak+ x possible = %ips ( :atev] lad+ or size to g ?r\gh su* a canal f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 q incalculable results w\ld ensue = ! :ole ( civiliz$ & unciviliz$ humanity4 ,i %\ld be surpris$1 h[ev]1 if ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 to let ! opportunity escape !m ( gett+ su* an a*ievem5t into _! own h&s4 ,we may expect ?is y\?ful ,p[]1 ) its decid$ t5d5cy we/w>ds1 9 ?irty or =ty ye>s to h also occupi$ & peopl$ ! ext5sive tracts ( l& beyond ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,we may fur!r expect t along ! :ole ,pacific coa/1 :]e ,nature has already =m$ ! l>ge/ & safe/ h>b\rs1 comm]cial cities ( ! utmo/ importance w gradually arise1 to be ! m$ium ( trade betwe5 ,*9a1 toge!r ) ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,7 ?is to happ51 x w\ld be n alone desirable b ev5 almo/ necess>y t m]*antm5 z well z m5-(-w> %\ld ma9ta9 a m rapid connection betwe5 ! we/ & ea/ coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica ?an has previ\sly be5 possible by ! we>isome1 disagreeable1 & co/ly voyage r\nd ,cape ,horn4 ,i repeat1 !n3 x is absolutely indisp5sable = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to effect a way ?r\gh f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & ,i am c]ta9 !y w compass x4 ,?is ,i %\ld l to live to see1 b ,i %all n4 ,secondly1 ,i %\ld l to live to see a connection e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e4 ,b ?is1 too1 is an und]tak+ s gigantic t ,i d\bt its be+ accompli%$1 especially :5 ,i consid] our ,g]man means4 ,?irdly & la/ly1 ,i %\ld l to see ! ,engli% 9 possession ( a ,suez ,canal4 ,^! ?ree great ?+s ,i %\ld l to live to see1 & x w\ld almo/ be wor? :ile = _! sakes to hold out = "s fifty ye>s4 ,_m projects = canal con/ruction1 *iefly by ! ,nic>aguan r\te1 7 />t$ & fail$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! second decade ( t c5tury witness$ ! revolt "o by "o ( all ! ,spani% prov9ces 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,colombian ,conf$]ation1 compris+ ,v5ezuela1 ,ecuador1 & ,new ,granada1 a*iev$ _! indep5d5ce 9 #ahba4 ,panama quickly foll[$1 & alli$ itself ) ,new ,granada 7n[ ,colombia74 ,9 #ahbe ! ,c5tral ,am]ican envoy to ! ,unit$ ,/ates urg$ ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t to co-op]ate 9 ! canal ent]prise ) ! /ates he repres5t$4 ,! result 0 t ,h5ry ,clay1 ! ,am]ican ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ord]$ an (ficial survey at ,nic>agua1 & s*eme foll[$ s*eme 9 quick succession4 ,9 #ahbi ! ,k+ ( ,holl& 0 grant$ a canal concession by ! ,nic>aguan gov]nm5t4 ,?is ent]prise 0 fru/rat$ by ! outbreak ( ! revolution 9 ! ,ne!rl&s & ,belgium4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to enum]ate ! _m projects />t$ dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,b x is wor? recall+ t ,l\is ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 :o 0 !n a prison] 9 ! =tress ( ,ham1 became int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 & :ile /ill a captive obta9$ a concession & fran*ise = a canal company f ! ,nic>aguan gov]nm5t4 ,he publi%$ a pamphlet on ! ,i/hmian ,canal "q :i* ar\s$ a good deal ( att5tion1 ?\gh its au?or's int]e/ 0 soon div]t$ to political ev5ts ne>] home4 ,a passage f 8 little book is int]e/+ = its /rong advocacy ( ! ,nic>aguan r\te by ! ,san ,juan ,riv] & ! lakes3-- ,! geographical position ( ,con/ant9ople r5d]$ h] ! que5 ( ! anci5t _w4 ,occupy+1 z %e does1 ! c5tral po9t betwe5 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 %e c\ld become ! entrepot ( ! comm]ce ( all ^! c\ntries1 & obta9 ov] !m imm5se prepond]ance2 = 9 politics1 z 9 /rategy1 a c5tral position always comm&s ! circumf]5ce4 ,?is is :at ! pr\d city ( ,con/ant9e c\ld be1 b x is :at %e is n1 because1 z ,montesquieu says1 ,god p]mitt$ t ! ,turks %\ld exi/ on e>?1 z a p mo/ fit to possess uselessly a great empire4 ,!re exi/s 9 ! ,new ,_w a /ate z admirably situat$ z ,con/ant9ople1 & we mu/ say1 up to ?is "t1 z uselessly occupi$4 ,we allude to ! ,/ate ( ,nic>agua4 ,z ,con/ant9ople is ! c5tre ( ! ,anci5t ,_w1 s is ! t[n ( ,leon ! c5tre ( ! ,new1 & if ! tongue ( l& :i* sep>ates its two lakes f ! ,pacific ,ocean 7 cut ?r\gh1 %e w\ld comm& by virtue ( h] c5tral position ! entire coa/ ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,/ate ( ,nic>agua c become1 bett] ?an ,con/ant9ople1 ! necess>y r\te ( ! great comm]ce ( ! _w1 & is de/9$ to atta9 an extraord9>y degree ( prosp]ity & gr&eur4 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,holl& h a great comm]cial int]e/ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a communication betwe5 ! two oceans1 b ,engl& has m ?an ! o!r ,p[]s--a political int]e/ 9 ! execution ( ?is project4 ,engl& w see ) pleasure ,c5tral ,am]ica becom+ a p[]ful & fl\ri%+ /ate1 :i* w e/abli% a balance ( p[] by creat+ 9 ,spani% ,am]ica a new c5tre ( active ent]prise1 p[]ful en\gh to give rise to a feel+ ( nationality1 & to prev5t1 by back+ ,mexico1 any fur!r encroa*m5ts f ! nor?4 ,! idea ( a trans-i/hmian canal seem$ likely 9 ! 'fifties ( la/ c5tury to prove a cause ( discord1 if n ( w>1 betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"u ! r pu%ful =eign policy ( ,"l ,palm]/on1 ,engl& rapidly increas$ h] influ5ce & possessions 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,9 #ahce ,briti% ,honduras 0 practically con/itut$ a ,briti% colony1 & ,briti% influ5ce 0 subsequ5tly ext5d$ into ,nic>agua & ,mosquitia1 ?us cov]+ ! fav\rite r\te = an i/hmian wat]way4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 e/abli%+ !mselves on ! ,pacific ?r\gh _! encroa*m5ts on ,mexico4 ,9 #ahdf !y acquir$ ! /ates ( ,cali=nia1 ,nevada1 ,arizona1 & ,new ,mexico1 & naturally began to atta* m importance to ! canal project & to feel m s5sitive z reg>ds rival ambitions 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,soon aft] !y _h acquir$ ^! ,pacific t]ritories1 began ! great ru% = gold to ,cali=nia1 & "s %ort] way f ea/ to we/ became necess>y ?an ! sea-trail r\nd ! ,horn or ! we>y wagon-trek ov] ! broad ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,already 9 #ahdf1 be=e ! ,mexican ,w> & ! discov]y ( gold 9 ,cali=nia1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h made a treaty ) ,new ,granada1 by :i* ! =m] secur$ rights ( transit ov] ! i/hmus ^u any modes ( communication t n[ exi/ or may h]eaft] be con/ruct$1 & by :i* !y gu>ante$ ! sov]eignty ( ,new ,granada ov] all ! t]ritories at ! i/hmus4 ,x 0 "u ?is treaty t ! ,panama ,railway 0 con/ruct$ :i* br\ght ! t[n ( ,colon 7=m]ly ,asp9wall7 into exi/5ce1 & 0 subsequ5tly tak5 ov] by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 ,?is railroad made ! i/hmus = ! fir/ "t a highway ( _w-traffic4 ,x _h a monopoly ( i/hmian transportation1 & 0 able to make any *>ges x pleas$4 ,/eam%ip s]vices to ! s\!rn & nor!rn coa/s ( ,am]ica f ,panama 7 develop$1 & ! railway succe$$ s well t x paid d[n to #ahie an av]age divid5d ( #ae p] c5t4 ,x 0 b\ght by ! fir/ ,fr5* ,panama ,company = ! outrage\sly high sum ( ,l#e1ajj1jjj4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! railway really det]m9$ ,de ,lesseps' *oice ( ! ,panama r\te1 & ! imm5se am\nt ( excavation done by ! ,fr5* _h a great deal to d 9 turn ) ! ,am]ican *oice ( ! same r\te1 s t ! con/ruction ( ! ,panama ,railway 0 a highly important ev5t at ! i/hmus4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates took ov] ! railroad f ! ,fr5* ) ! unf9i%$ canal1 toge!r ) a /eam%ip s]vice f ,colon to ,new ,york1 own$ by ! railroad4 ,! rivalry betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates along ! ,nic>aguan r\te became s acute & dang]\s t a v important treaty 0 conclud$ betwe5 ! two c\ntries 9 #ahej1 :5 we may say t ! ,panama ,canal "q ent]$ ! doma9 ( mod]n politics4 ,! ,clayton-,bulw] ,treaty1 s-call$ f ,mr4 ,john ,m4 ,clayton1 ! ,am]ican ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & ,sir ,h5ry ,bulw]1 ,briti% ,m9i/] at ,wa%+ton1 :o negotiat$ x1 held ! field = fifty ye>s1 & became ! subject ( endless discussion betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,h]odotus tells a /ory h[ ! p ( ,knidos 7 =bidd5 by ! ,delphic oracle to make a canal ?r\gh ! i/hmus1 along :i* _! ,p]sian enemies c\ld advance by l& to attack !m4 ,! oracle said t if ,zeus _h wi%$ ! place to be an isl& he w\ld h made x "o4 ,!re is a curi\s resemblance betwe5 ?is /ory & t relat$ 9 ! text4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,clayton-,,bulw] ,,treaty ,,& ,,! ,,suez ,,canal4 ,! treaty ( #ahej 0 conc]n$ prim>ily ) a canal along ! ,nic>aguan r\te--t is1 z ! preamble expresses x1 a canal betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans by way ( ! riv] ,san ,juan de ,nic>agua & ei!r or bo? ( ! lakes ( ,nic>agua or ,managua to any port or place on ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,b z ,article ,,viii4 says1 x e/abli%$ a g5]al pr9ciple relat+ to any wat]way across ! i/hmus betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! two contract+ p>ties und]took 9 ! treaty t nei!r %\ld obta9 or ma9ta9 = itself any exclusive control ov] ! said canal1 or ma9ta9 any =tifications comm&+ ! same1 or 9 ! vic9ity !re(1 or occupy1 or =tify1 or colonize1 or assume1 or ex]cise any dom9ion ov] ,nic>agua1 ,co/a ,rica1 ! ,mosquito ,coa/1 or any "p ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,?is agreem5t1 z ,i said1 subsi/$ = fifty ye>s1 b x 0 sc>cely conclud$ :5 x 0 f\nd inconsi/5t ) ! gr[+ importance & ambition ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e a dem& quickly arose = an ,am]ican-own$ canal4 ,aga9 !re foll[$ a s]ies ( s*emes = canal con/ruction at v>i\s po9ts ( ! i/hmus4 ,= example1 ,dr4 ,edg> ,cull5 creat$ "s excitem5t 9 ,engl& 9 ! e>ly ,victorian days by giv+ a v fav\rable acc\nt ( ! ,cal$onian r\te across ! i/hmus at ,d>i51 9 a lecture to ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,! doctor 0 receiv$ by ! "y que5 & ! ,pr9ce ,consort1 a corporation 0 =m$1 & an eng9e] s5t out to make surveys f ,cal$onian ,bay4 ,a ,briti% & a ,fr5* man-(-w> 7 dispat*$ to ! i/hmus to make inve/igations4 ,b ! surveyor 0 driv5 f ,cal$onian ,bay by local tribes1 & s w5t on to ,panama1 giv+ a fav\rable report ( t r\te on 8 return to ,engl&4 ,b no?+ came ( ^! incid5ts1 & ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> 9 ! e>ly 'sixties div]t$ ! att5tion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f i/hmian affairs4 ,at ! end ( ! w> ,am]ican int]e/ reviv$1 & public op9ion set m & m aga9/ ! idea ( %>+ a canal ) any o!r ,p[]4 ,9 #ahfi ,presid5t ,grant gave ! fir/ public expression to ! dem& = an ,am]ican canal "u ,am]ican control4 ,i reg>d x1 he said1 z ( va/ political importance to ?is c\ntry t no ,european gov]nm5t %\ld hold su* a "w4 ,lat]1 9 an article 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 he said1 ,i comm5d an ,am]ican canal1 on ,am]ican soil1 to ! ,am]ican p4 ,j be=e ! ,presid5t's decl>ation ( policy ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h conclud$ an important treaty1 kn[n z ! ,dick9son-,ayon ,treaty1 ) ,nic>agua1 secur+ a "r ( way = a canal ov] ! ,nic>aguan r\te2 &1 j aft]w>ds1 ,presid5t ,grant appo9t$ an ,int]oceanic ,canal ,commission :i* inve/igat$ f\r r\tes = a canal1 & f9ally1 9 #ahge1 report$ unanim\sly 9 fav\r ( ! ,nic>aguan r\te f ,grey t[n to ! ,san ,juan ,riv]1 to ,lake ,nic>agua1 ?r\gh ! ,rio del ,m$io & ,rio ,gr&e valleys1 to ,brito on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,9 #ahfi an ev5t occurr$ :i* 0 to h a v decisive effect on i/hmian affairs--! op5+ = traffic ( ! ,suez ,canal4 ,^! two i/hmuses 9 ! ea/]n & we/]n hemisph]es h "s obvi\s features 9 common4 ,!y bo? l9k two va/ cont95ts & =m a b>ri] betwe5 two oceans or oceanic sy/ems4 ,!y are fairly equal 9 bread?--,suez1 sixty miles1 & ,panama ab\t fifty-f\r4 ,! %orte/ l9e across ea* runs almo/ exactly nor? & s\?4 ,& !y 7 bo? until rec5t times un9habit$ c\ntry4 ,b !re are _m dissimil>ities4 ,! i/hmus at ,suez is a flat & /]ile des]t2 t at ,panama is hilly & cov]$ ) an almo/ imp5etrable jungle ( tropical vegetation4 ,aga91 ,suez is a heal?y di/rict1 :]eas ,panama 01 until rec5t ye>s1 a pe/-h\se z deadly z ,si]ra ,leone or ! ,gu9ea coa/4 ,mr4 ,bryce 9 8 *>m+ book on ,s\? ,am]ica comp>es ^! two int]-cont95tal causeways f a m hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,he writes3-- ,a /ill m rem>kable contra/1 betwe5 ^! two necks ( l&1 lies 9 ! "p !y h respectively play$ 9 human affairs4 ,! i/hmus ( ,panama 9 f>-(f prehi/oric days has be5 ! highway along :i* ^? w&]+ tribes ^: =efa!rs _h pass$ 9 _! canoes f ,nor?-ea/]n ,asia along ! ,aleutian ,isles into ,alaska f\nd _! way1 aft] _m c5turies1 into ! va/ spaces ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,b its place 9 ! annals ( mank9d1 dur+ ! f\r c5turies t h elaps$ s9ce ,balboa gaz$ f a m\nta9 top ris+ out ( ! =e/ ^u ! f>-(f wat]s ( ! ,s\? ,sea1 has be5 small inde$ comp>$ to t :i* ! i/hmus ( ,suez has held f ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,x e*o$ to ! tread ( ! armies ( ,?o?mes & ,rameses m>*+ =? on _! invasions ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,along ! edge ( x ,israel fl$ =? be=e ! ho/s ( ,ph>aoh4 ,fir/ ! ,assyrian & aft]w>ds ! ,p]sian ho/s p\r$ across x to conqu] ,egypt2 & ov] its s&s ,bonap>te l$ 8 regim5ts to ,pale/9e 9 t bold adv5ture :i* 0 /opp$ at ,/4 ,jean d',acre4 ,x has be5 "o ( ! great highways = armies = =ty c5turies1 z ! canal cut ?r\gh x is n[ "o ( ! great highways = comm]ce4 ,! turn ( ! i/hmus ( ,panama is n[ come1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 x is ! i/hmus ( ,suez t br\ght t turn1 = x 0 ! digg+ ( a %ip canal f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! va/ expansion ( ,ea/]n trade :i* foll[$1 t l$ to ! revival ( ! old designs1 moot$ z f> back z ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 ( pi]c+ ! ,am]ican i/hmus4 ,?us ! comp>ison ( ! two i/hmuses becomes n[ m int]e/+ ?an ev]1 = our g5]ation w wat* to see :e!r ! comm]ce & politics ( ! ,we/]n ,_w w be affect$ by ?is new r\te :i* is n[ be+ op5$1 z ^? ( ! ,old ,_w h be5 affect$ by ! a*ievem5t ( ,f]d9& de ,lesseps4 ,x w be se5 f ?is quotation h[ ! completion ( ! ,suez ,canal affect$ ! ,panama project4 ,lesseps1 fre% f 8 success at ,suez & n cont5t$ ) 8 great a*ievem5t !re1 0 easily attract$ by ! s*emes :i* 7 afoot = con/ruct+ a %ip canal at ano!r l&-b>ri] :i*1 l ! i/hmus at ,suez1 _h ob/ruct$ ! quicke/ l9es ( communication betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,9 #ahgf a corporation 0 e/abli%$1 call$ ,la ,societe ,civile ,int]nationale du ,canal ,int]oceanique1 = ! purpose ( promot+ canal s*emes on ! l[] i/hmus4 ,its head 0 ,lieut5ant ,luci5 ,napoleon ,bonap>te ,wyse1 :o easily obta9$ a canal concession at ,bogota f ! ,colombian gov]nm5t4 ,9 #ahgi an ,int]national ,eng9e]+ ,congress 0 assembl$ at ,p>is by ,lesseps1 ^: p>tisans compell$ a decision 9 fav\r ( ! ,panama r\te4 ,b ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 det]m9$ by ?is "t to con/ruct a canal = !mselves )\t any jo9t control or int]national gu>antee ( neutrality1 oppos$ ! ,fr5* s*eme f ! outset4 ,no am\nt ( bluff f ! ,fr5* promot]s affect$ ?is opposition4 ,! ,am]ican p _h inde$ "s "r to compla94 ,! ,colombian concession to ! ,fr5* 0 q inconsi/5t ) ! treaty ( #ahdf betwe5 ?is ,s\? ,am]ican republic & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is treaty ,lesseps tri$ to induce ,colombia to abrogate1 & e ef=t1 fair & f\l1 0 employ$ to ov]come ! ,am]ican objection to ! s*eme4 ,9 #ahhj ,lesseps 0 fet$ at a public banquet at ,new ,york1 b ev5 ! p]sonal pres5ce ( ! great man fail$ to h ! desir$ effect4 ,presid5t ,hayes address$ a /rong message to ! ,s5ate on ! subject1 a few passages ( :i* are int]e/+ z %[+ ! v decid$ views n[ held by ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t & p3-- ,an int]oceanic canal across ! ,am]ican i/hmus w ess5tially *ange ! geographical relations betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,x w be ! great ocean ?or\ghf>e betwe5 our ,atlantic & our ,pacific %ores1 & virtually a "p ( ! coa/l9e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,our m]e comm]cial int]e/ 9 x is l>g] ?an t ( all o!r c\ntries1 :ile its relation to our p[] & prosp]ity z a nation1 to our means ( def5ce1 our unity1 peace1 & safety1 are matt]s ( p>am\nt conc]n to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no o!r great ,p[] w\ld1 "u simil> circum/ances1 fail to ass]t a rightful control ov] a "w s closely & vitally affect+ its int]e/s & welf>e4 ,)\t urg+ fur!r ! gr\nds ( my op9ion1 ,i repeat1 9 conclusion1 t x is ! "r & ! duty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ass]t & ma9ta9 su* sup]vision & au?ority ov] any int]oceanic canal across ! i/hmus t connects ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica z w protect our national int]e/s4 ,?is1 ,i am q sure1 w be f\nd n only compatible )1 b promotive (1 ! wide/ & mo/ p]man5t advantage to comm]ce & civilization4 ,! read] w see t all ?is is inconsi/5t ) ! ,clayton-,bulw] ,treaty1 "u :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h actually und]tak5 to claim no su* exclusive control z 0 n[ desir$4 ,l5g?y negotiations 7 n[ set on foot ) ,engl& = ! abrogation ( a treaty :i* =bade ! ,unit$ ,/ates to build a canal ( _! own & prev5t$ !m f effectually oppos+ ! ,fr5* s*eme4 ,"l ,granville1 h[ev]1 saw no reason :y ,engl& %\ld ab&on ! treaty solely 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! negotiations 7 fruitless4 ,meantime ! ,fr5* p]si/$ 9 _! und]tak+4 ,_! canal 0 to be tide-level1 tw5ty-eight feet deep1 co/+ ,l#bf1djj1jjj4 ,a corporation entitl$ ! ,compagnie ,univ]selle du ,canal ,int]oceanique de ,panama 0 =m$ 9 #ahha1 & 9 ! same ye> ! "w ( con/ruction 0 begun4 ,s x look$ z ?\gh ! ,am]icans 7 to lose all *ance ( con/ruct+ an i/hmian canal "u _! own control4 ,ev5ts1 h[ev]1 7 to decide o!rwise4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,failure4 ,! ,fr5* company began "w on ! i/hmus 9 ,febru>y1 & su* a rake's progress set 9 z ! _w has seldom se54 ,! "n ( ,f]d9& de ,lesseps inspir$ su* confid5ce t pl5ty ( money 0 =?com+ f ! ,fr5* p4 ,a great deal ( x 0 subscrib$ by small inve/ors :o c\ld ill af=d to lose _! sav+s1 & no few] ?an #af1jjj wom5 took %>es 9 _! own names4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! excavations 0 celebrat$ ) a gala p]=mance 9 ! little !atre at ,panama1 among ! arti/es be+ ,s>ah ,b]nh>dt4 ,!n began a drama or a melodrama ( extravagance & pr(ligacy la/+ sev5 ye>s4 ,money 0 p\r$ out l ! torr5tial flood-wat]s d[n ! riv] ,*agres4 ,i h m5tion$ ! exorbitant sum :i* ! company paid = ! ,panama ,railway4 ,all ! exp5diture 0 on ! same scale4 ,pr9cely sal>ies 7 paid to ! manag]s & directors1 & elegant mansions erect$ = _! accommodation4 ,build+ op]ations--w>eh\ses1 hospitals1 hotels1 etc4--7 c>ri$ on reg>dless4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,johnson tells ( a man :o own$ ?irty acres ( l& useful ma9ly z a bre$+-place = mosquitoes1 b ly+ "r across ! r\te ( ! canal4 ,x 0 wor? p]haps #cjj doll>s4 ,! man dem&$ j a ?\s& times t sum2 ! ,colombian c\rts aw>d$ x1 & ! ,fr5* paid x4 ,= "o great mi/ake ! ,fr5* made 0 t !y fail$ to secure a canal zone 9 :i* !y w\ld h ex]cis$ full p[]s ( adm9i/ration4 ,!y began to build _! canal on ,colombian t]ritory1 "u ,colombian control1 & ! consequ5ce 0 t !y 7 fleec$ on e side4 ,probably ?is mi/ake 0 inevitable1 z ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld h veto$ any t]ritorial concession by ,colombia to ,france z a transgression ( ! ,monroe doctr9e4 ,! i/hmus rapidly deg5]at$ into a moral z well z a climatic pe/-h\se4 ,fr\de describ$ ! condition ( ?+s at ,panama 9 "o t]rible s5t5ce3 ,9 all ! _w !re is p]haps n n[ conc5trat$ 9 any s+le spot s mu* sw9dl+ & villa9y1 s mu* f\l disease1 su* a hide\s dung-heap ( moral & physical abom9ation4 ,9 fairness1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be said t ,lesseps himself _c be held directly responsible = ?is /ate ( affairs4 ,he liv$ 9 ,p>is1 & _h probably little notion ( :at 0 happ5+ at ,panama4 ,he furni%$ an example ( ! prov]bial effects ( too mu* success & prosp]ity4 ,he seems to h become a sup]/iti\s believ] 9 8 own />1 & to h ?\ght t no?+ c\ld fail ) :i* he 0 associat$4 ,/ill less c ! ,fr5* nation be blam$ = ! wild do+s ( _! repres5tatives at ! i/hmus4 ,& !re is at lea/ "o r$eem+ feature 9 ! conduct ( ?is ent]prise4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! moral & physical abom9ations t infe/$ ! i/hmus dur+ ! ,fr5* occupation1 ! eng9e]+ "w w5t on /eadily & consci5ti\sly4 ,mu* ( ! ,fr5* "w 0 available = ! ,am]icans :5 !y took ov] ! task1 & ! eng9e]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h always te/ifi$ g5]\sly to ! excell5ce ( ! ,fr5* excavation & con/ruction along ! ,canal r\te4 ,x mu/ be c>efully not$ t ! ,fr5* canal 0 to be sea-level l ! ,suez1 ,cor9?1 & ,kiel ,canals4 ,! con/ruction ( su* a wat]way diff]$ 9 _m important ways f t ( ! high-level lock canal :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates h complet$4 ,to und]/& ?is we mu/ consid] briefly ! "* ( ! c\ntry :i* lies betwe5 ,panama & ,colon4 ,! dom9ant & decisive features ( ! i/hmus at ?is po9t are ! ,*agres ,riv] & ! ,culebra ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,*agres ent]s ! ,c>ibbean a little we/ ( ,colon4 ,its valley runs "r across ! i/hmus s\?-s\?-ea/w>dly t[>ds ,panama = ab\t tw5ty-six miles1 !n1 at a place call$ ,bas ,opisbo1 sudd5ly sw]ves away to ! nor?-ea/ into ! trackless & jungle-clad hill c\ntry4 ,?is valley is ! only transv]se tr5* :i* ! i/hmus af=ds at ?is /ret*1 & x has always fix$ ! att5tion ( surveyors look+ out = a canal site4 ,if ! i/hmus _h be5 a ra9less des]t l t ( ,suez1 a canal c\ld h be5 con/ruct$ by a fur!r prep>ation ( ?is riv] valley & "s heavy excavations along ! n9e-mile rea* f ,obispo to ! ,pacific4 ,! sea w\ld !n h be5 admitt$1 ! ebb & fl[ ( ! ,pacific 7! ,atlantic %ore is almo/ tideless7 be+ regulat$ by a tidal lock4 ,b ! problem is n ne>ly s simple4 ,! i/hmus is "o ( ! ra9ie/ places 9 ! _w1 enjoy+ on ! ,atlantic side #adj in*es ( ra9 a ye>4 ,at ,panama ! rate is mu* small]1 n m ?an #fj in*es4 ,9 ! c5tral hills ! ra9fall av]ages #ij to #ie in*es4 ,! av]age numb] ( ra9y days 9 ! ye> is #bdf at ,bohio 7inl& on ! ,atlantic side71 #aif at ,colon1 & #ada at ,panama4 ,! read] mu/ n imag9e a p]petual d[np\r or drizzle4 ,! ra9 comes d[n 9 ?und]+ tropical cat>acts1 leav+ spaces ( f9e wea!r betwe5 ! /orms4 ,/ill1 ! i/hmus is und\bt$ly ra9y & damp1 & x is ?is humidity :i* makes ! climate s try+1 ?\gh ! v>iations ( ! !rmomet] are by no means extreme & ! av]age air temp]ature n p>ticul>ly high4 ,= example1 ! av]age temp]ature at ,panama ranges f #ha4f ,fahr5heit 9 ,novemb] to #hf4a 9 ,m>*--t is1 dur+ ! hotte/ "t ( ! day1 f two to f\r o'clock p4m4 ,! coole/ "t is f six to sev5 a4m41 :5 ! av]age temp]ature ranges betwe5 #gd4j 9 ,janu>y to #gf4f 9 ,june4 ,! ye>ly av]age daily temp]ature is #gi4f4 ,! !rmomet] seems nev] to h record$ #ajj degrees ,fahr5heit at ,panama1 :]eas #ajd has be5 t\*$ ev5 at ,wa%+ton4 ,b to return to ! ,*agres ,riv]4 ,! tropical ra9s conv]t ?is /ream v quickly into a rag+ torr5t4 ,! ,*agres is capable ( ris+ ov] =ty feet 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if ! ,*agres valley 0 to be ! site ( ! canal1 z 0 obvi\sly necess>y1 h[ did ! ,fr5* propose to c>e = ?is trem5d\s & caprici\s fl[ ( wat]8 ,mr4 ,johnson rem>ks t ^? :o h se5 ! antics ( ! ,*agres "u ! /ress ( a *>act]i/ic i/hmian ra9 mu/ be p>don$ if !y reg>d ! h>ness+ ( ! ,*agres to ! canal z some?+ mu* l ! h>ness+ ( a mad elephant to a family c>riage4 ,! only c\rse op5 to ! ,fr5* ) _! sea-level project 0 to div]t ! ,*agres ) its tw5ty-six tribut>ies1 *ief ( :i* are ! ,gatun & ! ,tr9idad1 f its old valley into ano!r *annel1 along :i* x c\ld rage z x pleas$ on its %ort j\rney to ! ,c>ibbean4 ,?is w\ld h be5 a trem5d\s1 ?\gh probably n an impossible1 task4 ,! ,new ,panama ,company1 :i* took ! ,fr5* "w f ! ,lesseps ,company 9 #ahic1 dropp$ ! tide-level 9 fav\r ( a lock or high-level canal1 & adopt$ ! plan ( a dam across ! riv] valley at ,bohio1 creat+ a lake above ?is po9t & dis*>g+ ! flood wat]s to ! level bel[ by means ( a spillway 9 ! adjac5t hills4 ,we %all see lat] h[ ! ,am]icans adopt$ ! same pr9ciple b modifi$ x 9 practice4 ,s mu* at pres5t = ! ,*agres problem4 ,! o!r ma9 feature ( ! i/hmus is met ) ab\t ! po9t :]e ! riv] sudd5ly *anges its direction--t is at ,bas ,obispo1 or ,gamboa1 ab\t n9e miles f ! ,pacific outlet4 ,"h are ! hills1 ! backbone or cont95tal divide1 av]ag+ ov] #cjj feet high b ris+ to mu* high] po9ts1 :i* connects ! ,cordill]as ( ,s\? ) ! ,si]ras ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= eight or n9e miles ! canal mu/ run ?r\gh ?is c5tral b>ri] on its way to ! ,pacific4 ,! e>lie/ ,fr5* notion 0 = a %ip tunnel--a project p]haps nev] s]i\sly contemplat$4 ,! only o!r c\rse 0 to cut "r d[n ?r\gh ?is hilly c\ntry4 ,t 0 a trem5d\s und]tak+1 :i* requir$1 ev5 = its inception1 a good deal ( ! fai? :i* is said to be able to remove m\nta9s4 ,we %all look m closely at ! fam\s ,culebra ,cut :5 we come to ! ,am]ican canal4 ,mo/ ( ! "w ( ! ,fr5* companies consi/$ ( ! dr$g+ ( ! sea-level *annels at ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ends4 ,b !y drove a pretty deep furr[ z well ?r\gh ! ,culebra ,m\nta9s1 excavat+ 9 all ab\t #bb1fjj1jjj cubic y>ds4 ,) _! sea-level s*eme ! ,fr5* _h1 ( c\rse1 a bigg] proposition be=e !m at ! hills ?an _! ,am]ican successors4 ,!y w\ld h _h to cut "r d[n bel[ sea-level1 :]eas ! bottom ( ! cut 9 ! ,am]ican lock-canal is =ty feet above t level4 ,consid]+ ! difficulty ! ,unit$ ,/ates eng9e]s h _h ) slides & breaks along ! sides ( _! cutt+1 "o suspects t ! mu* deep] & n>r[] *annel ( ! ,fr5* w\ld h prov$ impracticable4 ,! ,fr5* s*eme gave a wid? to ! *annel at ?is po9t ( only #gd feet1 :ile ! bottom wid? ( ! ,am]ican canal is #cjj feet4 ,! ,fr5* "w at ! ,cut 0 all utilizable by ! ,am]icans1 :o1 ?\gh ) diff]5t ma*9]y1 adopt$ ! same g5]al me?od ( excavation4 ,9 #ahhh ! ,fr5* company susp5d$ paym5ts & w5t into bankruptcy4 ,! canal 0 complet$ to ! ext5t ( ab\t two-fif?s1 & _h already co/ ne>ly ,l#hj1jjj1jjj4 ,x 0 said at ! "t t ab\t "o-?ird ( ?is sum 0 sp5t on ! canal1 "o-?ird wa/$1 & "o-?ird /ol54 ,! orig9al capital ) ! eight subscription li/s betwe5 #ahhb & #ahhh produc$ nom9ally ,l#gh1gja1jbj1 b actually only ,l#dj1cji1cdh1 ! loss 9 disc\nts1 etc41 am\nt+ to ,l#ch1cia1fgb4 ,! collapse ( ! company 0 foll[$ by inve/igations & trials 9 ,france4 ,t5 s5ators & deputies1 toge!r ) ! directors1 7 br\ght to trial4 ,f]d9& & 8 son ,*>les de ,lesseps 71 among o!rs1 condemn$ to f9es & imprisonm5t1 b ! s5t5ces ^u ! ,lesseps 7 nev] c>ri$ out4 ,nei!r ! son nor ! fa!r 0 probably responsible = ! iniquities :i* _h m>k$ ! hi/ory ( ! company4 ,! g5ius :o _h creat$ ! ,suez ,canal 0 inde$ completely brok5 d[n by ! tragical conclusion ( 8 second v5ture1 & di$ 9 #ahid 9 a condition ( m5tal & physical collapse4 ,b f9ancial pr(ligacy 0 n ! only cause ( ! ,fr5* failure4 ,disease & dea? f\ght aga9/ ! ent]prise f ! fir/4 ,yell[ fev] & mal>ia caus$ z mu* mortality among ! ,fr5* employees z w\ld suffice = a great milit>y campaign4 ,sir ,ronald ,ross1 ! great exp]t 9 tropical diseases1 0 told 9 #aijd1 :5 at ! i/hmus1 t ! ,fr5* attempt co/ at lea/ #ej1jjj lives4 ,?is may h be5 an ov]-e/imate1 b !re is no d\bt t ! mortality 0 t]rible1 & w\ld probably h br\ght ! ,fr5* op]ations to an end ev5 if great] economy & hone/y _h prevail$ 9 ! adm9i/ration4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! ,fr5* made no provision = ! victims ( ^! endemic diseases4 ,excell5t hospitals 7 built at ,ancon1 ne> ,panama1 at a co/ ( ov] a million ( money2 :ile ^? at ,colon co/ m ?an a qu>t] ( a million--9 bo? cases ab\t ?ree times a fair & hone/ price4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* occupation ( ! i/hmus no?+ 0 kn[n ( ! real nature & cause ( yell[ fev] & mal>ia1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are transmitt$1 & ! only effective means ( prev5tion4 ,all ! rec5t & m>vell\s advance 9 sci5tific k ( ^! diseases 0 available :5 ! ,am]icans began _! "w1 & 0 appli$ ) ! greate/ effici5cy & success4 ,m$ical sci5ce1 q z mu* z eng9e]+ skill1 made a ,panama canal possible1 & we %all h a good deal m to say on ?is subject :5 we come to describe ! ,am]ican op]ations4 ,let u n =get1 !n1 t despite _! failure ! ,fr5* did a great deal ( good "w1 :i* !y pass$ on _m ye>s aft]w>ds to _! ,am]ican successors4 ,a quantity ( ! ,fr5* ma*9]y1 tools1 & h>dw>e 0 also available4 ,x is true t among ?is 0 includ$ a l>ge consignm5t ( sn[-%ovels 7= use at sea-level less ?an #aj degrees f ! ,equator671 & a quantity ( petroleum tor*es = ! fe/ivities :i* 7 "o day to celebrate ! completion ( ! canal4 ,b a great deal ( ! plant 0 9 good condition4 ,! extravagance & corruption :i* prevail$ at ! i/hmus dur+ ! fir/ ,fr5* company 7 almo/ incr$ible4 ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r any o!r nation c\ld h succe$$ 9 ! 'eighties ( la/ c5tury :]e ! ,fr5* fail$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,hay-,,pauncefote ,,treaty4 ,9 #ahic a new corporation1 kn[n z ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company1 took ov] all ! assets ( ! ,de ,lesseps ,company1 includ+ ! railway1 & ! "w ( con/ruction 0 cont9u$1 or at lea/ n :olly int]rupt$4 ,mean:ile ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 n greatly displeas$ at ! collapse ( ! great ,fr5* ent]prise4 ,!y became m & m det]m9$ to con/ruct an ,am]ican canal "u ,am]ican control4 ,! ,nic>aguan r\te 0 /ill fav\r$ by _m z comp>$ ) t at ,panama4 ,9 #ahhg a survey+ p>ty 0 s5t to ,nic>agua1 & ! next ye> ! ,m>itime ,canal ,company 0 e/abli%$ to promote ! build+ ( a canal !re4 ,x is important to notice ?is p>ticul> s*eme1 = "u x "w 0 actually begun4 ,:>ves1 w>eh\ses1 & a breakwat] 7 con/ruct$ at ,greyt[n1 a railway 0 built1 & "s progress made ) ! canal itself4 ,outside ! ,panama r\te ?is 0 ! only actual "w ( canal con/ruction p]=m$ 9 ,i/hmian & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! project fail$ ow+ to ! great depression ( trade :i* occurr$ 9 #ahic & ! impossibility ( gett+ m capital4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ^! projects ( con/ruct+ an ,am]ican canal at ,nic>agua q indep5d5tly ( ,great ,brita9 7 "r 9 ! tee? ( ! ,clayton-,bulw] ,treaty ( #ahej1 :i* /ill rema9$ 9 =ce4 ,mo/ s5sible p]sons saw t ! fir/ prelim9>y to an ,am]ican canal 0 to get ?is treaty abrogat$ or modifi$4 ,b ?is purpose & canal s*emes 9 g5]al 7 delay$ by ! outbreak 9 #ahih ( ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w>4 ,?is 0 a naval w>1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 to feel ! inconv5i5ce & dang] ( hav+ no sea communication betwe5 _! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s except via ! f> s\!rn extremity ( ! cont95t4 ,unit$ fleet action ov] ! :ole !atre ( ! w> 0 r5d]$ impossible4 ,an ev5t soon occurr$ :i* f9ally complet$ ! conviction ( ! ,am]ican p t1 9 ! words ( ,presid5t ,grant1 an ,am]ican canal on ,am]ican soil 0 a national necessity4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ! battle%ip ,oregon1 "o ( ! f9e/ %ips 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy1 lay (f ,san ,francisco4 ,%e 0 n want$ !re1 b %e 0 v badly want$ at ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! ma9 sc5e ( ! naval /ruggle4 ,to get !re ! ,oregon _h to sail #ac1djj miles r\nd ,cape ,horn in/ead ( #d1fjj miles via a ,panama canal1 if !re _h be5 "o4 ,ev]ybody 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates knew t ! preci\s w>%ip 0 mak+ t p]il\s j\rney expos$ all ! way to ! attack ( ! enemy4 ,if %e _h be5 lo/1 ! c\rse ( ! w> might h be5 v diff]5t1 & ev5 ! delay ( ?is long passage 0 a s]i\s consid]ation at s critical a "t4 ,h[ev]1 ! vessel arriv$ safely & 9 a record "t (f ,florida1 & ! susp5se & anxiety ( ! ,am]ican p 7 *ang$ into jubilation4 ,b nev] aga9 0 ! moral !y drew f ?is pa9ful & excit+ exp]i5ce4 ,at ! end ( ! w> a fre% canal campaign broke out 9 ,congress1 ! claims ( ,nic>agua & ,panama be+ urg$ by _! respective *ampions4 ,! outcome ( ?is rivalry 0 ! appo9tm5t ( a commission1 ! ?ird ( ! k9d1 to g to ! i/hmus & inve/igate bo? ,nic>agua & ,panama4 ,we %all h some?+ to say ab\t ! report ( ?is commission1 :i* 0 issu$ 9 ,decemb] #aijj4 ,b already1 be=e t appe>$1 negotiations _h be5 set on foot betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 ) reg>d to ! ,clayton-,bulw] ,treaty4 ,allusions to ! subject by ,mr4 ,m',k9ley 9 8 second message to ,congress _h br\ght ! "q prom95tly be=e ! p ( bo? c\ntries4 ,! presid5t _h spok5 ?us3-- ,t ! con/ruction ( su* a m>itime highway is n[ m ?an ev] indisp5sable to t intimate & ready communication betwe5 our ea/]n & we/]n seabo>ds dem&$ by ! annexation ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s & ! prospective expansion ( our influ5ce & comm]ce 9 ! ,pacific1 & t our national policy n[ m imp]atively ?an ev] calls = its control by ?is gov]nm5t1 are propositions :i* ,i d\bt n ! ,congress w duly appreciate & wisely act ^u4 ,x is obvi\s t ! annexation by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,hawaii & ! ,philipp9es1 ! beg9n+s ( an ,am]ican ov]sea empire1 _h greatly /r5g!n$ ! case = a canal own$ & controll$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & br++ ! ea/]n coa/s1 ! gov]nm5tal c5tre ( ! ,/ates1 into f> m direct communication ) ^! new acquisitions 9 ! we/4 ,mr4 ,m',k9ley's pron\ncem5t 0 soon foll[$ by conv]sations betwe5 ,mr4 ,john ,hay1 ! ,am]ican ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & ,"l ,pauncefote1 ,briti% ,ambassador at ,wa%+ton4 ,! result 0 a treaty :i* 0 laid be=e ! ,s5ate 9 ,febru>y #aijj4 ,?is fir/ attempt1 h[ev]1 0 unsuccessful4 ,! ,am]ican p 7 annoy$ to f9d t x did n abrogate ! ,clayton-,bulw] ,treaty1 b left ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) some?+ v %ort ( t indep5d5t control :i* !y desir$4 ,am5dm5ts 7 introduc$1 &1 s alt]$1 ! treaty 0 ratifi$ by ! ,s5ate on ,decemb] #bj1 #aijj4 ,b 9 ?is new %ape x prov$ unacceptable to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 & x 0 p]mitt$ to lapse2 ,"l ,lansd[ne1 h[ev]1 sugge/+ t ano!r attempt at agreem5t %\ld be made4 ,x may be ask$ :y ,great ,brita91 :o _h hi!rto tak5 ! view t x _h no?+ to ga91 & p]haps mu* to lose1 f ! reconsid]ation ( ! ,clayton-,bulw] ,treaty1 %\ld n[ h be5 s will+ to br+ x "u review4 ,!re 0 a v>iety ( reasons4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h prote/$ = ne>ly fifty ye>s aga9/ ! agreem5t1 & ?is p]t9acity1 toge!r ) ! *ang$ conditions s9ce ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w>1 may h weigh$ ) ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,!n ! ,alaskan b\nd>y "q 0 at t "t /ill "u discussion betwe5 ! two c\ntries1 & a settlem5t 0 prov+ difficult4 ,an ob/9ate resi/ance to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ov] ! canal "q might h cont9u$ t deadlock indef9itely4 ,at ?is "t1 too1 ,engl& 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,bo] ,w>1 & f9d+ t bus9ess a good deal m intricate ?an %e _h expect$4 ,! s5tim5t ( ,anglo-,am]ican fri5d%ip _h also gr[n mu* w>m] s9ce ! days :5 ,"l ,granville _h repuls$ ! advances ( ,mr4 ,bla9e4 ,9 ,novemb] #aija a new treaty made its appe>ance4 ,?is 0 ratifi$ by ! ,s5ate )\t am5dm5t1 & 0 ultimately conclud$ betwe5 ! two ,p[]s1 be+ kn[n z ! ,hay-,pauncefote ,treaty4#c ,x is v important to note ! provisions ( ?is treaty1 because x e/abli%es :at is kn[n z ! political /atus ( ! new canal4 ,! ,hay-,pauncefote expressly sup]s$es ! ,clayton-,bulw] ,treaty & provides = ! con/ruction ( a canal 7m5tion+ no p>ticul> r\te7 "u ! auspices ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* c\ntry is to h & enjoy all ! rights incid5t to su* con/ruction1 z well z ! exclusive "r ( provid+ = ! regulation & managem5t ( ! canal4 ,x adopts ! pr9ciples ( neutralization :i* 7 embodi$ 9 ! ,treaty ( ,con/ant9ople ( #ahhh 9 connection ) ! ,suez ,canal4 ,bo? treaties provide =3-- #a4 ,fre$om ( transit 9 "t ( peace or w> = ! vessels ( all nations4 #b4 ,fre$om ( ! canal & its t]m9als f blockade4 #c4 ,a code ( proc$ure = w>-vessels ent]+ or leav+ ! canal4 ,no special ref]5ce is made to ! "q ( =tification1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates are to be at lib]ty to ma9ta9 su* milit>y police along ! canal z may be necess>y to protect x aga9/ lawlessness & disord]4 ,a treaty1 h[ev]1 subsequ5tly conclud$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,republic ( ,panama 7kn[n z ! ,hay-,bunau-,v>illa ,treaty7 conta9s ! foll[+ provision3-- ,if x %\ld become necess>y at any "t to employ arm$ =ces = ! safety & protection ( ! canal1 or ( ! %ips t make use ( ! same1 or ! railways & auxili>y works1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all h ! "r1 at all times & 9 its discretion1 to use its police & its l& & naval =ces or to e/abli% =tifications = ^! purposes4 ,b ! mo/ important provision ( all relat$ to ! "q ( ! *>ges & o!r conditions ( traffic ?r\gh ! canal4 ,! mean+ ( ! section seems pla9 en\gh1 ?\gh x became a subject ( r acute controv]sy3-- ,! canal %all be free & op5 to ! vessels ( comm]ce & w> ( all nations obs]v+ ^! rules1 on t]ms ( entire equality2 s t !re %all be no discrim9ation aga9/ any su* nation1 or its citiz5s or subjects1 9 respect ( ! conditions & *>ges ( traffic1 or o!rwise4 ,su* conditions & *>ges ( traffic %all be j & equitable4 ,?is provision is reaffirm$ 9 ,article ,,xviii4 ( ! ,hay-,bunau-,v>illa ,treaty4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,briti% gov]nm5t reg>d$ ?is promise ( equal treatm5t z "s comp5sation = ! surr5d] ( ^? rights ( jo9t con/ruction & control :i* ,great ,brita9 enjoy$ "u ! ,clayton-,bulw] ,treaty4 ,9 fact1 ,mr4 ,hay1 9 a memor&um he s5t to ! ,s5ate ,committee on ,=eign ,relations1 describ$ ! treaty z a sort ( contract betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates by :i* ! =m] gave up ^? rights j m5tion$ 9 return = ! rules & pr9ciples includ$ 9 ! new treaty1 ! *ief among ^! be+1 ( c\rse1 ! provision ab\t equality ( treatm5t = all nations4 ,x 01 !re=e1 a surprise :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t decid$ t ! expression all nations did n include ! ,unit$ ,/ates !mselves1 & t x 0 q op5 to !m to give pref]5tial treatm5t to _! coa/wise traffic4 ,"u ! t]m coa/wise ! ,unit$ ,/ates include ! sea-traffic n only betwe5 ports along a cont9u\s coa/1 b betwe5 su* po9ts z ,san ,francisco or ,wa%+ton & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 an am5dm5t propos$ by ,mr4 ,burd 9 ! ,s5ate1 res]v+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! "r ( fav\r+ its coa/wise traffic1 _h be5 defeat$1 :5 ! new treaty 0 "u discussion4 ,b1 leav+ ^! controv]sial que/ions1 ! mo/ important ?+ = u to notice is t ! ,panama ,canal has :at is kn[n z an int]national /atus4 ,x is n q ! sole & absolute prop]ty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,kiel ,canal belongs to ,g]many1 ! ,cor9? ,canal to ,greece1 & ! ,am/]dam or ,nor? ,sea ,canal to ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,its /atus is gov]n$ by treaties :i* impose c]ta9 obligations & re/rictions ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates & lay d[n c]ta9 rules ( adm9i/ration4 ,x 0 int5d$ at fir/ to make ! /atus ( ! ,panama & ! ,suez ,canal id5tical4 ,b !re are consid]able diff]5ces4 ,! neutrality ( ! ,suez ,canal is gu>ante$ by all ! ,p[]s ( ,europe1 t ( ! ,panama ,canal by two only1 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x is safegu>d$ & ma9ta9$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone4 ,!n ! ,suez ,canal is & mu/ rema9 un=tifi$1 :ile ! ,panama ,canal w be /rongly =tifi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! read] may wond] :at precisely is meant by ! ^w neutral z appli$ to ! new wat]way4 ,! position w be z ne>ly z possible t indicat$ by ,dr4 ,vaughan ,corni% 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,if !re be a w> 9 :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n a p>ty1 ! canal w be us$ by bellig]5ts 9 exactly ! same way z 0 ! ,suez ,canal--= example1 9 ! ,russo-,japanese ,w>--& ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has pl$g$ itself to see t su* neutrality is pres]v$4 ,b if !re be a w> 9 :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a p>ty1 ! circum/ances ( =tification & op]ation by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 fact r5d] x impossible = ! o!r bellig]5t to use ! canal1 & are int5d$ to h t effect4 ,?is be+ s1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is prep>+ to def5d ! canal f attack4 ,?us x is important to ! prop] und]/&+ ( ! und]tak+ on :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t has emb>k$ t we %\ld cle>ly realize t ! canal is only neutral 9 a re/rict$ s5se4#d ,z a matt] ( fact ! /atus ( ! ,panama ,canal lies some:]e betwe5 neutralization & ,am]ican control4 ,! ,hay-,pauncefote ,treaty also lays d[n ! rules :i* are to be obs]v$ by ! %ips ( w> ( a bellig]5t us+ ! canal & ! wat]s adjac5t to ! canal--t is1 )9 ?ree m>9e miles ( ei!r end4 ,!y are simil> to ^? 9 =ce at ,suez1 & ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,app5dix i4 #d ,! ,panama ,canal & its ,mak]s1 pp4 #db1 #dc4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,colombia4 ,^? citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o ?\ght t ) ! disappe>ance ( ! ,clayton-,bulw] ,treaty all ! difficulties 9 ! way ( obta9+ a canal ( _! own _h also disappe>$ 7 doom$ to a sev]e disappo9tm5t4 ,!y _h n reckon$ ) a ,s\? ,am]ican republic on ! v]ge ( bankruptcy & sudd5ly pres5t$ ) a glori\s opportunity to fill its empty treasury4 ,two prelim9>ies 7 necess>y be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld settle d[n at ! i/hmus ( ,panama to ! "w ( canal con/ruction4 ,!y _h to pur*ase ! concession1 ! unf9i%$ works & ! o!r assets ( ! ,new ,panama ,company1 at z reasonable a price z !y c\ld obta92 &1 secondly1 x 0 necess>y to conclude a treaty ) ,colombia1 secur+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates on satisfactory t]ms ! p]petual control ( a /rip ( t]ritory on ! i/hmus f sea to sea )9 :i* ! canal c\ld be con/ruct$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! und]tak+s pres5t$1 z x turn$ out1 no great difficulty4 ,! ,new ,panama ,company _h begun to despair ( its own ability to get a canal f9i%$ across ! i/hmus1 & to realize t _! be/ c\rse 0 to transf] ! :ole bus9ess to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is disposition _h be5 greatly /r5g!n$ by ! ,report ( ! ,?ird ,canal ,commission1 issu$ 9 ,decemb] #aijj4 ,probably ! memb]s ( ! commission 7 conv9c$ ( ! advantages ( ! ,panama r\te & ! desirability ( cont9u+ ! "w ( ! ,fr5* eng9e]s4 ,b !y 7 %rewd p4 ,!y dwelt 9 _! report on ! improbability t ! ,new ,panama ,company w\ld sell its prop]ty to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & on ! difficulty ( gett+ ! ,colombian concession transf]r$4 ,!y decid$1 !re=e1 t ! mo/ practicable & feasible r\te = an i/hmian canal to be "u ! control1 managem5t1 & own]%ip ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is t kn[n z ! ,nic>aguan r\te4 ,! commission probably =esaw ! effect su* a decision 0 likely to h on ! directors & %>ehold]s ( ! ,new ,panama ,company4 ,if an ,am]ican canal 7 con/ruct$ at ,nic>agua1 all ! prop]ty & "w ( ! company at ,panama w\ld be ?r[n on ! scrap-heap4 ,! company e/imat$ ! value ( its prop]ty at #aji1ada1ejj1 a price :i* ! commission1 repres5t+ ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 decl9$ to look at4 ,! commission ?\ght #dj1jjj1jjj q en\gh = ! prop]ty1 & s completely 7 ! ,am]icans ma/] ( ! situation t t price 0 agre$ ^u 9 ,janu>y #aijb4 ,! commission !reupon issu$ a supplem5t>y report1 :i* rev]s$ ! =m] decision & recomm5d$ ! ,panama r\te & ! pur*ase ( ! ,fr5* prop]ty4 ,!n arose 9 ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates a trem5d\s conflict betwe5 ! ,nic>aguans & ! ,panamanians1 ! *ampions ( ! two r\tes :i* _h s long be5 9 rivalry4 ,! =m] p>ty insi/$ t ,panama 0 f>!r f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an ,nic>agua1 & !re=e ! j\rney f ! ea/]n to ! we/]n seabo>d ( ! ,/ates w\ld be long]4 ,!y argu$ t ,panama 0 unfav\rable to sail+ vessels on acc\nt ( ! prevail+ calms on t coa/2 t x w\ld be easi] to deal ) ,co/a ,rica & ,nic>agua ?an ) ,colombia2 & t ,nic>agua 0 ! traditional ,am]ican r\te z comp>$ ) ! ,fr5*ifi$ ,panama4 ,! claims ( ! old ,d>i5 r\te 7 also advanc$4 ,?is 0 probably done by ,am]ican railway p :o 7 aga9/ any canal1 = ! ,d>i5 r\te w\ld h involv$ a rock tunnel five miles long & ?ree hundr$ feet broad1 ! attempt to a*ieve :i* w\ld probably h end$ all canal adv5tures at ! i/hmus4 ,f ^! discussions em]g$ ! celebrat$ ,spoon] ,bill1 "u :i* ! ,panama ,canal has be5 con/ruct$4 ,x emp[]$ ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t to secure ! rights & prop]ty ( ! ,panama ,company = n m ?an #dj1jjj1jjj2 to obta9 f ,colombia ! p]petual control ( a /rip ( l&1 n less ?an six miles wide1 9 :i* ! canal %\ld run2 & !n to proce$ ) ! "w4 ,b if x %\ld prove impossible to come to t]ms ) ,colombia & ! ,new ,panama ,company1 !n ! ,nic>aguan project 0 to be reviv$4 ,we %all see h[1 9 ! sequel1 ?is latt] proviso came v ne> fulfilm5t4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,spoon] ,bill m>ks ! end ( ! great battle ( ! r\tes :i* _h la/$ = f\r c5turies4 ,! pur*ase price ( ! ,new ,panama ,company's prop]ty 0 happily settl$1 b ! pur*ase 0 ( c\rse conditional on ! conclusion ( a satisfactory agreem5t betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,colombia4 ,x 0 no use = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to acquire unf9i%$ canal-works if !y 7 to be prev5t$ f cont9u+ & complet+ !m4 ,! situation 0 int]e/+4 ,! ,republic ( ,colombia 0 extremely h>d up4 ,its curr5cy 0 debas$1 its treasury empty1 its debt rapidly increas+ ?r\gh a l>ge annual deficit4 ,! gov]nm5t1 if "o may s express x1 ( ! ,colombian ,republic 0 !re=e n likely to ov]look ! *ance ( mak+ a bit out ( ! necessities ( ! bigg] & ri*] republic f>!r nor?4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates wi%$ to get _! concession z *eaply z possible2 ,colombia wi%$ to sell z de>ly z possible4 ,?is is n infrequ5tly ! case ) buy]s & sell]s2 b ,colombia pu%$ h] haggl+ a little too f>1 & 9 ! end v badly ov]rea*$ h]self4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates began by propos+ t]ms on :i* !y might obta9 ! desir$ /rip ( t]ritory4 ,! conditions 7 c>efully laid d[n4 ,! t]ritory 0 to rema9 "u ,colombian sov]eignty1 b to be adm9i/]$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sanit>y & police s]vices 7 to be ma9ta9$ by bo? gov]nm5ts jo9tly4 ,colombia 0 to police ! zone1 ) ! help ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates if necess>y4 ,b ! bus9ess t]ms 7 *iefly int]e/+ to ,colombia4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 to pay ,colombia a bonus ( #g1jjj1jjj 9 ca%1 & aft] f\rte5 ye>s an annuity ( #bej1jjj4 ,^! t]ms1 :i* 7 n ung5]\s1 ! ,colombian m9i/] at ,wa%+ton decl9$ to accept4 ,a brilliant idea _h1 inde$1 /ruck ! /atesm5 ( ! ,colombian ,republic4 ,!y _h rememb]$ t ! concession to ! ,panama ,company laps$ 9 ,octob] #aijd1 & t all its prop]ty t c\ld n be c>ri$ away w\ld rev]t to ! ,colombian gov]nm5t4 ,only def] any agreem5t ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates till !n1 & ! #dj1jjj1jjj to be paid to ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company by ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld drop l a gold5 ne/-egg into ! empty ex*equ] ( ! ,colombian ,republic4 ,x 0 a brilliant idea1 b ! ,colombian me?od ( pursu+ x 0 r too crude & obvi\s4 ,9 ord] to meet ! ,colombian gov]nm5t ! ,unit$ ,/ates improv$ _! (f]1 consid]ably increas+ ! bonus & mak+ o!r *anges4 ,an agreem5t1 kn[n z ! ,hay-,h]ran ,treaty1 0 actually arrang$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,colombia1 ! latt] repres5t$ by h] m9i/] at ,wa%+ton1 ,dr4 ,tomas ,h]ran4 ,?is treaty1 be=e x became op]ative1 _h to be ratifi$ by ! ,congress ( ,colombia1 & ! presid5t ( t /ate took c>e t a congress %\ld be elect$ :i* w\ld d no su* ?+4 ,meantime all k9ds ( influ5ces1 secret & op51 7 at "w4 ,! ,g]man colonial p>ty _h become int]e/$ 9 ! "q1 & _h conceiv$ ! possibility ( ,g]many1 r ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 succe$+ to ! ,fr5* concession4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld h resi/$ any su* proce$+1 if necess>y by actual w>4 ,!re is little d\bt1 also1 t ! p>ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* _h support$ ! ,nic>aguan s*eme 7 ?r[+ e ob/ruction 9 ! way ( a satisfactory agreem5t betwe5 ! big & ! little republic4 ,! read] may guess :at 0 ! anxiety ( ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company dur+ all ?is diplomacy & intrigue4 ,!y knew t ! completion ( ! sale ( its prop]ty to ! ,unit$ ,/ates dep5d$ on an agreem5t be+ conclud$ betwe5 t c\ntry & ,colombia2 & !y also knew t unless !y sold be=e ,octob] #aijd1 !y w\ld h practically no?+ to sell1 because ! fran*ise & possessions ( ! company w\ld be =feit$ to ! ,colombian gov]nm5t at t date4 ,x w\ld be bett] to sell on ! be/ t]ms !y c\ld obta9 to ,g]many or anybody else be=e ! fatal day arriv$4 ,meantime ! ,unit$ ,/ates br\ght e =ce ( argum5t & m5ace to be> on ! ,colombian gov]nm5t4 ,secret>y ,hay s5t urg5t dispat*es to ! ,am]ican m9i/] at ,bogota4 ,he rem9d$ ,colombia t ! decision to adopt ! ,panama r\te 0 n irrevocable4 ,! ,spoon] law au?oriz$ ! ,am]ican presid5t to await only a reasonable "t = an agreem5t ) ,colombia4 ,hav+ wait$ s long1 he 0 able & inde$ b\nd to resume ! ,nic>aguan project4 ,:5 ! ,colombian ,congress duly reject$ ! ,hay-,h]ran ,treaty 9 ,augu/ #aijc1 ! ,new ,panama ,company became v s]i\sly al>m$4 ,o!r (f]s ( pur*ase 7 r5ew$1 & ! situation became critical = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,am]ican c\nsel = ! company1 ,mr4 ,william ,nelson ,cromwell1 :o _h done 8 utmo/ to promote ! agreem5t1 _h ! utmo/ difficulty 9 keep+ 8 cli5ts to _! compact ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he made a hurri$ trip to ,p>is1 :]e he said some?+ :i* _h ! desir$ effect4 ,!re is no reason to believe t ,mr4 ,cromwell took any "p 9 ! surpris+ ev5ts :i* 7 soon to alt] ! entire situation4 ,b he _h he>d ! prov]bial little bird1 & ! tid+s he pass$ on br\ght ! ,new ,panama directors to ! desir$ mood ( pati5ce & expectancy4 ,colombia mean:ile kept on m>k+ "t4 ,%e sugge/$ t a new treaty %\ld be negotiat$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,colombia1 to be ratifi$ by ! ,colombian ,s5ate "s "t 9 #aijd4 ,t w\ld h put ! clock =w>d spl5didly1 b ! device 0 duly und]/ood at ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ,octob] a committee ( ! ,colombian ,s5ate report$ to ! ,s5ate a recomm5dation t no agreem5t %\ld be conclud$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates until ! ,fr5* concession _h laps$4 ,?is recomm5dation 0 n act$ ^u by ! ,colombian ,s5ate1 nor yet 7 any /eps tak5 t[>ds ! negotiation ( a new treaty4 ,! ,am]ican gov]nm5t gave a g5]\s int]pretation to ! reasonable "t specifi$ 9 ! ,spoon] ,bill1 & kept on wait+ 9 ! hope t ! ,colombian ,congress w\ld /ill *ange its m9d & ratify ! ,hay-,h]ran ,treaty1 ^: t]ms1 z we h se51 7 lib]al to ! ,colombian ,republic4 ,b :5 ! congressional session at ,bogota came to an end on ,octob] #ca1 #aijc1 )\t any fur!r action ov] ! ,hay-,h]ran ,treaty1 ! ,am]icans conclud$ t ! :ole bus9ess 0 ov] s f> z negotiations ) ,colombia on ! ,panama "q 7 conc]n$4 ,obvi\sly ! only c\rse 0 to turn to ! ,nic>aguan alt]native4 ,& ! ,colombian gov]nm5t no d\bt ?\ght x _h won ! day by %e] =ce ( a/ute /atesman%ip4 ,!n came a co9cid5ce m a/oni%+ ?an any s9ce ! day :5 ,mr4 ,well]1 s5ior1 upset ! ,eatanswill outvot]s 7purely by accid5t7 into ano!r canal4 ,! ,panama revolution broke out1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates sudd5ly & )\t fur!r difficulty obta9$ all !y want$ ( ! i/hmus4 ,& ,colombia8 ,%e lo/ e /ick & /one ( ! canal :i* 0 to h be5 h]s 9 ,octob] #aijd1 nev] made a f>?+ on a ,panama deal1 got no ?anks f ,g]many or anybody else1 & lo/ a :ole prov9ce into ! b>ga94 ,su* 7 ! results ( v a/ute /atesman%ip at ,bogota4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,a ,,m9iature ,,revolution4 ,x 0 n to be expect$ t ,panama1 "o ( ! con/itu5t prov9ces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,colombia1 w\ld be v en?usia/ic ab\t all ?is haggl+ & intrigu+ at ,bogota4 ,panama ask$ = no?+ bett] ?an t a ri* & p[]ful c\ntry l ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld cont9ue ! ,fr5* ent]prise & c>ry x ?r\gh4 ,! canal w\ld run "r ?r\gh ! prov9ce1 & w\ld br+ x into ! ma9 /ream ( ! _w's traffic & comm]ce4 ,no d\bt ! c5tral gov]nm5t at ,bogota w\ld skim (f z mu* z possible ( ?is new weal? & prosp]ity at ! i/hmus2 b ev5 s1 ,panama w\ld reap a great advantage f ! runn+ ( ?is new & mu*-frequ5t$ highway ( communication betwe5 ea/ & we/ ?r\gh its t]ritory4 ,! deal+s ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h r\s$ a gr[+ disgu/ & res5tm5t at ! i/hmus4 ,! relations betwe5 ! prov9ce ( ,panama ) ,new ,granada & its successor ,colombia _h be5 v *equ]$ ev] s9ce ! revolt ( ! ,spani% colonies 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( la/ c5tury4 ,panama decl>$ h] indep5d5ce 9 #ahba1 & alli$ h]self at once ) ,new ,granada4 ,b tr\bles began =?)4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! i/hmian prov9ce sec$$ f ,new ,granada or ,colombia1 & 0 induc$ to return by promises ( m fav\rable t]ms ( union1 ^! always rema9+ unfulfill$4 ,9 8 annual message to ,congress 9 #aijc1 ,presid5t ,roosevelt enum]at$ "s fifty-?ree revolutions1 rebellions1 insurrections1 riots1 & o!r outbreaks t _h occurr$ at ! i/hmus 9 fifty-sev5 ye>s4 ,n long be=e ^! difficulties betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,colombia1 ,panama _h receiv$ a new con/itution :i* 0 f> f satisfactory to ! p ( ! prov9ce4 ,!re 0 9 tru? little to be ga9$ by a cont9u$ allegiance to ! gov]nm5t at ,bogota4 ,"s idea ( ! dep?s to :i* ,colombia _h sunk ?r\gh a long c\rse ( bad adm9i/ration & corruption may be ga!r$ f a passage 9 ! (ficial address ( ,dr4 ,m>roqu9 on 8 becom+ vice-presid5t ( ,colombia 9 #ahih4 ,he said3-- ,hatr$1 envy1 & ambition are elem5ts ( discord2 9 ! political ar5a ! battle rages fi]cely1 n s mu* ) ! idea ( secur+ ! triumph ( pr9ciples z ) t ( humbl+1 & elevat+ p]sons & p>ties2 public tranquillity1 indisp5sable to e citiz5 = ! free enjoym5t ( :at he possesses ei!r by luck or z ! fruit ( 8 lab\r1 is gradually gett+ unkn[n2 we live 9 a sickly atmosph]e2 crisis is our normal /ate2 comm]ce & all o!r indu/ries are 9 urg5t ne$ ( p]fect calmness = _! developm5t & progress2 pov]ty invades e home4 ,! notion ( "m c\ntry is mi/ak5 or oblit]at$1 ow+ to our political di/urbances4 ,! conception ( "m c\ntry is s intimately associat$ ) t ( political disord]s1 & ) ! afflictions & di/ru/ :i* !y eng5d]1 t x is n unusual to he> f "o ( our c\ntrym5 :at c\ld n be he>d f a native ( any o!r c\ntry3 ,i wi% ,i _h be5 born some:]e else4 ,c\ld _m be f\nd among u :o w\ld feel pr\d :5 exclaim+1 ,i am a ,colombian1 9 ! same way z a ,fr5*man does :5 exclaim+1 ,i am a ,fr5*man8 ,?is 0 a *e]ful pron\ncem5t = a p to he> f ! lips ( a man :o 0 j assum+ high (fice 9 _! mid/4 ,x sugge/s "s fur!r reasons :y ! ,panamanians %\ld h s readily ass]t$ _! indep5d5ce once m :5 ! negotiations betwe5 ,colombia & ! ,unit$ ,/ates fell ?r\gh4 ,long be=e t happ5$1 be=e ! ,colombian ,congress :i* 0 to deal ) ! ,hay-,h]ran ,treaty _h assembl$1 a mu*-respect$ citiz5 ( ,panama1 ,dr4 ,manuel ,amador 7,gu]r]o71 _h writt5 to ! ,colombian presid5t w>n+ him t s]i\s consequ5ces w\ld foll[ at ,panama if t treaty 7 n ratifi$4 ,= answ] ! c5tral gov]nm5t foi/$ on ,panama a c&idate = ,congress :o 0 well kn[n z an enemy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! i/hmian canal s*eme4 ,repres5tations to ! gov]nm5t at ,bogota 7 useless1 & ,panama saw ! prospect ( a canal be+ con/ruct$ ?r\gh h] t]ritory fad+ into di/ance4 ,!n x 0 t an em95t ,panamanian1 ,jose ,agu/9 ,arango1 a s5ator at ! ,colombian ,congress ( #aijc1 :o _h va9ly urg$ ! ratification ( ! ,hay-,h]ran ,treaty1 conceiv$ ! idea t ,panama might decl>e h] indep5d5ce & !n make h] own treaty ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates reg>d+ a trans-i/hmian canal4 ,x soon turn$ out t ! same idea _h /ruck _m o!rs1 & a junta ( zeal\s conspirators 0 quickly =m$4 ,s5or ,arango *anc$ to meet ,dr4 ,amador "o day at ! (fices ( ! ,panama ,railroad1 & unfold$ 8 revolution>y design to t g5tleman4 ,! doctor prov$ highly sympa!tic4 ,!re 0 inde$ no difficulty 9 f9d+ adh]5ts4 ,s5or ,arango1 ,dr4 ,amador1 & ,c4 ,c4 ,arosem5a und]took ! conduct ( ! movem5t1 & among ! o!r lead]s 7 ,s5or ,arango's sons & sons-9-law1 ,nicanor ,a4 de ,ob>rio1 ,f$]ico ,boyd1 ,tomas & ,ric>do ,arias1 & ,manuel ,esp9osa4 ,a v important p]son1 ,g5]al ,e/eban ,hu]tas1 comm&] ( ! troops 9 ,panama1 0 easily enroll$1 z 7 also alcaldes1 *iefs ( police1 & o!r important (ficials4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d 0 to s\nd (ficial op9ion 9 ,wa%+ton z to :at treatm5t ! revolt$ prov9ce might expect f ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t4 ,moreov]1 revolutions co/ money1 & supplies mu/ be obta9$ f some:]e4 ,s ,dr4 ,amador & ,ric>do ,arias 7 deput$ to g to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re !y call$ on ,mr4 ,cromwell1 ! c\nsel ( ! ,new ,panama ,company1 :o gave !m v little enc\ragem5t4 ,moreov]1 !y 7 c>efully %ad[$ by ,colombian ag5ts1 s t !y 7 able to cable to _! expectant fri5ds at ! i/hmus only ! s+le depress+ ^w1 desanimado 7disappo9t$74 ,!n ,dr4 ,amador call$ at ! (fice ( a ,panamanian fri5d & sympa?iz]1 ,jo%ua ,l9do1 & ask$ = c\nsel 9 8 difficulties4 ,mr4 ,l9do at once sugge/$ t ! likelie/ p]son to help 0 ,mr4 ,bunau-,v>illa1 :o _h be5 *ief eng9e] "u ! ,fr5* ,canal ,company4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t ?is g5tleman _h be5 a fell[-/ud5t ( ,alfr$ ,dreyfus1 & _h giv5 effective help 9 ! campaign :i* end$ 9 t (fic]'s lib]ation f ! isl& prison n s v f> f ! i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,un=tunately1 said ,mr4 ,l9do1 ,mr4 ,bunau-,v>illa 0 9 ,p>is2 b ev5 z ! fri5ds deplor$ 8 abs5ce ! telephone rang1 ,mr4 ,l9do answ]$ ! call1 & lo6 ,mr4 ,bunau-,v>illa ann\nc$ 8 return to ,new ,york4 ,su* a co9cid5ce might well seem provid5tial1 = ,mr4 ,v>illa prov$ a fri5d 9 ne$ & 9 de$4 ,he promis$ ! necess>y funds z well z o!r practical help1 & ask$ = only "o return--t he might be appo9t$ m9i/] ( ! recon/itut$ ,panama to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = j s long a "t z 0 necess>y = ! arrangem5t ( ! new treaty betwe5 ! two c\ntries = ! con/ruction ( ! i/hmian canal4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! next telegram s5t home by ! revolution>y ag5ts 0 m *e]ful4 ,x consi/$ ( ! s+le ^w esp]anzas 7hopes74 ,dr4 ,amador n[ made "s ef=ts to asc]ta9 ! s5tim5t & int5tions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 ,he call$ on ,mr4 ,hay1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 at ! /ate dep>tm5t4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t :5 a g5tleman calls at a =eign (fice & ann\nces himself z a conspirator aga9/ a gov]nm5t ) :i* t (fice has fri5dly relations1 ! visitor _c expect mu* practical help & sympa?y4 ,b ! au?orities at ,wa%+ton1 ^: n]ves 7 raw f ! prolong$ /ruggle ) ,colombia1 w\ld sc>cely h be5 human if !y _h n felt a secret joy at a movem5t :i* promis$ su* an ample retribution on ,colombia & s easy a settlem5t ( ! ,panama problem4 ,dr4 ,amador 0 politely in=m$ t he mu/ pay no m calls at ! dep>tm5t4 ,b he _h se5 & he>d en\gh to assure him t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld at lea/ rema9 neutral1 &1 if ! revolution succe$$1 w\ld conclude a canal treaty ) ! new republic4 ,he felt t !re 7 two v important conditions to be fulfill$4 ,fir/ly1 ! revolution mu/ be effect$ )\t blood%$1 = public sympa?y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be ali5at$ by any fight+ or viol5t di/urbance4 ,! conspirators 7 also n )\t a c]ta9 natural solicitude = _! own sk9s4 ,secondly1 !re mu/ be a br&-new gov]nm5t ready to take ! place ( ! ,colombian adm9i/ration s soon z ?is 0 aboli%$4 ,! sc5e n[ *anges to ! i/hmus4 ,! conspirators 7 incl9$ at fir/ to be sceptical ab\t ,dr4 ,amador's report ( ! probable attitude ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b on ,novemb] #b1 #aijc1 ! arrival ( ! ,am]ican gunboat ,na%ville at ,colon reassur$ !m4 ,! ,na%ville _h come1 z ,am]ican m5-(-w> _h frequ5tly come 9 ! pa/ to ,colon or ,panama1 n to take sides ) any p>ty 9 a scrimmage1 b calmly & imp>tially to ma9ta9 ord] & keep transit op5 at ! i/hmus1 9 accordance ) treaty obligations4 ,! ord]s to ! ,na%ville1 z subsequ5tly to ! ,bo/on & ! ,dixie1 7 ^!3-- ,ma9ta9 free & un9t]rupt$ transit4 ,if int]ruption ?reat5$ by arm$ =ce1 occupy l9e ( railroad4 ,prev5t l&+ ( any arm$ =ce ) ho/ile int5t1 ei!r gov]nm5t or insurg5t1 ei!r at ,colon1 ,porto ,bello1 or o!r po9t4#e ,a simil> ord] 0 s5t to ,re>-,admiral ,glass at ,acapulco1 :o 0 to proce$ to ,panama ) ! same object4 ,b ! com+ c\p d'etat 0 kn[n at ,bogota z well z at ,wa%+ton4 ,! date fix$ = ! outbreak 0 ,novemb] #d4 ,g5]al ,hu]tas 0 to be ready ) 8 troops1 & ! signal to be giv5 by ! bl[+ ( bugles by ! firem54 ,b ! ,colombian gov]nm5t at la/ decid$ to act1 & on ,novemb] #c ! /eam] ,c>?ag5a arriv$ at ,colon1 hav+ on bo>d ,g5]al ,tov> ) a =ce ( ab\t f\r hundr$ & fifty m54 ,! comm&] ) ?ree o!r respl5d5t w>riors1 ,g5]als ,ca/ro1 ,alban1 & ,amaya1 at once took tra9 = ,panama2 :ile _! troops1 _m ( :om _h br\ght _! wives1 camp$ out 9 ! /reets ( ,colon4 ,^! ev5ts 7 duly telephon$ to ,panama4 ,! news rea*$ ,dr4 ,amador & 8 fri5ds at t5 o'clock1 j an h\r be=e ! arrival ( ! ,colombian (fic]s4 ,x 0 a cr[d$ h\r ( glori\s life = ! conspirators1 "s ( :om f\nd ! excitem5t too mu* = _! n]ves1 disappe>$ f ! sc5e1 & gave up ! conspiracy bus9ess altoge!r4 ,b ! lead]s 7 ( bett] mettle1 & :ile ! trans-i/hmian tra9 0 rapidly br++ ! repres5tatives ( ! e/abli%$ gov]nm5t to ,panama a good _m plans 7 discuss$4 ,! desp]ate nature ( ! occasion may be ga!r$ f ! fact t "o ( ! proposals 0 to drug ! ,colombian (fic]s1 & :5 ?us disabl$ convey !m to durance vile4 ,9 great p]plexity ,dr4 ,amador s\ght ,g5]al ,hu]tas2 b he _h put on 8 dress uni=m & gone to ! /ation to meet 8 sup]iors4 ,s matt]s 7 to be all[$ to take _! own c\rse4 ,at elev5 o'clock a gu% ( glitt]+ uni=ms1 fifte5 9 all1 c\nt+ ! g5]als & ! /affs1 desc5d$ ^u ! ,panama plat=m4 ,"o might almo/ h expect$ !m to advance to ! footlights & ann\nce _! arrival & int5tions 9 a f\r-"p *orus4 ,"h obvi\sly 7 ! prop]ties1 ! /age sc5]y1 & ! arti/es1 pr9cipals & *orus1 ( a fir/-rate comic op]a4 ,9 ! h>b\r lay ?ree ,colombian gunboats ^: political views 7 n fully asc]ta9$1 ?\gh x 0 ?\ght ! comm&]s _h be5 won ov] to ! revolution>y cause4 ,! new arrivals 7 welcom$ by ,g5]al ,hu]tas & conduct$ to headqu>t]s1 :ile ! conspirators1 no d\bt ) quick5$ pulses1 await$ subsequ5t ev5ts f a di/ance4 ,! ,colombian (fic]s wi%$ to be conduct$ =?) to ! =tifications & ! sea-wall4 ,n[ ?is 0 precisely :at ,g5]al ,hu]tas1 ^: he>t beat loyally "u 8 (ficial gold braid to ! cause ( fre$om & indep5d5ce1 wi%$ to avoid1 & = two reasons3 fir/ly1 x w\ld h be5 easy = ! f$]al g5]als to signal to ! gunboats 9 ! h>b\r & ?us get comm& ( ! entire situation2 secondly1 on t same sea-wall !re 7 "s mod]n quick-fir+ guns1 beh9d :i* ev5 fifte5 m5 might quickly get ! :ole city at _! m]cy4 ,s ,g5]al ,hu]tas det]m9$ t on ! :ole he w\ld conduct 8 gue/s any:]e b to ! sea-wall4 ,he sugge/$ t !re 7 bett] ways ( sp5d+ ! hot h\rs ( ! day ?an 9 go+ r\nd =tifications 9 /iff & swelt]+ uni=ms4 ,aft] lun*eon1 foll[$ by a little sie/a beh9d sun-%utt]s1 w\ld be a bett] "t = ! bus9ess ( inspection4 ,! g5]als 7 probably bo? hot & hungry1 & !y all[$ !mselves to be p]suad$4 ,b ev5 z !y lun*$ _! suspicions seem$ to h awak5$4 ,"s "o1 x is said1 w>n$ !m ( ! trap into :i* !y _h walk$4 ,& moreov]1 :y did ! ,bogota troops n arrive f ,colon8 ,:at exactly happ5$ is n record$1 b x is a fact t ! g5]als sudd5ly insi/$ on ! ,panama troops be+ p>ad$ & !mselves be+ conduct$ to ! =tifications4 ,g5]al ,hu]tas made "s excuse = leav+ ! lun*eon room1 & outside ! door f\nd ,dr4 ,amador1 ! respectable physician ( ,panama1 n[ an ar*-conspirator1 ?\gh )\t ! black mantle & /iletto4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ^! two m51 writes ,mr4 ,johnson1 0 mo/ /rik+4 ,! "o 0 advanc$ 9 ye>s1 v5]able & /ately 9 aspect1 & yet impetu\s z y\?4 ,! o!r 0 only a boy 9 /ature & sc>cely m ?an a boy 9 ye>s1 yet at ! "t delib]ate & dilatory4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 quickly respond$ to ! zeal\s initiative ( ! =m]4 ',d x1' exhort$ ,dr4 ,amador 9 an impassion$ :isp]1 'd x n[4' ,! bus9ess 0 soon ov]4 ,hu]tas ord]$ out 8 soldi]s1 :o knew well en\gh :at 0 go+ to happ54 ,!n1 z ! milit>y swells f ,bogota came on ! gr\nd1 ! little g5]al gave ! ord]1 ! rifles 7 levell$ on ! ,colombians1 & !y 7 walk$ (f to police headqu>t]s & safely lock$ up4 ,!n ,gov]nor ,obaldia 0 also arre/$ & tak5 to prison1 b ?is 0 only a =mality4 ,he 0 an ard5t conspirator1 b z he repres5t$ ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 x 0 ?\ght desirable to p]=m ! symbolical act ( arre/+ & depos+ him4 ,he 0 at once releas$4 ,!re 0 n[ no go+ back4 ,! next /ep 0 to ann\nce ! fact ( ! revolution to ! gunboats1 9 ! h>b\r1 :i* 7 /ill a d\btful factor4 ,two ( !m1 ! ,padilla & ! ,*ucuito1 rema9$ sil5t2 b ! ?ird1 ! ,bogota1 s5t ^w t if ! g5]als 7 n releas$ by t5 o'clock x w\ld turn its guns on to ! city4 ,! g5]als 71 ( c\rse1 n releas$1 s at t5 o'clock ! ,bogota laun*$ ?ree %ells into ! city4 ,"o ( ^! kill$ an un=tunate & innoc5t ,*9ese coolie ne> ! b>racks1 & t 0 ! only casualty t occurr$ dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( ! great ,panama revolution4 ,!n ! ,bogota1 t de$ ( slaught] accompli%$1 /eam$ out ( ! h>b\r4 ,! next morn+ ! gunboat ,padilla1 :i* _h be5 consid]+ ! situation dur+ ! night1 sudd5ly made up its m9d1 /eam$ 9 to a snug an*orage "u ! =tifi$ sea-wall1 & hoi/$ ! flag ( free & indep5d5t ,panama4 ,! ,padilla might h be5 call$ ^u to make good its new allegiance1 = a report 0 spread t ! t]rible ,bogota 0 return+ to bomb>d1 ?is "t to good purpose4 ,s a lett] 0 drawn up by ! consuls ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,holl&1 ,ecuador1 ,guatemala1 ,salvador1 ,d5m>k1 ,belgium1 ,cuba1 ,mexico1 ,brazil1 ,honduras1 & ,p]u1 prote/+ aga9/ ! bomb>dm5t ( a def5celess city )\t due notice to ! consul> corps z contr>y to ! rights & practices ( civiliz$ nations4 ,:at answ] ! ju/ly enrag$ comm&] ( ! ,bogota w\ld h return$ to ?is r repres5tative address _c be kn[n1 = ! ,bogota1 no d\bt unn]v$ by ! s5sation ( ca/+ ?ree live %ells into a live t[n1 nev] return$ to witness ! deva/ation x _h wr\ght4 ,:at 9 ! meantime 0 occurr+ at ,colon8 ,:y _h ! #dej ,colombian soldi]s n fl[n to ! rescue & v5geance ( _! captur$ (fic]s8 ,! explanation is simple1 ?\gh p]haps unexpect$--!y c\ld n pay _! railway f>es6 ,aft] ! dep>ture ( ! g5]als = ,panama on ,novemb] #c1 ,colonel ,torres1 :o _h be5 left 9 *>ge ( ! gov]nm5t troops1 dem&$ a special to take !m across ! i/hmus4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( ! l9e intimat$ t specials 7 procurable1 b t f>es mu/ be paid4 ,& ! f>es ( #dej p]sons ran into money1 9 fact ne>ly #b1jjj 9 gold1 or q a little :eelb>r[ful ( ! depreciat$ ,colombian silv]4 ,any:]e b 9 ,panama or ,ruretania ! plea ( /ate necessity1 :i* 9 pres5ce ( ! #dej ne$$ no demon/ration1 w\ld h procur$ "s concession f ! railway au?orities4 ,b ! railway rules provid$ = no su* em]g5cies4 ,no f>e1 no j\rney--t 0 ! immutable railway law1 & ,colonel ,torres _h to lead 8 m5 back to _! /reet encampm5ts4 ,x is "o ( ! _m rem>kable co9cid5ces at ?is juncture t ! telegraphic & telephonic sy/em also broke d[n1 ! wires refus+ to transmit any messages f ,colon to ! (fic]s at ,panama4 ,at la/1 on ,novemb] #d1 ,colon receiv$ ! news ( ! revolution & ! imp\nd+ ( ! ,colombian (fic]s4 ,"s little impati5ce !n appe>$ among ! ,colombian troops4 ,!y actually ?reat5$ to seize ! railway & g across 9 spite ( regulations4 ,also x 0 rum\r$ t ,colonel ,torres1 los+ = a mom5t 8 self-comm&1 ?reat5$ to kill e ,am]ican citiz5 9 ,colon unless 8 fell[-(fic]s 7 at once lib]at$4 ,at any rate1 t rum\r 0 duly report$ to ! comm&] ( ! ,na%ville1 :o1 on ! /r5g? ( x1 at once l&$ fifty bluejackets to pres]ve ! peace ( ! t[n4 ,! comm&] also wrote to ! alcalde ( ,colon & ! *ief ( ! police1 giv+ ! gi/ ( an (ficial ord] he _h receiv$ f ,wa%+ton4 ,! ord] po9t$ out t to all[ ! passage ( ,colombian troops f ,colon to ,panama w\ld excite a conflict betwe5 ! =ces ( ! two p>ties1 & w\ld ?us int]rupt ! free & op5 transit ( ! i/hmus :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 b\nd to ma9ta94 ,! comm&] _h !re=e in/ruct$ ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! railways to af=d c>riage to ! troops ( nei!r p>ty4 ,nev] 0 (fic] s outrage\sly imp$$ 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 obvi\s duty z ,colonel ,torres4 ,& "r 9 ! middle ( ! situation ?us creat$ ! ,c>?ag5a1 :i* _h br\ght ! ,colombian troops to ,colon1 sail$ demurely home4 ,9 a few days !re assembl$ "s n9e or t5 vessels ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy at ,colon or ,panama4 ,on ,novemb] #d x 0 ann\nc$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld p]mit ! l&+ ( no =ces ho/ile to ,panama )9 fifty miles ( ! city ( ,panama or any:]e at all on ! ,c>ibbean coa/4 ,0 n ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t compell$ by treaty obligations to pres]ve peace1 ! pay+ ( f>es1 & free & un9t]rupt$ transit at ! i/hmus8 ,h[ unreasonable to sugge/ t ! great & gr[n-up republic 0 protect+ & tak+ ! side ( ! little baby republic :i* _h j be5 born at ,panama6 ,b ! #dej soldi]s encamp$ ) _! wives 9 ! /reets ( ,colon 7 becom+ an inconv5i5ce1 & x 0 highly desirable to remove ?is sub/antial lump ( grit f ! ma*9]y ( revolution4 ,! comm&] ( ^! troops himself help$ to effect t object4 ,he1 9 fact1 (f]$ to take 8 little army away 9 return = a satisfactory honor>ium4 ,! ,panama treasury =tunately conta9$ at t "t a sum ( #adj1jjj 9 debas$ ,colombian co9age1 wor? ab\t #ef1jjj 9 gold4 ,a little ( ?is might well be exp5d$ on cle>+ ! c\ntry ( ! ,colombian troops4 ,! comm&] accept$ #h1jjj 9 gold1 & quickly bundl$ ! loyal troops & _! sp\ses on bo>d ! ,royal ,mail /eam%ip ,or9oco = passage homew>ds4 ,he himself did n propose to return home & report himself4 ,8 s*eme 0 to g to ,jamaica & sp5d 8 sudd5ly acquir$ weal? 9 t lovelie/ ( ! ,antilles4 ,!n a cruel ?+ happ5$4 ,! #dej got w9d ( ! b>ga9 _! comm&] _h made ) ! ,panama gov]nm5t1 & by a swift logical process conclud$ t ! #h1jjj :i* _h be5 paid = _! dep>ture belong$ to !mselves z well z to _! comm&]4 ,s !y laid h&s on ! hapless (fic] & took all ! money f him4 ,we may imag9e ! annoyance ( ! g5tleman :o _h betray$ 8 c\ntry1 di%on\r$ 8 "n1 & !n lo/ ! tip :i* _h made x all wor? :ile4 ,8 subsequ5t proce$+s are n[h]e record$4 ,j aft] ! ,colombian troops _h set sail homew>ds a special tra9 arriv$ at ,colon br++ ! captive g5]als1 :o _h promis$ to g home )\t fur!r fuss4 ,!y left ,colon on ,novemb] #ab1 s t !y _h pl5ty ( "t to contemplate ! beg9n+s ( ! new regime 9 ,panama4 ,all k9ds ( reports began to arrive ab\t ! int5tions ( ! gov]nm5t at ,bogota4 ,a naval exp$ition 0 said to be on ! way f ,bu5av5tura1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy _h in/ructions to take c>e ( any exp]im5ts ( t sort4 ,!n ! news came t a l& exp$ition 0 approa*+ along ! i/hmus4 ,t w\ld h impli$ a real triumph ( orig9al exploration4 ,x w\ld h meant cle>+ a road = troops ?r\gh imp5etrable jungle1 ?r\gh :i* x is h>d to cut ! n>r[e/ track by means ( ! ma*ete or ! long ,spani% cutlass4 ,! untam$ ,san ,blas ,indians1 :o p]mit no :ite man to sp5d a s+le night 9 _! t]ritory1 w\ld h mobiliz$ aga9/ ! invasion1 & s w\ld ! wild cats & anacondas & monkeys1 :o %>e ) ! ,indians ! sov]eignty ( t tangl$ wild]ness4 ,! revolution 0 an accompli%$ fact1 & ,colombia c\ld d no?+ b accept ! inevitable & reflect on ! disappo9tm5t ( h] gold5 dreams4 ,! revolutioni/s _h be5 ready ) _! con/itutional arrangem5ts4 ,! municipal c\ncil ( ,panama _h met imm$iately aft] ! c\p d'etat4 ,x 0 unanim\sly vot$ t ,panama %\ld be a free & indep5d5t republic1 & a provisional m9i/ry 0 at once appo9t$4 ,^! proce$+s 7 ratifi$ ! same aft]noon at a mass meet+ ( ! p ( ,panama held 9 ! ca!dral squ>e4 ,a =mal manife/o 0 also issu$1 con/itut+ a decl>ation ( indep5d5ce & a ju/ification ( ! revolt4 ,x op5s magniloqu5tly3 ,! transc5d5tal act t by a spontane\s movem5t ! inhabitants ( ! i/hmus ( ,panama h j execut$ is ! inevitable consequ5ce ( a situation :i* has become grav] daily4 ,x goes on to set =? ! grievances ( ,panama "u ! ,colombian connection & ! ev5ts :i* _h l$ to ! revolution4 ,x ends 9 an almo/ pa!tic note3-- ,at sep>at+ f our bro!rs ( ,colombia we d x )\t hatr$ & )\t any joy4 ,j z a son )draws f 8 pat]nal ro(1 ! i/hmian p 9 adopt+ ! lot x has *os5 h done x ) grief1 b 9 compliance ) ! supreme & inevitable duty x owes to itself--t ( its own pres]vation & ( work+ = its own welf>e4 ,we !re=e beg9 to =m a "p among ! free nations ( ! _w1 consid]+ ,colombia z a si/] nation1 ) :i* we %all be :5ev] circum/ances may require x1 & = ^: prosp]ity we h ! mo/ f]v5t & s9c]e wi%es4#f ,by ,novemb] #g ! new gov]nm5t _h settl$ d[n s /eadily to its "w1 & s obvi\sly comm&$ ! adh]5ce ( ! :ole p1 t x receiv$ =mal recognition f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ^! words3-- ,z x appe>s t ! p ( ,panama h1 by unanim\s movem5t1 dissolv$ _! political connection ) ! ,republic ( ,colombia & resum$ _! indep5d5ce1 & z !re is no opposition to ! provisional gov]nm5t 9 ! /ate ( ,panama1 ,i h to in=m y t ! provisional gov]nm5t w be held responsible = ! protection ( ! p]sons & prop]ty ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z well z to keep ! i/hmian transit free1 9 accordance ) ! obligations ( exi/+ treaties relative to ! i/hmian t]ritory4 ,we ne$ n dwell ^u ! desp]ate ef=ts made by ! ,colombian gov]nm5t to retrieve ! situation4 ,a respect$ ,colombian1 ,g5]al ,reyes1 0 s5t to ,wa%+ton to (f] to revive ! old ,hay-,h]ran ,treaty1 ) modifications greatly 9 ! ,am]ican int]e/1 if ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld help to re/ore ,colombian sov]eignty at ! i/hmus4 ,b all 0 9 va94 ,colombia mu/ lie on ! b$ %e _h made1 & be=e ! end ( ! ye> ! new republic _h be5 recogniz$ by all ! lead+ ,p[]s ( ! _w4 ,! new gov]nm5t 0 true to ! und]tak+ on ! /r5g? ( :i* ,mr4 ,bunau-,v>illa _h giv5 8 help & support to ! movem5t4 ,on ,novemb] #g he 0 appo9t$ m9i/] ( ,panama to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & on ,novemb] #ah ! ,hay-,bunau-,v>illa ,treaty#g 0 sign$ at ,wa%+ton1 :i* f9ally plac$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a position to beg9 ! "w ( canal con/ruction at ! i/hmus4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,see ,f\r ,c5turies ( ! ,panama ,canal1 p4 #ahh 7,w4 ,f4 ,johnson74 #f ,= full text ( decl>ation see ,app5dix ii4 #g ,app5dix iii4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,! ,,levels4 ,by ! ,hay-,bunau-,v>illa ,treaty ! ,unit$ ,/ates gu>ante$ & und]took to ma9ta9 ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,republic ( ,panama4 ,! new republic grant$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 p]petuity ! use1 occupation1 & control ( a /rip t5 miles wide & ext5d+ ?ree nautical miles into ! sea at ei!r t]m9al1 ) all l&s ly+ outside ( ! zone necess>y = ! con/ruction ( ! canal1 & ) ! isl&s 9 ! ,bay ( ,panama4 ,! cities ( ,panama & ,colon 7 n embrac$ 9 ! canal zone1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates assum$ _! sanitation &1 9 case ( ne$1 ! ma9t5ance ( ord] !re94 ,all railway & canal prop]ty rights belong+ to ,panama & ne$$ = ! canal pass$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ any prop]ty ( ! railway & canal companies 9 ! cities ( ,panama & ,colon4 ,! works1 prop]ty1 & p]sonnel ( ! canal & railways 7 exempt$ f taxation 9 ! cities ( ,colon & ,panama z well z 9 ! actual canal zone4 ,free immigration ( ! work]s & free importation ( supplies = ! con/ruction & op]ation ( ! canal 7 grant$4 ,provision 0 made = ! use ( milit>y =ce & ! build+ ( =tifications by ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! protection ( ! transit4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 to pay #aj1jjj1jjj d[n on ex*ange ( ratifications & an annuity ( #bej1jjj1 beg9n+ n9e ye>s f ! same date4 ,x w be notic$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates enjoy$ 9 ! canal zone all ! rights1 ?\gh n ! "n & title1 ( sov]eignty4 ,! treaty 0 f9ally ratifi$ on ,febru>y #bf1 #aijd1 & f\r days lat] ! fir/ ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 consi/+ ( sev5 memb]s1 0 appo9t$ by ,presid5t ,roosevelt to arrange = ! conduct ( ! great ent]prise4 ,c>eful in/ructions 7 giv5 to ! commission4 ,! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission 7 au?oriz$ & direct$3-- ,fir/4--,to make all ne$ful rules & regulations = ! gov]nm5t ( ! zone1 & = ! correct adm9i/ration ( ! milit>y1 civil1 & judicial affairs ( its possessions until ! close ( ! fifty-eigh? session ( ,congress4 ,second4--,to e/abli% a civil s]vice = ! gov]nm5t ( ! /rip & con/ruction ( ! canal1 appo9tm5ts to :i* %all be secur$ z ne>ly z practicable by m]it sy/em4 ,?ird4--,to make1 or cause to be made1 all ne$ful surveys1 bor+s1 designs1 plans1 & specifications ( ! eng9e]+1 hydraulic1 & sanit>y works requir$1 & to sup]vise ! execution ( ! same4 ,f\r?4--,to make1 & cause to be execut$ aft] due adv]tisem5t1 all necess>y contracts = any & all k9ds ( eng9e]+ & con/ruction works4 ,fif?4--,to acquire by pur*ase or ?r\gh prop] & uni=m expropriation proce$+s1 to be prescrib$ by ! commission1 any private l&s or o!r real prop]ty ^: own]%ip by ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ess5tial to ! excavation & completion ( ! canal4 ,six?4--,to make all ne$ful rules & regulations respect+ an economical & correct disbursem5t & an acc\nt+ = all funds t may be appropriat$ by ,congress = ! con/ruction ( ! canal1 its auxili>y works1 & ! gov]nm5t ( ! canal zone2 & to e/abli% a prop] & compreh5sive sy/em ( bookkeep+ %[+ ! /ate ( ! "w1 ! exp5ditures by classes1 & ! am\nts /ill available4 ,sev5?4--,to make requisition on ! ,secret>y ( ,w> = funds ne$$ f "t to "t 9 ! prop] prosecution ( ! "w1 & to designate ! disburs+ (fic]s au?oriz$ to receipt = ! same4 ,! "w ( ?is commission 0 n :olly satisfactory1 & 9 ,april #aije ano!r 0 appo9t$1 :i* 0 ord]$ to meet at ,panama qu>t]ly1 ! fir/ commission hav+ conduct$ its op]ations f ,wa%+ton4 ,! fir/ two & a half ye>s ( ! ,am]ican occupation 7 sp5t ma9ly 9 prep>+ = ! great task4 ,"o v important "q _h n[ to be f9ally decid$4 ,! battle ( ! r\tes 0 ov]1 & n[ began ! battle ( ! levels4 ,we h se5 t ! ,fr5* began ) ! idea ( a tide-level canal4 ,! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company _h *ang$ to ! lock or high-level plan1 b ! ,fr5* _h n advanc$ 9 _! "w to ! po9t :5 ! "o or ! o!r s*eme mu/ be def9itively adopt$4 ,! excavation !y _h c>ri$ out 0 all available = ei!r type ( canal4 ,b ! ,am]icans _h n[ to come to a decision4 ,a few m words ab\t ! ma9 physical features ( ! i/hmus are necess>y = ! read] to und]/& ! nature ( ! problem4 ,! two mo/ important factors 9 ! problem1 z we h se51 are1 fir/ly1 ! riv] ,*agres ) its tribut>ies1 ! ,tr9idad1 ,gatun1 & tw5ty o!rs2 &1 secondly1 ! range ( l[ hills on ! ,pacific side ?r\gh :i* any canal f ,colon to ,panama mu/ pass4 ,! riv] ,*agres is a great m\nta9 torr5t :i* ent]s ! ,c>ibbean ,sea a little we/ ( ,colon4 ,! canal foll[s its c\rse inl& = ab\t #bf miles1 :5 ! riv] valley turns %>ply nor?-ea/ & ! canal cont9ues /raight on to ! ,pacific4 ,! ,*agres is n a riv] to be despis$4 ,! ra9fall on ! i/hmus is v heavy1 especially on ! ,atlantic side1 :]e #adj in*es p] annum h be5 record$4 ,! i/hmian riv]s are all liable to quickly-swell+ floods1 ! ,*agres at ,gamboa hav+ be5 kn[n to rise #ce-a_/b feet 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! two diff]5t types ( canal involve equally diff]5t me?ods ( deal+ ) ?is =midable /ream4 ,x mu/ ei!r be h>ness$ to ! "w or firmly & f9ally %ut (f f any int]f]5ce ) ! canal4 ,de ,lesseps1 :o _h *os5 ! tide-level s*eme1 propos$ to turn ! ,*agres & o!r riv]s into div]sion *annels1 s t !y c\ld get safely to ! sea )\t cross+ ! l9e ( ! canal or hav+ any connection ) x4 ,?is w\ld h involv$ a "w ( excavation & con/ruction sc>cely less gigantic ?an ! build+ ( ! canal itself4 ,on ! o!r plan1 ! ,*agres & its tribut>ies w\ld be made ! fe$]s ( ! upp] rea*es ( ! canal4 ,s f> f be+ politely %[n (f ! premises1 ! "q r 0 :e!r !y w\ld be able to supply suffici5t wat] all ! ye> r\nd = ! ne$s ( ! canal4 ,!n ?is h>ness+ ( ! ,*agres meant ! tam+ ( its wat]s 9 a huge artificial lake1 9 :i* ! impetu\s curr5t w\ld be qu5*$ & ?r\gh :i* ! dr$g$ *annel ( ! wat]way w\ld run4 ,! ,new ,panama ,company _h recomm5d$ ! con/ruction ( a huge dam = ?is purpose at ,bohio t[>ds ! ,atlantic end ( ! canal1 & ?is plan _h be5 adopt$ by ! fir/ ,am]ican ,i/hmian ,commission1 :i* issu$ its report 9 #aija4 ,i may add t ! ,spoon] ,act1 :i* au?oriz$ ! con/ruction ( a canal1 also contemplat$ a lock or high-level wat]way4 ,z we %all see1 ,bohio 0 n 9 ! end adopt$ z ! site ( ! big dam1 b ,gatun1 :]e x is n[ con/ruct$1 ) its concrete spillway c>ry+ away ! ov]fl[ wat]s ( ! lake d[n ! old ,*agres *annel to ! ne> ,atlantic4 ,i ne$ n say t ^! 7 two v diff]5t ways ( c>+ = ! ,*agres & its afflu5ts4 ,! tide-level canal w\ld also1 ( c\rse1 be suppli$ ) sea-wat]1 :ile ! high-level w be a fre%-wat] canal4 ,colonel ,goe?als1 ! *ief eng9e] ( ! canal1 anticipates r a curi\s result f ?is latt] circum/ance4 ,he ?9ks ! b$ ( ! upp] rea*es ( ! canal w 9 c\rse ( "t be q pav$ ) ! b>nacles wa%$ by ! fre%-wat] f ! bottoms ( ! great ocean-go+ vessels pass+ ?r\gh ! canal4 ,! second physical feature is ! hill c\ntry or ! ,cont95tal ,divide :i* ! canal ent]s ne> ! po9t :]e ! ,*agres ,riv] crosses its c\rse4 ,"h runs ! fam\s ,culebra ,cut1 ! n9e-mile-long artificial canyon1 ! bigge/ excavation 9 ! _w4 ,n[ ! highe/ elevation ( ^! hills along ! c5tre l9e ( ! canal 0 #cab feet above sea-level4 ,! bottom ( ! canal at ! cutt+ is #dj feet1 s t ! v]tical dep? ( ! cut on ! c5tre l9e is #bgb feet4 ,! eng9e]s ( ! tide-level s*eme w\ld h _h n only to excavate #he feet deep]--t is1 to #de feet bel[ sea-level--b to make ! cutt+ imm5sely wid] 9 ord] to avoid ! dang] ( disa/r\s l&slides4 ,?is w\ld h meant an enorm\s am\nt ( additional "w1 z well z exp5se4 ,nev]!less1 ! controv]sy betwe5 ! two pr9ciples 0 v w>mly & equally su/a9$4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ,mr4 ,bunau-,v>illa 0 an especially ard5t advocate ( ! tide-level s*eme4 ,9 fact1 he 0 n = call+ ! wat]way a canal at all2 he w\ld h *ri/5$ x ! ,/raits ( ,panama4 ,h[ev]1 a decision 0 necess>y1 & 9 #aije a bo>d ( consult+ or advisory eng9e]s 0 appo9t$1 ma9ly to consid] :e!r ! canal %\ld be con/ruct$ at high-level or sea-level4 ,five memb]s 7 appo9t$ by ,european gov]nm5ts1 & ! presid5t 0 ,major-,g5]al ,george ,w4 ,davis1 =m]ly ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates army4 ,! in/ructions giv5 to ?is bo>d by ,presid5t ,roosevelt w af=d a v cle> idea ( ! problem x _h to solve3-- ,!re are two or ?ree consid]ations :i* ,i tru/ y w /eadily keep be=e y\r m9ds 9 com+ to a conclusion z to ! prop] type ( canal4 ,i hope t ultimately x w prove possible to build a sea-level canal4 ,su* a canal w\ld und\bt$ly be be/ 9 ! end1 if feasible2 & ,i feel t "o ( ! *ief advantages ( ! ,panama r\te is t ultimately a sea-level canal w be a possibility4 ,b :ile pay+ due he$ to ! ideal p]fectibility ( ! s*eme f an eng9e]'s /&po9t1 rememb] ! ne$ ( hav+ a plan :i* %all provide = ! imm$iate build+ ( a canal on ! safe/ t]ms & 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,if to build a sea-level canal w b slightly increase ! risk1 !n1 ( c\rse1 x is pref]able4 ,b if to adopt ! plan ( a sea-level canal means to incur a haz>d1 & to insure indef9ite delay1 !n x is n pref]able4 ,if ! advantages & disadvantages are closely balanc$1 ,i expect y to say s4 ,i desire also to "k :e!r1 if y recomm5d a high-level multi-lock canal1 x w be possible1 aft] x is complet$1 to turn x into or sub/itute = x1 9 "t1 a sea-level canal )\t int]rupt+ ! traffic ^u x4 ,two ( ! prime consid]ations to be kept /eadily 9 m9d are3 ,fir/4--,! utmo/ practicable spe$ ( con/ruction4 ,second4--,practical c]ta9ty t ! plan propos$ w be feasible2 t x c be c>ri$ out ) ! m9imum risk4 ,! quantity ( "w & ! am\nt ( "w %\ld be m9imiz$ z f> z possible4 ,!re may be good reason :y ! delay incid5t to ! adoption ( a plan = an ideal canal %\ld be incurr$2 b if !re is n1 !n ,i hope to see ! canal con/ruct$ on a sy/em :i* w br+ to ! ne>e/ possible date 9 ! future ! "t :5 x is practicable to take ! fir/ %ip across ! i/hmus--t is1 :i* w 9 ! %orte/ "t possible secure a ,panama wat]way betwe5 ! oceans ( su* a "* z to gu>antee p]man5t & ample communication = ! greate/ %ips ( our navy & = ! l>g] /eam]s on ei!r ! ,atlantic or ! ,pacific4 ,! delay 9 transit ( ! vessels ow+ to additional locks w\ld be ( small consequ5ce :5 comp>$ ) %ort5+ ! "t = ! con/ruction ( ! canal or dim9i%+ ! risks 9 its con/ruction4 ,9 %ort1 ,i desire y\r be/ judgm5t on all ! v>i\s que/ions to be consid]$ 9 *oos+ among ! v>i\s plans = a comp>atively high-level multi-lock canal2 = a l[] level1 ) few] locks2 & = a sea-level canal4 ,f9ally1 ,i urge ^u y ! necessity ( z great exp$ition 9 com+ to a decision z is compatible ) ?or\ghness 9 consid]+ ! conditions4 ,! bo>d w5t to ! i/hmus & inve/igat$ ! subject ) great c>e4 ,9 ,janu>y #aijf !y issu$ ?ree reports4 ,a majority ( eight to five pron\nc$ 9 fav\r ( ! sea-level s*eme z ! only "o giv+ reasonable assurance ( safe & un9t]rupt$ navigation4 ,su* a canal1 x said1 c be con/ruct$ 9 twelve or ?irte5 ye>s' "t2 ! co/ w be less ?an #bej1jjj1jjj2 x w endure = all "t4 ,! m9ority 7 j z confid5tly 9 fav\r ( a high-level canal4 ,!y conclud$3-- ,9 view ( ! unque/ion$ fact t ! lock canal h]e9 advocat$ w co/ ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj less ?an ! propos$ sea-level canal2 believ+ t x c be built 9 mu* less "t2 t x w af=d a bett] navigation2 t x w be adequate = all its uses = a long] "t1 & c be enl>g$1 if ne$ %\ld arise1 ) great] facility & less co/1 we recomm5d ! lock canal at elevation #he = adoption by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ?ird report 0 made by ! *ief eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,/ev5s1 :o1 q ap>t f all consid]ations ( exp5se1 0 /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! high-level plan4 ,! ?ree reports 7 consid]$ by ! canal commission]s1 a majority ( :om ultimately agre$ ) ! m9ority ( ! advisory bo>d4 ,!y admitt$ t a sea-level canal 0 ideally ! be/1 b consid]$ t ! co/ ( mak+ su* a canal suffici5tly wide w\ld be prohibitive4 ,!y decl>$ !re=e = a lock canal at an elevation ( #he feet above sea-level4 ,!y gave _! decision ?us3-- ,x appe>s t ! canal propos$ by ! m9ority ( ! bo>d ( consult+ eng9e]s c be built 9 half ! "t & at a little m ?an half ! co/ ( ! canal propos$ by ! majority ( ! bo>d1 & t :5 complet$ x w be a bett] canal1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 #a4 ,x provides great] safety = %ips & less dang] ( int]ruption to traffic by reason ( its wid] & deep] *annels4 #b4 ,x provides quick] passage across ! i/hmus = l>ge %ips or a l>ge traffic4 #c4 ,x is 9 mu* less dang] ( damage to itself or ( delays to %ips f ! flood-wat]s ( ! ,*agres & o!r /reams4 #d4 ,its co/ ( op]ation & ma9t5ance1 includ+ fix$ *>ges1 w be less by "s #b1jjj1jjj or m p] annum4 #e4 ,x c be enl>g$ h]eaft] mu* m easily & *eaply ?an c a sea-level canal4 #f4 ,its milit>y def5ce c be effect$ ) z little or p]haps less difficulty ?an ! sea-level canal4 #g4 ,x is our op9ion t ! plan propos$ by ! m9ority ( ! bo>d ( consult+ eng9e]s is a mo/ satisfactory solution ( an i/hmian canal1 & !re=e we recomm5d t ! plan ( ! m9ority be adopt$4 ,9 ,febru>y #aijf ! presid5t ref]r$ ! "q = f9al decision to ,congress4 ,9 8 message on ! subject he spoke ?us3-- ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !re is no "q ( build+ :at has be5 picturesquely t]m$ ! ,/raits ( ,panama--t is1 a wat]way ?r\gh :i* ! l>ge/ vessels c\ld g ) safety at un9t]rupt$ high spe$4 ,bo? ! sea-level canal & ! propos$ lock canal w\ld be too n>r[ & %all[ to be call$ ) any tru?fulness a /rait1 or to h any ( ! prop]ties ( a wide1 deep wat] /rip4 ,bo? ( !m w\ld be canals1 pure & simple4 ,ea* type has c]ta9 disadvantages & c]ta9 advantages4 ,b1 9 my judgm5t1 ! disadvantages are few] & ! advantages v mu* great] 9 ! case ( a lock canal sub/antially z propos$ 9 ! pap]s =w>d$ h]e)2 & a c>eful /udy ( ! reports seems to e/abli% a /rong probability t ! foll[+ are ! facts3 ,! sea-level canal w\ld be slightly less expos$ to damage 9 ! ev5t ( w>2 ! runn+ exp5ses1 ap>t f ! heavy co/ ( int]e/ on ! am\nt employ$ to build x1 w\ld be less2 & = small %ips ! "t ( transit w\ld probably be less4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lock canal1 at a level ( #hj feet or !reab\ts1 w\ld n co/ mu* m ?an half z mu* to build1 & c\ld be built 9 ab\t half ! "t1 :ile !re w\ld be v mu* less risk connect$ ) build+ x1 & = l>ge %ips ! transit w\ld be quick]2 :ile1 tak+ into acc\nt ! int]e/ on ! am\nt sav$ 9 build+1 ! actual co/ ( ma9t5ance w\ld be less4 ,aft] be+ built1 x w\ld be easi] to enl>ge ! lock canal ?an ! sea-level canal4 ,! law n[ on our /atute books seems to contemplate a lock canal4 ,9 my judgm5t a lock canal z h]e9 recomm5d$ is advisable4 ,if ! ,congress directs t a sea-level canal be con/ruct$1 its direction w1 ( c\rse1 be c>ri$ out4 ,o!rwise1 ! canal w be built on sub/antially ! plan = a lock canal outl9$ 9 ! accompany+ pap]s1 su* *anges be+ made1 ( c\rse1 z may be f\nd actually necess>y4 ,9 ,june #aijf ,congress f9ally decid$ = a high-level canal1 & ! controv]sy 0 (ficially clos$4 ,b ! fri5ds ( ! sea-level s*eme 7 by no means sil5c$4 ,:5ev] any s]i\s difficulty occurr$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! canal on ! lock pr9ciple _! voices 7 he>d aga94 ,9 fact1 ! conflict _c be said to h end$ until #aiji1 & ev5 !n x is n c]ta9 t ! sea-levell]s modifi$ _! convictions4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,gnat4 ,almo/ at ! beg9n+ ( _! great task ! ,am]icans 7 fac$ ) a problem :i* involv$ ! success or failure ( ! :ole ent]prise4 ,i h said some?+ ab\t ! climate & heal? conditions at ! i/hmus4 ,x is fairly c]ta9 t yell[ fev] & mal>ia w\ld h wreck$ ! ,fr5* und]tak+ ev5 if !re _h be5 no o!r ob/acles to its success4 ,x is n less probable t if ! ,am]icans _h be5 9 no bett] a position to wage w> ) ^! plagues1 _! "w at ! i/hmus w\ld also h be5 9 va94 ,! ,fr5* _h built excell5t hospitals & provid$ effici5tly = ! com=t & recov]y ( ^? :o 7 /rick5 ) ^! diseases4 ,b be+ totally ignorant ( ! s\rces & me?od ( transmission ( mal>ia & yell[ fev]1 !y c\ld d no?+ effectual 9 ! way ( prev5tion & eradication4 ,!y c\ld only take ! individual victim :5 !y f\nd him & d _! be/ to cure him4 ,!y /ill believ$ t mal>ia 0 produc$ by climatic conditions1 by m>%y emanations1 mi/s1 & s =?4 ,! fleecy cl\ds :i* ga!r r\nd ! i/hmian hills 9 ! ra9y season 7 giv5 ! v undes]v$ title ( ! :ite dea? by ! ,fr5* work]s at ! i/hmus4 ,yell[ fev]1 aga91 0 j z mi/ak5ly attribut$ to ! climate1 & especially to fil?y ways ( liv+4 ,x is n surpris+ t1 ) ^! misconceptions1 m$ical skill %\ld h be5 almo/ useless dur+ ! ,fr5* occupation1 & t ! employees at ! i/hmus %\ld h di$ 9 _! ?\s&s4 ,b s9ce ! days ( ! ,lesseps company1 sci5ce _h ?r[n a flood ( light on ! nature ( ^! tropical sc\rges & ! secret ( _! transmission4 ,z ^! m$ical & sci5tific pione]s made a ,panama ,canal possible1 ?\gh _! names are n directly l9k$ ) its con/ruction1 we may look back = a few mom5ts at _! triumphs ( discov]y4 ,! cr$it = fir/ discov]+ t mal>ia is n due to poison\s emanations or contagion b is c>ri$ f p infect$ ) ! disease by ! anopheles mosquito belongs to ,major 7n[ ,sir7 ,ronald ,ross1 =m]ly ( ! ,indian ,m$ical ,s]vice1 :o devot$ himself to ?is subject dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts he prov$ t mal>ia is due to ! pres5ce 9 ! human blood ( an organism :i* is convey$ f p]son to p]son by ?is mosquito1 & t ! mosquito is h>mless unless x has become infect$ ) ! g]m by bit+ a p]son :o has caught mal>ia4 ,! value ( ?is discov]y 0 soon %[n by practical applications4 ,major ,ross 0 engag$ by ! ,suez ,canal ,company to deal ) ! mal>ia :i* _h become firmly e/abli%$ at ,ismailia1 a little t[n ( #aj1jjj inhabitants on t canal4 ,no few] ?an #b1ejj cases _h be5 suppli$ 9 "o ye> by ?is small population4 ,! new me?ods f\nd$ on ! new discov]y prov$ s effectual t 9 ?ree ye>s ! disease 0 /amp$ out1 & !re has be5 no relapse ev] s9ce4 ,! same results 7 a*iev$ at ,port ,said4 ,n[1 if mal>ia is ?us caus$ by mosquito bite1 !re 0 "s a priori reason = ?9k+ t yell[ fev] might be transmitt$ 9 ! same way4 ,at any rate ! insect 0 aga9 laid "u a v grave suspicion4 ,! opportunity = /udy+ ?is fur!r "q 0 af=d$ dur+ ! ,spani%-,am]ican w>1 :5 a s]i\s outbreak occurr$ among ! troops occupy+ ,havana1 9 ,cuba4 ,! doctors 7 q unable to deal ) ?is mo/ t]rible ( all diseases4 ,kn[+ no?+ :atev] ( its cause1 _! treatm5t ( x c\ld be only exp]im5tal & casual4 ,s a bo>d ( inquiry 0 =m$ consi/+ ( f\r army surgeons s]v+ 9 ,cuba--,walt] ,re$1 ,james ,c>roll1 ,jesse ,w4 ,laze>1 & ,ari/ides ,agramonte4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 begun 9 ,june #aijj1 & cont9u$ into ! next ye>4 ,( ^! f\r1 ,dr4 ,agramonte 0 n liable to ! disease1 & ,dr4 ,re$ 0 call$ away on duty to ,wa%+ton4 ,! o!r two det]m9$ to exp]im5t on _! own p]sons r ?an risk ! lives ( o!r p4 ,dr4 ,c>roll fir/ all[$ himself to be bitt5 by ! mosquitoes1 n ! anopheles b ano!r v>iety kn[n z ! /egomyia4 ,he fell ill ) a bad attack ( yell[ fev]1 :i* v ne>ly co/ him 8 life4 ,lat]1 9 ! yell[ fev] hospital1 ,dr4 ,laze> delib]ately all[$ a mosquito to fe$ on 8 h&4 ,9 f\r days he 0 d[n ) ! disease 9 s acute a =m t he di$ ( x--a true m>tyr1 if ev] !re 01 to ! cause ( sci5ce & ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,^! & o!r exp]im5ts prov$ conclusively t yell[ fev]1 l mal>ia1 is transmitt$ by mosquito bites1 b x 0 /ill unc]ta9 h[ soon aft] bit+ an infect$ p]son ! mosquito becomes itself h>mful & h[ soon a p]son /rick5 ) mal>ia is able to infect a heal?y mosquito4 ,s fur!r exp]im5ts 7 necess>y1 & volunte]s 7 invit$ to (f] !mselves = ?is s]vice4 ,ev]ybody 9 ! army knew :at _h happ5$ to ,doctors ,c>roll & ,laze>1 b 9 spite ( ?is pl5ty ( will+ m>tyrs appe>$4 ,! fir/ to pres5t !mselves 7 two "y soldi]s f ,ohio1 ,john ,r4 ,kiss+] & ,john ,j4 ,moran4 ,dr4 ,re$ talk$ ! matt] ov] ) !m1 expla9+ fully ! dang] & suff]+ involv$1 & /at+ ! money consid]ation (f]$ by ,g5]al ,wood4 ,bo? "y m5 decl>$ t !y 7 prep>$ to und]go ! exp]im5t1 b only on condition t !y %\ld receive no pecuni>y rew>d4 ,:5 he he>d ?is decl>ation1 ,dr4 ,re$ t\*$ 8 hat ) pr(\nd respect1 say+1 ,g5tlem51 ,i salute y6#h ,kiss+] took ! disease f ! mosquito bites1 & recov]$4 ,a room 0 prep>$ = ,moran1 a sort ( mosquito d5 into :i* fifte5 gnats1 all suff]+ f yell[ fev]1 _h be5 admitt$4 ,major ,re$ describes :at happ5$3-- ,at noon on ! same day1 five m9utes aft] ! mosquitoes _h be5 plac$ !re91 a plucky ,ohio boy1 ,moran by "n1 clad only 9 8 night-%irt & fre% f a ba?1 ent]$ ! room conta9+ ! mosquitoes1 :]e he lay d[n = a p]iod ( ?irty m9utes4 ,)9 two m9utes ( ,moran's entrance he 0 be+ bitt5 ab\t ! face & h&s by ! insects1 t _h promptly settl$ d[n ^u him4 ,sev51 9 all1 bit him at ?is visit4 ,at #d4cj p4m4 ! same day1 he aga9 ent]$ & rema9$ tw5ty m9utes1 dur+ :i* "t five o!rs bit him4 ,! foll[+ day1 at #d4cj p4m41 he aga9 ent]$ & rema9$ fifte5 m9utes1 dur+ :i* "t ?ree insects bit him2 mak+ ! numb] fifte5 t _h f$ at ^! ?ree visits4 ,on ,*ri/mas morn+1 at #aa a4m41 ?is brave lad 0 /rick5 ) yell[ fev]1 & _h a %>p attack1 :i* he bore )\t a murmur4 ,b /ill ! demon/ration 0 n complete4 ,x 0 necess>y to prove by equally und5iable evid5ce t yell[ fev] is n convey$ by contagion ) ! clo!s & p]sons ( infect$ p4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 ev5 m try+ & h]oic ?an ^? :i* prec$$4 ,a small wood5 hut1 #ad by #bj feet1 0 prep>$1 & into ?is 0 /or$ a l>ge am\nt ( b$d+ & clo!s :i* _h be5 us$ & worn by p]sons suff]+ f ! fev]4 ,! build+ 0 c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ ! intrusion ( mosquitoes1 & a temp]ature ( sev5ty-six degrees1 ) a suffici5t moi/ure1 ma9ta9$4 ,= tw5ty consecutive days ,dr4 ,cl>ke & 8 m5 w5t into ?is room1 h&l$1 wore1 & slept 9 ! contam9at$ clo?+1 al?\gh ! /5* 0 s (f5sive z to be almo/ appall+4 ,!y em]g$ f ! ordeal 9 p]fect heal?1 prov+ beyond possibility ( dispute t ! disease 0 n contagi\s1 & t ! mosquito 0 ! sole me?od ( transmission4 ,:5 di/ribut+ ! cr$it = ! new *annel ( _w-traffic ?r\gh ! i/hmus ( ,panama1 let u n =get ,dr4 ,laze> :o sacrific$ 8 life & ! _m o!rs :o *e]fully risk$ _! lives to e/abli% tru?s & facts )\t :i* ! con/ruction & cont9u$ op]ation ( ! canal w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 impossible4 ,"o mosquito may look v mu* l ano!r1 b ! /egomyia & ! anopheles diff] 9 _m important respects4 ,! latt] f9ds its mo/ fav\rable bre$+-places 9 /agnant pools ( fre% wat]1 su* z are left by ! heavy ra9s ( ! i/hmus4 ,x is ess5tially a gnat ( ! c\ntry-side4 ,! /egomyia1 on ! o!r h&1 incl9es to a m frivol\s t[n life4 ,ci/]ns & tanks & o!r receptacles = /or+ wat] are 8 fav\rite haunts4 ,9 l5g? ( life & p[] ( flight ! species also diff]1 ?\gh ^! details are n yet fully asc]ta9$4 ,! /egomyia is said to live ?ree mon?s4 ,dr4 ,corni% /ates t x becomes dang]\s only by attack+ man dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days ( yell[ fev]1 & t1 ev5 !n1 twelve days elapse be=e its bite is infecti\s4 ,six days aft] a man has be5 bitt5 by an infect$ /egomyia he falls ill ) yell[ fev]1 & = ! next ?ree days he is capable ( transmitt+ x to ! heal?y mosquito4 ,mr4 ,bi%op in=ms u t if !re is no fre% case ( yell[ fev] )9 a p]iod ( sixty days aft] ! late/ "o 9 an epidemic1 x is a safe conclusion t ! disease has be5 /amp$ out1 because !re is no mosquito alive to c>ry ! p>asite4 ,aft] a p]iod ( n9ety days all d\bt on ! subject is remov$4#i ,if a community1 !re=e1 :i* has ?us got rid ( its la/ case ( yell[ fev] c\ld be completely isolat$1 yell[ fev] c\ld nev] possibly return4 ,x c\ld only be re9troduc$ f outside4 ,x %\ld be possible1 ) a prop] sy/em ( sanitation & qu>ant9e1 to free any di/rict entirely f ?is awful sc\rge4 ,! case ( ! anopheles & 8 little contribution to human suff]+ is v diff]5t4 ,:]eas ! victim ( yell[ fev] ei!r dies or gets bett] & quickly ceases to be a s\rce ( infection to ! mosquito1 ! victim ( mal>ia seldom dies ( ! disease1 b he rema9s infecti\s to ! anopheles = ?ree ye>s4 ,! disease does n simply attack new-com]s or :ite p4 ,natives ( ! i/hmus & ! ,we/ ,indies are subject to x1 &1 inde$1 seem to be 9 a *ronically mal>i\s condition4 ,x is said t #ej p] c5t4 ( ! population ( ! i/hmus 7 f\nd 9 #aijd-e to h ! p>asite ( mal>ia 9 _! sy/ems4 ,x is difficult to e/imate or imag9e ! "p play$ by ?is widespread malady on conditions ( life & civilization )9 ! tropics4 ,sir ,ronald ,ross1 ! greate/ liv+ au?ority on ! subject1 made "s int]e/+ rem>ks 9 an address at ! ,royal ,colonial ,in/itute 9 ,janu>y ( ?is ye>4 ,he said3-- ,no?+ has be5 m c>efully /udi$ ( rec5t ye>s ?an ! exi/5ce ( mal>ia among/ indig5\s populations4 ,x (t5 affects e "o ( ! *ildr51 probably kills a l>ge proportion ( ! new-born infants1 & r5d]s ! survivors ill = ye>s2 only a p>tial immunity 9 adult life relieves !m ( ! incessant sickness4 ,"h 9 ,europe ne>ly all our *ildr5 suff] f c]ta9 diseases--measles1 sc>lat9a1 & s on4 ,b ^! maladies are %ort & slight comp>$ ) ! endur+ infection ( mal>ia4 ,:5 ,i 0 /udy+ mal>ia 9 ,greece 9 #aijf1 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! impossibility ( conceiv+ t ! p :o are n[ int5sely afflict$ ) mal>ia c\ld be l ! anci5t ,greeks :o did s mu* = ! _w2 & ,i !re=e sugge/$ ! hypo!sis t mal>ia c\ld only h ent]$ ,greece at ab\t ! "t ( ! great ,p]sian w>s4 ,"o c sc>cely imag9e t ! physically f9e race & ! magnific5t a?letes figur$ 9 ,greek sculpture c\ld ev] h sp5t a mal>i\s & spl5omegal\s *ildhood4 ,&1 conv]sely1 x is difficult to imag9e t _m ( ! mal>i\s natives 9 ! tropics w ev] rise to any great height ( civilization :ile t disease endures among/ !m4 ,i am aw>e t ,africa has produc$ "s magnific5t races1 su* z ^? ( ! ,zulus & ,masai1 b ,i h he>d t ! c\ntries inhabit$ by !m are n ne>ly s disease-ridd5 z _m ( ! l>g] tracts4 ,at all ev5ts1 :atev] may be ! effect ( a mal>i\s *ildhood ^u ! physique ( adult life1 its effects on ! m5tal developm5t mu/ c]ta9ly be v bad1 :ile ! disease always p>alyzes ! mat]ial prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry :]e x exi/s 9 an int5se =m4 ,! i/hmus ( ,panama 0 beautifully adapt$ to ! bre$+ ( ! anopheles & ! wide/ dissem9ation ( mal>ia4 ,9 fact1 ! canal zone tak5 ov] by ! ,am]icans 0 p]haps ! mo/ mal>ial /rip ( t]ritory 9 ! _w4 ,! heavy ra9s leave ! c\ntry cov]$ ) ^? m>%es & pools f :i* ^! little gho/ly insects are always ris+ 9 sw>ms1 ready to c>ry ! g]ms ( disease f ! sick to ! heal?y & ?us p]petuate & ext5d ! doma9 ( ?is di/ress+ malady4 ,! read] w notice t1 z ! yell[ fev] victim is only infecti\s to ! mosquito = ?ree days1 :ile ! mal>ial p]son c convey ! poison = ?ree ye>s1 x is a mu* m practical problem to eradicate yell[ fev] ?an to /amp out mal>ia4 ,x is true ! causes ( mal>ia are n[ fully kn[n & ! only effective me?ods ( propagation asc]ta9$4 ,if "o c\ld isolate all mal>ial pati5ts1 includ+ all :o are capable ( transmitt+ ! disease1 9 build+s scre5$ ) f9e copp]-gauze to keep out ! mosquitoes & ?us gradually dim9i% ! area ( infection to vani%+ po9t1 x w\ld n be necess>y to deal ) ! bre$+-places ( ! mosquitoes1 & man & ! gnat might live toge!r 9 p]fect amity4 ,b ) fifty & ev5 sev5ty p] c5t4 ( ! p mal>ially infect$1 su* a h]oic c\rse is obvi\sly impossible1 & "o c hope only to dim9i% to a consid]able degree ! preval5ce ( ! disease4 ,! fir/ two & a half ye>s ( ! ,am]ican occupation ( ! i/hmus 0 sp5t 9 look+ r\nd & prep>+ = ! great "w4 ,x soon became evid5t t ! mo/ press+ & imm$iate task 0 "o ( clean+ up & sanitation4 ,9 ,july #aijd1 ,colonel ,w4 ,c4 ,gorgas1 ^: "n w always be associat$ ) ! triumphs won ov] disease at ! i/hmus1 became ! head ( ! dep>tm5t ( sanitation "u ! ,canal ,commission4 ,he quickly recogniz$ t ev]y?+ dep5d$ on ! effici5cy & success ( 8 own dep>tm5t4 ,! exp]i5ce ( our pr$ecessors1 he wrote1 0 ample to conv9ce u t unless we c\ld protect our =ce aga9/ yell[ fev] & mal>ia we w\ld be unable to accompli% ! "w4#aj ,:5 ! ,am]icans took ov]1 yell[ fev]1 ?\gh pres5t1 0 quiesc5t1 b ! figures began almo/ at once to m\nt up4 ,9 ,decemb] #aijd !re 7 six cases on ! i/hmus & "o dea?4 ,9 ,janu>y #aije !re 7 n9ete5 cases & eight dea?s1 sev5 & "o respectively among ! canal employees4 ,9 ,may !re 7 ?irty-?ree cases1 tw5ty-two on ! canal1 ) sev5 dea?s 9 all1 includ+ ?ree employees4 ,9 ,june !re 0 an al>m+ advance4 ,sixty-two cases occurr$ on ! i/hmus1 ?irty-f\r ( !m among ! employees4 ,!re 7 n9ete5 dea?s1 six on ! canal4 ,some?+ l a panic !n set 9 among ! ,am]icans engag$ on ! canal works4 ,_m ?rew up _! positions1 & ! homew>d-b\nd /eam]s 7 fill$ ) employees flee+ f ?is real yell[ p]il4 ,9 ! annual report ( ! ,commission = #aije we read3-- ,a feel+ ( al>m1 almo/ am\nt+ to panic1 spread among ! ,am]icans on ! i/hmus4 ,_m resign$ _! positions to return to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile ^? :o rema9$ became possess$ ) a feel+ ( le?>gy or fatalism1 result+ f a conviction t no rem$y exi/$ = ! p]il4 ,!re 0 a disposition to p>tly ignore or op5ly condemn all prev5tive measures4 ,! gravity ( ! crisis 0 app>5t to all4 ,?is loss ( moral tone 0 ! mo/ dang]\s symptom ( all4 ,a feel+ ( let u eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die ga9$ possession ( ! canal work]s1 & 9 ! indiff]5ce ( despair _m tore d[n ! nett+s ov] ! w9d[s ( ! canal build+ & began to neglect all ! sanit>y precautions enjo9$ on !m by ! dep>tm5t4 ,evid5tly a calamity 0 9 prospect :i* w\ld h br\ght to an end1 p]haps = ev]1 ,am]ican canal ambitions at ! i/hmus4 ,! re/oration ( public confid5ce & s5se ( responsibility seems to h be5 due l>gely to ,mr4 ,*>les ,e4 ,magoon1 gov]nor ( ! canal zone4 ,he set himself to rebuke & remove ! morbid bravado !n prevail+4 ,he began by frankly & publicly decl>+ t he1 p]sonally1 0 afraid ( ! fev]1 & t 9 8 op9ion all non-immunes :o pr(ess$ n to be afraid 7 'talk+ rot6' ,!n he ord]$ all ! w9d[-scre5s to be repair$ & kept 9 place1 & ann\nc$ t if any man 0 caught leav+ !m op5 or te>+ holes 9 !m1 some?+ uncommonly unpleasant w\ld happ5 to him4 ,n[ :5 a man ( ,judge ,magoon's m5tal & physical /ature admits t he is afraid1 any less] man is a fool to say he isn't2 & :5 a man ( ,judge ,magoon's resolution gives an ord] & prescribes a p5alty = its violation1 t ord] is v likely to be obey$4#aa ,illu/ration3 ,cl9$9/--,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,,col4 ,,william ,c4 ,,gorgas1 ,m$ical ,dept41 ,u4,s4 ,army1 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sanitation1 ,ancon4 ,gov]nor ,magoon arriv$ at ! i/hmus 9 ,may #aije1 j z ! yell[ fev] epidemic 0 rea*+ its climax4 ,f t mom5t he & ,colonel ,gorgas1 to :om he gave ! mo/ complete support1 set !mselves to fight ! fev]4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d 0 to get all ! pati5ts )9 scre5$ build+s1 :e!r ! hospital or _! own homes1 s t no /egomyia mosquitoes c\ld saunt] 9 & take ! poison4 ,!n ! t[ns ( ,colon & ,panama 7 h&$ ov] to a campaign ( spr+-clean+ su* z ! _w has nev] witness$4 ,!n ! canal build+ 0 ?or\ghly fumigat$ ) pyre?rum p[d] or sulphur1 & n simply ! (ficial build+ b e s+le h\se 9 ! city ( ,panama 0 simil>ly dis9fect$4 ,du/ & refuse 7 ev]y:]e burnt4 ,a v effici5t sy/em ( inspection 0 adopt$1 & a rigid qu>ant9e en=c$ aga9/ all =eign places :5ce ! yell[ plague c\ld be import$ into ! zone4 ,b m important ?an ! imm$iate exp$i5ts 7 ! m p]man5t sanit>y improvem5ts c>ri$ out 9 ,colon & ,panama4 ,^! t[ns 7 repair$ ) brick or cem5t1 & provid$ ) :at !y _h nev] yet enjoy$1 a prop] sy/em ( dra9age4 ,wat]works 7 also con/ruct$ outside ! t[ns1 & a supply ( pure wat] made available = e h\sehold4 ,hi!rto wat] _h _h to be /or$ dur+ ! dry season 9 tanks & ci/]ns1 9 :i* ! /egomyia mosquito revell$ exce$+ly4 ,^! 7 n[ no long] necess>y1 & /agnant wat]1 :]ev] x collect$ 9 ! t[n1 0 dra9$ away4 ,9 ord] to exp$ite ^! spl5did re=ms1 ,gov]nor ,magoon )drew ! work]s f ! canal & conc5trat$ all ef=ts on ! sew]s & wat]works4 ,s spe$ily 0 ! "w c>ri$ =w>d t ! wat] 0 turn$ on = public use f ! ma9 9 ! ,ca!dral ,plaza on ,july #d4 ,! results ( ?is dra/ic campaign 7 soon app>5t 9 ! dw9dl+ ( ! yell[ fev] returns4 ,9 ,july !re 7 /ill =ty-two cases & ?irte5 dea?s on ! i/hmus1 ) tw5ty-sev5 cases & t5 dea?s among ! employees4 ,augu/ %[$ a great improvem5t1 ) tw5ty-sev5 cases & n9e dea?s on ! i/hmus1 & twelve cases & only "o dea? on ! canal4 ,! improvem5t cont9u$ ?r\gh ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & 9 ,decemb] only "o case 0 report$ on ! i/hmus & "o on ! canal4 ,?ree mon?s hav+ elaps$ s9ce ! la/ case1 &1 !re=e1 e /egomyia :i* c\ld possibly be infect$ ) mal>ia hav+ dep>t$ ?is life1 ! epidemic 0 entirely pa/ & ov]4 ,z ,i h po9t$ out1 !re _c possibly be any return ( x "u ^! conditions unless ! infection is br\ght f )\t4 ,& if any new cases are at once isolat$ & scre5$ f aft]noon calls ( ! mosquito1 ! outbreak may be easily & infallibly suppress$4 ,we may say1 !re=e1 t ! yell[ spectre at ! i/hmus has be5 %orn ( all its t]rors4 ,mal>ia is1 h[ev]1 a v diff]5t proposition4 ,a correspond+ crusade has be5 c>ri$ on = six ye>s aga9/ ! little anopheles gnat1 ! little crim9al :o c>ries ! mal>ial poison4 ,8 happy bre$+-gr\nds are 9 op5 c\ntry m>%es & pools1 & !re is no lack ( ^! 9 ! canal zone4 ,x 0 impossible to deal ) ! entire ?ree-qu>t]s ( a million acres ( t t]ritory1 b :]ev] ! canal work]s 7 settl$ det]m9$ w> 0 wag$ aga9/ ! mosquitoes4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! anopheles c fly only ab\t a hundr$ or two hundr$ y>ds4 ,! jungle 0 !re=e cle>$ away = a few hundr$ y>ds r\nd ea* village & settlem5t1 m>%es & pools 9 ?is area 7 dra9$ (f1 & into all ! dit*es :]e /agnant wat] _h collect$ oil 0 p\r$1 :i* s effectually turns ! mosquito's /oma* t x nev] recov]s4 ,"s #a1bjj acres ( ! zone 7 ?us treat$1 & ( c\rse ! regulations z to h\se-scre5+ appli$ to mal>ia no less ?an to yell[ fev]4 ,! employees 7 also suppli$ freely & g5]\sly ) qu99e4 ,! result has be5 n ! eradication ( mal>ia1 b ! r$uction ( ! cases to ab\t "o-?ird ! numb] at :i* !y /ood 9 #aijf4 ,yet ev5 s1 among ! #dj1jjj employees on ! canal dur+ ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiab1 !re 7 #g1jjj mal>ia cases 9 ! hospitals1 ) #cb dea?s1 #bb ( ^! be+ :ite p4 ,! heavy ra9falls at ! i/hmus w probably prev5t ! complete sanitation ( ! c\ntry 9 ?is respect1 = ! simple reason t ! de/ruction ( ! anopheles mosquito or ! eradication ( ! mal>ial g]m c nev] be complete4 ,!re w always be p go+ ab\t ) ! mal>ial organism 9 _! blood1 & always anopheles mosquitoes ready to become infect$ ) x & to c>ry ! infection ab\t4 ,b1 z we h se51 mu* c be done by ! means describ$ to r$uce ! ravages ( ! disease4 ,9 #aijf1 out ( a work+ =ce ( #bf1jjj1 !re 7 #ba1gci cases ( mal>ia4 ,we h se5 h[ ?is figure _h be5 br\ght d[n 9 #aiab4 ,9 #aijf x 0 almo/ c]ta9 t any :ite p]son com+ to reside at ! i/hmus w\ld cat* mal>ia4 ,n[ x is q possible to live !re 9 p]fect heal?1 q free f any mal>ial infection4 ,x may be useful to m5tion t ! entire dea?-roll among ! employees on ! ,panama ,canal & railway f ! ,am]ican occupation d[n to ,june #cj1 #aiab--t is1 ab\t eight ye>s--0 #e1ada1 ( :om #bhd 7 ,am]icans4 ,( ?is total1 #d1aai di$ ( disease & #a1jbb f viol5ce or accid5t4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod #di ,am]ican wom5 & #hg ,am]ican *ildr5 di$4#ab ,sir ,ronald ,ross1 z ,i h said1 0 told by ! ,briti% ,consul at ,panama 9 #aijd t ! ,fr5* lo/ 9 ! n9e ye>s ( _! occupancy "s #ej1jjj lives1 pr9cipally f mal>ia & yell[ fev]4 ,?is may be an ov]-e/imate1 b !re is no d\bt t ! ,am]ican figure %[s an enorm\s improvem5t on ! ,fr5*4 ,x is easy to conclude t :at has be5 done 9 sanitation at ! i/hmus ( ,panama may be done any:]e else 9 ! tropics1 :]e mal>ia & yell[ fev] prevail4 ,t may be true1 b we mu/ also rememb] t ! "w ( ,panama _h beh9d x all ! weal? & res\rces ( a mighty republic ( #ij1jjj1jjj citiz5s4 ,! exp5diture on ^! hygi5ic purposes at ! i/hmus has be5 enorm\s1 ?\gh n a p5ny has be5 wa/$4 ,d[n to ! end ( ,decemb]1 #aiab1 ! total outlay ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sanitation 0 #ae1ejj1jjj4 ,wat]works1 sew]s1 etc41 acc\nt$ = ano!r #b1ejj1jjj1 s t we get a gr& total exp5diture on sanitation ( #ah1jjj1jjj4 ,?is w c]ta9ly rise to #bj1jjj1jjj be=e ! canal is f9i%$1 s t = ! t5 & a half ye>s ( its con/ruction !re w h be5 an annual exp5diture = all heal? purposes ( #a1ijj1jjj4 ,x is n likely t !re w be _m tropical areas ( ?is k9d ) s l>ge a sum available = ! luxury ( sci5tific sanitation4 ,aga91 x mu/ be notic$ t ! adm9i/ration _h special advantages at ! i/hmus4 ,x ex]cis$ some?+ l milit>y au?ority4 ,x _h absolute p[]s ( deportation1 & c\ld en=ce its regulations z x pleas$4 ,& 9 consid]+ ! /ati/ics x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t n only ! physical b ! moral & m5tal heal? ( ! "w-p at ! i/hmus 0 promot$ 9 e way4 ,we %all look into ! life ( ! ,panama con/ruction camps 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! social int]e/ & amusem5t provid$ = ! employee mu/ h c\nt$ = some?+ beside ! sew]+ & scre5+ & mosquito-hunt+4 ,all ! same1 ! success a*iev$ at ,panama is full ( hope & promise = tropical life 9 ! future4 ,colonel ,gorgas writes enc\rag+ly3-- ,i ?9k ! sanit>ian c n[ %[ t any population com+ into ! tropics c protect itself aga9/ ^! two diseases 7mal>ia & yell[ fev]7 by measures t are bo? simple & inexp5sive2 t ) ^! two diseases elim9at$ life 9 ! tropics = ! ,anglo-,saxon w be m heal?ful ?an 9 ! temp]ate zones2 t gradually1 )9 ! next two or ?ree c5turies1 tropical c\ntries1 :i* (f] a mu* great] return = man's lab\r ?an d ! temp]ate zones1 w be settl$ up by ! :ite races1 & t aga9 ! c5tres ( weal?1 civilization1 & population w be 9 ! tropics1 z !y 7 9 ! dawn ( man's hi/ory1 r ?an 9 ! temp]ate zone1 z at pres5t4 ,ap>t f ! "q ( disease1 x is f> f c]ta9 t ! :ite man c ev] rema9 z fit1 z capable ( bodily lab\r1 9 equatorial regions z 9 8 native temp]ate conditions1 or t 8 desc5dants w also ma9ta9 ! same /&>d ( heal? & /r5g?4 ,ord9>y non-pr(essional op9ion w\ld p]haps disc\nt ,colonel ,gorgas's =eca/ z a little too optimi/ic4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,sanitation ( ! ,i/hmus4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,bi%op 9 ,scribn]'s ,mon?ly1 ,febru>y #aiac4 #i ,scribn]'s ,mon?ly1 ,febru>y #aiac1 p4 #bdh4 #aj ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 ,july #f1 #aijg4 #aa ,f\r ,c5turies ( ! ,panama ,canal4 #ab ,see ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 ,febru>y #aiac1 p4 #bea4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,life ,,at ,,! ,,i/hmus4 ,be=e we g on to describe ! canal & its me?od ( con/ruction1 we mu/ look at ! sort ( social life & civil adm9i/ration :i* has prevail$ s9ce ! ,am]icans arriv$4 ,con/ruction camps 9 tropical climes are n usually di/+ui%$ = ord] & good morals4 ,! ,am]icans det]m9$ to make an exception at ,panama4 ,!y _h a p]fectly free h& & ! enjoym5t ( all sov]eign rights at ! i/hmus1 & 7 able to con/ruct a br&-new little /ate on ! mo/ approv$ & ideal pr9ciples4 ,we h se5 :at in/ructions 7 giv5 by ,presid5t ,roosevelt to ! fir/ commission4 ,an entire adm9i/rative sy/em _h to be e/abli%$ )9 ?is little plot #aj miles wide & #ej long4 ,laws _h to be fram$ & civil gov]nm5t e/abli%$1 ) all ! ne$ful accessories ( judicial c\rts1 police =ce1 fire-brigades1 cu/oms & rev5ue s]vice1 po/-(fices1 public works & f9ancial dep>tm5t4 ,! adm9i/ration c>ri$ :at is kn[n z pat]nalism to all l5g?s4 ,t is1 x did all ! cat]+ & provid+ itself1 & left little or no?+ to private companies4 ,( c\rse1 ev]y?+ _h to be import$1 = ! little t]ritory itself produc$ no?+4 ,:ole villages & settlem5ts ) all ! accessories ( social life _h to be built along ! l9e ( works4 ,ov] #b1jjj /ructures1 includ+ (fices1 hospitals1 hotels1 messes1 kit*5s1 %ops1 /oreh\ses1 & liv+ qu>t]s1 7 con/ruct$1 & m ?an #a1ejj build+s tak5 ov] f ! ,fr5*1 :i* 7 made available by necess>y repairs4 ,colonel ,goe?als gives u a brief insight into ! "w ( ! ,commiss>y ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,panama ,railroad3-- ,! ,commiss>y ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,panama ,railroad ,company 0 enl>g$ until x is n[ #aiaa a great dep>tm5t /ore1 supply+ to ! employees :atev] may be necess>y = _! com=t & conv5i5ce4 ,manufactur+1 cold-/orage1 & laundry plants 7 e/abli%$1 & turn out ea* day ab\t #ij tons ( ice1 #ad1jjj loaves ( bread1 #b1djj rolls1 #bej gallons ( ice-cream1 #a1jjj p\nds ( roa/$ c(fee1 & #g1ejj pieces ( laundry4 ,f\r or five refrig]ator c>s1 load$ ) meats1 vegetables1 & su* fruits z c be obta9$1 are s5t out on ! night freight to di/ant po9ts1 & e morn+ a supply tra9 ( ab\t #af c>s1 ( :i* numb] six to eight are refrig]ator c>s1 leaves ,cri/obal at #d4cj to di/ribute food/uffs & laundry to ! local commiss>ies along ! l9e1 :]e ! employees make _! pur*ases1 & :]e ! hotels1 messes1 & kit*5s secure _! supplies = ! day4 ,a graphic & repres5tative picture ( "o ( ! con/ruction settlem5ts along ! canal 0 giv5 by ! correspond5t ( ,! ,times at ,panama4#ac ,he *ose ,emp]ador1 or ,empire1 z ! typical village4 ,?is is ! headqu>t]s ( ! c5tral division ( ! con/ruction "w1 & is situat$ ab\t halfway along ! great ,culebra ,cut4 ,! correspond5t writes3-- ,accord+ to ! c5sus j complet$1 x conta9s #g1aeb inhabitants1 ( :om #a1geg are :ites1 #c1gja negroes1 #a1efi me/izos1 #aja ,*9ese1 & #bd ,ea/ ,indians4 ,nor? ( ! ma9 /reet is a section call$ ! native t[n1 app>5tly because x is inhabit$ by natives ( o!r c\ntries ?an ,panama1 b really because "h 0 situat$ ! native hamlet alongside :i* ! ,fr5* built _! con/ruction camp 9 #ahha4 ,x is occupi$ by ! "p ( ! population n employ$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & "h are ! ,am]ican saloons1 ! ,spani% cant9as & re/aurants1 ,*9ese %ops1 ,ea/ ,indian fancy-"w %ops1 & negro tailor+ & %oemak+ places4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! ,am]ican settlem5t are ! lab\r camps1 consi/+ ( b>racks & eat+-places4 ,all ! build+s are ( wood1 con/ruct$ to la/ n ov] t5 ye>s2 & none are l>ge1 except+ ! adm9i/ration build+s & ! club-h\se4 ,on ?ree sides ( ! village are ! huts ( ! lab\r]s :o pref] ! half-jungle life ) its fre$om2 & "h1 ) discom=t & squalor & lib]ty1 is ! only picturesque "p ( ! settlem5t2 all else is ord]ly1 ( "o patt]n1 almo/ smug4 ,on ! f\r? side ! village is limit$ by ! canal itself4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! village is ! commiss>iat1 :]e ! canal & railroad work]s buy _! food & clo?+4 ,"h congregate e morn+ ! h\sewives ( ! village to d _! %opp+1 & at night1 aft] "w1 ! m51 to complete ! family pur*ases4 ,!re is a simil> /ore 9 ea* canal village--eighte5 9 all4 ,! commiss>iat does away ) ! middleman's pr(it & buys 9 su* l>ge quantities1 & = ca%1 t x obta9s ! l[e/ prices1 :ile ! _m ways 9 :i* ! mat]ials pur*as$ c be us$ prev5t wa/e4 ,if !re is cause = compla9t on ! "p ( any class 9 ! canal work]s1 t class is ! ba*elors1 = !y are discrim9at$ aga9/ 9 ! matt] ( qu>t]s4 ,b good provision is made = _! meals1 at ! s-call$ hotels = ! :ite employees1 & ! messes & kit*5s = ,spani% & negro lab\r]s4 ,ano!r rem>kable evid5ce ( h[ ! canal adm9i/ration /&s 9 loco p>5tis to all its "w-p is t x has provid$ tw5ty-six *ur*es & ma9ta9s fifte5 m9i/]s ( religion4 ,?is is int]e/+ because x %[s h[ ! /ate1 :5 conduct$ on common-s5se pr9ciples1 may provide = religi\s in/ruction )\t caus+ any (f5ce or inflict+ any inju/ice4 ,! adm9i/ration treat$ all d5om9ations ) p]fect imp>tiality4 ,( ! fifte5 m9i/]s x support$1 f\r 7 ,episcopalian1 f\r ,bapti/1 ?ree ,roman ,ca?olic1 "o ,wesleyan1 & "o ,presbyt]ian4 ,b ?is 0 n ! entire provision ( *ur*es & *apels on ! i/hmus4 ,!re 7 f\rte5 o!r *ur*es n "u direct gov]nm5t control1 b assi/$ by ! gov]nm5t 9 _m ways4 ,( ! =ty 9 all1 ?irte5 7 ,episcopalian1 sev5 ,bapti/1 sev5 ,roman ,ca?olic1 two ,wesleyan1 & eight und5om9ational4 ,z ,i h po9t$ out1 ! moral sanitation ( ! i/hmus 0 c>$ = z well z ! physical4 ,= example1 9 ,septemb] #aije1 a man liv+ 9 ! canal zone 0 *>g$ ) runn+ a r\lette table4 ,he plead$ t he own$ a concession f ! ,republic ( ,panama4 ,t excuse 0 n all[$1 & he 0 s5t5c$ to f9e & imprisonm5t = transgress+ "o ( ! canal zone laws4 ,gambl+1 :i* _h always be5 "o ( ! ,panamanian vices1 0 q =bidd5 )9 ! zone4 ,rememb]+ ! descriptions giv5 ( ! /ate ( morals at ! i/hmus dur+ ! ,fr5* occupation1 "o _c help be+ /ruck ) ! contra/ af=d$ by ! ,am]ican regime4 ,criticisms ( ! canal s*eme1 ( climatic & social conditions 9 ! zone1 appe>$ 9 ! e>ly days f "t to "t4 ,mr4 ,johnson quotes an example :i* is s amus+ z to be> repetition3-- ,a l& z fev]i% to ! imag9ation z to ! body is ,panama4 ,x is a l& mak+ a fitt+ environm5t to ! de$s ( conspiracy1 piracy1 loot1 cruelty1 & blood t h pr9cipally made its hi/ory = c5turies4 ,?is gloomy1 ,god-=sak5 i/hmus is a nightm>e region4 ,"o descriptive writ] has truly said ( x t x is a l& :]e ! fl[]s h no od\r1 ! birds no song2 :]e ! m5 are )\t hon\r & ! wom5 )\t virtue4 ,he is n f> wrong4 ,! birds1 brilliant z is _! plumage1 h no musical notes4 ,! d5se =e/s teem ) bright-hu$ p>rots1 p>roquets1 & o!r birds1 :i* squeak & scream b d n s+4 ,!re are beautiful or*ids to be f\nd 9 ! swamps & jungles--fair to look ^u1 b !y h no od\r4 ,! oranges h gre5 sk9s in/ead ( gold51 ! planta9s mu/ be fri$ to make !m fit to eat1 ! reptiles & insects are (t5 v5om\s1 & myriads ( p>asites are ev] ready to invade ! human body & br+ disease & dea?4 ,9 ! atmosph]e itself is some?+ sugge/ive ( ! days ( ! old pirates & _! fi5di% cruelties & orgies4 ,!re is no life 9 ! air2 x is depress+1 damp1 miasmatic1 & int5sely hot4 ,= a great "p ( ! ye> ?und]-%[]s succe$ ea* o!r all day long & half ! night1 ) %eet lightn+ all ar\nd ! horizon aft] d>k4 ,!re is practically no twilight1 day pass+ almo/ in/antly into night4 ,x is no wond] t ?is uncanny l& has made its resid5ts deg5]ate into plott]s1 revolutioni/s1 murd]]s1 & ?ieves4 ,its aspect is "o ( d>kness1 trea*]y1 & curse4 ,presid5t ,roosevelt _h some?+ to say on ^! recurr+ criticisms 9 a message to ,congress 9 ,janu>y #aijf4 ,he wrote3-- ,f "t to "t v>i\s publications h be5 made1 & f "t to "t 9 ! future v>i\s simil> publications1 d\btless1 w be made1 purport+ to give an acc\nt ( jobb+ or immorality or ineffici5cy or mis]y z obta9+ on ! i/hmus4 ,i h c>efully exam9$ into ea* ( ^! accusations :i* seem$ wor?y ( att5tion4 ,9 e in/ance ! accusations h prov$ to be )\t f\ndation 9 any %ape or =m4 ,!y spr+ f sev]al s\rces4 ,sometimes !y take ! %ape ( /atem5ts by irresponsible inve/igators ( a s5sational habit ( m9d1 incapable ( obs]v+ or repeat+ ) accuracy :at !y see1 & desir\s ( obta9+ notoriety by widespread sl&]4 ,m (t5 !y orig9ate ) or are giv5 curr5cy by individuals ) a p]sonal grievance4 ,! s5sation mong]s1 bo? ^? :o /ay at home & ^? :o visit ! i/hmus1 may gr\nd _! accusations on false /atem5ts by "s eng9e] :o1 hav+ appli$ = s]vice on ! commission & be5 refus$ su* s]vice1 n[ endeav\rs to discr$it 8 successful competitors1 or by "s lessee or own] ( real e/ate :o has s\ght action or inaction by ! commission to increase ! value ( 8 lots1 & is bitt] because ! commission _c be us$ = su* purposes1 or on ! tales ( disappo9t$ bidd]s = contracts1 or ( (fice-hold]s :o h prov$ incompet5t1 or :o h be5 suspect$ ( corruption & dismiss$1 or :o h be5 ov]come by panic & h fl$ f ! i/hmus4 ,e specific *>ge relat+ to jobb]y1 to immorality1 or to ineffici5cy1 f :atev] s\rce x has come1 has be5 imm$iately inve/igat$1 & 9 no s+le in/ance h ! /atem5ts ( ^! s5sation mong]s & ! int]e/$ compla9ants beh9d !m prov$ true4 ,! only discr$it adh]+ to ^! false accusations is to ^? :o orig9ate & give !m curr5cy1 & :o1 to ! ext5t ( _! abilities1 !reby hamp] & ob/ruct ! completion ( ! great "w 9 :i* bo? ! hon\r & ! int]e/ ( ,am]ica are s deeply involv$4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ^? guilty ( ^! false accusations utt] !m 9 m]e wanton recklessness & folly1 or 9 a _s ( s9i/] malice to gratify "s p]sonal or political grudge4 ,! s\ndness & purity ( ! canal zone adm9i/ration has long ago be5 e/abli%$ beyond all "q & cavil4 ,! ,am]icans h giv5 an example to ! _w h[ a great "w ( ?is k9d1 involv+ ! ga!r+ toge!r ( a l>ge multitude ( work]s f _m races & nations1 may be c>ri$ on )\t ^? moral & physical evils :i* h m>k$ too _m ent]prises ( ! k9d4 ,9 fact1 ! way 9 :i* ! ,am]icans h arrang$ & controll$ ! life ( ! canal zone /&s q z mu* to _! cr$it z ! skill & det]m9ation !y h %[n 9 ! actual con/ruction ( ! canal4 ,b we h said no?+ yet ab\t ! work]s !mselves on ! canal4 ,! ,am]icans1 on tak+ ov] ! "w f ! ,fr5*1 f\nd ab\t #gjj ,we/ ,indian negroes engag$ 9 excavat+ ! ,culebra ,cut4 ,f ?is cont+5t z a nucleus a mu* l>g] army ( work]s 0 built up4 ,! numb]s rapidly grew4 ,9 ,decemb] #aije !re 7 #e1jjj employees2 9 #aijf1 #bd1jjj2 9 #aijh1 #ca1jjj2 ! highe/ figure be+ rea*$ 9 #aiaj1 :5 !re 7 #ej1jjj work]s available = duty4 ,( ! employees1 speak+ r\ghly1 "o-sev5? h be5 :ite ,am]icans1 all1 ( c\rse1 skill$ work]s1 "o-sev5? ,european lab\r]s1 & five-sev5?s ,we/ ,indian negroes4 ,! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 especially ,b>bados1 h cont9u$ to be ! ma9 s\rce ( lab\r supply4 ,b ! ,we/ ,indian at ! outset left a great deal to be desir$ 9 8 "w & effici5cy4 ,9 #aije compla9ts 7 made on ! subject by ! *airman ( ! canal commission to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #aijf ! *ief eng9e] report$3-- ,! criticisms ( ! "* ( ! common lab\r :i* 7 made 9 la/ ye>'s report /ill hold good4 ,our lab\r consi/s almo/ entirely ( ,we/ ,indian negroes1 & _! effici5cy is v l[1 al?\gh we h a few ( ?is class :o are fairly /eady work]s--by ?is x is meant t !y av]age to "w all ! "t1 b ! great body ( !m d n4 ,! majority "w j long en\gh to get money to supply _! actual bodily necessities1 ) ! result t1 :ile we are qu>t]+ & c>+ = tw5ty odd ?\s& ( ^! p1 our daily effective =ce is _m ?\s&s less4 ,prelim9>y /eps h be5 tak5 t[>d secur+ a l>ge numb] ( ,spani% lab\r]s direct f ! nor?-we/ prov9ces ( ,spa91 also = ! secur+ ( a trial %ipm5t ( ,cantonese ,*9ese1 z x is believ$ t ! introduction ( lab\r]s ( diff]5t nationalities w be b5eficial4 ,! ,*9ese project 0 fru/rat$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( trade unions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 back$ up by repres5tations f ! ,pacific coa/ /ates4 ,! ,we/ ,indian lab\r] quickly began to e>n a bett] report4 ,x 0 f\nd t 8 ineffici5cy 0 l>gely due to insuffici5t & improp] food4 ,he spe$ily improv$ :5 turn$ on to ! g5]\s & n\ri%+ diet provid$ 9 ! zone4 ,9 ord] to be c]ta9 t he _h ! full advantage ( ! provid$ meals1 ! price ( !m 0 v wisely d$uct$ f 8 wages4 ,moreov]1 ! ,am]ican =em5 soon began to le>n t ! m5 f ,b>bados1 ,tr9idad1 & else:]e 7 ,briti% subjects & c\ld n be treat$ z ?\gh !y 7 s\!rn /ate coons4 ,) a bett] und]/&+ & m sympa!tic treatm5t ( ! black employees1 mu* m "w 0 got out ( !m1 & a good deal ( ! cr$it = ! build+ ( ! ,panama ,canal is due to ! #cj1jjj work]s#ad :o h be5 recruit$ ma9ly f ! ,briti% isl&s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,b ! s\!rn ,european cont+5t has be5 f\nd to be excell5t mat]ial4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! "w-p ( ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,greece w\ld take m easily to navvy+ "w 9 ! tropics ?an p f m nor!rly regions ( ! temp]ate zone4 ,! results 71 on ! :ole1 satisfactory4 ,! ,greeks 71 x is true1 n equal to ! ,italians or ! ,spani>ds1 & v few ( !m 7 recruit$ = canal "w4 ,! ,italians1 also1 ?\gh sev]al ?\s&s ( !m 7 engag$1 prov$ r h>d to h&le4 ,!y 7 bitt5 ) collectivi/ ideas1 & incl9$ to act on trade union l9es4 ,! ,spani>d 01 9 e way1 ! mo/ satisfactory workman introduc$ f ,europe4 ,he 0 tak5 9 an unsophi/icat$ /ate directly f 8 village 9 ,galicia or ,ca/ile4 ,he 0 tractable & ord]ly1 & quick & ready to le>n4 ,h>d lab\r "u ! tropical sun & 9 ! hot damp ( ! i/hmus seem$ to h no exhau/+ or en]vat+ influ5ce :atev] ^u him4 ,! ,spani>d %[s no sign ( settl+ d[n on ! i/hmus4 ,he ei!r goes home ) 8 sav+s or on to railway "w 9 ,brazil4 ,"s #i1jjj h be5 directly recruit$1 b ?is numb] does n include all ! ,spani% lab\r]s ^: muscle has help$ to ! completion ( ?is great "w4 ,a ^w or two %\ld be said ab\t ! wages e>n$ on ! canal4 ,! ,we/ ,indian recruit 0 (f]$ #f-a_/b;d4 an h\r = common lab\r & an eight-h\r day1 9 addition to free qu>t]s1 m$ical c>e1 & repatriation4 ,meals 7 suppli$ to him at ! rate ( #as4 #b-a_/b;d4 p] day4 ,lat] ! pay ( all n "u contract 0 r$uc$ to #e;d4 p] h\r1 & ! price ( ! ?ree meals to #as4 #a-a_/b;d4 ,negro artisans1 su* z c>p5t]s1 masons1 blacksmi?s & o!rs1 ( :om !re 7 "s #e1jjj employ$ 9 connection ) ! canal works1 receiv$ pay v>y+ f #h;d4 to #bb;d4 p] h\r4 ,!re 7 9 #aiab #d1djj negro artisans receiv+ #h;d4 an h\r or m1 :ile #djj receiv$ #as4 an h\r1 & ! "w 0 con/ant4 ,! ,european lab\r]1 9 addition to free qu>t]s1 receiv$ #a4fj p] eight-h\r day1 & m = ov]time "w4 ,he 0 *>g$ #dj c5ts a day = 8 ?ree meals1 :i* left him a m9imum net wage p] day ( #a4bj1 or a little less ?an ?irty %ill+s a week4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 receiv$ m1 & a good numb] ( ,spani% "w-p mu/ h gone home ) a nice little ne/-egg 9 _! pockets4 ,! skill$ lab\r 0 done almo/ entirely by ,unit$ ,/ates employees1 ?\gh ! gold roll1 z x 0 call$1 includ$ at fir/ "s ,europeans4 ,! pay 0 excell5t1 ! social life1 ) its gymnasia1 billi>d-rooms1 conc]ts & s =?1 attractive1 & ! commiss>iat1 ) its ?ree good meals at a fix$ *>ge1 q up to ! /&>d ( a good hotel4 ,! billets on ! i/hmus 7 !re=e popul>1 & ab\t #g1jjj ,am]icans on an av]age h be5 9 employm5t !re4 ,z ,i h po9t$ out1 ! responsibility = ! con/ruction ( ! canal 0 ve/$ 9 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o act$ ?r\gh an executive commission resid5t 9 ! canal zone4 ,! "w 0 organiz$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( dep>tm5ts1 ea* responsible = a big task4 ,^! 7 excavation & dr$g+2 locks & dams2 ma*9]y & build+s 7also responsible = pav+ & o!r improvem5ts 9 ,colon & ,panama72 lab\r1 subsi/5ce1 & qu>t]s2 mat]ial & supplies2 sanitation 7responsible also = hygi5e 9 ,panama & ,colon1 :i* t[ns are te*nically outside ! zone72 civil adm9i/ration2 ! ,panama railroad4 ,!re 7 also "s small] divisions1 su* z acc\nts & an (fice ( a pur*as+ (fic] 9 ,wa%+ton1 ne>ly all ! supplies = ! canal be+ obta9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! ,republic ( ,panama is responsible = ! polic+ ( ! two big t[ns1 b ! dep>tm5t ( civil adm9i/ration ( ! ,panama ,canal ,commission employ$ #bjj police1 #hh ( :i* 7 native ,we/ ,indians4 ,?is busy hive ( lab\r w soon pres5t a v diff]5t aspect4 ,) ! approa* ( ! canal to completion ! numb]s ( ! workm5 w gradually be r$uc$4 ,a dra/ic process ( sift+ & selection w be c>ri$ out among ! ,am]icans employ$ on ! works4 ,only ab\t #b1ejj m5 w be necess>y to op]ate ! canal1 :5 x is 9 full work+ ord]4 ,^! w be e/abli%$ at ! locks & o!r important po9ts4 ,9 fact1 ! canal au?orities recomm5d a complete depopulation ( ! i/hmus except1 ( c\rse1 ! t]m9al cities & ! op]at+ /ations on ! canal4 ,o!rwise1 !y ?9k1 a l>ge exp5se = sanitation w be necess>y :i* might ?us be avoid$4 ,b ! "q ( def5ce mu/ n be =gott54 ,x w c]ta9ly be f\nd advisable to ma9ta9 a pretty l>ge ,am]ican g>rison at ! i/hmus1 & to ! population we h m5tion$ p]haps ev5 #h1jjj ,am]ican troops mu/ be add$4 ,! busy sc5es /ill prevail+ 9 ! canal zone w n[ soon h disappe>$ l a dream1 & ! future travell] :o looks f ! %ip-rail ov] ! %9+ wat]s ( ,gatun ,lake or beyond to ! va/ & sil5t tropical =e/ w h difficulty 9 recon/ruct+ ! spectacle :i* ! n>r[ l&s pres5t$ dur+ ! t5 /r5u\s ye>s ( con/ruction4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,! ,times1 ,septemb] #bf1 #aiab4 #ad ,?is is ! figure ( (ficial recruit+4 ,v _m m came to ! i/hmus ( _! own accord4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,con/ruction4 ,we may n[ beg9 to consid] ! canal itself1 ! problems :i* its design]s _h to solve1 ! me?ods ( con/ruction1 & ! features ( ! complet$ "w4 ,z we h se51 ! fir/ two & a half ye>s 7 a "t ma9ly ( prep>ation = ! titanic ent]prise ( excavation & con/ruction4 ,9 fact1 x might h be5 bett] if ! "w dur+ t p]iod _h be5 entirely re/rict$ to scav5g+1 sew]+1 & s =?4 ,! lab\r]s 7 hurri$ a little too fa/ to ! i/hmus1 be=e ! i/hmus 0 prop]ly clean$ up to receive !m4 ,h5ce ! yell[ fev] panic & difficulties :i* might h be5 avoid$4 ,! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 responsible = ?is ov]-ha/e at ! />t4 ,! great ?+1 !y cri$1 is to make ! dirt fly4 ,!y want$ evid5ce t ! /eam-navvies 7 actually at "w 9 ! b$ ( ! canal & t ! task 0 well 9 h&4 ,9 fact1 ! public at home took an int]e/ 9 ! canal op]ations :i* 0 sometimes emb>rass+4 ,"s newspap] man at ! i/hmus w\ld report an accid5t or un=ese5 difficulty1 probably ) a good deal ( exagg]ation1 an anxi\s excitem5t sprang up among ! p1 & special commissions _h to g to ! i/hmus 9 ord] to inve/igate ! true /ate ( affairs & if possible re/ore confid5ce at home4 ,z ! read] kn[s1 ! ,am]icans _h no clean slate on :i* to write at ,panama4 ,!y succe$$ two ,fr5* companies :i* _h be5 at "w = tw5ty ye>s4 ,true1 ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company :i* succe$$ ! ,lesseps ,company _h n greatly p]spir$ ov] ! und]tak+4 ,x _h kept a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w go+1 *iefly 9 ord] to ma9ta9 its concession4 ,all ! same1 ! ,fr5* _h pl\gh$ a pretty deep furr[ betwe5 ,colon & ,panama1 & mu* ( ! "w !y _h done 0 =tunately available :i*ev] type ( canal %\ld be adopt$1 high-level or tide-level4 ,!y _h c>ri$ out a good deal ( dr$g+ = ! *annel ?r\gh ! tidal flats at ei!r end ( ! canal1 & !y _h made a v visible impression on ! cont95tal divide at :at is kn[n z ! ,culebra ,cut4 ,altoge!r ! ,fr5* companies excavat$ #ha1edh1jjj cubic y>ds4 ,! ,am]icans inh]it$ f _! pr$ecessors a l>ge am\nt ( ma*9]y & tools1 9 addition to a great deal ( "w well done4 ,mu* ( ! ma*9]y1 ev5 ( ! ,lesseps ,company1 0 f\nd to be 9 s]viceable condition1 & op]ations c\ld be cont9u$ ) x1 ?\gh ! ext5t & effici5cy ( ! plant 01 ( c\rse1 z "t w5t on1 greatly increas$4 ,! ma9 problem :i* ! ,am]ican eng9e]s _h to solve 0 h[ to deal ) ! ,*agres ,riv]4 ,on ! tide-level s*eme1 t viol5t & caprici\s /ream1 :i* 9 ! ra9y season 0 navigable = half its l5g? ( #ajj miles1 w\ld h _h to be div]t$ into ano!r *annel or pond$ back 9 its upp] wat]s by a high dam at ,gamboa1 "s ( ! ov]fl[ ( :i* might p]haps h be5 p]mitt$ to pass into ! canal4 ,b1 z we h se51 ! ,*agres w\ld h to be utiliz$ & at ! same "t controll$ if ! high-level plan 0 adopt$4 ,a riv] :i* is capable ( ris+ #ce-a_/b feet 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ne$$ a great deal ( regulation & discipl9e be=e x c\ld be us$ z ! fe$] ( ! upp] rea*es ( a lock canal4 ,! only way to d ?is 0 to diffuse its wat]s ov] a va/ artificial lake :i* x w\ld keep full1 b 9 :i* its floods & curr5t w\ld be effectually tam$4 ,?is c\ld only be done by a huge dam int]cept+ ! c\rse ( ! riv] 9 its l[] rea*es1 at "s po9t be=e x ent]$ ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,:5 ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company *ang$ its plans & decid$ = an elevat$ wat]way1 x 0 int5d$ to con/ruct su* a b>ri] at ,bohio1 a po9t mu* high] up /ream ?an ,gatun1 ! site ultimately *os5 by ! ,am]ican eng9e]s4 ,! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission :i* report$ 9 #aija1 also arrang$ = a dam at ,bohio to control ! ,*agres ,riv]4 ,on ?is plan ! riv] w\ld h be5 int]cept$ mu* high] up1 & ! artificial lake w\ld h be5 mu* small]4 ,b :5 ! ,am]icans f9ally decid$ on ! high-level type 9 #aijf1 ! site ( ! propos$ dam 0 %ift$ f ,bohio to ,gatun1 ne>] ! riv]'s m\?1 :i* involv$ ! inundation ( a mu* va/] area ( c\ntry4 ,?is position = ! dam 0 fir/ sugge/$ by a ,fr5* eng9e]1 ,god9 de ,lep9ay1 :o1 9 a pap] read be=e ! congress ( eng9e]s 9 ,p>is 9 #ahgi1 advocat$ a lock canal ) a dam controll+ ! ,*agres ,riv] at ,gatun4 ,?is1 !n1 0 ! bigge/ problem peculi> to ! high-level s*eme1 = ! cutt+ ?r\gh ! cont95tal divide1 ?\gh an ev5 m titanic lab\r1 w\ld h _h to be accompli%$ :atev] type ( canal _h be5 adopt$4 ,no feature ( ! con/ruction has be5 subject to s mu* criticism & anxi\s solicitude z ?is ,gatun dyke4 ,on x dep5ds ! ma9t5ance ( ,gatun ,lake & ! supply ( wat] = ! canal4 ,if ! dam fails1 ev]y?+ fails4 ,! real cause ( ! difficulty 0 ! f\ndation ^u :i* ?is big artificial hill _h to be laid4 ,! great dam at ,ass\an 9 ,egypt is bas$ ^u ! et]nal granite1 ^u :i* masonry ( natural /one is built4 ,x is1 !re=e1 "p & p>cel ( ! solid framework ( our planet1 & w probably la/ z long4 ,! ,gatun dam is1 h[ev]1 f\nd$ ^u ! alluvial deposits ( ! ,*agres ,riv]4 ,?is alluvium consi/s ( gravel firmly cem5t$ ) mud & clay1 & is unque/ionably wat]-tight4 ,^! deposits g d[n 9 places to a dep? ( #bhj feet be=e ! solid rock is rea*$4 ,! dam _h1 !re=e1 to be laid d[n on ! top ( !m4 ,n[ ?is f\ndation1 ?\gh wat]-tight1 is s(t4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible to place ^u x a massive /ructure ( rock or concrete4 ,! deposits w\ld h giv5 way "u its weight4 ,! only plan 0 to dump d[n 9 ! valley an e>!n dam1 mak+ x v broad s z to di/ribute ! weight ov] z l>ge a space z possible ( ! alluvium und]nea?4 ,a /eep slope w\ld h be5 impossible1 = ! weight ( ! c5tral portion w\ld h pu%$ ! clay & gravel outw>ds1 & ! :ole mass w\ld h subsid$4 ,! e>?-dam 0 to block ! valley ?r\gh :i* ! ,*agres _h hi!rto fl[$ un9t]rupt$ly to ! sea4 ,?is valley is a mile & a half wide1 & ?is is1 !re=e1 ! l5g? ( ! dam4 ,its base is #b1ajj feet wide4 ,x is #cih feet ?r\gh at ! surface ( ! wat]1 #ajj feet wide at ! top1 & 0 to be #aae feet above sea-level4 ,! la/ figure has1 x seems1 be5 br\ght d[n to #ajd feet1 :i* w be an advantage1 z ! weight ^u ! f\ndations w be proportionately less4 ,9 ! middle ( ! dam ! level ( ! lake is controll$ by a *annel call$ ! spillway1 ) walls & floor ( concrete1 by :i* ! surplus wat]s w be sluic$ (f into ! old b$ ( ! ,*agres ,riv] & s pass$ on to ! sea4 ,! entrance to ?is *annel is clos$ ) fall+ gates or doors4 ,?is safety-valve w no d\bt be capable ( deal+ ) ! bigge/ & quicke/ rise ( ! lake-level t is ev] likely to take place4 ,x c pass (f #acg1jjj cubic feet ( wat] a second1 ! wat] issu+ at a spe$ ( #ce feet a second4 ,b1 to complete ! security1 ! big culv]ts ( ! mighty ,gatun locks close by c be turn$ op51 & #agj1jjj cubic feet a second c>ri$ (f !re4 ,inde$1 z reg>ds ! ,gatun ,lake ! anxiety1 if !re be any1 is t ! wat]-supply w be insuffici5t r ?an dang]\sly excessive4 ,! level ( ! lake is to be kept at #he feet above mean sea-level--t is1 ! dam1 or a consid]able l5g? ( x1 w be expos$ to :at is call$ a head ( wat] ( #he feet4 ,! lake itself w be #afd squ>e miles 9 ext5t4 ,!re h be5 _m rational anxieties on ! suffici5cy ( ! dam4 ,a c]ta9 ,am]ican s5ator1 h[ev]1 :o visit$ ! works dur+ ! con/ruction1 worri$ himself r unnecess>ily on ?is la/ figure4 ,colonel ,goe?als 0 %[+ a congressional delegation r\nd ! works1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! survey !y came to ! dam ) ! broad expanse ( wat] beh9d x4 ,colonel1 he said1 h[ is x t s small a body ( e>? z ! ,gatun dam c hold 9 *eck su* a trem5d\s body ( wat] z ! ,gatun ,lake8 ,! *ief eng9e] expla9$ t ! pressure ( a body ( wat] is det]m9$ by its height & n by its volume4 ,! inquir] seems n to h be5 satisfi$ ) ! /atem5t ( ?is hydro/atic law4 ,s5ator ,knox1 aft]w>ds ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 !n came to 8 aid4 ,s5ator1 he said1 if y\r !ory 7 true1 h[ c\ld ! dykes ( ,holl& hold 9 *eck ! ,atlantic ,ocean8 ,?is 0 a cl9*]1 & ! sceptic jo9$ 9 ! laugh at 8 own exp5se4 ,all ! same1 ! ,gatun dam has two extremely responsible & heavy duties to p]=m4 ,x has to )/& ! horizontal ?ru/ ( a head ( #he feet ( wat] s z n to be c>ri$ bodily d[n ! ,*agres b$ into ! ,atlantic4 ,& x has to block up ! valley s effectually t ! wat] ( ! lake %all n p]colate ?r\gh at any po9t4 ,!re is e reason to believe t1 9 spite ( all al>ums & excursions dur+ its con/ruction1 x w fulfil bo? ^! requirem5ts4 ,its composition & con/ruction may be briefly describ$4 ,two bulw>ks ( big rocky fragm5ts 7 built up on ei!r out] l9e or toe ( ! /ructure4 ,?is r\gh mat]ial 0 obta9$ f ! lock site1 or ,m9di1 or ! ,culebra ,cut tw5ty-six miles away4 ,! area betwe5 ^! piles is fill$ ) silt1 & wat] pump$ into x by hydraulic dr$ges f ! ,*agres valley4 ,! surplus wat] is c>ri$ (f ?r\gh pipes4 ,! sodd5 silt rema9s & is pack$ d[n & consolidat$ by atmosph]ic pressure4 ,su* a hydraulic fill is imp]vi\s to wat]1 ! ?ru/ or head ( :i* is v quickly lo/ 9 ! m9ute int]/ices or pores ( ! mat]ial4 ,x w be se5 h[ su* a /ructure diff]s f a dam ( concrete or /one masonry4 ,x is por\s1 :ile at ! same "t imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,! future travell] ?r\gh ! ,panama ,canal w probably nev] guess ! imm5sity ( ! lab\r t has gone to ! build+ ( ! ,gatun dam4 ,already1 inde$1 x looks s mu* l a "p ( ! natural l&scape t x might well escape special obs]vation altoge!r4 ,yet no?+ less ?an #ba1ade1ica cubic y>ds ( mat]ial 7 laid d[n--en\gh to make a wall ( e>? ?ree feet high & ?ree feet ?ick rea*+ ne>ly halfway r\nd ! _w4 ,! spillway itself conta9s #bbe1dhe cubic y>ds ( concrete4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! dam prop] !re is no core ( masonry or puddl$ *alk or clay :atev]4 ,x 0 at "o "t int5d$ t !re %\ld be4 ,i h allud$ to ! al>mi/ rum\rs t 7 rais$ aga9 & aga9 at ,panama & creat$ mu* uneas9ess 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! 7 especially conc]n$ ) ! great dam1 & t ^w mu/ h frequ5tly be5 on ! lips ( ! eng9e]s 9 m ?an "o significance4 ,e possible te/ 0 appli$ to det]m9e ! exact "* ( ! und]ly+ mat]ials1 to asc]ta9 :e!r !re 0 any connection betwe5 ! swamp areas to ! nor? & s\? ?r\gh ! deposits 9 ! gorges :i* ! e>?work 0 to bridge1 to prove ! ability ( ! mat]ial bel[ to support ! /ructure1 & to f9d out :e!r suitable mat]ial = ! dam c\ld be f\nd 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,z ! result ( all ^! inve/igations1 wrote ,colonel ,goe?als1#ae x may be briefly /at$ t ! und]ly+ mat]ial is imp]vi\s to wat]2 t x possesses ample /r5g? to uphold ! /ructure t w be plac$ ^u x1 &1 ! subsoil be+ imp]vi\s1 t !re is no connection betwe5 ! swamps above & ! sea bel[4 ,9 ord] to make assurance d\bly sure1 ,colonel ,goe?als plann$ ! dam s z to include triple int]lock+ /eel %eet-pil+ across ! valley1 driv5 d[n to b$rock1 & decid$ to c>ry ! dam to a height ( #ace feet4 ,ev5 s1 ! news ( a collapse 0 wir$ home1 & ?is s impress$ ,presid5t ,roosevelt t he s5t a commission ( eng9e]s to ! i/hmus accompani$ by ,presid5t-elect ,taft4 ,! inve/igations _h a diff]5t result f :at _h be5 expect$4 ,in/ead ( be+ dissatisfi$ ) ! size & /r5g? ( ! dam1 ! eng9e]s decl>$ t x 0 be+ built too high & t ! /eel pil+ 0 unnecess>y4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 !re=e1 t ! effici5cy ( ! ,gatun dam has be5 subject$ to ! mo/ rigor\s te/s1 & t no fur!r anxiety on ! subject ne$ be felt4 ,) ! block+ ( ! ,*agres outlet at ,gatun1 ! wat]s ( ! lake h gradually accumulat$ until !y cov] an area ( #afd squ>e miles4 ,n only ! ,*agres itself b its tribut>ies1 ! ,tr9idad & o!rs1 are ?us pond$ back4 ,! res]voir ext5ds up a numb] ( long & w9d+ arms1 & is ?us v irregul> 9 %ape4 ,! b$ ( ! *annel itself 0 cle>$ ( bru%wood & trees1 b ! re/ ( ! valley 0 ?ickly ov]gr[n4 ,z ! wat]s rose1 !re=e1 & gradually subm]g$ ?is primeval =e/1 a r dismal spectacle 0 pres5t$ ( decay & de/ruction4 ,! lake has1 inde$1 completely alt]$ ! aspect ( ! c\ntry4 ,villages & ev5 small t[ns1 ^: names _h come d[n f ! days ( ! old navigators1 lie buri$ = ev] b5ea? ! wat]s ( ,lake ,gatun4 ,ev5 n[ ! great expanse ( wat] ) its wood$ isl&s looks l a natural feature ( ! l&scape r ?an ye/]day's creation ( eng9e]+ ent]prise4 ,! vessels 9 transit w1 ( c\rse1 keep to ! dr$g$ & buoy$ *annel1 b ! *annel w itself be invisible1 & ! travell]1 aft] toss+ on ! re/less ,c>ibbean ,sea1 w enjoy ! full s5sation ( a cruise ov] a l&lock$ fjord or lake4 ,lake ,gatun is inde$ twice ! size ( ,lago ,maggiore & f\r-fif?s ! size ( ,lake ,g5eva4 ,! j\rney f ,gatun to ,bas ,obispo1 :]e ! wat]way aga9 assumes ! appe>ance ( a canal & ent]s ! ,culebra gorge1 is #bb miles1 b ! same #he-;foot level is ma9ta9$ "r to ! locks at ,p$ro ,miguel1 :]e ! wat]s ( ,lake ,gatun are aga9 reta9$ by a dam connect+ ! walls ( ! lock ) a hill to ! we/4 ,! re/ ( ! lake is held 9 by ! natural configuration ( ! c\ntry1 ! only outlets be+ at ! ,gatun spillway &1 ( c\rse1 ?r\gh ! locks4 ,b we mu/ n ov]look ! ma9 purpose ( ! lake1 :i* is to supply ! wat] = ! canal & ! lockages4 ,= ?is purpose ev]y?+1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds on ! ra9fall at ! i/hmus1 & ! "q arises :e!r ?is may be reli$ ^u to repl5i% ! canal ) ! ne$ful wat]-supply4 ,colonel ,goe?als e/imates t 9 an av]age dry season #eh lockages1 or transits ( ! canal1 p] day w\ld be possible1 :i* is a great] numb] ?an ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ! day w\ld p]mit1 all[+ vessels to foll[ ea* o!r at int]vals ( "o h\r4 ,happily1 a res\rce is /ill left if ! supply ( wat] %\ld %[ signs ( prov+ insuffici5t4 ,at ,alhajuela1 on ! ,*agres ,riv]1 "s n9e or t5 miles above ,obispo1 !re is an excell5t site = a dam1 =m+ a res]voir :]e "s ( ! surplus wat] ( ! ra9y season c\ld be /or$ & suppli$ to ! canal z requir$ 9 ! dry mon?s4 ,details ( ! con/ruction ( su* a dam 7 prep>$ 9 connection ) a =m] canal-s*eme1 & w\ld be available 9 case ( ne$4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,febru>y #aiaa4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,culebra ,,cut4 ,! mo/ fam\s section ( "w on ! canal has be5 t at ! v]tebra or cont95tal divide1 :i* runs along ! i/hmus on ! ,pacific side & _h to be pi]c$ ?r\gh by any canal runn+ f ,colon to ,panama4 ,?is trem5d\s "w1 kn[n z ! ,culebra ,cut1 f ! "n ( "o ( ! hills1 ext5ds = n9e miles f ,bas ,obispo to ,p$ro ,miguel4 ,mr4 ,bryce has truly said1 ref]r+ to ?is section1 t nev] be=e on our planet h s mu* lab\r1 s mu* sci5tific k1 & s mu* executive skill be5 conc5trat$ on a "w design$ to br+ ! nations ne>] to "o ano!r & s]ve ! int]e/s ( all mank9d4#af ,! bottom ( ! canal 9 ! cut1 z 9 ! *annel ?r\gh ,lake ,gatun1 is #dj feet above sea-level4 ,! highe/ elevation ( ! orig9al surface ( ! gr\nd above ! c5tre l9e ( ! canal 0 #cab feet above sea-level1 s t ! total excavation along ?is saddle 0 #cab m9us #dj1 or #bgb feet4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 n actually ! highe/ po9t ( excavation4 ,gold ,hill1 close to ! canal l9e1 is #ecd feet above sea-level1 & f ! top ( ?is hill a new & /eep] slope _h to be made4 ,! surface ( ! wat] is #he feet above sea-level1 & s is #bbg feet bel[ ! orig9al saddle at its highe/ elevation4 ,we h already notic$ t a tide-level canal w\ld h involv$ an excavation #he feet deep]1 & ! wid? ( ! cutt+ w\ld h _h to be imm5sely wid]4 ,! slides & breaks :i* h r5d]$ ! ,am]ican excavation s mu* m difficult lead "o to suppose t ! tide-level cutt+ might h prov$ impracticable4 ,all ! "w at ,culebra p]=m$ by ! ,fr5* 0 available = _! successors4 ,! ,fr5* companies acc\nt$ = #ah1fdf1jjj cubic y>ds ( mat]ial on ?is section4 ,!y _h already cut d[n #aeb feet bel[ ! orig9al surface at its highe/ elevation1 & ! cliff !y _h cut 9 ! face ( ,gold ,hill 0 #cgd feet 9 v]tical height4 ,x is well to m5tion su* figures1 z "s p imag9e t ! ,fr5* wa/$ all _! "t & res\rces at ,panama4 ,x may be add$ t ! bottom wid? ( ! *annel adopt$ by ! ,fr5* eng9e]s 0 #gd feet1 :]eas t ( ! ,am]ican canal w be #cjj feet4 ,_m descriptions h be5 giv5 by visitors ( ! spectacle pres5t$ 9 ?is long & deep ga% ?r\gh ! m\nta9s dur+ ! progress ( ! excavations4 ,f ^! & ! num]\s photographs tak5 at t /age ! travell] w be able to recon/ruct ! sc5e--! two hundr$ miles ( railroad con/ruction track1 laid d[n ti] above ti] at diff]5t levels2 ! ?\s&s ( m5 busily at "w2 ! ro> & smoke ( ! dynamite te>+ ! rock into fragm5ts2 ! mighty /eam-%ovels l great dragons bury+ _! iron tee? 9 ! surface ( ! bank1 engulf+ a huge m\?ful1 !n sw++ r\nd & bel*+ x all into ! dirt trucks1 to be c>ri$ (f to ! dump+-gr\nd at ,gatun ne> ! ,atlantic or ,balboa at ! ,pacific end ( ! canal4 ,at ,culebra1 ,colonel ,goe?als made ! dirt fly to ! full satisfaction ( public op9ion 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,all sorts ( devices & ma*9]y 7 employ$ to ha/5 & economize ! process4 ,= example1 !re 0 ! ,l$g]wood ,unload]4 ,railway trucks provid$ ) flaps 7 us$1 ^! flaps mak+ a s+le plat=m ( ! :ole tra94 ,at ! re> ( ! tra9 0 a pl\gh :i* c\ld be drawn by a wire rope atta*$ to a drum c>ri$ on a special c> 9 ! =e "p ( ! tra94 ,:5 ! tra9 arriv$ at ! dump+-gr\nd ! drum 0 />t$1 & ! pl\gh1 advanc+ f ! re>1 swept ! #cbj cubic y>ds & rock f ! sixte5 c>s 9 sev5 m9utes4 ,!n !re 0 a track-%ift]1 inv5t$ by an employee on ! i/hmus1 :i* lift$ & relaid ! railway l9es z ! spoil-tracks _h to be %ift$4 ,?is p[]ful eng9e rais$ ! track & ties cle> ( ! gr\nd & deposit$ !m f ?ree to n9e feet sideways4 ,! spoil tra9s 7 treat$ ) all ! respect :i* is accord$ to ! fa/e/ mail tra9s ( ! day on an ,engli% ma9 l9e4 ,!y foll[$ "o ano!r f ! cutt+ at int]vals ( ?ree m9utes1 & any delay1 ( c\rse1 balk$ ! mammo? /eam-%ovel ( its glutton\s meal on ! /ones & rubble ( ! m\nta9-side4 ,any cause ( delay 0 at once report$ by telephone to ! sup]9t5d5t ( transportation at ,empire1 & ! ob/ruction 0 imm$iately dealt )4 ,by ?is p]si/5t conc5tration on ! ma9 object ! dirt has be5 made to fly n only m spe$ily b m *eaply4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s causes ( anxiety & difficulty along ! canal l9e 7 ! slides & breaks :i* kept occurr+ 9 ! ,culebra ,cut4 ,to use a cond5s$ ,am]icanism1 ! sides w\ld n /ay put4 ,l>ge masses ( mat]ial w\ld slide or move f ! banks into ! excavat$ area1 clos+ (f ! dra9age1 upsett+ ! /eam-%ovels1 & te>+ up ! tracks4 ,a v unpleasant ph5om5on 0 ! lift+ ( ! %ovels 9 ! bottom ( ! canal due to ! bulg+s ( ! e>? !re4 ,x is n necess>y to ent] into ! di/9ction betwe5 slides & breaks1 or into ! le>n$ disquisitions t h be5 writt5 ab\t !m4 ,x is suffici5t = u to note t !y add$ imm5sely to ! am\nt ( mat]ial :i* _h to be got out ( ! ,culebra gorge4 ,colonel ,goe?als tells u t ( ! #ad1cbe1hgf cubic y>ds remov$ dur+ ! ye> #aiji1 #hhd1ecj cubic y>ds1 or #f p] c5t41 7 due to slides2 t 9 #aiaj ( #ad1iba1gej cubic y>ds remov$1 #b1fdi1jjj1 or #ah p] c5t41 came f slides or breaks t _h previ\sly exi/$ or t _h develop$ dur+ ! ye>4 ,x might h be5 imag9$ t ^! disc\rag+ additions to ! "w w\ld h s]i\sly delay$ progress on ! canal & put =w>d ! date ( its completion4 ,b able & economic organization triumph$ ov] all ^! lets & h9drances4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,am]ican excavations ! eng9e]s e/imat$ t #ajc million cubic y>ds ( dirt _h /ill to be remov$1 & t ?is "w w\ld take n9e ye>s to accompli%4 ,b t e/imate ( mat]ial prov$ to be greatly bel[ ! m>k4 ,enl>gem5ts ( ! canal & ! un=ese5 collapses 9 ! ,culebra ,cut br\ght up ! total to #aie million cubic y>ds4 ,x is a rem>kable evid5ce ( ! effici5cy & economy ( ! ,am]ican organization t ?is imm5se task w h be5 complet$ 9 ab\t six ye>s ( actual full-sw+ "w4 ,"s idea ( ! way 9 :i* ,colonel ,goe?als made ! dirt fly may be ga!r$ f ! fact t 9 ! fir/ five ye>s ( 8 director%ip1 d[n to ,april #aiab1 he remov$ #afj million cubic y>ds ( mat]ial4 ,if all ?is mat]ial1 writes ,mr4 ,%[alt]1 c\ld be plac$ 9 a solid %aft ( ! %ape ( ! ,wa%+ton ,monum5t1 ) a base z l>ge z an av]age city block1 x w\ld t[] m ?an six miles skyw>d1 ov]topp+ ! e>?'s l(tie/ m\nta9 peak by m ?an a mile4 ,aga91 if x 7 to be load$ on to ! big ,lidg]wood dirt c>s us$ on ! canal1 x w\ld make a /r+ ( !m rea*+ ov] two & a half times ar\nd ! e>?1 & requir+ a /r+ ( eng9es rea*+ f ,new ,york to ,sac ,francisco to move !m4 ,x is inde$ a rem>kable a*ievem5t t1 :ile ! am\nt ( mat]ial to be remov$ 0 increas$ by ab\t #ij p] c5t41 ! "t ( removal 0 cut d[n by #cj p] c5t4 ,nor has ! increase ( ! "w add$ to ! e/imate ( co/4 ,! total co/ ( ! complet$ canal 0 fix$ 9 #aijh at #cge million doll>s4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! increas$ excavations1 en\gh ( ?is sum1 x is calculat$1 w be left ov] to build a new breakwat]1 & p]haps a big /orage res]voir at ,alhajuela on ! upp] rea*es ( ! ,*agres ,riv]4 ,9 ! ,culebra ,cut1 despite ! l&slides1 ! co/ ( excavation has actually be5 r$uc$ by m ?an "o-?ird4 ,illu/ration3 ,culebra ,cut1 f ,we/ ,bank1 %[+ ,%ovels at ,"w4 ,! pessimi/s h ( c\rse be5 busy ) ^! l&slides 9 ! ,cut4 ,!y pr$ict$ t ! canal along ?is section w\ld always be expos$ to dang] f t s\rce4 ,b "h1 too1 e precaution has be5 tak54 ,! eng9e]s h giv5 a mu* l[] slope to ! sides ( ! canal1 :i* is !re=e wid] at ! top ?an _h be5 orig9ally plann$4 ,! slopes w also be s[n ) creep+ grasses & o!r plants1 :i* w b9d d[n ! surface soil4 ,:5 ! =ty-five feet ( wat] are 9 ! canal1 ! bottom w be held d[n by ! weight1 & ! bulg+s no long] take place4 ,moreov]1 any e>? t1 9 spite ( all precautions1 /ill manages to slide into ! canal %\ld be easily dealt ) by ! big #bj-;in* suction dr$ges1 :i* c be br\ght up ?r\gh ! locks & set to "w4 ,s we ne$ n tr\ble mu* ab\t ! /ability ( ?+s along ?is n9e-mile section ?r\gh ! ,culebra ,m\nta9s4 ,"h z else:]e x is possible to give only a v g5]al idea ( ! difficulties :i* 7 enc\nt]$ & ov]come 9 ! c\rse ( con/ruction4 ,! dra9age ( ! ,cut dur+ ! "w 0 9 itself a heavy & important task4 ,x 0 necess>y to keep out ! wat] ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry & to rid ! excavat$ area ( wat] collect+ 9 x4 ,a sy/em ( div]sion *annels1 c>ry+ (f ! ,obispo ,riv] & its tribut>ies1 effect$ ! fir/ object1 & ! second problem 0 solv$ by gravity dra9s & pumps4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is mighty tr5* ?r\gh ! i/hmian hills is n only ! bigge/ ?+ to ! cr$it ( a nation :i* delights 9 bigness1 b ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( its k9d ! _w has ev] se54 ,,footnotes3 #af ,s\? ,am]ica1 p4 #bf4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,locks4 ,! ,panama ,canal belongs to ! age ( concrete4 ,all o!r va/ works ( con/ruction1 su* z ! ,pyramids ( antiquity & ! ,ass\an ,dam ( to-day1 h be5 built ( live natural rock4 ,at ,panama ev]y?+--locks1 :>ves1 pi]s1 breakwat]s--has be5 con/ruct$ ( concrete4 ,! ,am]icans h n only built ^! incomp>able piles ( masonry2 !y h manufactur$ ! mat]ial out ( :i* !y are built4 ,?is circum/ance makes ! rapid completion ( ! canal all ! m wond]ful4 ,n less ?an f\r & a half million cubic y>ds ( artificial /one h be5 produc$ = ! built portions ( ! canal & its accessories4 ,?is am\nt ( concrete1 we are in=m$1 w\ld make an ord9>y sidewalk n9e feet wide by six in*es ?ick rea*+ m ?an twice r\nd ! e>?4 ,! brok5 /one :i* is "o ( ! +r$i5ts ( concrete 0 qu>ri$ & transport$ f ,porto ,bello--a "n fam\s 9 ! annals ( ,we/ ,indian romance--#bj miles to ! ea/ ( ,colon2 :ile ! s& came mo/ly f ,nombre de ,dios1 also a celebrat$ place #bj miles fur!r to ! ea/1 ! ,atlantic t]m9al ( ! old pav$ trans-i/hmian road along :i* ! ,spani% mule convoys br\ght ! silv] ( ! ,incas f ,panama4 ,millions ( y>ds ( /one came f ,porto ,bello4 ,hundr$s ( b>geloads ( s& came f ,nombre de ,dios & f isl&s 9 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific4 ,myriads ( b>rels ( cem5t 7 %ipp$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,cri/obal1 an outskirt ( ,colon1 !nce c>ri$ by b>ges to ,gatun or by railway to ! ,p$ro ,miguel & ,miraflores lock sites4 ,doz5s ( mighty mix]s 7 ready to receive ^! div]se mat]ials4 ,ea* ( ^! c\ld accommodate t5 tons ( s&1 cem5t1 cru%$ /ones1 & wat]4 ,?is indige/ible mixture ! ma*9e w\ld toss & *urn r\nd = a m9ute or s 9 its int]ior & !n bel* x all out 9 ! %ape ( unh>d5$ artificial /one4 ,! belief 9 concrete among ! build]s ( ! ,panama ,canal has be5 almo/ a sup]/ition4 ,!y inv5t$ a sort ( cem5t gun to %oot s& & wat] aga9/ ! sides ( ! ,culebra ,cut1 s z to =m a coat+ ( solid artificial rock1 b ! exp]im5t r des]v$ ?an a*iev$ success4 ,( c\rse all su* /ructures z ligh?\ses 7 built :olly ( concrete1 & x is report$ t ev5 b>ges 7 con/ruct$ ( ?is adaptable mat]ial4 ,z reg>ds concrete & its nature & behavi\r no?+ 0 tak5 = grant$4 ,e means 0 tak5 ( te/+ su* important matt]s z ! effect ( sea-wat] on ?is mat]ial1 ! "t x takes = ^! huge masses ( artificial /one to settle1 & _m o!r que/ions on ! answ] to :i* ! p]man5ce & /ability ( ! locks & ! entire wat]way w\ld dep5d4 ,! ,panama ,canal1 writes ,mr4 ,%[alt]1 is ! greate/ ef=t man ev] has made1 & p]haps ev] w make1 to simulate ! processes ( geologic ages1 & d 9 days :at ,nature requir$ unreckon$ ye>s to accompli%4 ,^! rem>ks ab\t concrete naturally lead u to ! subject ( ! ,panama locks1 ! magnific5t /airway at ,gatun1 ! s+le-/ep locks at ,p$ro ,miguel 7or1 z ! work] quickly ,angliciz$ x1 ,pet] ,magill71 & ! d\ble-/ep flight at ,miraflores4 ,! mo/ impressive ( ^! is ! colossal duplicat$ ?ree-/ep flight at ,gatun1 up :i* ! vessel 9 transit is lift$ f ! end ( ! sea-level sev5-mile-long entrance *annel ?r\gh ,limon ,bay to ,gatun up to ! surface ( ,gatun ,lake1 #he feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,?is giant /aircase has be5 con/ruct$ 9 a cutt+ ?r\gh ! hill :i* reta9s at ?is end ! wat]s ( ! artificial lake4 ,a trem5d\s am\nt ( excavation1 upw>ds ( #e1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds1 0 necess>y1 & ! locks1 :i* are con/ruct$ entirely ( concrete1 conta9 ab\t #b1jdf1ajj cubic y>ds ( t mat]ial4 ,! *amb]s ( all ! locks 9 ! canal w h a usable l5g? ( #a1jjj feet & a wid? ( #aaj feet4 ,^! dim5sions %\ld prove l>ge en\gh = ! l>ge/ %ips n only exi/+ b likely to be con/ruct$ = _m ye>s to come4 ,!y satisfy ! requirem5t ( ! ,spoon] ,act t ! canal %all be ( suffici5t capacity & dep? to af=d conv5i5t passage = vessels ( ! l>ge/ tonnage & greate/ draft n[ 9 use1 & su* z may reasonably be expect$4 ,m ?an #ie p] c5t4 ( ! %ips n[ afloat are less ?an #fjj feet 9 l5g?1 s t a good m>g9 is all[$4 ,we may be c]ta9 t ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t has giv5 ! close/ att5tion to ! "q ( ! l5g? & bread? ( ! lock-*amb]s1 = ! canal1 we mu/ rememb]1 is prim>ily a milit>y passage = ! purpose ( transf]r+1 if ne$ be1 ! entire ,am]ican fleet f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific seabo>d4 ,! locks ( ! ,kiel ,canal1 x may be add$ = purposes ( comp>ison1 h an available l5g? ( #dib feet & a wid? ( #hb feet4 ,! vessel1 !n1 9 ord] to ga9 ! level ( ,gatun ,lake f ! ,atlantic entrance1 has to pass ?r\gh a flight ( ?ree successive locks4 ,! maximum lift is #cb feet1 or ab\t f\r feet high] ?an at any o!r locks n[ 9 use4 ,all ! locks along ! ,panama ,canal are duplicat$--t is1 !re are two p>allel sets ) a common c5tre-wall--s t two %ips c\ld be simultane\sly put ?r\gh bo? flights 9 ! same or 9 opposite directions4 ,?is d\ble-track+ is 9 itself "o ( ! _m precautions tak5 aga9/ accid5ts at ! locks4 ,!re are no locks 9 ! _w :]e ^! precautions are s m9ute & num]\s4 ,x is all ( c\rse 9 ! int]e/s ( ! own]s to inspire ! maximum ( confid5ce 9 m>itime circles4 ,complete effici5cy 9 ! op]ation ( ! canal1 absolute safety = ! vessels & c>goes entru/$ = t5 or twelve h\rs to its keep+1 are ! elem5t>y conditions ( success4 ,ea* lock ?r\gh :i* ! vessel passes is equipp$ ) two pairs ( mitre gates--t is1 d\ble sw++ doors--! bigge/ lock-gates 9 ! _w2 b 9 all cases ! upp]mo/ locks h a second pair ( gates1 s t if "s unruly vessel 7 to ram op5 "o set ( gates !re w\ld /ill be ano!r set ready to receive x4 ,b ev5 ?is is n all4 ,heavy *a9s are /ret*$ across ! *annel ) ! ends atta*$ to hydraulic pay+-out ma*9]y4 ,^! *a9s & _! atta*m5ts are capable ( br++ to a dead /op a vessel ( #aj1jjj tons mov+ at ! rate ( five miles an h\r4 ,& /ill ! precaution>y devices are n exhau/$4 ,let u suppose t all ^! b>ri]s 7 brok5 d[n1 ?\gh su* a disa/] is almo/ beyond ! b\nds ( ?+s possible4 ,at ! head ( ea* flight ( locks !re are provid$ great cantilev] sw+-bridges :i* c be ?r[n across ! *annel 9 case ( accid5t4 ,f ^! bridges a s]ies ( nickel-/eel wicket gird]s c\ld be let d[n4 ,! l[] ends ( ^! gird]s w\ld drop into a sort ( sill at ! bottom ( ! ru%+ wat]s4 ,! gird]s w\ld !n act z small p]p5dicul> runways1 d[n :i* l>ge /eel %eets on roll]s w\ld be let d[n1 gradually damm+ back ! escap+ wat]s4 ,& la/ly1 9 ord] to avoid all rec\rse to ^! em]g5cy contrivances1 x is orda9$ t no vessel %all ent] any *amb] ( any locks "u its own /eam4 ,ne>ly all ! accid5ts t happ5 9 locks are due to ! vessels be+ work$ indep5d5tly ( ! lock au?orities :5 pass+ ?r\gh4 ,capta9s may be z anxi\s z possible to avoid mi/akes1 b !re is _m a slip possible betwe5 an ord] & its fulfilm5t4 ,s ! lock op]ators are n go+ to be responsible = ! safety ( a vessel :i* is n entirely "u _! own control4 ,none w be all[$ to negotiate ! locks "u its own motive-p[]4 ,a s]ies ( electric t[+-/ations w be set up on ! side walls ( ! locks4 ,:5 a vessel approa*es x w be br\ght to a /&/ill outside ! locks4 ,!n f\r ( ^! t[+ eng9es w be fa/5$ to x by means ( haws]s--two at ! /em1 9 ord] to draw ! vessel into ! locks1 & two at ! /]n1 to *eck its spe$ & br+ x to a /&/ill :5 necess>y4 ,& ?is control w ( c\rse be ex]cis$ all ?r\gh its passage to ! upp] or l[] levels4 ,we %\ld c]ta9ly n he> ( any accid5ts 9 ! lock-*amb]s ( ! ,panama ,canal4 ,illu/ration3 ,gatun ,locks1 look+ ,s\?-,we/1 %[+ ,nor? ,end ( ! ,locks4 ,x is expect$ t a vessel w be pass$ ?r\gh ! ?ree locks at ,gatun 9 ab\t fifty m9utes1 ?\gh "s delay may be caus$ 9 ! approa*4 ,on ! ,atlantic side ! wat] ( ! canal w be smoo?1 & ! %ip w be 9 "s degree %elt]$ f ! w9ds1 s t !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 ! approa* f t direction4 ,com+ f ,lake ,gatun to ! locks ! vessel may exp]i5ce a little r\gh wat]1 ?\gh !re is seldom a great =ce ( w9d !re1 & ! lake w be free f curr5ts4 ,z reg>ds ! ,pacific side1 ! ocean !re fully corresponds ) its "n4 ,x is always calm1 & n ! slighte/ difficulty may be anticipat$ f ei!r w9ds or waves or curr5ts4 ,ov] ?irty miles away at ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,culebra ,cut ! vessel 9 transit w be l[]$ f ! high-level lake #cj feet d[n to ! surface ( ano!r artificial lake mu* small] 9 cont5t1 held at a surface-height ( #ee feet above sea-level4 ,^! are ! s+le-/ep duplicate locks kn[n z ! ,p$ro ,miguel or ,pet] ,magill4 ,! con/ruction ( ^! locks requir$ #ggj1jjj cubic y>ds ( cem5t4 ,on ! we/ side ( ^! locks is ! o!r dam :i*1 ) ! mighty ,gatun dam at ! o!r end1 holds up ! wat]s ( ,lake ,gatun4 ,?is small] dam is also ( e>?1 & is ab\t #a1djj feet long & #dj feet wide at ! top4 ,x is subject$ to a maximum head ( wat] ( #dj feet1 b ! av]age is f #be to #cj feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! lake1 :i* is kn[n by ! pretty "n ( ,miraflores1 betwe5 ! ,pet] ,magill & ! next set ( locks1 is ab\t #b1jjj y>ds1 & ! lake itself cov]s ab\t #a1bjj acres4 ,its wat]s are held up at #ee feet above sea-level by two dams at ! ,miraflores locks4 ,^! are ! ?ird & la/ set ( locks = a %ip proce$+ f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,!y are 9 two /eps1 or1 to use ! m te*nical expression1 two 9 flight1 & !y drop ! vessel f ! ,miraflores ,lake at #ee feet elevation d[n to sea-level4 ,x mu/ be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! fluctuations 9 ! tide ( ! ,pacific end are ab\t #bj feet1 & t ! height ( ! lake is giv5 = mean tide4 ,9 o!r words l[ wat] dur+ spr+ tides is #aj feet bel[ ! av]age sea-level4 ,! maximum lift = ^! locks !re=e w be #fe feet4 ,!re are two dams hold+ up ! wat]s ( ! ,miraflores ,lake1 "o to ! we/ ( e>?1 & "o to ! ea/ ( concrete4 ,! =m] is #b1cjj feet long & #dj feet wide at ! top4 ,! av]age head to :i* x is subject$ is #cj feet1 ! maximum #dj4 ,its con/ruction is simil> to t at ,gatun4 ,! concrete dam is ab\t #ejj feet long1 & is provid$ ) regulat+ works simil> to & ( ! same dim5sions z ^? at ,gatun1 ! cre/ 9 ?is in/ance be+ #ci feet above mean tide-level1 ) sev5 op5+s1 all[+ a dis*>ge ( #g1ejj cubic feet p] second4 ,! locks !mselves w require #a1cab1jjj cubic feet ( concrete4 ,i %\ld add t ^! dams at ,p$ro ,miguel & ,miraflores are1 unlike _! big bro!r at ,gatun1 f\nd$ ^u ! solid b$rock4 ,!re has1 !re=e1 be5 no "q z to _! p]man5ce & /ability4 ,moreov]1 z w h be5 notic$1 ! pressure ( wat] is only ab\t a half ( t at ,gatun4 ,! relay+ ( mo/ ( ! old ,panama railroad 0 proce$+ p>i passu ) ! con/ruction ( ! canal4 ,two sections ( ! old l9e1 "o f ,colon to ,m9di at ! ,atlantic end1 ! o!r f ,corozal to ,panama at ! ,pacific end1 c\ld be us$ = ! new4 ,all ! re/ _h to be built4 ,! great] portion ( ! old track 01 inde$1 subm]g$ b5ea? ! wat]s ( ,lake ,gatun4 ,! l9e is also be+ d\bl$ ?r\gh\t almo/ its entire l5g?4 ,x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to c>ry ! l9e ?r\gh ! ,culebra ,cut along a b]m #aj feet above ! wat] surface1 to be left = ?is purpose dur+ ! excavations ( ! *annel2 b ! slides int]f]$ ) ?is project1 & a new l9e to ! ea/ ( ! ,cut 0 select$4 ,! heavy embankm5ts along ! railway 7 among ! mo/ useful & conv5i5t dumps = ! mat]ial tak5 out ( ! ,culebra cutt+4 ,z a great "p ( ! railroad passes ?r\gh ! lake1 culv]ts ( re9=c$ concrete are provid$ to equalize ! wat] on bo? sides ( ! embankm5ts4 ,s\? ( ,miraflores ! new railway passes ?r\gh a tunnel #hjj feet long1 & a /rik+ feature ( ! canal is a /eel bridge across ! ,*agres ,riv] ne> ,gamboa1 almo/ a qu>t] ( a mile long4 ,we ne$ n dwell on ! excavations ( ! tidal /ret*es ( ! canal on ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ends or ?r\gh ,lake ,gatun4 ,a good deal ( ! ,fr5* "w 0 available at ! tidal levels1 b a va/ am\nt ( excavation _h /ill to be done by /eam-%ovels z well z dr$ges1 rocky elevations be+ f\nd 9 bo? *annels4 ,bel[ ! ,miraflores locks a million & a half cubic y>ds ( rock _h to be remov$4 ,!re w be "s tidal curr5t at ! ,pacific end1 b z ! sea-level section "h w be #ejj feet wide1 ! curr5t w nev] run fa/] ?an ab\t "o foot p] second4 ,! sea is practically tideless at ! ,atlantic t]m9al1 ! v>iation be+ only #b4e z a maximum1 :]eas at ! ,pacific x is #ba4a4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,complet$ ,,canal4 ,we may n[ beg9 to consid] ! canal z a :ole & 9 its complet$ /ate4 ,f deep wat] 9 ,limon ,bay1 #da-;foot dep? at mean tide1 to deep wat] outside ,panama1 #de-;foot dep? at mean tide1 is j ab\t #ej miles4 ,! great] "p ( ! canal is at high elevation1 only #ae miles ( x be+ at sea-level4 ,we %all note ! v>y+ dep?s & wid?s ( ! *annel :5 we take our imag9>y j\rney along x4 ,"h x is en\gh to say t ! m9imum wid? w be #cjj feet1 ! m9imum dep? #da feet1 ! bread? & dep? be+1 h[ev]1 = ! great] portion ( its c\rse1 great] ?an ^! dim5sions4 ,its highe/ po9t above sea-level1 z ! read] already kn[s1 is #he feet--t is1 #he feet at ! surface ( ! wat]1 & #dj feet at ! canal bottom4 ,! dep? along ?is /ret* is !re=e #de feet4 ,! ,panama ,canal1 ?\gh n s long z ! ,kiel & ,suez ,canals1 is v mu* broad] & deep]4 ,suez is #ajh feet wide & #ca feet deep z m9ima2 ,kiel1 #gb feet & #bi-a_/b feet4 ,! ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal is #abj feet by #bf feet4 ,9 l5g? ,panama1 ) its #ej miles1 comes ?ird1 ,suez be+ #ij1 ,kiel #fa1 & ,man*e/] #ce-a_/b miles long4 ,dur+ ! build+ ( ! canal ! dep>tm5t ( con/ruction & eng9e]+ 0 arrang$ 9 ?ree divisions--! ,atlantic1 embrac+ ! eng9e]+ con/ruction f deep wat] 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea to include ! ,gatun locks & dam2 ! c5tral division1 ext5d+ f ,gatun to ,p$ro ,miguel2 & ! ,pacific division1 f ,p$ro ,miguel to deep wat] 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,= ! ord9>y /ud5t1 h[ev]1 ! *annel divides naturally into f\r sections1 ! ,atlantic level1 ! lake1 ! cutt+1 & ! ,pacific section 79 two levels sep>at$ by locks74 ,! invisible *annel ( ! wat]way beg9s at ! m\? ( ,limon ,bay1 ab\t eight miles f ,gatun locks4 ,limon1 also kn[n z ,colon or ,navy ,bay1 is ab\t ?ree miles wide & ?ree & a half miles long f nor? to s\?4 ,x is %all[1 f ?ree to sev5 fa?oms deep1 & seems to be /eadily gr[+ %all[]4 ,?is is n surpris+1 z x is fully expos$ to ! nor!rs1 :i* bl[ ) t]rific =ce f ! ,c>ibbean1 & no d\bt c>ry into ! bay a good deal ( detritus f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! heavy ra9s ( ! i/hmus mu/ also sc\r ! l& p]petually d[n into ! bay4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! bay is ! flat ,manzanillo ,isl&1 a mile long by ?ree-qu>t]s broad1 on :i* /&s ! city ( ,colon4 ,?is t[n1 :i* 0 once kn[n z ,asp9wall1 owes its exi/5ce to ! ,panama ,railway1 ( :i* x is ! nor!rn or ,c>ibbean t]m9us4 ,its position on ! railway gave x an advantage ov] ! old t[n ( ,*agres1 a little di/ance along ! coa/ to ! we/1 :i*1 ?\gh once a fl\ri%+ port1 has n[ fall5 on evil days4 ,ne> ,colon is ,cri/obal1 ! new ,atlantic t]m9al ( ! canal4 ,illu/ration3 ,gatun ,upp] ,lock1 look+ ,nor? f ,ligh?\se4 ,)\t "s protection ! entrance to ! canal w\ld h be5 expos$ to ! extremely viol5t /orms :i* occur 9 ! ,c>ibbean dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,dur+ ^! /orms vessels _c lie safely 9 ,colon h>b\r1 & c\ld n safely ent] or issue f ! canal4 ,s a breakwat] two miles long has be5 run out f ,toro po9t 9 an ea/]ly direction1 cov]+ ! extremity ( ! canal4 ,a glance at ! map w sugge/ a ?\ght t ?is b>ri] w n provide suffici5t protection1 & t ano!r breakwat] w h to be run out f ! ea/]n %ore4 ,su* a fur!r protection w be provid$ if ! ne$ %\ld arise4 ,at ?is po9t !n1 we/ ( ,colon & at ! m\? ( ,limon ,bay1 our vessel ent]s ! buoy$ subm>9e *annel ( ! canal & spe$s onw>ds along ! fir/ section ( ! wat]way1 #ejj feet 9 bottom-wid? & #da feet deep1 t[>ds ! locks at ,gatun4 ,b ! locks are n yet visible4 ,x is n until ! fif? mile--t is1 at ,m9di--t a b5d ( ! canal op5s t gigantic /ructure to view1 & by t "t ! vessel has left ! broad wat]s & is enclos$ )9 banks4 ,! exp]i5ce :i* awaits ! travell] :o has look$ =w>d ) "s excitem5t to see ! _w's greate/ wond] ( to-day has be5 vividly imag9$ by ,mr4 ,bryce4 ,our late ,am]ican ,ambassador writes3-- ,! voyag] ( ! future1 9 ! t5 or twelve h\rs ( 8 passage f ocean to ocean1 w h mu* v>iety4 ,! level light ( ! fi]y tropic dawn w fall on ! h\ses ( ,colon z he approa*es x 9 ! morn+1 :5 vessels usually arrive4 ,:5 8 %ip has m\nt$ ! maje/ic /aircase ( ! ?ree ,gatun locks f ! ,atlantic level1 he w glide sl[ly & s(tly along ! wat]s ( a broad lake :i* gradually n>r[s t[>d its head--a lake enclos$ by ri* =e/s ( t velvety s(tness "o sees 9 ! tropics1 ) vi/as ( =e/-girt islets /ret*+ f> (f to "r & left among ! hills2 a welcome *ange f ! re/less ,c>ibbean ,sea :i* he has left4 ,!n ! m\nta9s w close 9 ^u him1 /eep slopes ( grass or bru%wood ris+ two hundr$ feet above him z he passes ?r\gh ! great ,cut4 ,f ! level ( ! ,miguel lock he w look s\?w>d d[n ! broad vale t op5s on ! ocean flood$ ) ! light ( ! decl9+ sun1 & see ! rocky islets ris+1 betwe5 :i* 9 ! twilight 8 c\rse w lie out into ! va/ ,pacific4 ,at ,suez ! passage f sea to sea is ?r\gh a dre>y & monoton\s wa/e ( %ift+ s& & b>r5 clay4 ,"h "o is = a few h\rs 9 ! c5tre ( a v]dant cont95t1 float+ on smoo? wat]s1 %ut (f f sight ( ! ocean beh9d & ! ocean be=e--a %ort sweet pres5t ( tranquillity betwe5 a /ormy pa/ & a /ormy future4 ,! ,gatun locks1 ea* *amb] ( :i* is a sort ( canyon ( cem5t1 w almo/ oppress ! imag9ation ) ! s5se ( imm5sity4 ,at ! foot ( ! locks ! vessel w surr5d] its own volition & entru/ itself :olly to ! canal op]ators4 ,x w be atta*$ to ! electric app>atus a%ore & g5tly t[$ into ! lock-*amb]s4 ,9 less ?an an h\r x %\ld h climb$ ! ?ree gigantic /eps & be afloat on ! surface ( ! lake1 #he feet above sea-level4 ,! travell] might fail ev5 to notice ( himself ! great dam :i* abuts on ! locks to ! we/4 ,he may be surpris$ to he> t ! :ole be+ ( ! canal dep5ds ^u t e>?work1 & t ) ! ,culebra ,cut x absorb$ ! great] "p ( ! lab\r & skill & solicitude ( ! canal-build]s4 ,! ,gatun dam has inde$ be5 s adopt$ & transfigur$ by ,nature t x appe>s only a "p1 & n a v conspicu\s "p1 ( ! l&scape4 ,nor w\ld our travell]1 )\t previ\s in=mation1 guess ! hi/ory ( ! great expanse ( wat] :i* /ret*es to "r & left up _m a di/ant arm or lo* & r\nd _m a picturesque isl&1 & ov] :i* 8 vessel1 once m resum+ its own p[] & control1 beg9s to advance4 ,! buoys alone indicate t ! *annel1 ! true & well-wr\ght l9k betwe5 ! two oceans1 /ill holds its c\rse ?r\gh ! b$ ( ! lake4 ,mr4 ,bryce has po9t$ out :at a pleasant int]lude 9 a long ocean j\rney w be af=d$ by ?is placid glide ( #bb miles ov] ! inl& lake f ,gatun to ,gamboa4 ,! bottom wid?s ?r\gh ! lake are #a1jjj feet = #af miles1 #hjj feet = #d miles1 & #ejj feet = ab\t #c miles4 ,at ,gamboa ! vessel ent]s ! eight-mile section ( ! ,culebra ,cut4 ,"h aga91 ?\gh ! travell] 9 future days w ne$ no rem9d+ ( ! ent]prise repres5t$ by ?is trem5d\s tr5* driv5 ?r\gh ! backbone ( ! i/hmus1 he w h to imag9e ! busy sc5e dur+ ! days ( con/ruction :i* w !n h disappe>$4 ,he mu/ try to reproduce :at 0 little less ?an a manufactur+ t[n at ,gorgona1 j ne> ! entrance to ! ,cut1 :]e /ood ! ma*9e %ops1 boil] %ops1 smi? %ops1 c> %ops1 patt]n %ops1 :]e repairs ( all k9ds 7 made & ma*9es ( all sorts & sizes con/ruct$4 ,he %\ld ?9k ( t model resid5tial t[n to ! we/ ( ! ,cut :]e ! *ief eng9e] & 8 assi/ants liv$1 surr\nd$ by ! qu>t]s ( ! m51 ea* dwell+ protect$ ) its f9e wire nett+ to exclude ! mosquitoes1 ! :ole settlem5t scrupul\sly clean & bright ) well-kept lawns & fl[]b$s4 ,all ?is w h pass$ away ) ! cr[ds ( work]s :o int]rupt$ = a doz5 ye>s ! /illness ( ! primeval =e/4 ,nature & sil5ce w 9 a l>ge degree h resum$ _! sway1 b ! _w w n =get ! debt x owes to t conqu]+ indu/rial army :i* divid$ ! l& "h 9 ord] to unite ! nations4 ,?r\gh ! cutt+ ! bottom wid? ( ! canal is #cjj feet4 ,hav+ accompli%$ ! eight or n9e mile passage ?r\gh ! deep gorge1 ! vessel rea*es ! end ( ! high-level section at ! ,p$ro ,miguel locks4 ,"h %e is g5tly l[]$ #cj feet d[n to ! bosom ( little ,miraflores ,lake1 held at #ee feet above sea-level4 ,! l5g? ( ?is subsection is ab\t a mile & a half1 & x ends at ! ,miraflores locks1 :]e ! %ip is l[]$ by two /eps to ! level ( ! ,pacific4 ,!n foll[s ! la/ /age ( ?is ev5tful transit--! eight-mile tidal section along :i* ! vessel glides betwe5 l[ swamps to h] own elem5t ( deep sea-wat] beyond ! new port ( ,balboa1 we/ ( ,panama1 ^: :>ves are be+ con/ruct$ f ! wa/e mat]ial ( ! inl& excavations4 ,! new breakwat] :i* runs out f ,balboa to ,naos ,isl& sugge/s w9d & /orm4 ,b et]nal calm reigns along ^! %ores1 & ! object ( ! breakwat] is to protect ! l9e ( ! canal1 n f heavy seas1 b f ! silt-be>+ curr5ts f ! ea/ :i* set at "r angles to ! *annel4 ,con/ant dr$g+ 0 necess>y to prev5t ! b$ ( ! canal becom+ fill$ ) ?is s$im5t4 ,! dyke has prov$ v effectual = ?is purpose4 ,su* is ! ,panama ,canal :i* has = s _m c5turies be5 ! desire ( ! nations1 & :i* is n[ "o ( ! p]man5t geographical features ( ! globe4 ,x is s well & truly con/ruct$ t no?+ %ort ( an e>?quake c\ld ev] s]i\sly damage x4 ,! "q naturally arises :e!r ?is ultimate dang] ne$s to be s]i\sly consid]$4 ,panama is r suspici\sly close to a region :]e geological conditions are n rem>kable = /ability4 ,! e>?quake at ,k+/on a few ye>s ago 0 z de/ructive a calamity z ^? ( ,mess9a & ,san ,francisco4 ,co/a ,rica1 too1 almo/ an i/hmian c\ntry1 enjoys a v bad reputation = ?is k9d ( frisk9ess4 ,panama1 h[ev]1 seems happily to lie outside ! zone ( su* di/urbances4 ,slight e>?quake %ocks h be5 felt1 probably only ! reflections ( sev]] %ocks else:]e4 ,b !re is no record or tradition ( a really s]i\s convulsion4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "o visible & reassur+ evid5ce ( ! self-possession ( ! e>?'s surface 9 ?is region4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! mod]n city ( ,panama is ! site ( old ,panama1 ( :i* ! l(ty t[] ( ! old ca!dral--a pa!tic & picturesque object--is /ill /&+4 ,?is %[s t !re has be5 no s]i\s e>?quake "h = ! great] "p ( f\r c5turies4 ,/ill1 ! dang]--great or small--does exi/1 & x ?reat5s a high-level canal1 ) its elaborate lock-ma*9]y & masonry1 f> m ?an x w\ld h affect$ a canal at sea-level4 ,no v sev]e convulsion might be necess>y to ?r[ "o ( ^! locks out ( ge>1 & ! entire canal1 !re=e1 out ( op]ation = a consid]able "t4 ,b aga9/ su* p]ils !re is no gu>d+1 & e precaution hav+ be5 tak5 aga9/ =eseeable & prev5table dang]s1 all else mu/ be left to ! disposal ( t ,provid5ce :i* by 8 /r5g? sette? fa/ ! m\nta9s1 :o laid ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 t x %\ld n be remov$ = ev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,gatun ,upp] ,lock--,we/ ,*amb]4 ,x seems incr$ible t ! canal %\ld ev] be 9 dang] ( injury or de/ruction f ! attack ( any civiliz$ ,p[]1 because all nations are app>5tly int]e/$ 9 its pres]vation4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! mean+ ( ^! slopes :i* are be+ prep>$ = =ts & batt]ies at ei!r end ( ! canal8 ,) ! two great =ts at ! two ends ( ! canal1 writes ,mr4 ,%[alt]1 fitt$ ) f\r #ad-;in* guns1 six #f-;in* guns1 & twelve #ab-;in* mort>s1 ) twelve companies ( coa/ artill]y1 "o batt]y ( field artill]y1 f\r regim5ts ( infantry1 & "o squad ( cavalry1 !re is n likely to arise a "t :5 ^! =tifications1 back$ up by ! ,am]ican navy1 w fail to comm& a prop] & :olesome respect f o!r nations4 ,yet if ! object 7 simply to ma9ta9 ! neutrality ( ! canal1 ! be/ c\rse w\ld seem to h be5 to leave ! canal entirely un=tifi$1 z is ! case at ,suez1 & tru/ to ! moral influ5ce ( ! great ,p[]s & _! common int]e/ 9 keep+ ! canal free & op5 to ! _w's traffic4 ,obvi\sly ! idea ( mak+ ! canal zone a big milit>y camp & ars5al is n s mu* to police ! passage z a great int]national wat]way1 b to def5d x & ! zone z a position ( imm5se /rategic importance to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,presid5t ,hayes1 9 a message to ! ,s5ate 9 #ahhj1 spoke ( ! canal z ! great ocean ?or\ghf>e betwe5 our ,atlantic & ,pacific ports1 & virtually a "p ( ! coa/l9e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! words ,i h italiciz$ seem to %[ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates reg>d ! new passage r z :olly propriet>y1 l ^? ( ,kiel & ,cor9?1 ?an z int]national 9 /atus1 l ! ,suez ,canal4 ,9 ! ,hay-,pauncefote ,treaty !re is no specific ref]5ce to =tification4 ,! only allusion to ! def5ce ( ! canal occurs 9 ! second subsection ( ! ?ird clause3 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be at lib]ty to ma9ta9 su* milit>y police along ! canal z may be necess>y to protect x aga9/ lawlessness & disord]4 ,! ,hay-,bunau-,v>illa ,treaty is r m specific 9 its provisions on ?is subject1 ?\gh ev5 t in/rum5t seems sc>cely to h contemplat$ an armam5t & g>rison on ! l>ge & p]man5t scale int5d$ at ! i/hmus4#ag ,engl& has1 h[ev]1 acquiesc$ 9 ! propos$ =tification4 ,! decision is n likely to be *all5g$ 9 any o!r qu>t]4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h built ! canal ) _! own money & ent]prise4 ,!y are m closely & imm$iately int]e/$ 9 ! passage ?an any o!r ,p[]1 & s long z !y fulfil _! und]tak+ to af=d equal treatm5t 9 tolls & o!r respects to ! comm]ce ( all nations1 nobody is likely to prote/ aga9/ ! pres5ce ( ,am]ican m5 & guns at ! i/hmus4 ,inde$1 !re is "s =ce 9 ! plea t ! complete neutralization ( ! canal w\ld be inconsi/5t ) ,am]ican control & op]ation4 ,9 "t ( w> ! ,am]icans w\ld h _h ei!r to refra9 f us+ ! canal = _! w>%ips 7an un?9kable proposition7 or to p]mit _! enemy or enemies to use x on equal t]ms4 ,?is w\ld h meant a r pa9ful exp]i5ce = ! ,am]ican eng9e]s1 manag]s1 workm51 & o!rs on ! i/hmus4 ,!y w\ld h be5 oblig$ to put ! enemy's vessels ?r\gh ! canal1 & ?us commit a sort ( legaliz$ treason aga9/ _! own gov]nm5t by giv+ aid & com=t to ! enemy4 ,s x comes to ?is--t ! canal w be neutral at all times except :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are !mselves a bellig]5t4 ,!n x w become "p & p>cel ( ! sov]eign dom9ions ( ! great ,am]ican ,republic4 ,b ! ,unit$ ,/ates w h to /& all ! ult]ior possibilities ( ?is position4 ,if !y 7 at w> ! canal w\ld be at once liable to attack4 ,9 fact x w\ld invite attack z a v vuln]able po9t 9 _! arm\r4 ,x has be5 truly said t ! canal zone w h all ! disadvantages1 )\t any ( ! advantages1 ( an isl&4 ,x w be entirely dep5d5t on import$ supplies & isolat$ f ! c5tre ( ,am]ican p[]4 ,if ! ,am]ican fleet lo/ ! comm& ( ! sea ev5 = a %ort "t1 ! enemy c\ld l& troops at any "p ( ! i/hmus1 m>* !m aga9/ any po9t ( ! ext5d$ canal l9e & inflict on ! ,unit$ ,/ates a w\nd 9 a v s5sitive1 if n a vital region4 ,s t in/ead ( simply d\bl+ ! effici5cy ( ! exi/+ ,am]ican fleet1 by enabl+ x to be transf]r$ swiftly & bodily f ! we/]n to ! ea/]n coa/1 x may r add to ! naval responsibilities ( ! ,/ates & compel a consid]able increase 9 _! sea-p[]4 ,to ,engli%m51 h[ev]1 ?is developm5t ( ! p[] & res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ought to br+ no feel+s b ^? ( pleasure & satisfaction4 ,9 view ( ! great secul> /ruggle betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ = supremacy 9 ! ,pacific1 :i* "s p ?9k w fill ! pages ( future _w hi/ory1 any?+ t /r5g!ns ! position & pre/ige ( ,anglo-,saxondom z ! ma9 gu>dian ( ,we/]n ideas & pr9ciples %\ld be welcome to all ! memb]s ( t race4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! =tification ( ! canal w co/ ab\t #ab1jjj1jjj4 ,?is add$ to ! #cge1jjj1jjj1 ! e/imat$ co/ ( con/ruction1 w br+ ! entire bill up to ! r\nd & goodly sum ( #djj1jjj1jjj or ,l#hj1jjj1jjj4 ,?is puts all o!r exp5diture on artificial wat]-*annels into ! %ade1 z ! ,suez ,canal co/ only ,l#ai1jjj1jjj1 ! ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal ,l#ae1jjj1jjj1 & ! ,kiel ,canal ,l#h1jjj1jjj4 ,z reg>ds ?is exp5se & ! possibilities ( rev5ue returns1 ,colonel ,goe?als has writt5 an int]e/+ passage3-- ,mu* has be5 said & pr$ict$ z to ! comm]cial value ( ! canal to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ?is connection x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! comm]cial %ipp+ ( ?is c\ntry nev] requir$ ! canal4 ,! trip ( ! ,oregon 9 #ahih settl$ ! "q ( ! advisability ( con/ruct+ an i/hmian canal1 & _h ! canal be5 built at t "t1 !reby sav+ t trip ar\nd ! ,horn1 !re is no "q t x w\ld h be5 agre$ g5]ally t ! canal1 ev5 at an exp5diture ( #cge1jjj1jjj1 0 wor? :ile4 ,9 :atev] light ! ,panama ,canal is view$1 x w h paid = itself if 9 "t ( w> or ?reat5$ w> a conc5tration ( ! fleet is effect$ )\t t long1 t$i\s1 unc]ta9 r\te foll[$ by ! ,oregon4 ,x w practically d\ble ! effici5cy ( t fleet1 &1 not)/&+ ! fact t we are a peaceful nation1 our outly+ possessions make ! ,panama ,canal a milit>y necessity1 & x mu/ be s recogniz$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! debt %\ld be *>g$ to ! acc\nt :i* necessitat$ its con/ruction1 & :atev] rev5ues are d]iv$ f o!r s\rces are s mu* to ! good4 ,! traffic t w utilize ! canal dep5ds ^u ! tolls t w be *>g$1 & ! ,presid5t has ask$ ! ,congress = legislation :i* w enable ! e/abli%m5t ( rates4 ,!re is ano!r policy :i*1 if adopt$1 w h a mat]ial be>+ on ! rev5ues ( ! ent]prise4 ,?r\gh ! ,panama railroad a l>ge exp5diture ( money has be5 made = provid+ ! pres5t work+ =ces ) supplies ( all k9ds4 ,?\gh ! railroad has be5 reimburs$ = ?is plant ?r\gh fix$ *>ges on sales1 x %\ld n be ab&on$1 b utiliz$ = furni%+ %ipp+ ) its ne$$ supplies4 ,suitable coal+ plants %\ld be erect$ = ! sale ( coal to vessels t\*+ at or pass+ ?r\gh ! canal4 ,9 addition1 s9ce oil is n[ us$ on a numb] ( %ips ply+ 9 ! ,pacific1 su* fuel %\ld also be on h& = sale by ! canal au?orities4 ,! ext5sive ma*9e %ops n[ locat$ at ,gorgona mu/ be mov$ be=e ! completion ( ! canal1 & !y %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 connection ) a dry dock t w be ne$$ = comm]cial purposes1 & utiliz$ z a rev5ue produc] = ! canal4 ,?is policy also ne$s ,congressional action4 ,) prop]ly regulat$ tolls1 & ) facilities = fully equipp+1 supply+1 & repair+ %ips1 ! ,panama r\te w\ld (f] _m advantages & br+ to x a suffici5tly remun]ative return to pay1 n only ! op]at+ exp5ses1 b to gradually absorb ! debt :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates has incurr$ by its con/ruction4 ,we %all return to ! "q ( tolls 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,p$ro ,miguel ,locks1 f ,hill on ,ea/ ,bank4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,see ante1 page #ga4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,panama ,,& ,,! ,,i/hmus4 ,x may be conv5i5t to deal "h ) a few deta*$ que/ions be=e inquir+ into ! comm]cial & m>itime *anges likely to be produc$ by ! canal4 ,! read] und]/&s ! position ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! i/hmus4 ,!y control a zone ( t]ritory t5 miles wide runn+ across f ,panama to ,colon4 ,^! two t[ns are1 h[ev]1 n includ$ politically1 ?\gh !y are geographically1 )9 ! zone4 ,?is n>r[ /rip ( t]ritory ) its preci\s canal runs "r ?r\gh a =eign c\ntry 9 :i* ! social & political conditions exi/+ mu/ be a matt] ( importance to ! canal-own]s4 ,"o _c help wond]+ h[ long ?is /ate ( ?+s is likely to cont9ue4 ,panama1 ! y\nge/ ( ! ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ican republics1 is no bett] ?an ! re/ 9 its gov]nm5tal pr9ciples4 ,inde$1 ! republic _h sc>cely got into be+ :5 x 0 ?reat5$ ) a milit>y revolution4 ,a pomp\s & polysyllabic self-importance1 c\pl$ ) a levant9e /&>d ( bus9ess & f9ancial e?ics1 sc>cely promises a long cont9uance ( ! pres5t political relations ) a great republic :i* is n likely to see its a*ievem5t at ! i/hmus 9 ! smalle/ degree prejudic$ or endang]$4 ,"s int]e/+ little details ( ,panamanian mann]s h be5 report$4 ,= example1 ,*9ese immigration is =bidd5 by law1 yet1 /range to say1 mo/ ( ! retail trade ( ! i/hmus is 9 ,cele/ial h&s4 ,?is is because ! law aga9/ immigration gave ! opportunity = ! =mation ( a syndicate ) ! collusion ( ! au?orities1 by :i* ,*9ese 7 introduc$ at a rate ( #bjj entrance fee4 ,! judicial /&>ds :i* prevail 9 ?is little ,bumbl$om may be ga!r$ f ano!r /ory4 ,! mate ( a ,briti% %ip 0 rec5tly s5t5c$ to twelve ye>s' h>d lab\r = manslaught]1 because he 0 held responsible on no evid5ce :atev] = ! loss ( a %ip & ! lives ( sev]al relatives ( ^? s]v+ on ! jury4 ,x is sc>cely to be expect$ t a p = :om ideals & /&>ds ( ?is k9d are good en\gh w take mu* tr\ble to develop _! c\ntry4 ,an effici5t & responsible adm9i/ration might make a good deal ( ^! n>r[ l&s betwe5 ! two oceans1 a t]ritory ( #cc1jjj squ>e miles1 l>g]1 t is1 ?an ,scotl& or ,irel&4 ,x is p]haps z well t ! con/ruction ( ! canal has n made _m ,panamanian =tunes or produc$ any great boom 9 trade4 ,o!rwise ! )drawal ( ! indu/rial army f ! zone might h _h ! effect produc$ :5 ! ,fr5* canal works 7 %ut d[n4 ,a griev\s fam9e desolat$ ! :ole c\ntry4 ,?is is n likely to happ5 aga94 ,! zone has be5 l>gely an indep5d5t & deta*$ enclave1 su* z nev] exi/$ dur+ ! ,fr5* occupation1 :5 ! ,panamanians became dep5d5t = "w & wage on ! indu/rial invad]s4 ,! ,am]ican canal employees h done v little %opp+ 9 ,panama & ,colon1 because !y c\ld buy e necessity & luxury duty-free 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t /ores4 ,"s trade may be lo/ ow+ to ! dep>ture ( ! work]s1 b x is hop$ t ?is w be m ?an replac$ by ! gr[+ /ream ( t\ri/s :o w come to visit ! big dit*1 & increas$ bus9ess br\ght by ! %ipp+ :i* w pass ?r\gh ! canal4 ,) a little ?rift & ent]prise ! ,panamanians might h pr(it$ mu* m f ! long p]iod ( con/ruction4 ,!y might h suppli$ ! zone ) a good _m m articles4 ,z x 01 ! only contribution ! c\ntry made to ! zone or to ! t[ns 0 ab\t #bh1jjj head ( cattle kill$ annually4 ,! c\ntry is almo/ entirely dep5d5t on import$ supplies1 only a small fraction ( :i* x pays = by exports4 ,"h is a little in/ructive table ( ! ,panamanian comm]ce3-- ,imports4 ,exports4 #aijh ,l#a1efa1cfb ,l#cfe1daj #aiji ,l#a1gea1bfa ,l#cjj1die #aiaj ,l#b1jjh1fgi ,l#cec1hff #aiaa ,l#a1ihj1dhh ,l#agi1idaah ,! excess ( imports ov] exports looks r al>m+1 b x is adequately expla9$ by ! ,briti% ,consul at ,colon z a measure ( ! comm]cial value to ,panama ( its transit trade & ( ! trade ) canal employees & t\ri/s4 ,! great bulk ( ! imports is consum$ 9 ! two t[ns ( ,panama & ,colon1 =1 z 9 mo/ ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican republics1 ! int]ior is undevelop$ & !re=e self-support+1 be+ /ill 9 ! pack-mule /age ( civilization4 ,9 #aiaa ! imports into ,panama f ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nt$ to ,l#a1jbd1ehi1 f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom to ,l#ded1eda1 & f ,g]many to ,l#bbc1hde4 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,spa9 export$ to ,panama small] quantities4 ,! exports f ,panama to ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nt$ 9 #aiaj to ,l#cja1fhd 7#aiaa1 fir/ six mon?s1 ,l#aej1iij72 to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 to ,l#cc1jee 7#aiaa1 fir/ six mon?s1 ,l#ae1iba71 ) small] values to ,g]many & ,france4 ,! read] w be int]e/$ to le>n :at sort ( ?+s ,panama exports4 ,"h1 !n1 is a li/ ( ! pr9cipal exports = #aiaj1 ! la/ full ye> available3-- #aiaj4 ,l ,bananas ,bun*es #c1fdc1ijj #ahd1beg ,cacao ,kilos #ah1jba #idj ,cocoanuts #f1cje1bch #ca1ecd ,cocobolo #a1bjc1ebb #g1acb ,gold #b1gdh #bf1iie ,hides #efg1ded #af1igc ,horns #f1hic #a1daj ,ivory ,nuts #b1ajb1gdc #bf1ebg ,"m-(-pe>l %ell #fbe1jjh #aj1ahc ,rubb] #f1cje1bch #ca1ecd ,s>sap>illa #cb1eec #b1jii ,sk9s #beg1gdj #d1gej ,tortoise %ell #c1hbi #c1ccd ,! ,unit$ ,fruit ,company has n[1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bocas del ,toro1 #cb1jjj acres ( bananas "u cultivation & #a1jjj acres plant$ 9 cacao1 ) ab\t #afe1jjj trees2 ! bananas be+ export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! *ocolate to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe4 ,!re %\ld be a consid]able increase 9 rubb] production dur+ ! next few ye>s1 z #aej1jjj rubb] trees h be5 rec5tly plant$ 9 ?is prov9ce1 & ^! w soon be ready = tapp+4 ,ne>ly all ! rubb] export$ at pres5t is tak5 f ! wild trees gr[+ 9 ! virg9 =e/s ( ?is prov9ce4 ,a curi\s article ( exportation is ! ivory nut1 or tagua1 :i* 9 value n[ comes next aft] bananas4 ,^! nuts are collect$ by ,indians on ! ,c>ibbean coa/1 br\ght to ,colon1 & !re b\ght by m]*ants & %ipp$ to ,new ,york & ,hamburg4 ,!y are us$ to make ! big buttons :i* are n[ s fa%ionable1 & probably a good _m ,engli% girls :o are we>+ coats made 9 ,g]many1 are c>ry+ ab\t a numb] ( ^! ivory nuts :i* n long ago 7 ly+ on ! tropical %ores ( ! ,c>ibbean4 ,! timb] exports f ,panama w\ld gr[ rapidly ) prop] exploitation4 ,exports ( mahogany1 c$>1 & cocobolo h already begun4 ,! gold exports come ma9ly f ! m9es ( ! ,d>i5 ,company1 a ,fr5* company :i* has be5 work+ = ye>s4 ,! :ole i/hmus is /rongly "u suspicion ( gold4 ,all ! /reams %[ evid5ce ( x1 & prospectors are always se>*+ ! ,d>i5 c\ntry & ! prov9ces ( ,los ,santos & ,v]aguas = ! sa9t-s$uc+ metal4 ,no o!r m9]als are work$ 9 ! i/hmus4 ,!re are coal-deposits ( a sort 9 ! canal zone1 b ! coal is ( no comm]cial value4 ,! only railway at pres5t exi/+ 9 ! republic is t betwe5 ,colon & ,panama1 ! entire /ock ( :i* is own$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t1 & is work$ z a company "u ! laws ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york4 ,?is l9e1 :i* has _h to be l>gely recon/ruct$ ow+ to ! c\rse ( ! new canal1 0 op5$ 9 #ahee4 ,x is r surpris+ t x %\ld n h be5 m ext5sively employ$ = traffic betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific coa/s ( ,am]ica4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x 0 ! ma9 highway ( transcont95tal traffic until #ahfi1 :5 ! ,miss\ri ,riv] 0 fir/ l9k$ up ) ! ,pacific coa/ by ! ,union & ,c5tral ,pacific ,railroads1 & ! fir/ cont9u\s l9e across ! ,/ates came into exi/5ce4 ,aft] t date ! traffic fell (f v rapidly4 ,! causes ( ?is decl9e are v>i\s4 ,to beg9 )1 ! great trunk-l9es across ! ,/ates compet$ ru?lessly ) ! old i/hmian r\te1 gett+ control ( ! ,pacific ,mail ,/eam%ip ,company1 :i* 0 = long ! only regul> l9e betwe5 ! we/ coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,panama4 ,!n ! ,fr5* & ,am]ican con/ruction "w has s]i\sly int]f]$ ) ! r\te by limit+ ! am\nt ( comm]cial freight t c\ld be h&l$ across ! i/hmus4 ,ano!r cause ( depression has be5 ! op5+ ( ! ,tehuantepec r\te 9 ,s\? ,mexico4 ,9 #aijf ! ,am]ican-,hawaiian ,/eam%ip ,company made an agreem5t ) ! ,tehuantepec ,national ,railway1 :i* runs across ! i/hmus1 & )drew its vessels f ! old ,magellan r\te1 e/abli%+ regul> s]vices betwe5 ,new ,york & ,pu]to ,mexico on ! ,atlantic side1 & on ! ,pacific betwe5 ,sal9a ,cruz1 ! ,pacific t]m9al ( ! canal1 & ! we/ coa/ ports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,hawaii4 ,! r\te s organiz$ 0 op5$ 9 #aijg1 & has prov$ v successful1 *iefly ow+ to ! enorm\s increase 9 ! sug> exports f ,hawaii4 ,! int]coa/al traffic by ,tehuantepec f ,new ,york to ,pacific ports advanc$ f #aad1ijj tons 9 #aijf to #bie1hjj tons 9 #aiaa1 & f ,pacific ports to ,new ,york f #cb1jjj tons 9 #aijf to #afb1ejj 9 #aiaa4 ,all ?is competition hit ! ,panama r\te v badly4 ,! ,atlantic to ,pacific traffic by t railroad rose f #be1iad tons 9 #aijf to #df1cid tons 9 #aiaj1 & ! ,pacific to ,atlantic f #bd1icg tons to #cb1dhb tons betwe5 ! same ye>s4 ,b 9 #aiaa !re came a sudd5 expansion to #if1dbj tons 7,atlantic to ,pacific71 & to #aae1ejh tons 7,pacific to ,atlantic71 ow+ l>gely to ! developm5t ( %ipp+ s]vices on bo? i/hmian t]m9als4 ,9 fact1 ! comm]cial freight has _h to be s]i\sly held up & re/rict$ 9 ! int]e/s ( canal con/ruction & ! %ipm5t ( canal mat]ial4 ,! read] w p]haps ask :e!r ! ,tehuantepec r\te is likely to compete s]i\sly 9 ! future ) ! ,panama ,canal4 ,! di/ance f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco is #a1jaf nautical miles less via ,tehuantepec ?an via ,panama1 & f ,new ,orleans #a1egc miles less4 ,! diff]5ce to ,honolulu 9 fav\r ( ! ,tehuantepec transit is almo/ exactly ! same4 ,b ! diff]5ce 9 "t w be a good deal less ?an ^! figures indicate4 ,! c>go has to be transf]r$ f %ipbo>d to railroad on "o side ( ! i/hmus ( ,tehuantepec & retransf]r$ on ! o!r4 ,?is means on ! av]age ab\t f\r days' delay4 ,at ,panama1 a vessel c pass ?r\gh ! canal 9 half a day1 or1 reckon+ o!r causes ( det5tion1 coal+1 etc41 ! total i/hmian transit %\ld n take m ?an "o day4 ,!n !re is ! "q ( exp5se4 ,! co/ ( transf]r+ freight at ,tehuantepec c\ld n be less ?an #b4ej p] c>go ton4 ,a ,panama toll ( #a4bj p] vessel ton1 net regi/]1 w\ld be equival5t to ab\t #j4fj p] c>go ton1 giv+ ,panama an advantage ( #b ov] ,tehuantepec4 ,& ! inconv5i5ce & damage result+ f tran%ipm5t1 f :i* a ?r\gh s]vice ?r\gh ! canal is free1 w also be a consid]able po9t 9 fav\r ( ! wat]way4 ,x is n likely1 h[ev]1 t ,tehuantepec w be ru9$ by ! op5+ ( ! canal4 ,consid]able %ort-di/ance coa/+ trade is sure to cont9ue along t r\te1 & x w %>e 9 ! g5]al b5efit ( ! developm5ts :i* await ,i/hmian & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,has ,panama any dang] to fe> f its old rival ! ,nic>aguan canal project8 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates seems to h =e/all$ ?is possible *all5ge ( ,panama's monopoly ( wat] transit ov] ! i/hmus4 ,j z ,i write comes ! news ( a new treaty betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,nic>agua1 secur+ to ! =m]1 = ! paym5t ( #c1jjj1jjj1 ! exclusive rights to con/ruct a canal ?r\gh ,nic>aguan t]ritory4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates are report$ also to h obta9$ "u ! treaty possession ( ,fonseca ,bay1 "o ( ! few places on ! we/ coa/ ( ,c5tral ,am]ica af=d+ ample deep wat] facilities4 ,moreov]1 ! ,colombian ,*>ge d',affaires 9 ,london rec5tly made ! foll[+ communication to ! press3-- ,i h receiv$ f my gov]nm5t ! foll[+ in=mation respect+ c]ta9 propositions made to ,colombia by ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* ! gov]nm5t ( ,colombia has n accept$4 ,! ,am]ican propositions 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,t ,colombia %\ld grant ! ,unit$ ,/ates an option = ! con/ruction ( an int]oceanic canal1 />t+ f ! ,gulf ( ,uraba on ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ?r\gh ! region ( ! ,atrato ,riv]4 #b4 ,t ,colombia %\ld give to ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t ! "r to e/abli% coal+ /ations 9 ! isl&s ( ,san ,&res & ,provid5cia1 :i* are locat$ 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 #c4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! above1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to pay to ,colombia #aj1jjj1jjj & to use _! good influ5ce = ! settlem5t ( p5d+ diff]5ces betwe5 ,colombia & ,panama4 ,also to grant ,colombia pref]5tial rights = ! use ( ! canal & ! settlem5t by arbitration ( ! claims ( ,colombia aga9/ ! ,panama ,railroad ,company4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,colombia decl9$ to accept ! above proposals1 insi/+1 at ! same "t1 t all que/ions p5d+ betwe5 ,colombia & ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be settl$ by arbitration4 ,x is evid5t t ! ,unit$ ,/ates are n go+ to p]mit any competitive canal s*eme 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica if !y c help x4 ,:at w be ! effect ( ! op5+ ( ! canal on ,panamanian prosp]ity8 ,! local m]*ants fe> t ! sy/em ( /ate-supply1 :i* has prevail$ 9 ! zone dur+ ! con/ructional p]iod1 w be cont9u$ aft] completion & ext5d$ to ! %ipp+ :i* w pass ?r\gh ! canal1 & t coal & %ip-*&l]y w become ,am]ican gov]nm5t monopolies4 ,mu* dep5ds on :e!r ! ,panamanian m]*ant w be all[$ to import freely ?r\gh ,colon & compete 9 ! supply+ ( ! %ips 9 transit4 ,no s]i\s developm5t c be expect$ 9 ,panama until ! c\ntry is bett] provid$ ) railways4 ,! only o!r l9e 9 contemplation is "o f ,empire1 on ! ,culebra ,cut1 to ,david1 a t[n close to ! ,pacific ne> ! f> we/]n fronti]1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*iriqui4 ,?is l9e w\ld be #bhi miles 9 l5g?1 & bran*es f x are propos$ to ,anton1 #e miles1 & to ,los ,santos1 ab\t #fg miles4 ,x is pretty safe to prophesy t ! blue /reak ?r\gh ! i/hmus ( ,panama w h a gradual b sure effect on ! politics ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! ne$ to protect ! canal1 & to surr\nd x ) ord]ly conditions1 social & political1 w compel a good _m /ates to put !mselves to am5dm5t or =ce ! big republic responsible = ! canal to provide !m ) good gov]nm5t :e!r !y l x or n4 ,if ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h to int]v5e 9 ,cuba 9 ord] to put d[n an>*y or misrule1 !y may be p]suad$ by an ev5 /rong] necessity to int]v5e 9 ! affairs ( ,c5tral ,am]ica 9 ! def5ce ( ! ,panama ,canal4 ,x w\ld be no surprise1 especially aft] rec5t ev5ts 9 ,mexico1 if ! s\?-we/]n fronti] ( ! ,/ates gradually advanc$ d[n ! broad & n>r[ i/hmus until x rea*$ & pass$ ! l9e ( ! canal4 ,?is w\ld be q 9 accordance ) ! law :i* makes x almo/ inevitable t a great & well-gov]n$ ,p[] %\ld absorb weak] /ates along its bord]s1 especially :5 ^! are unable to keep _! h\ses 9 ord]4 ,!re is always ! dang] t =eign ,p[]s w int]v5e 9 ! affairs ( ^! republics 9 ! int]e/s ( _! bondhold]s1 & ?is w\ld compel 9 turn ! int]v5tion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ord] to make good ! ,monroe doctr9e1 :i* is direct$ aga9/ any su* =eign int]f]5ce 9 ,am]ican affairs4 ,9 ord] to avoid ^! complications ,mr4 ,taft actually propos$ n long ago to refund ! debts ( ,honduras & ,nic>agua1 plac+ ! cu/om-h\ses "u ! control ( ,am]ican (ficials4 ,! object 0 p>tly to secure loans advanc$ by ,am]ican bank]s1 b p>tly also to satisfy ,european bondhold]s & to make ! politics ( ^! republics m /able4 ,no?+ came ( ?is significant project4 ,b ,i %\ld n c>e to ensure1 except at a v high premium1 ! p]man5ce ( ! political arrangem5ts n[ exi/+ 9 ^! regions :5 ! ,panama ,canal is 9 work+ ord] & becomes m & m ess5tial to ! safety & prosp]ity ( ! great republic4 ,! canal may 9 ! long run be n virtually b actually a "p ( ! coa/l9e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,six mon?s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,new ,,ocean ,,highways4 ,i h already m5tion$ t ,engl& & ,europe ga9$ mu* m f ! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,canal ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,be=e ! ,suez ,canal 0 op5$1 ! voyage bo? f ,liv]pool & f ,new ,york to ,asia & ,au/ralia 0 made via ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,liv]pool _h !n an advantage ov] ,new ,york ( #dhj miles 9 ! j\rney to all ,asiatic & ,au/ralian z well z ,ea/ ,african ports4 ,:5 ! ,suez ,canal 0 op5$ ! r\te to ,asia 0 via ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ ,seas = bo? ,liv]pool & ,new ,york4 ,b ,new ,york is #c1bjg miles f ,gibralt>1 :ile ,liv]pool is only #a1bhc1 s t ,liv]pool has _h an advantage ( #a1ibd miles in/ead ( #dhj1 z =m]ly1 on ! voyage to ,asiatic ports4 ,9 o!r words1 ,liv]pool ga9$ a competitive b5efit ( #a1ddd miles f ! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,canal4 ,n[ let u take ! voyage to ,au/ralia f ,new ,york & ,liv]pool4 ,f ,new ,york ! j\rney is /ill made via ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 b f ,liv]pool *iefly via ,suez4 ,liv]pool is #a1fbb miles ne>] ?an ,new ,york to ,au/ralia via ,suez1 b only #dhj miles ne>] r\nd ! ,cape4 ,liv]pool !re=e has ow$ a competitive pull ( #a1adb miles ov] ,new ,york to ! ,suez ,canal4 ,let u rememb]1 !re=e1 t ! ,suez ,canal has l>gely dim9i%$ ! advantage :i* ! we/]n r\te s\ght by ,columbus & 8 successors w\ld once h conf]r$ ^u ,engl& & ,europe 9 ! voyage to ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! op5+ ( ! ,panama ,canal w readju/ ! balance :i* 0 tilt$ aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 ! ,suez ,canal 0 op5$ 9 #ahfi4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates w ga9 f> m ?an ! we/]n ports ( ,europe f ! new highway ?r\gh ! ,am]ican i/hmus4 ,speak+ broadly1 ,suez 0 a ,briti%1 ,panama is an ,am]ican proposition4 ,!re are s _m facts & figures 9 connection ) ! *anges 9 di/ances & sea-r\tes z ! result ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,panama ,canal t x may save ! read]'s att5tion to lay d[n a few m obvi\s effects 9 succession4 ,we c !n g on to look at ! subject 9 clos] detail4 #a4 ,! canal r$uces ! di/ance betwe5 ,new ,york on ! ea/]n & all ports on ! we/]n seabo>d ( ,am]ica nor? ( ,panama by #h1dae geographical miles4 ,! sav+ f ,new ,orleans is mu* great]4 #b4 ,liv]pool is br\ght #f1jdf miles ne>] to all ports on ! we/]n seabo>d ( ,am]ica 7( c\rse includ+ ,canada7 nor? ( ,panama4 #c4 ,! sav+ betwe5 ,new ,york & ! ,pacific ports ( ,am]ica s\? ( ,panama dep5ds h[ f> s\? ^? ports are4 ,b on ! av]age ! %ort5+ ( di/ance is #d1gji miles4 ,! sav+ v>ies f #h1dae miles at ,panama to ab\t #a1jjd miles at ,punta ,ar5as1 ! /range little t[n on ! ,/raits ( ,magellan4 ,new ,orleans & ! ,gulf ports b5efit /ill m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ocean ,,r\tes #d4 ,liv]pool is br\ght on an av]age ab\t #b1fjj miles ne>] to ,pacific ports ( ,am]ica s\? ( ,panama4 ,! %ort5+ ( di/ance v>ies f #f1jdf miles at ,panama itself d[n to z]o at a po9t betwe5 ,punta ,ar5as & ,coronel 7! mo/ s\!rly comm]cial port ( ,*ile74 #e4 ,all ! ,pacific ports ( ! ,am]icas are1 via ,panama1 #b1gei miles ne>] to ,new ,york ?an to ,liv]pool4 #f4 ,! ,panama ,canal w n br+ any port 9 ,au/ralia or ! ,ea/ ,indies1 nor any ice-free port 9 ,asia or ,asiatic isl&s1 ne>] to any ,european port4 ,( all ports on ! we/]n ,pacific coa/s1 only ^? ( ,new ,zeal& & a few v *illy ones 9 ,sib]ia w be br\ght ne>] to ,liv]pool4 #g4 ,all ( ,asia & all ( ,au/ralia1 ) ! exception ( ,new ,zeal&1 w be ne>] ,europe by way ( ! ,suez ,canal ?an by way ( ! ,panama r\te4 #h4 ,ne>ly all ,japan1 ,%anghai1 ,hong-kong1 ! ,philipp9es1 ,new ,gu9ea1 all ,au/ralia 7save a f> we/]n /rip71 & all ,new ,zeal& are br\ght ne>] ! ,atlantic & ,gulf ports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,atlantic ports ( ,canada4 #i4 ,! relative di/ances f ,new ,york & ,liv]pool to ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica 7ne>ly all way d[n71 to ,africa1 & to ,asiatic ports s\? ( ,hong-kong are un*ang$4 #aj4 ,x is ,new ,york & n ,liv]pool :i* is n[ ne>] to ,yokohama1 ,sydney1 & ,melb\rne4 ,well+ton1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 =m]ly equidi/ant betwe5 ! two great ports1 is n[ #b1gci miles ne>] to ,new ,york ?an to ,liv]pool4 ,sydney1 :i* 0 =m]ly ov] #a1ejj miles ne>] ,liv]pool 7via ,suez7 ?an ,new ,york 7via ,cape ( ,good ,hope71 n[ becomes #b1dbd miles ne>] ,new ,york 7via ,panama7 ?an ,liv]pool 7via ,suez74 #aa4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,atlantic seabo>d 9 ! ,old ,_w & ! ,new is br\ght ne>] to ! ,pacific ports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 #ab4 ,! ,panama ,canal _c invade ! ma9 traffic field ( ! ,suez r\te--! c\ntries ( ,s\!rn ,asia1 ,ea/ ,africa1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! competitive region ( ! two canals lies ea/ ( ,s+apore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,i/hmus ,,( ,,panama ,! read] w ga!r f ! la/ proposition t ! sc5e ( ! new battle ( ! r\tes w lie 9 ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 & ?is probably w also be ! sc5e ( ! ma9 indu/rial & comm]cial competitions ( ! future4 ,x is 9 ^! regions1 ,au/ralasia & ! c\ntries along ! ,pacific ,asiatic coa/s1 t ! traffic zones ( ! ,suez & ,panama ,canals t\* or ov]lap4 ,! positive effect on relative di/ances f ,am]ican & ,european ports is ( great importance to comm]cial developm5ts 9 ^! regions4 ,let u look at ! geographical results ( ! ,panama ,canal a little m closely4 ,on pages #beb1 #bec are two tables transcrib$ f ! (ficial report ( #aiab on ,panama ,canal ,traffic & ,tolls1 by ,mr4 ,emory ,r4 ,johnson4 ,! foll[+ tables are giv5 by ,dr4 ,vaughan ,corni%3-- ,r$uction miles ,new ,york to-- 7geog474 ,yokohama by ,suez #ac1efd by ,panama #i1hce #c1gbi ,%anghai by ,suez #ab1ead by ,panama #aj1hee #a1fbi ,sydney by ,cape ( ,good ,hope #ac1feh by ,panama 7via ,tahiti7 #i1heb #c1hjf ,melb\rne by ,cape ( ,good ,hope #ac1jhc by ,panama 7via ,tahiti7 #aj1dbg #b1fef ,well+ton1 by ,/raits ( ,magellan #aa1dad ,n4,z4 by ,panama #h1hgb #b1edb ,hong-kong by ,suez #aa1fee by ,panama #aa1gdd ,manila by ,suez #aa1fja 7,philipp9es7 by ,panama via ,san ,francisco #af & ,yokohama #aa1ehe by ,panama1 ,honolulu & ,guam #aa1gbi ,comp>ative di/ances 79 nautical miles7 f ,new ,york & ,liv]pool to ,new ,zeal&1 ,au/ralia1 ,philipp9es1 ,*9a & ,japan1 via ,suez & ,panama ,canals4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,new ,york via ,liv]pool via ,diff]5ce ,panama ,canal4 ,suez ,canal4 9 fav\r ,to ---------------------------------------- ---------( ,suez -1 ,ports ( ,call4 ,di/ance4 ,ports ( ,call4,di/ance4,panama 4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,well+ton,panama & #h1hea ,ad51 ,colombo1 ,tahiti ,k+ ,george ,s\nd1 & ,melb\rne #ab1hhi #d1ach ,sydney #i1haa ,ad51 ,colombo1 ,k+ ,george ,s\nd1 ,adelaide1 & ,melb\rne #ab1bce #b1dbd ,adelaide ,panama1 ,tahiti1 #aj1ijd ,ad51 ,colombo1 ,sydney1 & & ,k+ ,melb\rne ,george ,s\nd #aa1adb #bch ,manila ,panama1 ,san #aa1edh ,ad51 ,colombo1 ,francisco1 & & ,s+apore #i1gja -#a1hdg ,yokohama ,hong-kong #aa1chc #i1ghe -#a1eih ,%anghai #aj1hci ,ad51 ,colombo1 ,s+apore1 & ,hong-kong #aj1fcg -#bjb ,ti5ts9 #aa1bdh ,ad51 ,colombo1 ,s+apore1 ,hong-kong1 & ,%anghai #aa1cgg #abi ,yokohama ,panama & ,san #i1gih ,francisco #aa1fgh #a1hhj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,di/ances 79 nautical miles7 f ,liv]pool via ! ,panama & ,suez r\tes to ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,*9a1 & ,japan4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,9 fav\r ,to ,suez ,r\te4 ,di/ance4 ,panama ,r\te4 ,di/ance4( ,suez -1 ,panama 4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,adelaide ,ad51 ,colombo1 ,panama1 ,tahiti1 & ,k+ ,sydney1 & ,george ,s\nd #aa1adb ,melb\rne #ac1dgh -#b1ccf ,melb\rne ,ad51 ,colombo1 ,panama1 ,tahiti1 ,k+ ,george & ,sydney #ab1iff -#a1cab ,s\nd1 & ,adelaide #aa1fed ,sydney ,ad51 ,colombo1 ,panama & ,k+ ,george ,tahiti #ab1che -#aej ,s\nd1 ,adelaide1 & ,melb\rne #ab1bce ,well+ton,ad51 ,colombo1 #aa1dbe #a1efd ,k+ ,george ,s\nd1 & ,melb\rne #ab1ihi ,manila ,ad51 ,colombo1 ,panama1 ,san & ,s+apore #i1gja ,francisco1 & ,yokohama #ad1abb -#d1dba ,hong-kong #i1ghe #ac1ieg -#d1agb ,ti5ts9 ,ad51 ,colombo1 #ac1hbb -#b1dde ,s+apore1 ,hong-kong1 & ,%anghai #aa1cgg ,yokohama ,panama & ,san #aa1fgh ,francisco #ab1cgb -#fid ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,z figures are r confus+ & difficult to reta9 9 ! memory1 let u f9d a m graphic way ( indicat+ ?is zone 9 ! ,we/]n ,pacific :]e ! *ief conflict ( canal & comm]ce is likely to take place 9 ! future4 ,let u m>k out a block ( sea & l& betwe5 ! l9es ( latitude #dj deg4 nor? & #dj deg4 s\? & ! l9es ( longitude #abj deg4 ea/ & #afj deg4 ea/ ( ,gre5wi*4 ,?is zone includes ,japan & ,korea1 ,%anghai & ! ,philipp9es1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & all ,au/ralia except ! f>!/ we/]n coa/l9e4 ,new ,zeal& lies outside x4 ,n[ along its we/]n m>g91 ! ,suez & ,panama r\tes to ,new ,york are equal 9 l5g?4 ,along its ea/]n m>g91 :i* lies outside ,japan & ,au/ralia 7n ,new ,zeal&71 & only trav]ses ! scatt]$ islets ( ! ,pacific1 ! ,suez & ,panama r\tes to ,liv]pool are equal 9 l5g?4 ,n[ look d[n an imag9>y l9e ne> ! c5tre ( ! zone b runn+ r we/ ( nor? & ea/ ( s\?4 ,along ?is l9e all places are ! same di/ance f ,new ,york & ,liv]pool by ,panama & ,suez respectively4 ,c we1 !n1 r\ghly =eca/ ! *anges 9 ocean trade-r\tes :i* w result f ?is new *annel ( communication betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/8 ,= ?is purpose we may divide ! _w traffic into ?ree p>ts--fir/ly1 t "p ( x :i* ! canal is almo/ c]ta9 to secure2 secondly1 t = :i* x w h to fight ) competitive r\tes2 ?irdly1 t :i* x w h no *ance ( secur+4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 ,panama w almo/ c]ta9ly attract mo/1 if n all1 ! traffic :i* fl[s f ! ea/]n ,am]ican & ,gulf ports to ,hawaii & ! we/ coa/ ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ( ! traffic f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ! we/ ( ,europe to ! :ole we/]n seabo>d ( ,am]ica4 ,we h already se5 ! regions :]e ! ,panama ,canal w h to compete ) ! exi/+ r\tes4 ,r\ghly1 !y comprise ,pacific ,asia1 a "p ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ,au/ralasia4 ,^! regions repres5t an enorm\s volume ( traffic f :i* ,panama w h to try to deta* z l>ge a %>e z possible4 ,! ?ird "p is ! ma9 traffic-field ( ,suez--t is1 ,s\!rn ,asia1 ,ea/ ,africa1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,no ef=ts on ! "p ( ,panama1 no r$uctions ( canal tolls1 c\ld possibly lure any ( ?is traffic f its det]m9ation to ,suez2 ! competitive region ( ! two canals lies all ea/ ( ,s+apore1 & ! great] "p ( ! comm]ce ( t region ) ,we/]n ,europe w /ill cont9ue to move via ,suez4 ,! "q ( tolls at ,panama is1 ( c\rse1 v important 9 its be>+ ^u ! future popul>ity ( ! canal4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly n h done to make ! ,panama *>ges high] ?an ^? at ,suez4 ,^! latt] h be5 r$uc$ z f ,janu>y #a1 #aiab4 ,!y are n[ #f4be francs 7#a4bjf7 p] net ton = load$ vessels4 ,! pass5g] tolls are #aj francs a pass5g] above twelve ye>s ( age1 & #e francs = ea* *ild f ?ree to twelve ye>s old4 ,if ^! figures _h be5 exce$$ at ,panama ! traffic !re w\ld h suff]$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! attempt to attract traffic by a great r$uction on tolls w\ld h involv$ a loss on ! assur$ traffic betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s ( ,am]ica :i* w\ld h m ?an c\nt]balanc$ ! probable ga94 ,mr4 ,taft's proclamation fix+ ! ,panama tolls w be f\nd at ! end ( ! book4 ,x w be se5 t ! *>ge ( #a4bj is almo/ id5tical ) ! ,suez toll4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 to be no pass5g] tolls at ,panama4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! ,suez ,canal c\ld v well af=d to l[] its *>ges to meet ! new competition4 ,a divid5d ( #cj p] c5t4 leaves a consid]able m>g9 = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration ,& we mu/ rememb] t tolls1 h[ev] important1 are n by any means ! only det]m9ants ( traffic-r\tes4 ,all sorts ( comm]cial & freight consid]ations come into play4 ,= example1 ! %orte/ way f ,japan to ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica w be via ,panama4 ,fully load$ vessels w c]ta9ly g t way4 ,b ! %ip t leaves ! l& ( ! *]ry blossom only p>tly load$ & want+ to make up a full freight may *oose ! r\te pa/ ,asia & ?r\gh ! ,suez ,canal z be+ m likely to s]ve t object4 ,!n ! co/ ( coal is an important po9t4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 %ip[n]s w select ! r\tes by :i* coal is *eape/ & ! coal+ /ations ne>e/ ea* o!r4 ,) pl5ty ( c>go com+ along & good freight rates x is desirable to res]ve z little bunk] space z possible4 ,i _c g into ?is "q at any great l5g?1 b 9 ! competition ) ! ,suez r\te x w be q z important to h abundant & *eap coal at ,colon 7! pun is accid5tal67 & ,panama z to keep ! transit dues mod]ate4 ,b we h n yet exhau/$ ! motives :i* may help to prompt ! *oice ( "o r\te r ?an ano!r4 ,!re is ! "q ( climatic conditions--/orms & w9ds & curr5ts4 ,9 ?is respect ,panama %\ld h a decid$ advantage ov] ,suez4 ,! ,r$ ,sea1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 is r$ hot4 ,?is is n good = "s sorts ( c>go1 & s t]rible is ! heat at times t ! /ok]s are said to be unable to ma9ta9 ! /eam at full pressure4 ,?is may involve an appreciable delay 9 ! #a1caj-mile run f ,suez to ,ad54 ,moreov]1 f a temp] & "* po9t ( view1 ! ,nor? ,pacific & ,c>ibbean are di/9ctly sup]ior to ! ,indian ,ocean & ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,! deliv]ance :i* ! ,panama ,canal w af=d to _m vessels & /eam%ip l9es f ! p]ils & savag]ies ( ,cape ,/iff1 z ! sailors call ! ,horn1 or ! reefs & curr5ts ( ,magellan's ,/raits1 is 9 itself "o ( ! bless+s ( ! new r\te4 ,travell]s tell u t ! bigge/ ocean roll]s 9 ! _w are f\nd on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,am]ica j a little nor? ( ! s\!rn /raits4 ,= ^! reasons insurance rates via ,panama are likely to be l[] ?an ^? r\nd ! f> s\? ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,!re is good reason to believe t ! ,panama ,canal w pay its way )\t impos+ any new burd5 on ! taxpay]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x w probably n produce ! divid5ds ( ! ,suez ,canal4 ,x w h co/ f\r times z mu*1 & is unlikely = _m ye>s to comm& q z l>ge a volume ( traffic4 ,! increase 9 ! traffic at ,suez has be5 enorm\s dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 ow+ l>gely to ! developm5t ( ! res\rces ( ! ,f> ,ea/ ) ! help ( we/]n capital4 ,! net tonnage ( vessels pass+ ?r\gh ! canal 9 #aiaa 0 #ah1cbd1gid1 & ! total pass5g]s 7 #bge1fea4 ,all =eca/s ( ! traffic via ,panama mu/1 ( c\rse1 be speculative1 b x may be m5tion$ t ! net regi/] tonnage ( vessels t might h advantage\sly us$ a ,panama ,canal 9 #aiaj is (ficially e/imat$ at #h1cbh1jbi4 ,be=e discuss+ ! m economic & comm]cial results likely to foll[ f ! op5+ ( ! canal1 !re are "o or two subsidi>y que/ions we may consid]4 ,is ! ,panama ,canal likely to be us$ by sail+ vessels8 ,! prevail+ idea is t x w be no m practicable a r\te = su* craft ?an ! ,suez ,canal4 ,w9ds1 tides1 & curr5ts h mu* m to say to ! sail+ vessel ?an to ! /eam]1 & ! t]m9als ( ! canal1 especially on ! ,pacific end1 are n always easy ( approa* to w9d-driv5 %ips4 ,"o effect ( ! op5+ ( ! ,panama ,canal w be to ha/5 ! decl9e ( ^! old-fa%ion$ & m beautiful craft4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t ! w9djamm] or limejuic]1 9 ! sea-go+ v]nacul>1 has already ne>ly disappe>$ f ! sev5 seas4 ,a great deal ( ! _w's comm]ce is /ill c>ri$ on 9 su* vessels4 ,!y /ill battle _! way r\nd ! ,horn lad5 ) ! timb] ( ,oregon or ,briti% ,columbia & ! nitrates ( ,*ile4 ,b ! unsuitability ( ! ,panama transit = sail+ vessels w unque/ionably lead to _! quick] decl9e4 ,x is int]e/+ to see h[ /eam has gradually ou/$ sail 9 ! _w's %ipp+4 ,9 #ahgc-d ! sea-go+ sail tonnage ( ! _w 0 #ad1ahe1hcf tons4 ,?is decl9$ to #aa1fcf1bhi 9 #ahhh-i2 to #h1fic1gfi 9 #ahih-i2 & to #f1dab1baa 9 #aiaj-aa2 :ile /eam tonnage increas$ f #d1cbh1aic 9 #ahgc-d to #da1jfa1jgg 9 #aiaj-aa4 ,= _m reasons1 climatic & economic1 we may safely assume t ! ,panama ,canal w be conf9$ exclusively to /eam circles4 ,/eam]s w be sub/itut$ = ! limejuic]s 9 e canal-us+ l9e1 & ! sn[y canvas w be bani%$ to o!r regions4 ,hi!rto1 su* freights z coal1 lumb]1 gra91 nitrate ( soda1 & sug> h be5 consid]$ specially suit$ = sail transportation1 because !y are %ipp$ z full vessel c>goes & d n require rapid transportation or deliv]y4 ,b ev5 su* c>goes are c]ta9 to be l>gely transf]r$ to ! /eam%ip :5 x is realiz$ t ! ,panama ,canal is no road = sail+ vessels4 ,ano!r int]e/+ "q is ! probable effect ( ! canal on ! ,am]ican m]cantile m>9e4 ,! ocean-go+ m]*antm5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates engag$ 9 ! =eign trade are practically non-exi/5t1 ?\gh ! coa/+ trade1 :i* includes ! trade ( ,hawaii & ! ,philipp9es ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is /rictly res]v$ to ,am]ican vessels1 %ips fly+ =eign flags be+ entirely exclud$4 ,b ^! latt]1 :i* are 9 ! ma9 ,briti%1 c>ry on all ! =eign trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,au/ralia1 ,nor!rn ,*9a & ,japan4 ,x is almo/ unbelievable t 9 #aijh !re 0 n a s+le /eam%ip fly+ ! flag ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ports & ^? ( ,brazil1 ! ,arg5t9e1 ,*ile1 or ,p]u4 ,! mails f ,new ,york & ! o!r ,atlantic ports ( ! ,am]ican republic g1 or w5t until q rec5tly1 via ,europe1 ?\gh ,new ,york is #cgj miles ne>] ,brazil1 etc41 ?an ! ,old ,_w coa/s4#ai ,! reasons = ?is want ( a =eign-trade m]cantile m>9e are *iefly ! great] co/ ( %ipbuild+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! requisitions ) reg>d to wages & food ( ! ,am]ican trade-unions4 ,! result ( ! high /&>ds ( com=t ?us impos$ has be5 t ! co/ 9 wages & food to run ,am]ican %ips "u ,am]ican conditions across ! ,pacific is d\ble t 9 ,european or ,japanese /eam]s4 ,x is sc>cely to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 t "s p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates reg>d ! ,panama ,canal z a v dis9t]e/$ gift f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to humanity at l>ge1 especially p]haps to ,great ,brita9 & ,japan--z an example ( altruism run mad4 ,b :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates may n be ready to reap ! full advantage ( ! canal at ! />t1 x is highly probable t its op5+ w lead to a rapid gr[? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates m]*ant s]vice4 ,a l>g] coa/+ fleet w be requir$ ) l>g] vessels1 & ?is w lead to a g5]al developm5t ( ! l>g] classes ( %ipbuild+4 ,at pres5t no vessels are p]mitt$ to fly ! ,am]ican flag unless ,am]ican-built4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ,am]ican-own$ vessels are !re=e regi/]$ "u ! flags ( "s =eign nation4 ,z ! ,unit$ ,/ates beg9s to compete 9 *eapness & effici5cy ( %ipbuild+ ) o!r c\ntries1 ! *ief motive = ?is =eign regi/ration w be remov$4 ,great ,brita9 _c expect to be ! *ief c>ri] ( ,unit$ ,/ates trade = ev]4 ,?is is inde$ "o ( _m directions 9 :i* ! op5+ ( ! ,panama ,canal may t5d r to ! disadvantage ?an to ! b5efit ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,!re is no reason :y ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld n build up a m]cantile m>9e z swiftly z ,g]many & ,japan h done4 ,engl& w h to consid] s]i\sly ?is & _m o!r probable effects ( ! canal closely t\*+ h] mo/ important int]e/s4 ,i w conclude ?is *apt] ) an int]e/+ little fact :i* may already h occurr$ to ! read]4 ,f ! mom5t ! ,panama ,canal is op5$ x w be possible = ! fir/ "t to sail all r\nd ! _w f ,engl& :olly 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e & )\t cross+ ! ,equator4 ,:o w be ! fir/ circumnavigator along ! all-nor!rn trail8 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,_m p]sons may h expect$ ^! c\ntries to be mu* ne>] ,new ,york4 ,!y d n realize t ne>ly all ,s\? ,am]ica lies ea/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,wa%+ton is on ! same m]idian z ,callao on ! coa/ ( ,p]u4 ,ant(aga/a & ,iquique1 ! *ief nitrate ports ( ,*ile1 h ! longitude ( ,bo/on4 ,! ea/]n po9t ( ,brazil lies #b1fjj miles ea/ ( ,new ,york1 & is equidi/ant f ,new ,york ,bay & ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,canal ,,& ,,! ,,am]icas4 ,! likely effects ( ! ,panama ,canal on int]national comm]ce & ! developm5t ( ! _w's res\rces is s big a subject t "o c d little m ?an indicate ! l>g] probabilities4 ,! influ5ce ( ! canal on ! ,briti% ,empire mu/ be left to ano!r *apt]4 ,"h we %all h to consid] ma9ly ! case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! c\ntry :i* /&s to ga9 f> m ?an any o!r f ?is new l9k betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,! mo/ obvi\s result ( ! new ev5t1 z x 0 ! ma9 object ( ! canal's con/ruction1 mu/ be ! imm5sely quick5$ all-sea communication betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! motive = ! build+ ( ! canal 0 milit>y r ?an comm]cial4 ,x 0 r5d]$ necess>y by pa9ful exp]i5ce dur+ ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> ( ! effects ( ! #ad1jjj-mile sea j\rney betwe5 ! two seabo>ds ( ! republic4 ,b ! comm]cial results w n be ! less important because !y 7 n =emo/ 9 ! object & motive ( ! canal-build]s4 ,x is pretty cle> t :at we may call ! ma9 developm5tal effect ( ! canal w be felt along t ,pacific coa/ ( ! ,am]icas :i* has be5 s long %ut out f ! great c5tres ( indu/rial ent]prise 9 ! ,new ,_w & ! ,old4 ,we are s accu/om$ to reg>d ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a fully develop$ & fully equipp$ c\ntry t we =get h[ sl[ly h] population & indu/ries advanc$ we/w>d f ! ,atlantic coa/s4 ,ev5 n[ x _c be said t ! railroad communications betwe5 ! ea/ & ! ,pacific /ates beyond ! great m\nta9-divide ( ! ,rockies are fully equal to ! c>riage ( ! produce :i* is or %\ld be ex*ang$ betwe5 ea/ & we/4 ,! transcont95tal l9es h sc>cely yet furni%$ a *eap & satisfactory connection betwe5 ! ,pacific coa/ /ates & _! l>ge/ & mo/ natural m>kets4 ,hi!rto ! railways h _h to compete ) only ?ree alt]native r\tes3 7#a7 ! all-sea r\te r\nd ,cape ,horn = sail]s1 & ?r\gh ,magellan ,/raits = /eam]s2 7#b7 ! r\te via ,panama1 ) railroad transit ov] ! i/hmus2 7#c7 ! r\te via ,tehuantepec1 ) railroad transit ov] t i/hmus f ,pu]to ,mexico on ! ,gulf to ,sal9a ,cruz on ! ,pacific4 ,! new canal w be a mu* m =midable competitor4 ,x is highly important t ! indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld h ! b5efit ( ?is heal?y tug-(-w> betwe5 railroad & canal1 & ! gov]nm5t is p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 keep+ t competition op51 ev5 to ! l5g? ( =bidd+ ! use ( ! canal to %ips own$1 controll$1 or op]at$ by railway companies4 ,!re is no fe> t ! ,panama ,canal1 ev5 if x prosp]s exce$+ly1 w ru9 ! transcont95tal railroads4 ,! report ( ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission 9 #aija made "s int]e/+ rem>ks on ?is subject1 & !y are z p]t95t to-day3-- ,! competition ( ! canal w affect1 fir/1 ! volume & rates ( ! ?r\gh bus9ess ( ! ,pacific railroads1 & secondly1 ! am\nt ( _! local traffic4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( _! exi/5ce ^! railways dep5d$ almo/ entirely ^u _! ?r\gh traffic2 b _! *ief aim ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory has be5 to increase ! local bus9ess1 :i* is always m pr(itable ?an ! ?r\gh traffic2 & al?\gh ! great /ret* ( c\ntry cross$ by !m is /ill 9 ! infancy ( its indu/rial developm5t1 ! local traffic ( "s1 if n all1 ( ! ,pacific roads has already become ( *ief importance4 ,a vice-presid5t ( "o ( ! railway sy/ems /ates t s9ce #ahic ! increase 9 bus9ess ( ! transcont95tal l9es has n come f ! seaports1 b f ! developm5t ( ! int]m$iate c\ntry4 ,! canal c c]ta9ly 9 no wise *eck ! gr[? ( ?is local traffic1 & ! evid5ce /rongly supports ! belief ent]ta9$ by _m p]sons t ! canal w assi/ l>gely 9 ! indu/rial expansion ( ! t]ritory s]v$ by ! ,pacific railways4 ,if ?is be true1 ! proximate effect ( ! i/hmian canal 9 compell+ a r$uction & readju/m5t ( ! rates on ! %>e ( ! transcont95tal railway bus9ess t w be subject to ! competition ( ! new wat] r\te1 w be m ?an (fset by ! ultimate & n di/ant expansion ( ! ?r\gh & local traffic1 t mu/ necess>ily be h&l$ by rail4 ,x seems probable t ! increase 9 ! population ( ! c\ntry1 & ! gr[? 9 our home & =eign trade1 w e>ly demon/rate ! ne$ ( ! transportation s]vice ( bo? ! canal & ! railways4 ,! r$uction ( freight ?r\gh ! use ( ! canal is sure to give a big /imulus to _m lead+ indu/ries ( ! ,pacific /ates4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important is ! lumb] indu/ry4 ,cali=nia & ,oregon are v ri* 9 =e/s ( p9e1 spruce1 c$>1 & r$wood1 ! la/ be+ mu* 9 dem& 9 ,atlantic c\ntries4 ,a good deal ( ?is timb] is export$ to ,europe & ! ea/]n /ates1 & x has all to be c>ri$ 9 sail+ %ips r\nd ,cape ,horn4 ,x is calculat$ t ! op5+ ( ! ,panama ,canal w r$uce ! freight by #ej p] c5t41 :i* means t all ?is ,pacific coa/ timb] w be correspond+ly increas$ 9 value4 ,! exports ea/w>ds are sure to advance rapidly ) ! new means ( transport4 ,gra91 w9e1 & fruit w b5efit1 & ! manufactur$ goods f ! indu/rial /ates ( ! ea/ w fl[ ?r\gh ! same *annel to ! we/]n /ates 9 an ev]-increas+ volume4 ,e /aple indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w feel ! new /imulus1 & ,engl& & ,europe g5]ally are c]ta9 to feel ! pressure ( ?is new competitive p[] ( ! ,am]ican republic4 ,9 cotton & iron goods especially ! exports f ! ea/]n & s\!rn /ates are b\nd to =ge ahead4 ,manufactur$ cotton goods export$ f ! s\!rn /ates h _h to be c>ri$ by rail to ! we/]n ports1 & !nce by /eam] to ,*9a & ,japan1 or else ea/w>d by ! ,suez ,canal1 sometimes ev5 via ,engl& or ,g]many4 ,we may imag9e :at a boon ! ,panama ,canal w be to ?is trade1 & h[ conv5i5tly x w lie = ! ,gulf ports & all _! raw & manufactur$ exports4 ,am]ican iron & /eel w also be imm5sely /r5g!n$ = competition ) ^? ( ,engl& & ,europe 9 ! m>kets ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,briti% ,au/ralasia1 & along ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,we ne$ n describe 9 detail effects :i* are likely to be felt ov] ! entire range ( ,am]ican indu/ry4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates appe>s1 inde$1 to be on ! v]ge ( trem5d\s developm5ts4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,colonial ,in/itute1#bj t well-kn[n physical geograph] & economi/1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,vrooman1 gave u a h9t ( fur!r ,am]ican ent]prises 9 civil eng9e]+1 aft] ! ,panama ,canal is op5$3-- ,! i/hmian canal is b a "p ( ! great] ,am]ican wat]ways project4 ,z soon z ?is is f9i%$ x is possible t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w />t 9 a l>ge way ) ! project ( ! artificial canalization ( ! ,mississippi ) its #af1jjj miles ( already navigable wat]s & a dra9age basis ( #a1bhj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! cutt+-?r\gh ( an ocean-%ip canal to ! ,great ,lakes w make seaport t[ns ( ! ,canadian cities on ! ,lakes ,ont>io1 ,erie1 & ,sup]ior4 ,! ,saskat*ewan & ! ,r$ ,riv] c be canaliz$ = #a1jjj miles1 & a %ort haul f ,w9nipeg w op5 ! :ole ,saskat*ewan valley f ne> ! foot-hills ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s--d[n/ream1 b = ?is %ort portage--all ! way to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & !nce to ,panama & ! ,pacific ports4 ,e transcont95tal freight-rate 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be r$uc$1 & p]haps "s 9 ! middle int]ior4 ,z ?is great s\!rn movem5t />ts up ! indu/ries ( ! s\!rn /ates w receive a new impulse4 ,! ,gulf ( ,mexico & ! ,c>ibbean ,sea w spr+ into a new life1 toge!r ) ! ,we/ ,indies & ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! va/ & f]tile int]ior dra9$ by ! ,or9oco & ! ,amazon4 ,,c5tral ,,& ,,s\!rn ,,am]ica4 ,b !re are no c\ntries :i* w he> ! call ( ! canal s ne>ly & cle>ly z ^? ( ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,am]ica4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ t =ty-mile wide l& b>ri] betwe5 ! two oceans has isolat$ all ! we/]n %ore ( ! cont95t4 ,! ,panama ,canal ,railroad has done v little to modify ! situation4 ,! ,pacific coa/ ( ,am]ica has look$ we/w>ds ov] its wa/e ( wat]s1 & has sc>cely be5 rea*$ by ! indu/rial & economic =ces at "w beh9d x 9 ! ,old & ,new ,worlds4 ,its trade has be5 c>ri$ on mo/ly ) ,europe1 & especially ,engl&1 9 sail+ vessels t h plodd$ r\nd ! di/ant ,horn4 ,an int]e/+ example ( ?is geographical & comm]cial deta*m5t ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica is furni%$ by ! port ( ,mazatlan 9 ,we/]n ,mexico4 ,f ?is place !re are consid]able exports ( logwood & mahogany4 ,b ?irty times z mu* ( ?is lumb] has gone to ,europe z to ! ea/ ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,on ! opposite or ea/]n side ( ,mexico is ,tampico1 :]e ! returns ( trade are j ! rev]se1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ ! l>ge/ cu/om] = its exports4 ,despite ! old ,spani% pav$ roads across ! i/hmus at ,panama1 by :i* ! silv] & pe>ls ( ,p]u & ! ,pacific 7 convey$ to ,nombre de ,dios & ,porto ,bello1 = %ipm5t to ,spa91 despite ! sixty ye>s ( ! little ,panama ,railway1 ! ,am]ican cont95t ev5 9 its n>r[e/ p>ts has be5 some?+ l an imp5etrable scre5 betwe5 ea/ & we/4 ,f\r c5turies ( cont9u$ agitation & ef=t to get ! wat] ?r\gh %[ h[ s]i\sly ?is physical divorce has be5 felt1 & give an e>ne/ ( ! l>ge results :i* are sure to foll[ ! completion ( ! task4 ,!re h be5 o!r reasons = ! backw>d developm5t ( we/]n ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,to beg9 )1 ! ,spani%1 n a progressive & pione]+ race1 laid _! h&s on ^! c\ntries f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 & h held !m politically or racially ev] s9ce4 ,?is w\ld n 9 itself h kept out ! ,anglo-,saxon or ! ,g]man4 ,b ^! c\ntries h n yet be5 greatly ne$$ z an outlet ( ! surplus populations ( ,europe4 ,ev5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is v f> f be+ fill$ up1 & ,canada is likely to be giv+ away f>ms = _m ye>s to come4 ,! ,teutonic race1 to :i* above all o!rs ! tru/ee%ip ( ,we/]n civilization is committ$1 has left ^! ,spani% ,am]icas1 ) _! revolutions com+ almo/ z frequ5tly & regul>ly z ! seasons1 comp>atively unvisit$4 ,z yet ! ,nor? ,european emigration to ! s\!rn cont95t has be5 ma9ly conf9$ to ,arg5t9a & ,s\!rn ,brazil4 ,9 "o respect ! i/hmian breakwat] has be5 pr(itable to ^! /ates ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,x has %elt]$ !m l>gely f ! negro elem5t :i* has spread s widely ov] ! ,we/ ,indies & ! s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b ,japan & ,*9a are already !re1 & ! yell[ w be laid on m & m ?ickly unless ^! c\ntries are br\ght quickly )9 ! zone ( ,we/]n ideas & ent]prise4 ,& t process is likely to beg9 ) ! op5+ ( ! canal4 ,! backw>dness ( ^! regions is inde$ almo/ unbelievable4 ,mo/ p ?9k ( !m z produc+ ma9ly nitrates & revolutions4 ,b _! possible res\rces & products are illimitable1 & are only await+ ! organiz$ capital ( ! ,we/ to be made available = human s]vice4 ,z yet ^! ,lat9 republics are 9 _! middle ages ( developm5t4 ,!re are few railways1 only "o cont9u\s transcont95tal l9e hav+ be5 complet$ betwe5 ,valp>aiso1 ?r\gh ,m5doza1 to ,bu5os ,aires4 ,_! int]nal communications are c>ri$ on ma9ly by ! pack mule1 z !y h be5 s9ce ! days ( ,piz>ro & ,valdivia4 ,ea* c\ntry1 ( c\rse1 has a =eign trade1 b ! p ( ! int]ior1 ! ,indians or mix$ bre$s1 live 9 isolat$ communities :i* are self-suffic+1 raise _! own food & make _! own simple manufactures1 kn[+ little or no?+ ( ! products ( =eign c\ntries4 ,! :ole coa/ & its h9t]l& is engag$ almo/ solely 9 :at are kn[n z extractive indu/ries--t is1 9 m9+ or agriculture4 ,! exports consi/ ma9ly ( food/uffs & raw mat]ials1 nitrate1 ores ( copp]1 silv]1 & gold1 gra91 sug>1 cotton1 cocoa1 c(fee1 wool1 hides1 rubb]1 & woods4 ,) ^! ! p pay = _! manufactur$ goods1 & ^! come ma9ly f ,europe1 & *iefly also f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! m9]al weal? ( ! nor!rn p>ts1 especially ! ,&ean plateau1 is /ill enorm\s1 ?\gh va/ quantities h be5 extract$4 ,= c5turies ! ,&es furni%$ ! civiliz$ _w ) mo/ ( ! bullion us$ = its curr5t co9age4 ,betwe5 #afcj & #ahjc ,p]u alone s5t out ,l#bej1jjj1jjj wor? ( silv]4 ,bolivia has contribut$ ,l#hjj1jjj1jjj wor?2 ! fam\s m9es ( ,potosi alone acc\nt$ = ,l#fjj1jjj1jjj wor? ( ?is metal4 ,! nitrate works ( ,*ile are 9 ! h&s ( ,engli%m5 & ,g]mans1 & ,am]ican & o!r =eign]s hold ! sug> plantations ( ,p]u4 ,b1 z ,i h said1 ! range ( production is enorm\s & only awaits ! /imulus ( import$ capital4 ,to give "o example ( ! v>iety ( products1 x is said t ! ,aconcagua valley 9 ,*ile w\ld alone furni% annually f its v9ey>ds #a1jjj1jjj gallons ( cl>et1 if ! grapes 7 n us$ to produce a local dr9k nam$ *ica4 ,!re is no sign ( ! exhau/ion ( any ( ! natural products ( ^! regions4 ,ev5 ! nitrate ( soda1 t mo/ valuable ( f]tiliz]s1 ?\gh x is be+ %ovell$ out at a great rate1 cov]s ab\t #bbj1jjj acres1 or ab\t #djj miles f nor? to s\?1 & is suffici5t to la/ = a v long "t to come4 ,nitrate1 m9]als1 :eat1 b>ley1 wool1 hides--^! are ! ma9 exports ( ! ,pacific we/1 ! return+ imports be+ cotton goods1 ma*9]y1 /eel rails1 wooll5s1 coal1 & all sorts ( miscellane\s manufactures & supplies4 ,b1 z ,i said1 ! trade has be5 almo/ :olly ) ,europe1 ,engl& enjoy+ a v pr$om9ant position4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h compet$ ) ,europe at great disadvantages4 ,! trade has be5 mo/ly c>ri$ on 9 sail+ vessels4 ,n[ su* craft1 to get f ,new ,york to ,s\? ,am]ica1 h be5 oblig$ to sail ea/w>ds almo/ z f> z ! ,can>ies 9 ord] to cat* ! trade w9ds & wea!r ,cape ,/4 ,roque on ! coa/ ( ,brazil4 ,! sail+ vessel f ,europe1 on ! o!r h&1 sails "r pa/ ! ,can>ies1 & c give ! ,am]ican %ip t5 days' />t 9 ! j\rney to any "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica s\? or we/ ( ! mo/ ea/]ly po9t ( ,brazil4 ,if ! read] w turn back to ! *apt] on ! new di/ances he w see h[ ! little /reak ( blue wat] at ,panama w alt] all ?is4 ,take "o little fact to illu/rate ! *ange4 ,callao1 on ! coa/ ( ,p]u1 is1 be=e ! op5+ ( ! canal1 f>!r by /eam f ,new ,york ?an is ! ,s\? ,pole1 b ! ,panama ,canal w br+ ! city #a1jjj miles ne>] to ,new ,york by /eam ?an ,san ,francisco w !n be4 ,! canal w r$uce ! di/ance f ,new ,york to ! ,*ilean nitrate port ( ,iquique by #e1aci miles 7nautical71 to ,valp>aiso by #c1gdg1 to ,coronel 7f>!r s\?7 by #c1bif1 to ,valdivia 7ab\t #a1jjj miles nor? ( ,magellan's ,/raits1 ne>ly at ! f>!/ s\!rn limit ( ! comm]cially important "p ( we/]n ,s\? ,am]ica7 by #b1ijj4 ,take ,iquique1 an important ,nor? ,*ilean nitrate port4 ,by ,panama ?is place is #d1jjd miles f ,new ,york1 b #f1egh f ,liv]pool4 ,_! respective di/ances via ,magellan 7 #i1adc & #i1eaj4 ,x looks1 !re=e1 z ?\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) its new advantages1 :i* beg9 :5 ! fir/ vessel is pass$ ?r\gh ! ,panama locks1 w\ld h a good *ance ( secur+ = ! future ! ma9 %>e ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican trade4 ,its cotton1 iron & /eel goods1 electrical ma*9]y1 etc41 w be able to compete on v diff]5t t]ms ) ^? ( ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,cotton manufactures h rea*$ ,*ile & ! o!r c\ntries ( ,pacific ,s\? ,am]ica by a r absurdly r\ndab\t r\te4 ,! raw cotton has be5 gr[n 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c>ri$ to ,europe = manufacture1 & br\ght back to ,s\? ,am]ica via ! ,/raits ( ,magellan4 ,^! goods w1 we may be sure1 t5d 9 future to g direct f ! ,am]ican factories via ,new ,york1 ,*>le/on1 or ,new ,orleans1 )\t trans-%ipm5t1 ?us sav+ ab\t #g1jjj miles ( transportation4 ,a v small "p ( ! ,am]ican trade ) ^! c\ntries has pass$ by ! ,panama railroad4 ,! rates *>g$ by ! /eam]s :i* h pick$ up ! goods = ! we/ coa/ at ,panama h be5 kept s high z to be practically prohibitive4 ,x has actually be5 *eap] to s5d goods f ! ,unit$ ,/ates by way ( ,engl& or ,g]many--t is1 a j\rney ( #ad1jjj miles--?an by way ( ,panama1 a j\rney ( ?ree or f\r ?\s&4 ,"o ( ! sure/ results1 !n1 ( ! ,panama ,canal op5+ w be a rapid developm5t ( ! ,pacific coa/s ( ,am]ica1 especially ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & a great expansion ( trade betwe5 ^! c\ntries & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! effect ( ! canal on ! ,atlantic coa/s & h9t]l& ( ,s\? ,am]ica w naturally be less /rik+4 ,!re has nev] be5 mu* int]*ange ( trade betwe5 ! two coa/s ( ! s\!rn cont95t1 = ! simple reason t _! products are n complem5t>y b mo/ly id5tical4 ,mo/ ( ! trade ( ! ea/]n coa/ /ates is ) ! c\ntries ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,b "s trade to ! m nor!rly & tropical p>ts ( ?is coa/ is c]ta9 to fl[ ?r\gh ! canal4 ,lumb] f ! ,pacific coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica is us$ 9 ,atlantic ,s\? ,am]ica1 & a "p ( ?is trade1 :i* is likely to gr[ 9 ext5t1 w be pass$ ?r\gh ! canal4 ,x %\ld be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! temp]ate rea*es ( ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica f>!r to ! s\? w be ne>] ! ,pacific coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada via ! ,horn & ! ,/raits ( ,magellan ow+ to ! big ea/]ly projection ( ,brazil4 ,we mu/ leave ! probable effects ( ! ,panama ,canal on ! ,briti% possessions 9 ,am]ica to ano!r *apt]4 ,x has n be5 possible to deal ) prospective comm]cial developm5ts 9 great detail4 ,only "s g5]al idea c\ld be giv5 ( ! va/ *anges & developm5ts 9 progress4 ,on ! day on :i* ,i am writ+ ! ,wa%+ton correspond5t ( ,! ,times summ>izes ! mean+ & effect ( ! ,panama ,canal 9 ?ree r =midable words4 ,he says x symbolizes comm]cial ,pan-,am]icanism4 ,! canal is go+ to help ,am]ica to keep its trade m to itself4 ,x repres5ts 9 comm]ce & economics :at ! ,monroe doctr9e repres5ts 9 politics4 ,x w imm5sely assi/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates to become ! *ief indu/rial suppli] ( ! great cont95t1 ) ! o!r /ates ma9ly z agricultural or m9+ annexes4 ,"o incid5t 9 ! fur!r+ ( ?is ambition 0 ! attempt to conclude a treaty ( reciprocity ) ,canada1 ! effect ( :i*1 z ,mr4 ,taft admitt$1 w\ld h be5 to make ,canada su* an annexe ( ! republic4 ,! ,canadian p1 h[ev]1 realiz+ ! ult]ior political & comm]cial effects ( su* a treaty1 refus$ to ratify x4 ,canada1 9 fact1 belongs to ano!r political & economic sy/em4 ,%e gives valuable trade-pref]5ce to ! manufactures ( ! "m-c\ntry 9 ! ,old ,_w1 & !re is happily no reason to believe t %e w ab&on ! ,imp]ial ideals = ! objects ( cont95tal ,pan-,am]icanism4 ,aft] all1 ! citiz5s ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are mo/ly ( ! same /ock1 speak+ ! same language & *]i%+ ! same great traditions4 ,! two bran*es ( ! ,anglo-,saxon family ought to be able1 :ile ea* ma9ta9+ its own life & gr[?1 to rema9 happily side by side1 %>+ 9 ! new prosp]ity :i* ! _w owes to ?is late/ a*ievem5t ( ! great republic4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,m>* #ai1 #aiab4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,canal ,,& ,,! ,,briti% ,,empire4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important results ( ! ,panama ,canal1 "o :i* is likely to h ! l>ge/ influ5ce on future political hi/ory1 seems sc>cely to h be5 notic$ by writ]s on ?is subject4 ,i h %[n h[ mu* ne>] ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& are br\ght to ,new ,york ?an to ,liv]pool1 ow+ to ! i/hmian passage4 ,!y are br\ght ( c\rse proportionately ne>] to ! ea/]n prov9ces1 :i* are also ! gov]nm5tal headqu>t]s ( ,canada4 ,b ! mov+ away1 s to speak1 ( ^! great c\ntries f ,engl&1 & _! clos] approximation to ! great & gr[+ bran*es ( ! ,anglo-,saxon /ock 9 ,am]ica1 has ! effect ( locat+ ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! ,engli%-speak+ races m firmly & p]man5tly ?an ev] 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,:5 ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal& h gr[n = ano!r qu>t] ( a c5tury1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates h reap$ = s long ! advantage 9 weal? & p[] ( ! new wat]way1 ! little isl&s ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom may beg9 to appe> z a deta*$ & di/ant fragm5t1 r ?an z ! he>t & he>?1 ( ! ,briti% ,empire & ! ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,engli% plantations 9 ,am]ica began to develop _! manufactures & _h increas$ rapidly 9 population1 ! "q 0 discuss$ 9 ,engl& h[ long %e c\ld cont9ue to control an ov]sea empire1 likely to be 9 "t m popul\s & prosp]\s ?an ! home-c\ntry itself1 f ^! f>-away isl&s ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,x 0 actually sugge/$ at t "t t ! ,k+ ( ,engl& %\ld c>ry 8 cr[n & ?rone :]e ! mo/ "p ( 8 subjects 7 congregat$4 ,t sugge/ion is n likely to be repeat$4 ,we h f\nd a way ( h>moniz+ local self-gov]nm5t ) imp]ial unity4 ,b ! position ( ,engl& 9 h] empire is sure to be greatly modifi$ z "t goes on1 & ! ,panama ,canal1 by br++ ^! va/ & undevelop$ cont95ts & isles ( ! f> s\?-we/ s mu* ne>] to ,nor? ,am]ica ?an to ! imp]ial c5tre1 _c fail to h "s influ5ce 9 ?is direction4 ,f a comm]cial po9t ( view1 its effect w be to increase ! value & importance ( ^? trade pref]5ces :i* ,au/ralia gives ! home c\ntry 9 h] m>kets4 ,probably no s+le c\ntry 9 ! _w1 c]ta9ly no portion ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 /&s to ga9 s trem5d\sly f ! op5+ ( ! canal z ,briti% ,columbia4 ,engl& has n yet realiz$ :at enorm\s res\rces are lock$ up 9 ?is prov9ce ( ! fur!/ we/1 :i* looks out f a hundr$ h>b\rs to ! ,pacific & across to ! awak5+ ,ea/4 ,! long haul across ! cont95t1 ! int]m9able sea-trail r\nd ! ,horn1 twice cross+ ! equator1 kept ,briti% ,columbia1 until lately1 outside ! ?\ght & int]e/1 n only ( ,engli%m51 b ev5 ( ! ,canadians ( ! adm9i/rative ,ea/4 ,ev5 ) ! gradual fill+ ( ! empty middle & we/1 geography w\ld h cont9u$ to be aga9/ ,briti% ,columbia4 ,b ! ,panama ,canal makes all ! diff]5ce4 ,?is prov9ce w no long] look vaguely & dreamily to ! we/]n sea-spaces & a /ill half-slumb]+ ,ori5t4 ,%e w sudd5ly f9d h]self at "o end ( a sea-r\te :i* w %ort5 h] di/ance f ,new ,york by #h1dae miles & f ,liv]pool by #f1jdf miles4 ,h] timb] & o!r produce w no long] toil we>ily 9 ! holds ( ! w9djamm] d[n ! :ole l5g? ( ,nor!rn1 ,c5tral1 & ,s\!rn ,am]ica4 ,!re at ,balboa1 less ?an halfway d[n1 is ! entrance ( ! long-desir$ %ort-cut to ! _w-c5tres ( progress & ent]prise4 ,! electric ?rill ( ?is new circuit w be felt n only along ! hav5s & fjords ( ! ,briti% ,columbian coa/1 b ne>ly a ?\s& miles inl&4 ,we may say t almo/ ! :ole we/]n half ( ,canada1 :]e ! gold5 :eat fronti]s are ev] advanc+1 w face ab\t & h5ce=? look we/ in/ead ( ea/4 ,all ! corn & produce ( ,alb]ta & ,we/]n ,saskat*ewan w fl[1 n ea/w>ds z h]et(ore1 b to ! ,pacific %ores1 !re to be %ipp$ = transit via ! canal to ! s\!rn & ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 to ! nor? & ea/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & to ! ,old ,_w ov] ! ,atlantic4 ,ev5 ! ea/]n & we/]n fronts ( ! ,dom9ion w feel ! grip ( a new l9k1 :i* may s]ve important naval & def5sive int]e/s = ,canada4 ,! new ,pacific outlet w h _m advantages ov] ! ea/]n4 ,= "o ?+1 x is always ice-free1 :]eas ! ea/]n r\te is iceb\nd = five mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,ev5 n[1 ,i und]/&1 x is appreciably *eap] 9 w9t] to s5d :eat f ,calg>y to ,liv]pool by ,vanc\v] ?an by ,/4 ,john's1 ,new ,brunswick4 ,! freight-rate betwe5 ,briti% ,columbian & ,unit$ ,k+dom ports %\ld be at lea/ halv$ :5 ! canal is 9 op]ation4 ,( all cities 9 any clime or hemisph]e1 ,vanc\v] seems to /& mo/ surely on ! ?re%old ( a new & mighty future4 ,%e w h greatness ?ru/ ^u h]4 ,h] citiz5s are prep>+ = ! spaci\s days t are ab\t to set 94 ,a ,great ,vanc\v] w probably arise f ! n9e local municipalities1 to provide an area & adm9i/ration wor?y ( ! dawn+ era4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,vrooman eloqu5tly voic$ ! s5tim5t ( ! great port & ( ,briti% ,columbia at a rec5t lun*eon ( ! ,progress ,club at ,vanc\v]4 ,he said3-- ,we are on ! v]ge ( no?+ less ?an a revolution ( ! _w's comm]ce1 & indu/ry1 & f9ance1 :i* n[1 z sure z fate1 are de/9$ to be transf]r$ to ! l&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,x is n only revolution4 ,x is su* a revolution z nev] has be5 & nev] aga9 c be =eorda9$ be=e *aos primeval = ?is tw5tie? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 = !re are no m hemisph]es to cut 9 two4 ,!re are no m oceans1 ) half ! wat] area on ! _w & tw5ty million squ>e miles m ?an all ! l& surface ( ! globe1 to be sudd5ly transf]r$ into ! ar5a ( _w trade4 ,!re are no m cont95ts ) ! wide/ rea*es1 ! ri*e/ res\rces1 & ! d5se/ populations ( ! _w to be awak5$ & develop$ aft] ,asia has a*iev$ its resurrection4 ,!re=e ,i say to y t !re has got to be "o port at lea/ 9 ! ,briti% ,empire big en\gh to be equal to ! greate/ opportunity ! _w ev] (f]$ any city s9ce "t began4 ,& if t city is n de/9$ to be ,vanc\v]1 x w be = "o1 & = only "o1 reason--because ! m5 ( ,vanc\v] h be5 too timid & feeble1 too %ortsight$ & too little to take hold ( :at ! good ,god has (f]$ !m4 ,i h already allud$ to ! "q ( coal 9 connection ) ! new canal4 ,all ! new r\tes w h to be *eaply & abundantly coal$1 or !y w be at a great disadvantage 9 ! competition = traffic ) ,suez4 ,! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission ( #ahii-aija po9t$ out t ! coal+ /ations at ,san ,francisco1 ,seattle1 & ,vanc\v] w 9 ! future be> ab\t ! same relation to ! r\te via ! ,panama ,canal to ! ,ori5t z ! coal+ /ations at or ne> ! ,suez ,canal be> to ! r\te f ,europe via ,suez to ! ,ori5t4 ,among ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 at ,colon & ,panama1 & among ! ,we/ ,indies coal w h to be /or$ 9 big quantities = ! tramps & l9]s & w>%ips :i* w soon be drawn along ^! seaways by ! new canal4 ,briti% ,columbia has coal illimitable1 & ?is int]e/ alone ought to be quickly & mightily develop$ 9 ! com+ ye>s4 ,happily !re are m5 ( imag9ation & public _s 9 ?is great ,pacific prov9ce ( ! empire :o und]/& :at ! canal means to x 9 future weal? & welf>e1 & are prep>+ its p to take advantage ( ! new opportunities4 ,let an eloqu5t ,briti% ,columbian1 ,dr4 ,vrooman aga91 op5 = u ! broad & bright prospect3-- ,new m>kets w be f\nd on ! ,atlantic = ,briti% ,columbia lumb] & pap]4 ,?is new l>ge dem& w increase ! price4 ,b ! sav+ ( freight is an enorm\s item4 ,! pres5t freight-rates f ,vanc\v] to ,liv]pool are sixte5 doll>s p] #a1jjj feet4 ,! canal w give ,briti% ,columbia a rate ( ab\t eight doll>s p] #a1jjj feet4 ,?is diff]5ce p] #a1jjj w add to ! value ( ,briti% ,columbia timb] de/9$ = ,europe4 ,b x is = m reasons ?an ?is t ,briti% ,columbia is de/9$ to be a va/ ,imp]ial indu/rial work%op4 ,:ile h] agricultural & horticultural possibilities are f> beyond :at is g5]ally suppos$1 ,briti% ,columbia is 9 natural res\rces & raw mat]ials ( indu/ry "o ( ! ri*e/ areas on ! globe4 ,b above all is %e ri* 9 me*anical p[]--wat]-p[] & coal4 ,^! are ab\t to be op5$ up & develop$4 ,_! developm5t soon w be beyond computation1 =1 r\ghly speak+1 !re is n an inve/m5t 9 ,briti% ,columbia to-day :i* w n be directly increas$ 9 value by ! new canal2 b also mu* indirectly 9 ! impetus giv5 to developm5t4 ,?is "o ?+--?is canal--co/+ u no?+--w d\ble1 quadruple1 & qu9tuple values out !re 9 a few brief ye>s4 ,) easi] access w come new trade1 & new dem&s w create new products1 & soon ! innum]able wat]-p[]s ( ,briti% ,columbia w />t ! :eels ( a ?\s& new indu/ries4 ,! illimitable res\rces ( ! prov9ce w be op5$ up1 develop$1 & utiliz$ at home or %ipp$ abroad4 ,! value ( e t[n lot & ( e acre ( l& ( ! #cie1jjj squ>e miles ( ! prov9ce w be greatly enhanc$2 t[n sites w be hew$ out ( ! =e/s1 & ! =e/s !mselves--e /ick ( wood ( _! #ahb1jjj1jjj acres ( =e/ & woodl&--w be increas$ 9 value directly1 by reason ( *eap] %ipp+ alone1 to ! ext5t ( sev]al doll>s p] #a1jjj feet2 & 9 ! items ( lumb] & wood-pulp alone ! ,panama ,canal w make z a free gift to ,briti% ,columbia consid]ably m ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates is sp5d+ on ! :ole canal4 ,! m9es ( ,briti% ,columbia1 :i* h already produc$ ov] ,l#gj1jjj1jjj1 w leap =w>d ) r5ew$ prosp]ity4 ,h] fi%]ies1 :i* h produc$ ,l#ba1jjj1jjj1 w be m ext5sively develop$ &1 let u hope1 be made aga9 a ,briti% asset--s9ce !y are :olly 9 ! h&s ( ! ,japanese1 :o n only s5d _! e>n+s home to ,japan1 b are crim9ally wa/eful 9 _! me?ods4 ,! coal deposits ( ! prov9ce1 :i* promise to be ! mo/ ext5sive 9 ! _w1 w1 ) imm5se deposits ( iron1 be op5$ to ! _w's m>kets4 ,x is said t ! coal-fields ( "o small di/rict 9 ! ,koot5ay are capable ( yield+ #aj1jjj1jjj tons ( coal a ye> = ov] sev5 ?\s& ye>s1 & a new di/rict has be5 discov]$ )9 a twelvemon? :i* ! prov9cial m9]alogi/ told me on ,*ri/mas ,eve 0 ! mo/ important economic discov]y ev] made 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 :]e !re are kn[n to be #a1jjj squ>e miles ( ! be/ ( an?racite1 & :i* is probably ! ri*e/ kn[n an?racite di/rict 9 ! ,new ,_w we/ ( ,p5nsylvania4#ba ,! ref]5ces to coal are especially int]e/+ 9 ?is passage4 ,x is an evid5ce ( ! public al]tness 9 ?is matt] t ! ,briti% ,columbian gov]nm5t has j appo9t$ a special commission] to inve/igate & report ^u all circum/ances & conditions incid5t to ! production & sale or o!r disposition ( coal 9 ,briti% ,columbia4 ,x may be c]ta91 !re=e1 t ! op5+ ( ! canal w be foll[$ by a rapid gr[? ( exports f ,canadian ports1 s]v+ a ?\s& miles ( h9t]l&1 _m ( ! vessels return+ lad5 ) ! manufactures ( ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe1 bo? /reams ( traffic fl[+ ?r\gh ! i/hmian canal4 ,b we mu/ n ov]look ! gr[? 9 pass5g] traffic4 ,! sea-passage r\nd by ! canal f ,europe to ! ,pacific /ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica w be mu* *eap] & to _m p m pleasant ?an ! fatigu+ transcont95tal railway j\rney4 ,fre% bra9 & muscle w ent] ,canada by its we/]n portals1 new ne$s w arise1 new indu/ries spr+ up1 a new aeon ( progress & ent]prise beg9 on ! f> ,pacific slopes :5 ! fir/ vessel m\nts & desc5ds ! mighty /eps ( ?is wond]-work+ i/hmian highway4 ,,! ,,we/ ,,indies4 ,b !re is ano!r region ( ! ,briti% ,empire :i* w b5efit only less1 if less at all1 ?an ! ,pacific prov9ce ( ,canada4 ,! ,we/ ,indies w feel at once ! ?rob ( a new life & int]e/ :5 ! canal is ?r[n op5 to ! _w's traffic4 ,^! pe>ls ( ocean1 ! olde/ ( ,engl&'s ov]sea possessions1 h la9 hi!rto 9 :at ! ,am]icans call a dead end4 ,!y are ?r[n across ! entrances to a l&-girt sea1 ! ,m$it]ranean ( ! ,new ,_w1 f :i* !re has hi!rto be5 no exit to ! we/ or ! s\?1 b only a return by ! same passages to ea/ & nor?4 ,a glance at a map w %[ h[ ^! isl&s1 ! ,great] & ,less] ,antilles1#bb clu/] r\nd ! ,atlantic end ( ! canal & beset all ! possible sea-r\tes f ea/ & nor? & s\?-ea/4 ,e vessel t makes f ! ,atlantic = ! canal entrance or quits ! canal = ! ,atlantic w h to pass ?r\gh ?is />-?ick /ori$ ar*ipelago4 ,! isl&s naturally fall into two gr\ps1 ) ! names ,i h j m5tion$4 ,! ,great] ,antilles1 ly+ fur!r to ! we/ & nor?-we/1 consi/ ( ,jamaica1 ! ,bahamas1 & ! ,turks & ,caicos ,isl&s1 ^! la/ be+ adm9i/]$ by ,jamaica4 ,to ?is gr\p belongs1 geographically & hi/orically1 ! ma9l& colony ( ,briti% ,honduras1 a t]ritory r l>g] ?an ,wales1 ^: great value ,engl& has sc>cely begun to appreciate4 ,! ,less] ,antilles1 /ret*$ l a jewell$ coronet r\nd ! ea/]n entrance to ! ,c>ibbean1 consi/1 nor? to s\?1 ( ! ,virg9 ,isl&s1 ,/4 ,kitts & ,nevis1 ,antigua1 ,monts]rat1 ,dom9ica 7^! =m+ ! ,leew>d ,isl&s ,conf$]ation71 ,/4 ,lucia1 ,b>bados1 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,gr5ada1 ,tr9idad1 & ,tobago 7! ,w9dw>d ,isl&s74 ,) ?is gr\p goes naturally ,briti% ,guiana1 on ! cont95t ea/ ( ! ,spani% ,ma91 a t]ritory mu* l>g] ?an ,great ,brita91 :i* %\ld also beg9 to develop its va/ res\rces m adequately :5 ! canal is op5$4 ,^! isl&s1 be+ l>gely inhabit$ by black p1 _c be entru/$ ) complete self-gov]nm5t l purely :ite communities4 ,!y are "u v>i\s =ms ( :at is kn[n z cr[n colony gov]nm5t4 ,= example1 ,tr9idad & ! ,w9dw>d ,isl&s are "u ! complete control ( ! ,briti% ,colonial ,(fice1 :ile ,b>bados & ,jamaica enjoy a l>ge measure ( self-rule4 ,b ?is division into a l>ge numb] ( small gov]nm5ts )\t any connection ) ea* o!r is extremely exp5sive1 & proposals h be5 made = a f$]ation ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies ei!r 9 "o great sy/em1 includ+ !m all1 ) ,briti% ,honduras & ,guiana ?r[n 91 or 9 two sy/ems embrac+ respectively ! ,great] & ! ,less] ,antilles4 ,engl&1 x mu/ be confess$1 has treat$ h] spl5did ,we/ ,indian empire v badly4 ,9 ord] t %e might h sug> dirt-*eap at home %e all[$ ! great /aple product ( ! isles & ma9l&1 cane-sug>1 to be br\ght to ! v]ge ( ru9 by ! competition ( ,european b\nty-f$ beet-sug>4 ,happily !re 0 a /atesman ( /rong imp]ial sympa?ies 9 ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,*amb]la91 :o arrang$ ! ,brussels ,sug> ,conv5tion ) c]ta9 ,p[]s ( ,europe1 all ( :i* agre$ to suppress _! own b\nties & to impose c\nt]vail+ duties on b\nty-f$ sug> import$ f c\ntries outside ! conv5tion4 ,?is gave ! ,we/ ,indies a fair] *ance ( competition1 & !y quickly felt ! b5efit4 ,b ! conv5tion 0 always oppos$ 9 ,engl& by c]ta9 indu/ries 9 :i* sug> is us$ & is !re=e want$ z *eap z possible1 & notice has rec5tly be5 giv51 despite ! prote/s & al>ms ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 t ,engl& int5ds to )draw f ! conv5tion4 ,& ?is1 too1 )\t any sort ( comp5sation = ! sug>-isl&s1 :i* _h begun to rely ^u ! protection aga9/ unfair competition af=d$ by t in/rum5t4 ,engl& has )drawn h] g>risons &1 :at is /ill m s]i\s1 almo/ h] entire navy f ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,:5 ! t]rible e>?quake occurr$ at ,k+/on 9 ,jamaica 9 #aijg1 !re 0 no ,engli% %ip-(-w> any:]e ne> to r5d] help & to ma9ta9 ord]1 & ?is duty _h to be p]=m$ by vessels ( ! ,am]ican fleet4 ,five days aft] t disa/] ! correspond5t ( ,! ,times wrote3 ,x is difficult to describe ! s5se ( humiliation ) :i* an ,engli%man surveys ,k+/on h>b\r ?is ev5+--two ,am]ican battle%ips1 ?ree ,g]man /eam]s1 a ,cuban /eam]1 & "o ,briti% %ip2 %e leaves to-night1 & ! :ite ensign & ! r$ ensign w be z abs5t f ,k+/on h>b\r z f ! milit>y bas9s ( ,kiel & ,*]b\rg4 ,& ?is is :at ,engl& calls rul+ ! waves & be+ mi/ress ( ! seas6 ,lat] 9 ! same ye> %e _h ano!r lesson4 ,riot+ broke out 9 ,/4 ,lucia1 once1 b no long]1 an important naval base4 ,x 0 a :ole week be=e an ,engli% cruis] arriv$1 ?\gh a ,dut* man-(-w>1 ! ,geld]l&1 0 an*or$ 9 ! spaci\s h>b\r ( ,ca/ries1 ,/4 ,lucia's capital4 ,?is1 "o mu/ all[1 is a slov5ly way ( conduct+ a great empire4 ,if ^! me?ods are pursu$ aft] ! ,panama ,canal is op5$1 ! results w be disa/r\s4 ,a complete *ange w h to be made 9 ! attitude ( ,engl& & ! ,colonial ,(fice to ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s4 ,= ^! isl&s1 in/ead ( be+ tuck$ away 9 a sort ( cul-de-sac1 or inl& lake1 w h5ce=? be ?r[n "r across or alongside ! ma9 highways ( ! _w's ocean-traffic4 ,look aga9 at ! map & see h[ ! mo/ direct sea-r\te f ,new ,york1 ! ea/]n /ates & ,canada to ,colon & ,cri/obal comes d[n ?r\gh ! ,w9dw>d ,passage1 betwe5 ,cuba & ,haiti1 & !n "r pa/ ! ea/]n end ( ,jamaica1 q close to ! magnific5t bay on :i* ,k+/on /&s4 ,look aga9 & see h[ ! r\tes f ,liv]pool1 ,s\?ampton1 & ! ,old ,_w pass ?r\gh ! ,less] ,antilles1 ei!r ,leew>d or ,w9dw>d1 fur!r ea/4 ,! mo/ direct ( ^! trails passes ?r\gh ! ,virg9 ,isl&s1 ! mo/ nor!rly gr\p1 & "o ( ^! is said to possess a h>b\r ( :i* a good deal might be made4 ,b ?is is n by any means ! only l9e ( approa* to ! entrance ( ! canal4 ,a m s\!rly r\te ne> ,b>bados or ,tr9idad might be *os51 & c]ta9ly w\ld be *os5 by vessels int5d+ to call at ports along ! old ,spani% ,ma94 ,tr9idad w inde$ lie "r across ! direct r\te f ports on ! ,pacific coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 z well z f ! ,f> ,ea/1 to ,brazil & ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica--a trade :i* may well gr[ to v l>ge proportions1 consid]+ ! va/ undevelop$ res\rces ( ! ,or9oco & ,amazon bas9s4 ,valuable deposits ( petroleum h also be5 discov]$ 9 ,tr9idad1 & ?is %\ld add greatly to ! weal? & importance ( t isl& z oil replaces coal = fuel4 ,oil-bunk]+ /ations w be want$ at _m po9ts 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,tr9idad & ,k+/on seem likely to b5efit mo/ f ! traffic to & f ,cri/obal1 ! new ,atlantic t]m9al ( ! canal4 ,bo? are spl5didly equipp$ by ,nature to act z coal+ & repair+ /ations z well z c5tres = ! di/ribution ( goods4 ,k+/on has a sup]b h>b\r1 & s also has ,port ( ,spa9 7! capital ( ,tr9idad7 9 ! ,gulf ( ,p>ia1 a natural l&lock$ h>b\r 9 :i* ! fleets ( ! :ole _w c\ld lie 9 safety--&1 x is important to add1 outside ! hurricane zone4 ,tr9idad lies "r a?w>t ! m\?s ( ! ,or9oco ,riv]4 ,! ye>s t are com+ w see a trem5d\s developm5t ( ! res\rces ( ^! ri* tropical bas9s1 & ,port ( ,spa9 is a natural port ( exit & entry = ! trade ( regions :]e ,raleigh s\ght ! fabl$ ,manoa or ,el ,dorado4 ,x is too soon to try to indicate 9 detail ! effects :i* ! ,panama ,canal is likely to h on ! trade & production ( ! isl&s !mselves4 ,! sug> indu/ry is reviv+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,treaty ( ,reciprocity conclud$ betwe5 a l>ge numb] ( ! isl&s & ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada4 ,probably ! sug> = ! tea-tables & apple-t>ts ( ,vanc\v]1 & a good _m places f> to ! nor? & ea/1 w be br\ght f ! ,we/ ,indies to ,vanc\v]4 ,b ! isl&s w b5efit m directly & imm$iately ?r\gh ! imm5se gr[? ( traffic 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 ! supply ( coal & o!r necessities to ?is increas$ %ipp+1 & 9 g5]al ?r\gh ! publicity ! isl&s w enjoy1 :i* w mean a gr[+ invasion ( globe-trott]s1 & consequ5tly a big developm5t ( agricultural res\rces & an influx ( new capital4 ,an almo/ c]ta9 & imm$iate result ( ! new r\te1 ,i may say 9 pass+1 w be a l>ge increase ( ! t\ri/ traffic to ,engl& & ,europe f ! we/]n coa/s ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,:5 ! f>es are l[]$1 & ! travell] c d ! j\rney :olly by wat]1 )\t ! tr\ble ( *ang+ f railroad to /eam]1 we may be sure t a rapidly gr[+ tide ( pass5g]s w set ea/w>ds z well z we/w>ds ?r\gh ! canal4 ,b1 to return to ! ,we/ ,indies1 e nation is prep>+ to develop or e/abli% 9 ^! regions h>b\rs & coal+-/ations & o!r facilities = its trade4 ,= example1 a ,dani% company proposes to e/abli% connection betwe5 ,cop5hag5 & ,san ,francisco ?r\gh ! isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas1 "o ( ! ,virg9 gr\p4 ,at ,/4 ,?omas1 by ! way1 is %[n ! ca/le ( ,edw>d ,tea*1 or ,blackbe>d1 ! v beau ideal ( a skull & crossbones pirate :o1 accord+ to ,tom ,cr+le's ,log1 wore a be>d 9 ?ree plaits a foot long1 & a full-dress purple velvet coat1 "u :i* bri/l$ _m pi/ols & two nak$ dagg]s ov] eighte5 in*es long1 & :o _h g5]ally a light$ mat* 9 8 cock$ hat ) :i* he lit 8 pipe or fir$ a cannon1 z ! occasion dem&$4 ,"o ( 8 fav\rite amusem5ts :5 he got half-slew$ 0 to adj\rn to ! hold ) 8 compotators1 &1 k9dl+ "s brim/one mat*es1 to dance & ro> z if he _h be5 ! devil himself1 until 8 allies 7 ne>ly suffocat$4 ,at ano!r "t he w\ld bl[ out ! c&les 9 ! cab9 & blaze away ) 8 load$ pi/ols at r&om "r & left4444 ,he 0 k9d to 8 f\rte5 wives z long z he 0 sob]1 & nev] murd]$ above ?ree ( !m4 ,?is v improp]1 b picturesque1 g5tleman 0 run d[n at la/ by ,h4,m4 frigates ! ,lime & ! ,pe>l to a creek ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :]e1 ) ?irty m5 9 an eight-gun s*oon]1 he made a desp]ate fight = life1 kill+ & w\nd+ m ?an ! numb] ( 8 own crew1 & dy+ :]e he fell1 fa9t ) ! loss ( blood1 ov]come by sup]ior numb]s alone4 ,:e!r ,blackbe>d ev] inhabit$ ! ca/le at ,/4 ,?omas may be que/ion$1 b ! isl& ought to b5efit f ! canal1 z x lies "r across ! ma9 entrance to ! ,c>ibbean f ! ,atlantic4 ,! ,g]man /eam%ip l9es are awake to ! new opportunities1 ! ,hamburg-,am]ika prep>+ = ! new emigrant traffic betwe5 ,europe & ,we/]n ,am]ica4 ,g]many1 x is said1 is negotiat+ = a coal+-/ation 9 ,hayti1 :i*1 ) its two negro republics1 /&s to pr(it imm5sely f ! new conditions4 ,no "o has tr\bl$ mu* ab\t ?is spl5did isl& ( late4 ,x has _h a d>k & t]rible hi/ory4 ,discov]$ by ,columbus1 :o call$ x ,hispaniola1 x 0 occupi$ by ! ,spani% adv5tur]s :o f\nd alluvial gold !re4 ,!n x became ! headqu>t]s ( ! buccane]s :o succe$$ to ! gallant & c\rtly sea-rov]s ( ! ,elizabe?an p]iod & became =midable ab\t ! ye> #afcj4 ,"o ( ^! buccane]s 0 t ,h5ry ,morgan :o sack$ ! old t[n ( ,panama 9 #afga1 & !n became q a respectable "*1 gov]nor ( ,jamaica1 & dubb$ knight by ,*>les ,,ii4 ,x 0 9 ,hispaniola1 or ,hayti1 t ?is species ( ,we/]n vik+ got _! "n4 ,! isl& _h be5 depopulat$ by ! ,spani>ds1 b ! cattle & hogs !y _h introduc$ became wild & repopulat$ ! l& 9 _! own k9d4 ,?us ,hispaniola became a spl5did provision+ base = ! %ips ( ! buccane]s4 ,!y hunt$ ! cattle & pres]v$ ! meat1 smoke-dry+ x 9 ! ,indian fa%ion4 ,?is indu/ry 0 call$ b\cann+1 & f x ! buccane]s 7 nam$4 ,hispaniola 0 ! "m colony ( ! ,spani% ,empire 9 ! ,we/ ,indies :i* has n[ :olly disappe>$1 v un=tunately = ,spa9 9 view ( ! enhanc$ value ^! isl&s w n[ soon acquire4 ,9 #agie x 0 c$$ to ,france1 & soon aft]w>ds ! emancipat$ slaves ga9$ possession ( ! isl&1 & aft] a p]iod ( an>*y & blood%$ e/abli%$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,x is divid$ into two negro & mulatto republics1 ,hayti & ,san ,dom+o1 &1 z might h be5 expect$1 has sunk to ! l[e/ dep?s ( possible human degradation4 ,feti%ism1 human sacrifice1 & ev5 cannibalism prevail 9 ?is sea-girt ,p>adise1 plac$ "r among ! possessions ( ! mo/ civiliz$ ,p[]s ( ! _w & n[ across ! ma9 ocean r\tes f ! ,we/ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ! ,old ,_w4 ,c anybody believe t beautiful ,hispaniola1 an isl& #cj1jjj squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 ^: economic & /rategic value w be increas$ a hundr$fold 9 ! ye>s t are com+1 w long rema9 "u ?is blight+ %ad[ ( ignorance & b>b>ism8 ,"h c]ta9ly ! ,panama ,canal w "w a b5efic5t political *ange4 ,france1 too1 is beg9n+ to look up h] possessions & opportunities 9 ! ,c>ibbean4 ,"h h] two isl&s1 ,m>t9ique & ,guadel\pe1 are plac$ mo/ conv5i5tly = h] %ips com+ we/w>ds f ,havre1 ,bordeaux1 & ,/4 ,nazaire1 :ile ,tahiti & ,new ,cal$onia w pass !m on ov] ! ,pacific to ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,m4 ,gilqu91 writ+ 9 ,la vie ,m>itime1 says3-- ,9 ,m>t9ique1 ,guadel\pe1 ,new ,cal$onia1 & ,tahiti our comm]ce--t is to say1 exports & imports toge!r--01 9 ! ye> #aiji1 n9ety millions ( francs2 ?is rose to "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two millions 9 #aiaj1 & x is probable t :5 we get ! figures = #aiaa !y w be f\nd to be ev5 m fav\rable4 ,x is c]ta9 t ) ! op5+ ( ! ,panama ,canal a great increase 9 traffic w take place1 & possess+1 z we d1 ports s advantage\sly plac$ on ! pr9cipal l9es ( r\te1 we %\ld b5efit ext5sively by t developm5t ( traffic betwe5 ,europe & ! we/]n coa/s ( bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ord] t we may reap ! b5efit1 h[ev]1 ( ! situation ( our colonial h>b\rs1 x is necess>y t ^! be tak5 9 h& at once & r5d]$ fit = ! comm]ce !y w be call$ ^u to h&le4 ,& :at is ,engl& do+ to prep>e = ! new epo* 9 ^! regions :]e %e has plant$ h] flag on s _m ri* & beautiful isl&s1 /rung l pe>ls ( necklace & ti>a ov] ^! w>m tropical seas8 ,we he> ( ,jamaica provid+ a new site = coal+ & %ips' repairs ne> ,k+/on1 ( h>b\r improvem5ts at ,port ( ,spa9 7,tr9idad7 & ,/4 ,george 7,gr5ada71 ( oil-bunk]+ /ations at ,b>bados & ,/4 ,lucia4 ,all ?is is good1 b ,engl& w h to ent] ^u a v diff]5t policy = ! future ) reg>d to h] ,we/ ,indian empire4 ,%e mu/ %[ t %e values h] priceless inh]itance 9 & r\nd ! ,c>ibbean2 t %e is det]m9$ to ma9ta9 h] position1 to promote h] comm]ce1 & to fur!r ! int]e/s ( all h] subjects 9 ^! regions4 ,:at ! ,we/ ,indies ne$ 9 ord] to be able to take ! new opportunity by ! =elock are organization & comb9ation4 ,s*emes h be5 propos$ = f$]aliz+ ! con/itution ( ! isl&s--plac+ !m1 t is1 "u a /rong c5tral gov]nm5t = ^? purposes t are common to !m all4 ,!re are _m difficulties 9 ! way ( su* proposals4 ,! ne>e/ isl& ( ! ,great] ,antilles is #a1jjj miles away f ! ne>e/ ( ! ,less]1 s t ,nature seems to h pron\nc$ = ! pres5t aga9/ any f$]al s*eme embrac+ all ! isl&s4 ,b space is always %r9k+4 ,wireless telegraphy & a]oplanes may make #a1jjj miles an inconsid]able di/ance = su* political purposes4 ,! ,leew>d ,isl&s h already be5 organiz$ "u a s+le f$]al gov]nm5t1 & x ought to be possible to ext5d ! sy/em4 ,moreov]1 ! isl&s & ! colonies on ! cont95t are le>n+ ! value ( common consultation & action 9 su* matt]s z qu>ant9e1 & !y meet toge!r 9 annual agricultural conf]5ces4 ,we ne$ n wait = a =mal & complete f$]al con/itution4 ,"s c5tral c\ncil = consultation on ! be/ means ( tak+ advantage ( ! new opportunities1 "s c5tral fund = promot+ common objects1 su* z adv]tis+ ! wond]ful attractions ( ! isl&s & prep>+ = ! birds ( passage t w soon be com+ f e civiliz$ c\ntry 9 ! ,old & ,new ,_w--all ?is is possible n[4 ,x is important1 too1 t ! ,we/ ,indian colonies %\ld h "s assembly or c\ncil ?r\gh :i* !y c address ! ,imp]ial ,p[] ) a s+le voice4 ,engl& c give ^! colonies invaluable help4 ,%e c assi/ !m to develop ^? /eam%ip & telegraphic communications betwe5 ! isl&s :i* are /ill s inadequate4 ,%e c indicate ! be/ locations = h>b\rs1 coal+ & repair+ /ations1 & ! o!r facilities :i* ! new traffic w require4 ,9 view ( ! c]ta9 gr[? 9 weal? & prosp]ity1 ! colonies ought to be able by contributions among !mselves to provide a sub/antial fund = objects !y c c>ry out 9 common = ! advantage ( ea* & all4 ,"s valuable in=mation & v practical sugge/ion w be f\nd 9 ! report ( ! ,we/ ,indian ,commission presid$ ov] by ,"l ,balf\r ( ,burleigh :i* 0 issu$ 9 #aiaj4 ,besides recomm5d+ a sy/em ( reciprocal trade pref]5ce betwe5 ,canada & ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! commission]s made important proposals ) reg>d to /eam%ip & telegraphic communications4 ,!y fav\r$ ! public own]%ip & op]ation ( ! ,we/ ,indian cables & possibly ( ! :ole sy/em nor?w>d to ,halifax4 ,!y wrote3-- ,! s+le cables n[ connect+ ,halifax ) ,b]muda & ,b]muda ) ,jamaica ought ei!r to be duplicat$ or supplem5t$ by wireless4 ,a cable %\ld be laid betwe5 ,b]muda & ,b>bados1 ) a bran* to ,tr9idad1 & p]haps ano!r to ,briti% ,guiana4 ,! cables :i* run f ,jamaica to ! ea/]n isl&s & ,briti% ,guiana1 sometimes s+le & sometimes duplicate1 are v old4 ,! b$ ( ?is "p ( ! ,c>ibbean be+ try+ = cables1 we believe x w\ld be f\nd advantage\s 9 mo/ cases n to r5ew !m1 b to replace !m by wireless in/allations4 ,if ^! 7 well arrang$1 !y might =m a satisfactory connection betwe5 ! ea/]n isl&s & ,jamaica & an alt]native r\te to ,b]muda1 & r5d] unnecess>y duplication ( ! sugge/$ ,b]muda-,b>bados cable4 ,:ile x is desirable to connect ,briti% ,honduras ) ,jamaica1 we consid] t ! probable volume ( traffic w\ld n w>rant ! co/ ( a cable4 ,we !re=e recomm5d ! employm5t ( wireless = ?is purpose4 ,small in/allations %\ld also be suppli$ to ! outly+ ,leew>d & ,bahamas ,isl&s4 ,engl& w h to fo/] ! welf>e ( h] possessions 9 ^! regions z %e has nev] done be=e4 ,! ,brussels ,conv5tion =bade h] to give any pref]5ce to sug> produc$ 9 h] own dom9ions4 ,b %e is ab\t to /ep out ( t agreem5t1 & w be at lib]ty1 if %e ?9ks fit1 to enc\rage by pref]5tial fav\rs ! "o great /aple = :i* ^! colonies c f9d no sub/itute4 ,!re may be diff]5ces ( op9ion on ! fiscal "q1 b surely ev]ybody mu/ agree t ! naval p[] & political pre/ige ( ! ,briti% ,empire mu/ be repres5t$ 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea by some?+ r m impressive ?an two small & obsolete cruis]s4 ,if ,engl& is to ma9ta9 h] position aga9/ ! sev]] competition %e w n[ h to face1 if %e is to get h] %>e ( ! new comm]ce n[ 9 prospect1 %e w h to give h] trad]s1 & %ipp]s1 & m]*ants all ! confid5ce & enc\ragem5t :i* h] flag %\ld inspire4 ,"o or two well-equipp$ naval bases1 a squadron ( up-to-date cruis]s = police & patrol "w 9 ! ,c>ibbean & d[n ! ,pacific coa/s ( ,am]ica1 are indisp5sable4 ,!re mu/ be no m e>?quakes & de/ructions ( ,briti% cities ) nev] a ,briti% vessel to br+ ! sorely-ne$$ help1 no m riots 9 ,briti% isl&s ) only a ,dut* w>%ip /&+ helplessly by4 ,bo? ,briti% ,columbia & ! ,we/ ,indies h compla9$ ) reason ( ! abs5teeism ( ! ,briti% fleet f _! %ores4 ,! necessity = conc5trat+ all our naval p[] 9 ! ,nor? ,sea to meet ! ,g]man m5ace has no d\bt be5 ! cause ( ^! )drawals f ! out] sea-m>*es ( ! empire4 ,b at any co/ ?is wrong w h to be right$ 9 ! future4 ,! ,we/ ,indies & ,briti% ,columbia are j ! two portions ( ! empire :i* ! ,panama ,canal may b5efit mo/ & mo/ imm$iately1 & !y h a "r to expect ! support & co-op]ation ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t :]ev] x c be giv54 ,all ! ,p[]s ( ! _w w be afloat on ! ,c>ibbean & along ! ,pacific sea-trails to ,balboa4 ,let ! :ite ensign return to ^! seas & %ores z an e>ne/ to all t ! same national _s t won = ,engl& h] political & comm]cial supremacy avails to ma9ta9 x n[ & 9 ! new era :i* is j dawn+4 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,f ! already-quot$ pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,colonial ,in/itute1 ,m>* #ai1 #aiab4 #bb ,m>co ,polo1 foll[+ ,ari/otle's nom5clature1 _h giv5 ! "n ( ,antilla to an isl& (f ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,asia4 ,! "n 0 transf]r$ by ,columbus1 or ,pet] ,m>tyr1 to ! isl&s ( ! ,c>ibbean4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,new ,,pacific4 ,"s read]s may p]haps ?9k t ^! =eca/s ( ! results ( runn+ a canal ?r\gh ! i/hmus ( ,panama are some:at exagg]at$4 ,x is suffici5t to po9t out to su* a critic h[ diff]5t ! c\rse ( ,am]ican & _w hi/ory might h be5 if ,nature _h left a practicable *annel betwe5 ! two ,am]icas4 ,! effect ( erect+ an artificial passage !re 9 ^! days may be ev5 great] ?an at pres5t we c imag9e4 ,"s ( ^! results w be app>5t at once2 o!rs may take decades or ev5 c5turies to mat]ialize4 ,_m ( ! comm]cial & political results :i* h foll[$ ! con/ruction ( ! ,suez ,canal 7 q un=ese5 9 #ahfi4 ,we may be simil>ly mi/ak5 9 our =eca/ ) reg>d to ! ,panama ,canal4 ,mr4 ,bryce sugge/s t if a doz5 exp]ts 71 9 #aiad1 to write out & place 9 ! libr>ies ( ! ,briti% ,museum & ( ,congress _! respective =eca/s be>+ on ?is subject1 seal$ up & n to be op5$ till ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 !y might make curi\s read+ 9 t ye>4 ,we may v5ture to pr$ict t ! results ( ,panama w be mu* m pr(\nd & revolution>y ?an ^? ( ,suez4 ,! ,panama ,canal1 says ,mr4 ,bryce1 is ! greate/ lib]ty man has ev] tak5 ) ,nature4 ,x w involve a f> great] %ift+ ( c5tres ( gravity1 political & comm]cial1 a m radical readju/m5t ( ideas & po9ts ( view ?an ! ,suez ,canal4 ,z ! pa/ f\r hundr$ ye>s h belong$ to ! ,atlantic1 ! pres5t c5tury & o!rs to come may belong to ! ,pacific4 ,t area ( #gj1jjj1jjj squ>e miles may become ! ma9 !atre ( ! rivalries--comm]cial1 political1 & racial--( ! mo/ p[]ful nations ( ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,"s believe t ! _w is advanc+ to t l\d & fateful day :5 ,ea/ & ,we/ w fight out _! long diff]5ce 9 "s naval & a]ial ,armag$don on & above ?is miscall$ ,pacific4 ,)\t /ra9+ our imag9ations to ?is ext5t1 we may well obs]ve t ! canal br+s ,ea/]n & ,we/]n civilizations into mu* clos] contact & competition ?an be=e4 ,mr4 ,kipl+ has in=m$ u t ,ea/ is ,ea/ & ,we/ is ,we/1 & nev] ! twa9 %all meet2 & a /ill e>li] au?or1 desir+ to give ! p5it5t s9n] ! utt]mo/ consolation1 decl>$ t ! ,"l removes 8 transgressions f him z f> z ! ea/ is f ! we/4 ,! new canal r dim9i%es ! =ce ( su* similitudes4 ,x is n simply t ! ea/ ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z repres5t+ ,we/]n civilization1 is br\ght mu* clos] to ,*9a & ,japan2 t ! passage f ,we/ to ,ea/ :i* ! e>ly navigators va9ly s\ght is n[ ?r[n op54 ,! important ?+ is t ! ,pacific is go+ to be ! sc5e ( comm]cial & political rivalries 9 :i* ! sl[ly awak5+ p ( ,*9a & ! already wide-awake p ( ,japan w take "p4 ,all ! ,pacific ,ocean we/w>d to #afj degrees ( longitude ea/ ( ,gre5wi* is br\ght ne>] to ,engl& & ! we/]n coa/s ( ,europe4 ,! entire ocean "r back to ! we/]n extremity ( ,au/ralia is br\ght clos] to ! gov]nm5tal & indu/rial c5tres ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,engli% p h be5 ?9k+ ,atlantically up to n[4 ,! ,pacific1 held at an unimag9able di/ance by a broad cont95t or an abyss ( ocean1 has be5 kn[n to !m *iefly ?r\gh /ories ( adv5ture among its coral isl&s famili> to _! *ildhood4 ,yet ,engl& is ! greate/ ,pacific ,p[] 9 ! _w4 ,briti% ,columbia alone has a ,pacific sea-front long] ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & holds #chc1jjj squ>e miles1 an area z l>ge z ,france & ,spa9 put toge!r4 ,& yet ! population ( t va/ & f]tile prov9ce is only #acd1jjj4 ,& :at ( ! lonely cont95t t b\nds ?is oceanic abyss 9 ! f> s\?-we/8 ,au/ralia1 )\t ,new ,zeal&1 is ab\t #c1jjj1jjj squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 & has to-day a :ite population ( ab\t #d1fjj1jjj1 or ab\t #d1gjj1jjj p all told4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ?is mighty isl&-cont95t1 kn[n z ! ,t]ritory1 #efj miles wide1 #ijj miles long1 & #ebc1fbj squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 a region ( great pot5tial weal?1 has a total ,european population ( #a1bgd6 ,& to ! nor? & nor?-we/ !re are a billion 7#a1jjj1jjj1jjj7 br[n & yell[ p1 pack$ toge!r 9 cr[d$ isl&s & t]ritories1 ^: m]e ov]spill w\ld quickly fill t delectable isl&-cont95t to ! s\? :]e ,engl& has done s little to make good h] nom9al title to sov]eignty by actual & effective settlem5t4 ,su* a possession1 an empire 9 itself1 held s prec>i\sly & (f]+ su* a ceaseless temptation to sw>m+ l&-hungry hordes1 is r a weakness ?an a /r5g? to ,engl& on ! ?re%old ( ! new era4 ,& f all ?is ,pacific region & its adjuncts :]e %e has secur$ all ! empty & desirable plots & pegg$ out s _m claims = po/]ity1 %e has _h to )draw h] fleets1 z ,rome _h to draw 9 h] legions f ! out] prov9ces to def5d ! c5tral he>t ( h] empire4 ,we may hope t ?is ,nor? ,sea dang]1 s emb>rass+ & disa/r\s 9 its /rategic ne$s to a p[] l ,engl&1 ^: empire is scatt]$ ov] e ocean & cont95t1 may disappe> ?r\gh ! gr[? ( bett] relations betwe5 ! ,g]man & ,anglo-,saxon bran*es ( ! ,teutonic race4 ,to t /ock m ?an any o!r is committ$ ! def5ce ( ,we/]n & ,*ri/ian ideas1 & ! great issues ( ! future may compel a ,pan-,teutonic alliance1 embrac+ ! ,briti% & ,g]man ,empires & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,engl& has two responsibilities 9 ! ,pacific--! "o to h]self & h] empire1 & ! o!r to ,*ri/5dom & ,we/]n civilization4 ,if %e is true to ! =m]1 %e _c well be false to ! latt]4 ,%e mu/ br+ h] fleets back to ?is great ocean & ass]t an influ5ce 9 its politics proportionate to h] t]ritorial doma9s & ! ext5t ( h] comm]ce 9 ^? regions4 ,b !re are objects m important ?an ! int]e/s ( any s+le ,p[]4 ,! entire coa/ ( ! ,pacific f ,behr+ ,/raits to ! ,horn1 & r\nd s\? by ,new ,zeal& & ,au/ralia1 mu/ be kept :ite--res]v$1 t is1 = ! ,occid5tal & ,*ri/ian races4 ,p]haps ! ,unit$ ,/ates may "o day s f> modify ! ,monroe doctr9e z to welcome ,g]many to a sov]eign foo?old among ! un/able politics ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ord] to /r5g!n /ill m ! outpo/s ( ,*ri/ian civilization 9 ! ,we/]n hemisph]e4 ,x is possible to talk great nons5se ab\t :at is call$ ! yell[ p]il4 ,no s5sible p]son imag9es t ! nimble ,japanese1 ! inscrutable ,*9aman1 & ! subtle ,h9doo are sudd5ly go+ to rise z "o man & ?r[ d[n ! gage ( *all5ge to ,*ri/ianity & ! ,we/4 ,ea/1 l ,we/1 has its own political & religi\s divisions2 nev]!less x is impossible to =esee :at ! results ( ! ,ori5tal resurg5ce may mean1 & ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & p]haps ,g]many1 may "s day h a jo9t responsibility 9 ! ,pacific comp>$ ) :i* _! rivalries among !mselves may seem trifl+ & irrational4 ,b ,i d n wi% to end ?is little book ) presages ( future discord4 ,we mu/ all hope t ! ,panama ,canal w prove a new & p[]ful influ5ce = peace1 t x w br+ ev5 ,ea/ & ,we/ toge!r1 n 9 /rife & suspicion1 b 9 fri5d%ip & a bett] mutual und]/&+4 ,!re is surely a human int]e/ & sympa?y transc5d+ ev5 ^? racial divisions :i* may seem mo/ insup]able4 ,! great nation :i* has giv5 ?is spl5did gift to ! _w %\ld ask no bett] or m selfi% rew>d ?an t x may contribute to ! welf>e & progress ( humanity at l>ge4 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,! ,,i/hmian ,,canal ,,conv5tion 7,,commonly ,,call$ ,,! ,,hay-,,pauncefote ,,treaty71 #aija4 #a4 ,! high contract+ p>ties agree t ! pres5t treaty %all sup]s$e ! a=em5tion$ 7,clayton-,bulw]7 conv5tion ( ,april #ai1 #ahej4 #b4 ,x is agre$ t ! canal may be con/ruct$ "u ! auspices ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ei!r directly at its own co/1 or by gift or loan ( money to individuals or corporations1 or ?r\gh subscription to or pur*ase ( /ock or %>es1 & t1 subject to ! provisions ( ! pres5t treaty1 ! said gov]nm5t %all h & enjoy all ! rights incid5t to su* con/ruction1 z well z ! exclusive "r ( provid+ = ! regulation & managem5t ( ! canal4 #c4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates adopts z ! basis ( ! neutralization ( su* %ip canal ! foll[+ rules sub/antially z embodi$ 9 ! ,conv5tion ( ,con/ant9ople1 sign$ ! #bh? ,octob]1 #ahhh1 = ! free navigation ( ! ,suez ,canal2 t is to say3 ,fir/4--,! canal %all be free & op5 to ! vessels ( comm]ce & ( w> ( all nations obs]v+ ^! rules1 on t]ms ( entire equality1 s t !re %all be no discrim9ation aga9/ any su* nation or its citiz5s or subjects 9 respect ( ! conditions or *>ges ( traffic1 or o!rwise4 ,su* conditions & *>ges ( traffic %all be j & equitable4 ,second4--,! canal %all nev] be blockad$1 nor %all any "r ( w> be ex]cis$ nor any act ( ho/ility be committ$ )9 x4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 %all be at lib]ty to ma9ta9 su* milit>y police along ! canal z may be necess>y to protect x aga9/ lawlessness & disord]4 ,?ird4--,vessels ( w> ( a bellig]5t %all n revictual nor take any /ores 9 ! canal except s f> z may be /rictly necess>y2 & ! transit ( su* vessels ?r\gh ! canal %all be effect$ ) ! lea/ possible delay 9 accordance ) ! regulations 9 =ce1 & ) only su* int]mission z may result f ! necessities ( ! s]vice4 ,prizes %all be 9 all respects subject to ! same rules z vessels ( w> ( ! bellig]5ts4 ,f\r?4--,no bellig]5t %all emb>k or disemb>k troops1 munitions ( w> or w>like mat]ials 9 ! canal except 9 case ( accid5tal h9drance ( ! transit1 & 9 su* case ! transit %all be resum$ ) all possible despat*4 ,fif?4--,! provisions ( ?is article %all apply to wat]s adjac5t to ! canal1 )9 ?ree m>9e miles ( ei!r end4 ,vessels ( w> ( a bellig]5t %all n rema9 9 su* wat]s long] ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs at any "o "t except 9 case ( di/ress1 & 9 su* case %all dep>t z soon z possible1 b a vessel ( w> ( "o bellig]5t %all n dep>t )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs f ! dep>ture ( a vessel ( w> ( ! o!r bellig]5t4 ,six?4--,! plant1 e/abli%m5t1 build+s & all works necess>y to ! con/ruction1 ma9t5ance & op]ation ( ! canal %all be deem$ to be p>ts !re( = ! purpose ( ?is treaty1 & 9 "t ( w>1 z 9 "t ( peace1 %all enjoy complete immunity f attack or injury by bellig]5ts1 & f acts calculat$ to impair _! usefulness z "p ( ! canal4 #d4 ,x is agre$ t no *ange ( t]ritorial sov]eignty or ( int]national relations ( ! c\ntry or c\ntries trav]s$ by ! be=e-m5tion$ canal %all affect ! g5]al pr9ciple ( neutralization or ! obligation ( ! high contract+ p>ties "u ! pres5t treaty4 #e4 ,! pres5t treaty %all be ratifi$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate !re(1 & by ,8 ,britannic ,maje/y2 & ! ratifications %all be ex*ang$ at ,wa%+ton or at ,london at ! e>lie/ possible "t )9 six mon?s f ! date !re(4 ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,,! ,,panama ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,indep5d5ce1 #aijc4 ,! transc5d5tal act t by a spontane\s movem5t ! inhabitants ( ! i/hmus ( ,panama h j execut$ is ! inevitable consequ5ce ( a situation :i* has become grav] daily4 ,long is ! recital ( ! grievances t ! inhabitants ( ! i/hmus h suff]$ f _! ,colombian bro!rs2 b ^? grievances w\ld h be5 )/ood ) resignation = ! sake ( h>mony & national union _h its sep>ation be5 possible & if we c\ld h ent]ta9$ well-f\nd$ hopes ( improvem5t & ( effective progress "u ! sy/em to :i* we 7 submitt$ by t republic4 ,we h to solemnly decl>e t we h ! s9c]e & pr(\nd conviction t all ! hopes 7 futile & useless1 all ! sacrifices on our "p4 ,! i/hmus ( ,panama has be5 gov]n$ by ! ,republic ( ,colombia ) ! n>r[-m9d$ness t 9 pa/ times 0 appli$ to _! colonies by ! ,european nations--! ,i/hmian p & t]ritory 7 a s\rce ( fiscal res\rces & no?+ m4 ,! contracts & negotiations reg>d+ ! railroad & ! ,panama ,canal & ! national taxes collect$ 9 ! i/hmus h nett$ to ,colombia trem5d\s sums :i* we w n detail1 n wi%+ to appe> 9 ?is exposition :i* w g d[n to po/]ity z be+ mov$ by a m]c5>y _s1 :i* has nev] be5 nor is our purpose2 & ( ^! l>ge sums ! i/hmus has n receiv$ ! b5efit ( a bridge = any ( its num]\s riv]s1 nor ! con/ruction ( a s+le road betwe5 its t[ns1 nor ( any public build+ nor ( a s+le college1 & has nei!r se5 any int]e/ display$ 9 advanc+ h] indu/ries1 nor has a mo/ inf9ite "p ( ^? sums be5 appli$ t[>d h] prosp]ity4 ,a v rec5t example ( :at we h relat$ above is :at has occurr$ ) ! negotiations ( ! ,panama ,canal1 :i*1 :5 tak5 "u consid]ation by ,congress1 0 reject$ 9 a summ>y mann]4 ,!re 7 a few public m5 :o express$ _! adv]se op9ion1 on ! gr\nd t ! i/hmus ( ,panama alone 0 to be fav\r$ by ! op5+ ( ! canal by virtue ( a treaty ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t ! re/ ( ,colombia w\ld n receive any direct b5efits ( any sort by t "w1 z if t way ( reason+1 ev5 ?\gh x be correct1 w\ld ju/ify ! irrep>able & p]petual damage t w\ld be caus$ to ! i/hmus by ! rejection ( ! treaty 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 done1 :i* 0 equival5t to ! clos+ ( ! doors to future negotiations4 ,! p ( ! i/hmus1 9 view ( su* notori\s causes1 h decid$ to recov] _! sov]eignty & beg9 to =m a "p ( ! society ( ! free & indep5d5t nations1 9 ord] to "w out its own de/9y1 to insure its future 9 a /able mann]1 & dis*>ge ! duties :i* x is call$ on to d by ! situation ( its t]ritory & its imm5se ri*ness4 ,to t we1 ! initiators ( ! movem5t effect$1 aspire & h obta9$ a unanim\s approval4 ,we aspire to ! =mation ( a true republic1 :]e tol]ance w prevail1 :]e ! law %all be ! inv>iable guide ( ^? gov]n+ & ^? gov]n$1 :]e effective peace be e/abli%$1 :i* consi/s 9 ! frequ5t & h>moni\s play ( all int]e/s & all activities1 & :]e1 f9ally1 civilization & progress w f9d p]petual /ability4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! life ( an indep5d5t nation we fully appreciate ! responsibilities t /ate means1 b we h pr(\nd fai? 9 ! good s5se & patriotism ( ! ,i/hmian p1 & we possess suffici5t en]gy to op5 our way by means ( lab\r to a happy future )\t any worry or any dang]4 ,at sep>at+ f our bro!rs ( ,colombia we d x )\t hatr$ & )\t any joy4 ,j z a son )draws f 8 pat]nal ro(1 ! ,i/hmian p 9 adopt+ ! lot x has *os5 h done x ) grief1 b 9 compliance ) ! supreme & inevitable duty x owes to itself--t ( its own pres]vation & ( work+ = its own welf>e4 ,we !re=e beg9 to =m a "p among ! free nations ( ! _w1 consid]+ ,colombia z a si/] nation1 ) :i* we %all be :5ev] circum/ances may require x1 & = ^: prosp]ity we h ! mo/ f]v5t & s9c]e wi%es4 ,jose ,agu/9 ,arango1 ,f$]ico ,boyd1 ,tomas ,arias4 ,,app5dix ,,iii4 ,,! ,,panama ,,canal ,,conv5tion 7,,commonly ,,call$ ,,! ,,hay-,,bunau-,,v>illa ,,treaty71 #aijd4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & ! ,republic ( ,panama be+ desir\s to insure ! con/ruction ( a %ip-canal across ! i/hmus ( ,panama to connect ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans1 & ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica hav+ pass$ an ,act approv$ ,june #bh1 #aijb1 9 fur!rance ( t object1 by :i* ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is au?oriz$ to acquire )9 a reasonable "t ! control ( ! necess>y t]ritory ( ! ,republic ( ,colombia1 & ! sov]eignty ( su* t]ritory be+ actually ve/$ 9 ! ,republic ( ,panama1 ! high contract+ p>ties h resolv$ = t purpose to conclude a conv5tion & h accord+ly appo9t$ z _! pl5ipot5ti>ies-- ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,john ,hay1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,republic ( ,panama1 ,philippe ,bunau-,v>illa1 ,envoy ,extraord9>y & ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y ( ! ,republic ( ,panama1 !reunto specially emp[]$ by said gov]nm5t1 :o aft] communicat+ ) ea* o!r _! respective full p[]s f\nd to be 9 good & due =m1 h agre$ ^u & conclud$ ! foll[+ articles3 ,article #a4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gu>antees & w ma9ta9 ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,republic ( ,panama4 ,article #b4 ,! ,republic ( ,panama grants to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 p]petuity ! use1 occupation & control ( a zone ( l& & l& "u wat] = ! con/ruction1 ma9t5ance1 op]ation1 sanitation & protection ( said canal ( ! wid? ( t5 miles ext5d+ to ! di/ance ( five miles on ea* side ( ! c5tre l9e ( ! r\te ( ! canal to be con/ruct$2 ! said zone beg9n+ 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea ?ree m>9e miles f mean l[ wat] m>k1 & ext5d+ to & across ! i/hmus ( ,panama into ! ,pacific ,ocean to a di/ance ( ?ree m>9e miles f mean l[ wat] m>k1 ) ! proviso t ! cities ( ,panama & ,colon & ! h>b\rs adjac5t to said cities1 :i* are includ$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! zone above describ$1 %all n be includ$ )9 ?is grant4 ,! ,republic ( ,panama fur!r grants to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 p]petuity ! use1 occupation & control ( any o!r l&s & wat]s outside ( ! zone above describ$ :i* may be necess>y & conv5i5t = ! con/ruction1 ma9t5ance1 op]ation1 sanitation & protection ( ! said canal or ( any auxili>y canal or o!r works necess>y & conv5i5t = ! con/ruction1 ma9t5ance1 op]ation1 sanitation & protection ( ! said ent]prise4 ,! ,republic ( ,panama fur!r grants 9 l mann] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 p]petuity all isl&s )9 ! limits ( ! zone above describ$ & 9 addition !reto ! gr\p ( small isl&s 9 ! ,bay ( ,panama1 nam$ ,p]ico1 ,naos1 ,culebra1 & ,flam5co4 ,article #c4 ,! ,republic ( ,panama grants to ! ,unit$ ,/ates all ! rights1 p[] & au?ority )9 ! zone m5tion$ & describ$ 9 ,article #b ( ?is agreem5t & )9 ! limits ( all auxili>y l&s & wat]s m5tion$ & describ$ 9 said ,article #b :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld possess & ex]cise if x 7 ! sov]eign ( ! t]ritory )9 :i* said l&s & wat]s are locat$ to ! entire exclusion ( ! ex]cise by ! ,republic ( ,panama ( any su* sov]eign rights1 p[] or au?ority4 ,article #d4 ,z rights subsidi>y to ! above grants ! ,republic ( ,panama grants 9 p]petuity to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! "r to use ! riv]s1 /reams1 lakes & o!r bodies ( wat] )9 its limits = navigation1 ! supply ( wat] or wat]-p[] or o!r purposes1 s f> z ! use ( said riv]s1 /reams1 lakes & bodies ( wat] & ! wat]s !re( may be necess>y & conv5i5t = ! con/ruction1 ma9t5ance1 op]ation1 sanitation & protection ( ! said canal4 ,article #e4 ,! ,republic ( ,panama grants to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 p]petuity a monopoly = ! con/ruction1 ma9t5ance & op]ation ( any sy/em ( communication by means ( canal or railroad across its t]ritory betwe5 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,article #f4 ,! grants h]e9 conta9$ %all 9 no mann] invalidate ! titles or rights ( private l&hold]s or own]s ( private prop]ty 9 ! said zone or 9 or to any ( ! l&s or wat]s grant$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! provisions ( any ,article ( ?is treaty1 nor %all !y int]f]e ) ! rights ( way ov] ! public roads pass+ ?r\gh ! said zone or ov] any ( ! said l&s or wat]s unless said rights ( way or private rights %all conflict ) rights h]e9 grant$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 :i* case ! rights ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be sup]ior4 ,all damages caus$ to ! own]s ( private l&s or private prop]ty ( any k9d by reason ( ! grants conta9$ 9 ?is treaty or by reason ( ! op]ations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 its ag5ts or employees1 or by reason ( ! con/ruction1 ma9t5ance1 op]ation1 sanitation & protection ( ! said canal or ( ! works ( sanitation & protection h]e9 provid$ =1 %all be apprais$ & settl$ by a jo9t commission appo9t$ by ! gov]nm5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,republic ( ,panama1 ^: decisions z to su* damages %all be f9al & ^: aw>ds z to su* damages %all be paid solely by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no "p ( ! "w on said canal or ! ,panama railroad or on any auxili>y works relat+ !reto & au?oriz$ by ! t]ms ( ?is treaty %all be prev5t$1 delay$ or imp$$ by or p5d+ su* proce$+s to asc]ta9 su* damages4 ,! appraisal ( ! said private l&s & private prop]ty & ! assessm5t ( damages to !m %all be bas$ ^u _! value be=e ! date ( ?is conv5tion4 ,article #g4 ,! ,republic ( ,panama grants to ! ,unit$ ,/ates )9 ! limits ( ! cities ( ,panama & ,colon & _! adjac5t h>b\rs & )9 ! t]ritory adjac5t !reto ! "r to acquire by pur*ase or by ! ex]cise ( ! "r ( em95t doma91 any l&s1 build+s1 wat] rights or o!r prop]ties necess>y & conv5i5t = ! con/ruction1 ma9t5ance1 op]ation & protection ( ! canal & ( any works ( sanitation1 su* z ! collection & disposition ( sewage & ! di/ribution ( wat] 9 ! said cities ( ,panama & ,colon1 :i*1 9 ! discretion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 may be necess>y & conv5i5t = ! con/ruction1 ma9t5ance1 op]ation1 sanitation & protection ( ! said canal & railroad4 ,all su* works ( sanitation1 collection & disposition ( sewage & di/ribution ( wat] 9 ! cities ( ,panama & ,colon %all be made at ! exp5se ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 its ag5ts or nom9ees %all be au?oriz$ to impose & collect wat] rates & sewage rates :i* %all be suffici5t to provide = ! paym5t ( int]e/ & ! amortization ( ! pr9cipal ( ! co/ ( said works )9 a p]iod ( fifty ye>s1 & ^u ! expiration ( said t]m ( fifty ye>s ! sy/em ( sew]s & wat] works %all rev]t to & become ! prop]ties ( ! cities ( ,panama & ,colon respectively2 & ! use ( ! wat] %all be free to ! inhabitants ( ,panama & ,colon1 except to ! ext5t t wat] rates may be necess>y = ! op]ation & ma9t5ance ( said sy/em ( sew]s & wat]4 ,! ,republic ( ,panama agrees t ! cities ( ,panama & ,colon %all comply 9 p]petuity ) ! sanit>y ord9ances :e!r ( a prev5tive or curative "* prescrib$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 case ! gov]nm5t ( ,panama is unable or fails 9 its duty to en=ce ?is compliance by ! cities ( ,panama & ,colon ) ! sanit>y ord9ances ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,republic ( ,panama grants to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! "r & au?ority to en=ce ! same4 ,! same "r & au?ority are grant$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ma9t5ance ( public ord] 9 ! cities ( ,panama & ,colon & ! t]ritories & h>b\rs adjac5t !reto 9 case ! ,republic ( ,panama %\ld n be1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 able to ma9ta9 su* ord]4 ,article #h4 ,! ,republic ( ,panama grants to ! ,unit$ ,/ates all rights :i* x n[ has or h]eaft] may acquire to ! prop]ty ( ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company & ! ,panama ,railroad ,company z a result ( ! transf] ( sov]eignty f ! ,republic ( ,colombia to ! ,republic ( ,panama ov] ! i/hmus ( ,panama1 & au?orizes ! ,new ,panama ,canal ,company to sell & transf] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates its rights1 privileges1 prop]ties & concessions1 z well z ! ,panama ,railroad & all ! %>es or "p ( ! %>es ( t company2 b ! public l&s situat$ outside ( ! zone describ$ 9 ,article #b ( ?is treaty n[ includ$ 9 ! concessions to bo? said ent]prises & n requir$ 9 ! con/ruction or op]ation ( ! canal %all rev]t to ! ,republic ( ,panama except any prop]ty n[ own$ by or 9 ! possession ( said companies )9 ,panama or ,colon or ! ports or t]m9als !re(4 ,article #i4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates agrees t ! ports at ei!r entrance ( ! canal & ! wat]s !re(1 & ! ,republic ( ,panama agrees t ! t[ns ( ,panama & ,colon %all be free = all "t1 s t !re %all n be impos$ or collect$ cu/om-h\se tolls1 tonnage1 an*orage1 ligh?\se1 :>f1 pilot1 or qu>ant9e dues or any o!r *>ges or taxes ( any k9d ^u any vessel us+ or pass+ ?r\gh ! canal or belong+ to or employ$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 directly or indirectly1 9 connection ) ! con/ruction1 ma9t5ance1 op]ation1 sanitation & protection ( ! ma9 canal1 or auxili>y works1 or ^u ! c>go1 (fic]s1 crew1 or pass5g]s ( any su* vessels1 except su* tolls & *>ges z may be impos$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! use ( ! canal & o!r works1 & except tolls & *>ges impos$ by ! ,republic ( ,panama ^u m]*&ise de/9$ to be introduc$ = ! consumption ( ! re/ ( ! ,republic ( ,panama1 & ^u vessels t\*+ at ! ports ( ,colon & ,panama & :i* d n cross ! canal4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,republic ( ,panama %all h ! "r to e/abli% 9 su* ports & 9 ! t[ns ( ,panama & ,colon su* h\ses & gu>ds z x may deem necess>y to collect duties on importations de/9$ to o!r portions ( ,panama & to prev5t contrab& trade4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %all h ! "r to make use ( ! t[ns & h>b\rs ( ,panama & ,colon z places ( an*orage1 & = mak+ repairs1 = load+1 unload+1 deposit+1 or trans%ipp+ c>goes ei!r 9 transit or de/9$ = ! s]vice ( ! canal & = o!r works p]ta9+ to ! canal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,article #bc4 ,if x %\ld become necess>y at any "t to employ arm$ =ces = ! safety or protection ( ! canal1 or ( ! %ips t make use ( ! same1 or ! railways & auxili>y works1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all h ! "r1 at all times & 9 its discretion1 to use its police & its l& & naval =ces or to e/abli% =tifications = ^! purposes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app5dix ,,iv4 ,,panama ,,canal ,,toll ,,rates4 ,by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,wa%+ton1 ,novemb] #ad1 #aiab4 ,a ,,proclamation4 ,i1 ,william ,h[>d ,taft1 ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 by virtue ( ! p[] & au?ority ve/$ 9 me by ! ,act ( ,congress1 approv$ ,augu/ tw5ty-f\r?1 n9ete5 hundr$ & twelve1 to provide = ! op5+1 ma9t5ance1 protection & op]ation ( ! ,panama ,canal & ! sanitation & gov]nm5t ( ! canal zone1 d h]eby prescribe & proclaim ! foll[+ rates ( toll be paid1 by vessels us+ ! ,panama ,canal4 #a4 ,on m]*ant vessels c>ry+ pass5g]s or c>go "o doll> & tw5ty c5ts 7#a4bj7 p] net vessel ton--ea* "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 cubic feet--( actual e>n+ capacity4 #b4 ,on vessels 9 balla/ )\t pass5g]s or c>go =ty 7#dj7 p] c5t4 less ?an ! rate ( tolls = vessels ) pass5g]s or c>go4 #c4 ,^u naval vessels1 o!r ?an transports1 colli]s1 hospital %ips1 & supply %ips1 fifty 7#ej7 c5ts p] displacem5t ton4 #d4 ,^u army & navy transports1 colli]s1 hospital %ips & supply %ips "o doll> & tw5ty c5ts 7#a4bj7 p] net ton1 ! vessels to be measur$ by ! same rules z are employ$ 9 det]m9+ ! net tonnage ( m]*ant vessels4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,w> w prep>e & prescribe su* rules = ! measurem5t ( vessels & su* regulations z may be necess>y & prop] to c>ry ?is proclamation into full =ce & effect4 ,,! ,,end4