Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Philosophy / The origin of the family, private property, and the state / Braille

The origin of the family, private property, and the state ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 2 — contracted English braille (EBAE-compatible subset). Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 1 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

331,934 braille cells · 350 embossed pages at 40×25 · 690 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠠⠑⠥⠗⠕⠏⠑⠁⠝⠎⠀⠙⠲⠀⠠⠮⠀⠇⠁⠙⠽⠀⠷⠀⠉⠊⠧⠊⠇⠊⠵⠫⠀
⠉⠳⠝⠞⠗⠊⠑⠎⠂⠀⠎⠥⠗⠗⠳⠝⠙⠫⠀⠾⠀⠩⠁⠍⠀⠀⠓⠕⠍⠁⠛⠑⠀⠯⠀⠁⠀
⠌⠗⠁⠝⠛⠻⠀⠞⠕⠀⠁⠇⠇⠀⠗⠑⠁⠇⠀⠐⠺⠀⠌⠯⠎⠀⠕⠝⠀⠁⠀⠋⠜⠀⠇⠪⠻⠀
⠎⠕⠉⠊⠁⠇⠀⠀⠇⠑⠧⠑⠇⠀⠹⠁⠝⠀⠁⠀⠓⠜⠙⠤⠺⠕⠗⠅⠬⠀⠃⠜⠃⠜⠊⠁⠝⠀
⠺⠕⠍⠁⠝⠂⠀⠗⠑⠛⠜⠙⠫⠀⠵⠀⠁⠀⠗⠑⠁⠇⠀⠇⠁⠙⠽⠀⠀
⠶⠋⠗⠪⠁⠤⠇⠁⠙⠽⠤⠍⠊⠌⠗⠑⠎⠎⠶⠀⠯⠀⠓⠁⠧⠬⠀⠮⠀⠐⠡⠀⠷⠀⠎⠥⠡⠲⠀⠀
⠠⠱⠑⠮⠗⠀⠕⠗⠀⠝⠀⠮⠀⠏⠁⠊⠗⠬⠀⠋⠁⠍⠊⠇⠽⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀⠔⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀⠐⠞⠀
⠑⠝⠞⠊⠗⠑⠇⠽⠀⠎⠥⠏⠏⠇⠁⠝⠞⠫⠀⠀⠛⠗⠳⠏⠀⠍⠜⠗⠊⠁⠛⠑⠀⠔⠀
⠠⠁⠍⠻⠊⠉⠁⠂⠀⠉⠀⠃⠑⠀⠙⠑⠉⠊⠙⠫⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠃⠽⠀⠉⠇⠕⠎⠻⠀
⠊⠝⠧⠑⠌⠊⠛⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠀⠁⠍⠕⠝⠛⠀⠘⠹⠀⠝⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠷⠀
⠝⠕⠗⠹⠺⠑⠌⠻⠝⠀⠯⠀⠑⠎⠏⠑⠉⠊⠁⠇⠇⠽⠀⠷⠀⠎⠳⠮⠗⠝⠀⠠⠁⠍⠻⠊⠉⠁⠀⠀
⠞⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠌⠊⠇⠇⠀⠔⠀⠮⠀⠓⠊⠛⠓⠻⠀⠌⠁⠛⠑⠀⠷⠀⠎⠁⠧⠁⠛⠻⠽⠲⠀
⠠⠁⠃⠳⠞⠀⠮⠀⠇⠁⠞⠞⠻⠀⠎⠀⠸⠍⠀⠀⠗⠑⠏⠕⠗⠞⠎⠀⠷⠀⠎⠑⠭⠥⠁⠇⠀
⠇⠊⠉⠢⠎⠑⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠉⠥⠗⠗⠢⠞⠀⠞⠀⠮⠀⠁⠎⠎⠥⠍⠏⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠁⠀
⠉⠕⠍⠏⠇⠑⠞⠑⠀⠀⠉⠑⠎⠎⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠁⠝⠉⠊⠢⠞⠀⠛⠗⠳⠏⠀
⠍⠜⠗⠊⠁⠛⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠓⠜⠙⠇⠽⠀⠺⠜⠗⠁⠝⠞⠫⠲⠀⠠⠑⠧⠊⠙⠢⠞⠇⠽⠀⠀⠁⠇⠇
⠀⠞⠗⠁⠉⠑⠎⠀⠷⠀⠭⠀⠓⠀⠝⠀⠽⠑⠞⠀⠙⠊⠎⠁⠏⠏⠑⠜⠫⠲⠀⠠⠔⠀⠁⠞⠀
⠇⠑⠁⠌⠀⠿⠞⠽⠀⠠⠝⠕⠗⠹⠀⠀⠠⠁⠍⠻⠊⠉⠁⠝⠀⠞⠗⠊⠃⠑⠎⠀⠮⠀⠍⠁⠝⠀
⠍⠜⠗⠽⠬⠀⠁⠝⠀⠑⠇⠙⠻⠀⠎⠊⠌⠻⠀⠓⠁⠎⠀⠮⠀⠐⠗⠀⠞⠕⠀⠍⠁⠅⠑⠀⠀⠁⠇⠇
⠀⠓⠻⠀⠎⠊⠌⠻⠎⠀⠦⠀⠺⠊⠧⠑⠎⠀⠵⠀⠎⠕⠕⠝⠀⠵⠀⠮⠽⠀⠁⠗⠑⠀⠷⠀⠁⠛⠑⠂
⠀⠁⠀⠎⠥⠗⠧⠊⠧⠁⠇⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠀⠉⠕⠍⠍⠥⠝⠊⠞⠽⠀⠷⠀⠍⠢⠀⠿⠀⠮⠀⠱⠕⠇⠑
⠀⠎⠻⠊⠑⠎⠀⠷⠀⠎⠊⠌⠻⠎⠲⠀⠠⠯⠀⠠⠃⠁⠝⠉⠗⠷⠞⠀⠗⠑⠇⠁⠞⠑⠎⠀⠀⠞⠀⠮
⠀⠠⠊⠝⠙⠊⠁⠝⠎⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠠⠉⠁⠇⠊⠿⠝⠊⠁⠝⠀⠏⠢⠔⠎⠥⠇⠁⠀
⠉⠑⠇⠑⠃⠗⠁⠞⠑⠀⠉⠻⠞⠁⠔⠀⠀⠋⠑⠌⠊⠧⠊⠞⠊⠑⠎⠀⠥⠝⠊⠞⠬⠀⠎⠑⠧⠻⠁⠇
⠀⠞⠗⠊⠃⠑⠎⠀⠿⠀⠮⠀⠏⠥⠗⠏⠕⠎⠑⠀⠷⠀⠥⠝⠗⠑⠌⠗⠊⠉⠞⠫⠀⠀⠎⠑⠭⠥⠁⠇

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.