,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,family ,,private ,,prop]ty ,,& ,,! ,,/ate ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,engels ,,translat$ ,,by ,,erne/ ,,unt]mann ,illu/ration3 ,logo ,,*icago ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company #aijh ,,copyright1 #aijb ,,by ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,translator's ,preface #e ,au?or's ,prefaces #i-ab ,prehi/oric ,/ages #bg ,! ,family #ce ,! ,iroquois ,g5s #ajb ,! ,grecian ,g5s #abj ,orig9 ( ! ,attic ,/ate #aca ,g5s & ,/ate 9 ,rome #ade ,! ,g5s ,among ,celts & ,g]mans #aeh ,! ,rise ( ! ,/ate ,among ,g]mans #agf ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,an et]nal be+ creat$ human society z x is to-day1 & submission to 'sup]iors' & 'au?ority' is impos$ on ! 'l[]' classes by div9e w4 ,?is sugge/ion1 com+ f pulpit1 plat=m & press1 has hypnotiz$ ! m9ds ( m5 & proves to be "o ( ! /ronge/ pill>s ( exploitation4 ,sci5tific inve/igation has reveal$ long ago t human society is n ca/ 9 a /]eotyp$ m\ld4 ,z organic life on e>? assumes diff]5t %apes1 ! result ( a succession ( *emical *anges1 s ! gr\p life ( human be+s develops diff]5t social in/itutions z a result ( increas+ control ov] environm5t1 especially ( production ( food1 clo?+ & %elt]4 ,su* is ! message :i* ! works ( m5 l ,ba*(51 ,morgan1 ,m>x1 ,d>w91 & o!rs1 br\ght to ! human race4 ,b ?is message nev] rea*$ ! great mass ( humanity4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! names ( ^! m5 are practically unkn[n4 ,_! books are ei!r out ( pr9t1 z is ! case ) ! fundam5tal works ( ,morgan1 or !y are n translat$ into ,engli%4 ,only a few ( !m are accessible to a few individuals on ! du/y %elves ( "s public libr>ies4 ,_! message is dang]\s to ! exi/+ ord]1 & x w n d to give x publicity at a "t :5 fur!r intellectual progress ( l>ge bodies ( m5 means ! doom ( ! rul+ class4 ,! capitali/ sy/em has progress$ s f>1 t all f>!r progress mu/ br+ dang] to x & to ^? :o are supreme ?r\gh x4 ,b ! =ces1 :i* h br\ght ab\t ! pres5t social ord]1 cont9ue _! "w reg>dless ( ! wi%es ( a few exploit]s4 ,a compreh5sive "w summ>iz+ our pres5t k ( ! developm5t ( social in/itutions is1 !re=e1 a timely contribution to sociali/ propag&a4 ,9 ord] to meet ! requirem5ts ( sociali/s1 su* a summ>y mu/ be writt5 by a sociali/4 ,all ! sci5ti/s :o devot$ !mselves to ! /udy ( primeval society belong$ to ! privileg$ classes1 & ev5 ! mo/ radical ( !m1 ,lewis ,morgan1 0 prev5t$ by 8 environm5t f po9t+ out ! "o fact1 ! recognition ( :i* di/+ui%es ! sociali/ position f all o!rs--,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,a ,,class ,,/ruggle4 ,! /ronge/ allusion to ?is fact is f\nd 9 ! foll[+ passage ( ,anci5t ,society3 ,prop]ty & (fice 7 ! f\ndations ^u :i* ari/ocracy plant$ itself4 ,:e!r ?is pr9ciple %all live or die has be5 "o ( ! great problems ) :i* mod]n society has be5 engag$4444 ,z a "q betwe5 equal rights & unequal rights1 betwe5 equal laws & unequal laws1 betwe5 ! rights ( weal?1 ( rank & ( (ficial position1 & ! p[] ( ju/ice & intellig5ce1 !re c be little d\bt ( ! ultimate result 7page #eea74 ,yet ,morgan held t sev]al ?\s& ye>s h pass$ away )\t ! ov]?r[ ( ! privileg$ classes1 except+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b 9 ! days ( ! tru/s1 ( gov]nm5t by injunction1 ( sets ( #djj ) all ! arrogance & exclusiv5ess ( ,european nobility1 ( ari/ocratic bran*es ( ! ,daught]s ( ! ,revolution1 & o!r gifts ( capitali/ developm5t1 ! mod]n ,am]ican work+man w h>dly %>e ,morgan's optimi/ic view t !re are no privileg$ classes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t to ?is day ,morgan's "w is ! mo/ fundam5tal & exhau/ive ( any writt5 on ! subject ( anci5t social developm5t4 ,we/]m>ck's ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage treats ! "q ma9ly f ! /&po9t ( ,e?nology & ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,z a sci5tific treatise x is entirely inadequate1 be+ simply a compilation ( data f all p>ts ( ! _w1 arrang$ )\t ! und]/&+ ( g5tile organizations or ( ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory1 & us$ = wild speculations4 ,kovalevsky's argum5t turns on ! proposition t ! patri>*al h\sehold is a typical /age ( society1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! matri>*al & monogamic family4 ,none ( ^! m5 c\ld discuss ! matt] f ! prolet>ian po9t ( view4 ,= 9 ord] to d ?is1 x is necess>y to desc5d f ! hills ( class assumption into ! valley ( prolet>ian class-consci\sness4 ,?is consci\sness & ! sociali/ m9d are born toge!r4 ,! key to ! philosophy ( capitalism is ! philosophy ( socialism4 ,) ! rays ( ?is se>*light1 ,engels expos$ ! pi\s deceiv]s1 prop]ty & ! /ate1 & _! l(ty ideal1 covet\sness4 ,& ! monogamic family1 s f> f be+ a div9ely in/itut$ union ( s\ls1 is se5 to be ! product ( a s]ies ( mat]ial &1 9 ! la/ analysis1 ( ! mo/ sordid motives4 ,b ! e?ics ( prop]ty are wor?y ( a sy/em ( production t1 9 its f9al /age1 %uts ! ov]:elm+ mass ( long+ humanity out f ! happ9ess ( home & family life1 f all evolution to a high] individuality1 & ev5 drives progress back & =ces millions ( human be+s into irrevocable deg5]ation4 ,! desire = a high] life _c awake 9 a man1 until he is ?or\ghly conv9c$ t 8 pres5t life is ugly1 l[1 & capable ( improvem5t by himself4 ,! pres5t little volume is especially adapt$ to assi/ ! exploit$ ( bo? sexes 9 recogniz+ ! actual causes :i* br\ght ab\t _! pres5t condition4 ,by op5+ ! eyes ( ! delud$ ?rong & r$uc+ ! vapor+s ( _! ignorant or selfi% w\ld-be lead]s 9 politics & education to sob] reality1 x w %[ ! way out ( ! d>kness & mazes ( slavi% traditions into ! light & fre$om ( a full] life on e>?4 ,^! are ! reasons = introduc+ ?is little volume to ,engli% speak+ read]s4 ,)\t any fur!r apology1 we leave !m to its p]usal & to _! own conclusions4 ,,erne/ ,,unt]mann4 ,*icago1 ,augu/1 #aijb4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition1 #ahhd4 ,! foll[+ *apt]s are1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 execut+ a beque/4 ,x 0 no less a man ?an ,k>l ,m>x :o _h res]v$ to himself ! privilege ( display+ ! results ( ,morgan's inve/igations 9 connection ) 8 own mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory--:i* ,i might call ours )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,he wi%$ ?us to elucidate ! full mean+ ( ?is conception4 ,= 9 ,am]ica1 ,morgan _h1 9 a mann]1 discov]$ anew ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory1 orig9at$ by ,m>x =ty ye>s ago4 ,9 comp>+ b>b>ism & civilization1 he _h arriv$1 9 ! ma91 at ! same results z ,m>x4 ,& j z ,capital 0 zeal\sly plagi>iz$ & p]si/5tly pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce by ! pr(essional economi/s 9 ,g]many1 s ,morgan's ,anci5t ,society#a 0 treat$ by ! spokesm5 ( prehi/oric sci5ce 9 ,engl&4 ,my "w c (f] only a meag] sub/itute = t :i* my dep>t$ fri5d 0 n de/9$ to accompli%4 ,b 9 8 copi\s extracts f ,morgan1 ,i h critical notes :i* ,i h]e) reproduce z fully z feasible4 ,accord+ to ! mat]iali/ic conception1 ! decisive elem5t ( hi/ory is pre-em95tly ! production & reproduction ( life & its mat]ial requirem5ts4 ,?is implies1 on ! "o h&1 ! production ( ! means ( exi/5ce 7food1 clo?+1 %elt] & ! necess>y tools72 on ! o!r h&1 ! g5]ation ( *ildr51 ! propagation ( ! species4 ,! social in/itutions1 "u :i* ! p ( a c]ta9 hi/orical p]iod & ( a c]ta9 c\ntry are liv+1 are dep5d5t on ^! two =ms ( production2 p>tly on ! developm5t ( labor1 p>tly on t ( ! family4 ,! less labor is develop$1 & ! less abundant ! quantity ( its production &1 !re=e1 ! weal? ( society1 ! m society is se5 to be "u ! dom9ation ( sexual ties4 ,h[ev]1 "u ?is =mation bas$ on sexual ties1 ! productivity ( labor is develop$ m & m4 ,at ! same "t1 private prop]ty & ex*ange1 di/9ctions ( weal?1 exploitation ( ! labor p[] ( o!rs &1 by ?is ag5cy1 ! f\ndation ( class antagonism1 are =m$4 ,^! new elem5ts ( society /rive 9 ! c\rse ( "t to adapt ! old /ate ( society to ! new conditions1 until ! impossibility ( h>moniz+ ^! two at la/ leads to a complete revolution4 ,! old =m ( society f\nd$ on sexual relations is aboli%$ 9 ! cla% ) ! rec5tly develop$ social classes4 ,a new society /eps into be+1 cry/alliz$ into ! /ate4 ,! units ( ! latt] are no long] sexual1 b local gr\ps2 a society 9 :i* family relations are entirely subord9at$ to prop]ty relations1 !reby freely develop+ ^? class antagonisms & class /ruggles t make up ! cont5ts ( all writt5 hi/ory up to ! pres5t "t4 ,morgan des]ves great cr$it = r$iscov]+ & re-e/abli%+ 9 its ma9 outl9es ?is f\ndation ( our writt5 hi/ory1 & ( f9d+ 9 ! sexual organizations ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ! key t op5s all ! unfa?omable riddles ( mo/ anci5t ,greek1 ,roman & ,g]man hi/ory4 ,8 book is n ! "w ( a %ort day4 ,= m ?an =ty ye>s he grappl$ ) ! subject1 until he ma/]$ x fully4 ,!re=e 8 "w is "o ( ! few epo*al publications ( our "t4 ,9 ! foll[+ demon/rations1 ! read] w1 on ! :ole1 easily di/+ui% :at orig9at$ ) ,morgan & :at 0 add$ by myself4 ,9 ! hi/orical sections on ,greece & ,rome1 ,i h n limit$ myself to ,morgan's mat]ial1 b h add$ z mu* z ,i c\ld supply4 ,! sections on ,celts & ,g]mans ess5tially belong to me4 ,morgan _h only s\rces ( m9or quality at 8 disposal1 & = ,g]man conditions--aside f ,tacitus--only ! wor?less1 unbridl$ falsifications ( ,freeman4 ,! economic d$uctions1 suffici5t = ,morgan's purpose1 b :olly inadequate = m9e1 7 treat$ anew by myself4 ,& la/ly ,i am1 ( c\rse1 responsible = all f9al conclusions1 unless ,morgan is expressly quot$4 ,,fr$]ick ,,engels4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,edition1 #ahia4 ,! fir/ l>ge editions ( ?is "w h be5 out ( pr9t = ne>ly six mon?s1 & ! publi%] has = "s "t reque/$ ( me ! arrangem5t ( a new edition4 ,urg5t duties h hi!rto prev5t$ me4 ,sev5 ye>s h pass$1 s9ce ! fir/ edition made its appe>ance2 dur+ ?is "t1 ! /udy ( primeval =ms ( ! family has made consid]able progress4 ,h5ce x became necess>y to apply dilig5tly ! improv+ & supplem5t+ h&1 m especially1 z ! propos$ /]eotyp+ ( ! pres5t text w make fur!r *anges impossible = "s "t4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i h subject$ ! :ole text to a ?or\gh revision & made a numb] ( additions :i*1 ,i hope1 w give due recognition to ! pres5t /age ( sci5tific progress4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i give 9 ! c\rse ( ?is preface a %ort synopsis ( ! hi/ory ( ! family z treat$ by v>i\s writ]s f ,ba*(5 to ,morgan4 ,i am do+ ?is ma9ly because ! ,engli% prehi/oric s*ool1 t+$ ) *auv9ism1 is cont9ually do+ its utmo/ to kill by its sil5ce ! revolution 9 primeval conceptions effect$ by ,morgan's discov]ies4 ,at ! same "t ?is s*ool is n at all backw>d 9 appropriat+ to its own use ! results ( ,morgan's /udy4 ,9 c]ta9 o!r circles also ?is ,engli% example is unhappily foll[$ r ext5sively4 ,my "w has be5 translat$ into diff]5t languages4 ,fir/ into ,italian2 ,l'orig9e della famiglia1 della propriet privata e dello /ato1 v]sione riv$uta dall' autore1 di ,pasquale ,m>tignetti2 ,b5ev5to1 #ahhe4 ,!n into ,r\manian3 ,orig9a familei1 proprietatei private si a /atului1 traduc]e de ,ivan ,nadejde1 9 ! ,jassy p]iodical ,contemporanul1 ,septemb]1 #ahhe1 to ,may1 #ahhf4 ,fur!rmore into ,dani%3 ,familj5s1 ,privatej5domm5s og ,/at5s ,opr9delse1 ,dansk1 af ,=fatt]5 g5nemgaaet ,udgave1 besrget af ,g]son ,tri]1 ,kjoeb5havn1 #ahhh4 ,a ,fr5* translation by ,h5ri ,rav1 f\nd$ on ! pres5t ,g]man edition1 is "u ! press4 ,up to ! beg9n+ ( ! sixties1 a hi/ory ( ! family _c be spok5 (4 ,?is bran* ( hi/orical sci5ce 0 !n entirely "u ! influ5ce ( ! decalogue4 ,! patri>*al =m ( ! family1 describ$ m exhau/ively by ,moses ?an by anybody else1 0 n only1 )\t fur!r comm5t1 consid]$ z ! mo/ anci5t1 b also z id5tical ) ! family ( our times4 ,no hi/orical developm5t ( ! family 0 ev5 recogniz$4 ,at be/ x 0 admitt$ t a p]iod ( sexual lic5se might h exi/$ 9 primeval times4 ,to be sure1 aside f monogamy1 ori5tal polygamy & ,indo-,tibe?an poly&ry 7 kn[n2 b ^! ?ree =ms c\ld n be arrang$ 9 any hi/orical ord] & /ood side by side )\t any connection4 ,t "s nations ( anci5t hi/ory & "s savage tribes ( ! pres5t day did n trace _! desc5t to ! fa!r1 b to ! "m1 h5ce consid]$ ! female l9eage z alone valid2 t _m nations ( our "t prohibit int]m>ry+ inside ( c]ta9 l>ge gr\ps1 ! ext5t ( :i* 0 n yet asc]ta9$ & t ?is cu/om is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! globe--^! facts 7 kn[n1 inde$1 & m examples 7 cont9ually collect$4 ,b nobody knew h[ to make use ( !m4 ,ev5 9 ,e4 ,b4 ,taylor's ,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 etc4 7#ahfe71 !y are only m5tion$ z que] cu/oms toge!r ) ! usage ( "s savage tribes to prohibit ! t\*+ ( burn+ wood ) iron tools1 & simil> religi\s absurdities4 ,?is hi/ory ( ! family dates f #ahfa1 ! ye> ( ! publication ( ,ba*(5's ,mutt]re*t 7mat]nal law74 ,"h ! au?or makes ! foll[+ propositions3 #a4 ,t 9 ! beg9n+ p liv$ 9 unre/rict$ sexual int]c\rse1 :i* he dubs1 n v felicit\sly1 heta]ism4 #b4 ,t su* an int]c\rse excludes any absolutely c]ta9 means ( det]m9+ p>5tage2 t consequ5tly desc5t c\ld only be trac$ by ! female l9e 9 compliance ) mat]nal law--& t ?is 0 univ]sally practic$ by all ! nations ( antiquity4 #c4 ,t consequ5tly wom5 z mo!rs1 be+ ! only well kn[n p>5ts ( y\ng] g5]ations1 receiv$ a high tribute ( respect & def]5ce1 am\nt+ to a complete wom5's rule 7gynaicocracy71 accord+ to ,ba*(5's idea4 #d4 ,t ! transition to monogamy1 res]v+ a c]ta9 woman exclusively to "o man1 impli$ ! violation ( a primeval religi\s law 7i4 e41 practically a violation ( ! cu/om>y "r ( all o!r m5 to ! same woman71 :i* violation _h to be aton$ = or its p]mission pur*as$ by ! surr5d] ( ! wom5 to ! public = a limit$ "t4 ,ba*(5 f9ds ! pro(s ( ^! propositions 9 num]\s quotations f anci5t classics1 collect$ ) unusual dilig5ce4 ,! transition f heta]ism to monogamy & f mat]nal to pat]nal law is accompli%$ accord+ to him--especially by ! ,greeks--?r\gh ! evolution ( religi\s ideas4 ,new gods1 ! repres5tatives ( ! new ideas1 are add$ to ! traditional gr\p ( gods1 ! repres5tatives ( old ideas2 ! latt] are =c$ to ! backgr\nd m & m by ! =m]4 ,accord+ to ,ba*(51 !re=e1 x is n ! developm5t ( ! actual conditions ( life t has effect$ ! hi/orical *anges 9 ! relative social positions ( man & wife1 b ! religi\s reflection ( ^! conditions 9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,h5ce ,ba*(5 repres5ts ! ,ore/eia ( ,aes*ylos z ! dramatic description ( ! fight betwe5 ! vani%+ mat]nal & ! pat]nal law1 ris+ & victori\s dur+ ! "t ( ! h]oes4 ,klytaemne/ra has kill$ h] husb& ,agamemnon on 8 return f ! ,trojan w> = ! sake ( h] lov] ,aegi/hos2 b ,ore/es1 h] son by ,agamemnon1 av5ges ! dea? ( 8 fa!r by kill+ 8 "m4 ,!re=e he is p]secut$ by ! ,er9yes1 ! demonic protectors ( mat]nal law1 accord+ to :i* ! murd] ( a "m is ! mo/ horrible1 inexpiable crime4 ,b ,apollo1 :o has in/igat$ ,ore/es to ?is act by 8 oracle1 & ,a!ne1 :o is invok$ z arbitrator--! two deities repres5t+ ! new pat]nal ord] ( ?+s--protect him4 ,a!ne gives a he>+ to bo? p>ties4 ,! :ole "q is summ>iz$ 9 ! ensu+ debate betwe5 ,ore/es & ! ,er9yes4 ,ore/es claims t ,klytemnae/ra has committ$ a tw(old crime3 by kill+ h] husb& %e has kill$ 8 fa!r4 ,:y d ! ,er9yes p]secute him & n h] :o is f> m guilty8 ,! reply is /rik+3 ,%e 0 n relat$ by blood to ! man :om %e slew4 ,! murd] ( a man n consangu9e\s1 ev5 ?\gh he be ! husb& ( ! murd]ess1 is expiable1 does n conc]n ! ,er9yes2 x is only _! duty to prosecute ! murd] ( consangu9e\s relatives4 ,accord+ to mat]nal law1 !re=e1 ! murd] ( a "m is ! mo/ he9\s & inexpiable crime4 ,n[ ,apollo speaks 9 def5se ( ,ore/es4 ,a!ne !n calls on ! areopagites--! jurors ( ,a!ns--to vote2 ! votes are ev5 = acquittal & = condemnation4 ,!reupon ,a!ne z presid5t ( ! jury ca/s h] vote 9 favor ( ,ore/es & acquits him4 ,pat]nal law has ga9$ a victory ov] mat]nal law1 ! deities ( ! y\ng] g5]ation1 z ! ,er9yes call !m1 vanqui% ! latt]4 ,^! are f9ally p]suad$ to accept a new (fice "u ! new ord] ( ?+s4 ,?is new1 b decid$ly accurate int]pretation ( ! ,ore/eia is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & be/ passages 9 ! :ole book1 b x proves at ! same "t t ,ba*(5 himself believes z mu* 9 ! ,er9yes1 9 ,apollo & 9 ,a!ne1 z ,aes*ylos did 9 8 day4 ,he really believes1 t !y p]=m$ ! miracle ( secur+ ! d[nfall ( mat]nal law ?r\gh pat]nal law dur+ ! "t ( ! ,greek h]oes4 ,t a simil> conception1 repres5t+ religion z ! ma9 lev] ( ! _w's hi/ory1 mu/ f9ally lead to %e] my/icism1 is evid5t4 ,!re=e x is a tr\blesome & n always pr(itable task to "w y\r way ?r\gh ! big volume ( ,ba*(54 ,/ill1 all ?is does n curtail ! value ( 8 fundam5tal "w4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to replace ! assumption ( an unkn[n primeval condition ( lic5ti\s sexual int]c\rse by ! demon/ration t anci5t classical lit]ature po9ts out a multitude ( traces prov+ ! actual exi/5ce among ,greeks & ,asiatics ( o!r sexual relations be=e monogamy4 ,^! relations n only p]mitt$ a man to h int]c\rse ) sev]al wom51 b also left a woman free to h sexual int]c\rse ) sev]al m5 )\t violat+ good morals4 ,?is cu/om did n disappe> )\t leav+ z a survival ! =m ( a g5]al surr5d] = a limit$ "t by :i* wom5 _h to pur*ase ! "r ( monogamy4 ,h5ce desc5t c\ld orig9ally only be trac$ by ! female l9e1 f "m to "m4 ,! sole legality ( ! female l9e 0 pres]v$ f> into ! "t ( monogamy ) assur$1 or at lea/ ackn[l$g$1 pat]nity4 ,consequ5tly1 ! orig9al position ( ! mo!rs z ! sole absolutely c]ta9 p>5ts ( _! *ildr5 secur$ = !m & = all o!r wom5 a high] social level ?an !y h ev] enjoy$ s9ce4 ,al?\gh ,ba*(51 bias$ by 8 my/ic conceptions1 did n =mulate ^! propositions s cle>ly1 /ill he prov$ _! correctness4 ,?is 0 equival5t to a complete revolution 9 #ahfa4 ,ba*(5's big volume 0 writt5 9 ,g]man1 i4 e41 9 ! language ( a nation t c>$ less ?an any o!r ( its "t = ! hi/ory ( ! pres5t family4 ,!re=e he rema9$ unkn[n4 ,! man next succe$+ him 9 ! same field made 8 appe>ance 9 #ahfe )\t hav+ ev] he>d ( ,ba*(54 ,?is successor 0 ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,lennan1 ! direct opposite ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,in/ead ( ! tal5t$ my/ic1 we h "h ! dry juri/2 9 place ( ! rank gr[? ( poetical imag9ation1 we f9d ! plausible comb9ations ( ! plead+ lawy]4 ,mc,lennan f9ds among _m savage1 b>b>ian & ev5 civiliz$ p ( anci5t & mod]n times a type ( m>riage =c+ ! bride-groom1 alone or 9 co-op]ation ) 8 fri5ds1 to g ?r\gh ! =m ( a mock =cible abduction ( ! bride4 ,?is mu/ ne$s be a survival ( an e>li] cu/om :5 m5 ( "o tribe actually secur$ _! wives by =cible abduction f ano!r tribe4 ,h[ did ?is robb] m>riage orig9ate8 ,z long z ! m5 c\ld f9d wom5 en\gh 9 _! own tribe1 !re 0 no occasion = robb+4 ,x s happ5s t we frequ5tly f9d c]ta9 gr\ps among undevelop$ nations 7:i* 9 #ahfe 7 (t5 consid]$ id5tical ) ! tribes !mselves71 inside ( :i* int]m>ry+ 0 prohibit$4 ,9 consequ5ce ! m5 7or wom57 ( a c]ta9 gr\p 7 =c$ to *oose _! wives 7or husb&s7 outside ( _! gr\p4 ,o!r tribes aga9 obs]ve ! cu/om ( =c+ _! m5 to *oose _! wom5 inside ( _! own gr\p only4 ,mc,lennan calls ! fir/ exogam\s1 ! second endogam\s1 & con/rues =?) a rigid contra/ betwe5 exogam\s & endogam\s tribes4 ,& ?\gh 8 own inve/igation ( exogamy makes x pa9fully obvi\s t ?is contra/ 9 _m1 if n 9 mo/ or ev5 9 all cases1 exi/s 9 8 own imag9ation only1 he nev]!less makes x ! basis ( 8 entire !ory4 ,accord+ to ! latt]1 exogam\s tribes c *oose _! wom5 only f o!r tribes4 ,& z 9 con=mity ) _! savage /ate a condition ( cont9ual w>f>e exi/$ among su* tribes1 wom5 c\ld only be secur$ by abduction4 ,mc,lennan fur!r asks3 ,:5ce ?is cu/om ( exogamy8 ,! idea ( consangu9ity & rape c\ld n h any?+ to d ) x1 s9ce ^! conceptions 7 develop$ mu* lat]4 ,b x 0 a widely spread cu/om among savages to kill female *ildr5 imm$iately aft] _! bir?4 ,?is produc$ a surplus ( males 9 su* a tribe :i* naturally result$ 9 ! condition :]e sev]al m5 _h "o woman--poly&ry4 ,! next consequ5ce 0 t ! "m ( a *ild c\ld be asc]ta9$1 b n its fa!r2 h5ce3 desc5t only trac$ by ! female l9e & exclusion ( male l9eage--mat]nal law4 ,& a second consequ5ce ( ! sc>city ( wom5 9 a c]ta9 tribe--a sc>city t 0 some:at mitigat$1 b n reliev$ by poly&ry--0 precisely ! =cible abduction ( wom5 f o!r tribes4 ,z exogamy & poly&ry are ref]able to "o & ! same cause--a want ( balance betwe5 ! sexes--we are =c$ to reg>d all ! exogam\s races z hav+ orig9ally be5 poly&r\s4444 ,!re=e we mu/ hold x to be beyond dispute t among exogam\s races ! fir/ sy/em ( k9%ip 0 t :i* recogniz$ blood-ties ?r\gh mo!rs only4#b ,x is ! m]it ( ,mc,lennan to h po9t$ out ! g5]al ext5t & ! great importance ( :at he calls exogamy4 ,h[ev]1 he has by no means discov]$ ! fact ( exogam\s gr\ps2 nei!r did he und]/& _! pres5ce4 ,aside f e>li] scatt]$ notes ( _m obs]v]s--f :i* ,mc,lennan quot$--,la?am _h accurately & correctly describ$ ?is in/itution among ! ,indian ,mag>s#c & /at$ t x 0 widespread & practic$ 9 all p>ts ( ! globe4 ,mc,lennan himself quotes ?is passage4 ,z e>ly z #ahdg1 our fri5d ,morgan _h also po9t$ out & correctly describ$ ! same cu/om 9 8 lett]s on ! ,iroquois 79 ! ,am]ican ,review7 & 9 #ahea 9 ,! ,league ( ! ,iroquois4 ,we %all see1 h[ ! lawy]'s in/9ct ( ,mc,lennan has introduc$ m disord] into ?is subject ?an ! my/ic imag9ation ( ,ba*(5 did into ! field ( mat]nal law4 ,x mu/ be said to ,mc,lennan's cr$it t he recogniz$ ! cu/om ( trac+ dec5t by mat]nal law z primeval1 al?\gh ,ba*(5 has anticipat$ him 9 ?is respect4 ,mc,lennan has admitt$ ?is lat] on4 ,b "h aga9 he is n cle> on ! subject4 ,he always speaks ( k9%ip ?r\gh females only & uses ?is expression1 correctly applicable to =m] /ages1 9 connection ) lat] /ages ( developm5t1 :5 desc5t & h]$ity 7 /ill exclusively trac$ along female l9es1 b at ! same "t k9%ip on ! male side began to be recogniz$ & express$4 ,x is ! n>r[-m9d$ness ( ! juri/1 e/abli%+ a fix$ legal expression & employ+ x incessantly to d5ote conditions to :i* x %\ld no long] be appli$4 ,9 spite ( its plausibility1 ,mc,lennan's !ory did n seem too well f\nd$ ev5 9 ! eyes ( its au?or4 ,at lea/ he f9ds x rem>kable himself t ! =m ( capture is n[ mo/ di/9ctly m>k$ & impressive j among ^? races :i* h male k9%ip4#d ,& aga93 ,x is a curi\s fact t n[h]e n[1 t we are aw>e (1 is infanticide a sy/em :]e exogamy & ! e>lie/ =m ( k9%ip co-exi/s4#e ,bo? ^! facts directly disprove 8 me?od ( explanation1 & he c only meet !m ) new & /ill m complicat$ hypo!ses4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 8 !ory f\nd great approval & favor 9 ,engl&4 ,"h ,mc,lennan 0 g5]ally consid]$ z ! f\nd] ( ! hi/ory ( ! family & z ! fir/ au?ority on ?is subject4 ,8 contra/ ( exogam\s & endogam\s tribes rema9$ ! recogniz$ f\ndation ( ! cu/om>y views1 h[ev] mu* s+le exceptions & modifications 7 admitt$4 ,?is anti!sis became ! eye-flap t r5d]$ impossible any free view ( ! field "u inve/igation &1 !re=e1 any decid$ progress4 ,x is our duty to confront ?is ov]rat+ ( ,mc,lennan1 practis$ 9 ,engl& & copi$ else:]e1 ) ! fact t he has done m h>m ) 8 ill-conceiv$ contra/ ( exogam\s & endogam\s tribes ?an he has done good by 8 inve/igations4 ,moreov]1 9 ! c\rse ( "t m & m facts became kn[n t did n fit into 8 neat frame4 ,mc,lennan knew only ?ree =ms ( m>riage3 polygamy1 poly&ry & monogamy4 ,b once att5tion _h be5 direct$ to ?is po9t1 !n m & m pro(s 7 f\nd t among undevelop$ nations !re 7 connubial =ms 9 :i* a gr\p ( m5 possess$ a gr\p ( wom54 ,lubbock 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,civilization 7#ahgj7 recogniz$ ?is communal m>riage z a hi/orical fact4 ,imm$iately aft] him1 9 #ahga1 ,morgan appe>$ ) fre% &1 9 _m respects1 conclusive mat]ial4 ,he _h conv9c$ himself t ! peculi> sy/em ( k9%ip 9 vogue among ! ,iroquois 0 common to all ! aborig9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & practis$ all ov] ! cont95t1 al?\gh x 0 9 direct contradiction ) all ! degrees ( relation aris+ f ! connubial sy/em 9 practice !re4 ,he prevail$ on ! f$]al gov]nm5t to collect in=mation on ! sy/ems ( k9%ip ( o!r nations by ! help ( "q blanks & tables drawn up by himself4 ,! answ]s br\ght ! foll[+ results3 #a4 ,! k9%ip sy/em ( ! ,am]ican ,indians is also 9 vogue 9 ,asia1 & 9 a some:at modifi$ =m among num]\s tribes ( ,africa & ,au/ralia4 #b4 ,?is sy/em f9ds a complete explanation 9 a c]ta9 =m ( communal m>riage n[ 9 process ( decl9e 9 ,hawaii & "s ,au/ralian isl&s4 #c4 ,by ! side ( ?is m>ital =m1 !re is 9 practice on ! same isl&s a sy/em ( k9%ip only explicable by a /ill m primeval & n[ ext9ct =m ( communal m>riage4 ,! collect$ data & ! conclusions ( ,morgan 7 publi%$ 9 8 ,sy/ems ( ,consangu9ity & ,aff9ity1 #ahga1 & discussion transf]r$ to a f> m ext5sive field4 ,tak+ 8 dep>ture f ! sy/em ( aff9ity he recon/ruct$ ! correspond+ =ms ( ! family1 !reby op5+ a new road to sci5tific inve/igation & ext5d+ ! retrospective view into prehi/oric p]iods ( human life4 ,once ?is view ga9$ recognition1 !n ! frail /ructure ( ,mc,lennan w\ld vani% into ?9 air4 ,mc,lennan def5d$ 8 !ory 9 ! new edition ( ,primitive ,m>riage 7,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 #ahge74 ,:ile he himself mo/ artificially comb9es into a hi/ory ( ! family a numb] ( hypo!ses1 he n only dem&s pro(s f ,lubbock & ,morgan = e "o ( _! propositions1 b insi/s on pro(s ( su* indisputable validity z is solely recogniz$ 9 a ,scot* c\rt4 ,& ?is is done by ! same man :o unhesitat+ly concludes t ! foll[+ p practic$ poly&ry3 ,! ,g]mans1 on acc\nt ( ! intimate relation betwe5 uncle & nephew 7"m's bro!r & si/]'s son72 ! ,britons1 because ,ces> reports t ! ,britons h t5 to twelve wom5 9 common2 b>b>ians1 because all o!r reports ( ! old writ]s on community ( wom5 are mis9t]pret$ by him6 ,"o is rem9d$ ( a prosecut+ attorney :o takes all possible lib]ty 9 mak+ up 8 case1 b :o dem&s ! mo/ =mal & legally valid pro( = e ^w ( ! lawy] = ! def5se4 ,he ass]ts t communal m>riage is purely ! outgr[? ( imag9ation1 & 9 s do+ falls f> beh9d ,ba*(54 ,he repres5ts ,morgan's sy/ems ( aff9ity z m]e codes ( conv5tional polit5ess1 prov5 by ! fact t ,indians address also /rang]s1 :ite p1 z bro!r or fa!r4 ,?is is l ass]t+ t ! t]ms fa!r1 "m1 bro!r1 si/] are simply mean+less =ms ( address1 because ,ca?olic prie/s & abbesses are also address$ z fa!r & "m1 & monks & nuns1 or ev5 free-masons & memb]s ( ,engli% pr(essional clubs 9 solemn session1 z bro!r & si/]4 ,9 %ort1 ,mc,lennan's def5se 0 extremely weak4 ,"o po9t /ill rema9$ t _h n be5 attack$4 ,! contra/ ( exogam\s & endogam\s tribes1 on :i* 8 :ole sy/em 0 f\nd$1 0 n only left un*all5g$1 b 0 ev5 g5]ally reg>d$ z ! pivotal po9t ( ! entire hi/ory ( ! family4 ,x 0 admitt$ t ,mc,lennan's attempt to expla9 ?is contra/ 0 insuffici5t & 9 contradiction ) ! facts enum]at$ by himself4 ,b ! contra/ itself1 ! exi/5ce ( two diametrically oppos$ =ms ( indep5d5t & absolute gr\ps1 "o ( !m m>ry+ ! wom5 ( its own gr\p1 ! o!r /rictly =bidd+ ?is habit1 0 consid]$ irrefutable gospel4 ,comp>e e4 g4 ,giraud-,teulon's ,orig9es de la famille 7#ahgd7 & ev5 ,lubbock's ,orig9 ( ,civilization 7#d? edition1 #ahhb74 ,at ?is po9t ,morgan's ma9 "w1 ,anci5t ,society 7#ahgg71 ins]ts its lev]4 ,x is ?is "w on :i* ! pres5t volume is bas$4 ,"h we f9d cle>ly demon/rat$ :at 0 only dimly p]ceiv$ by ,morgan 9 #ahga4 ,!re is no anti!sis betwe5 endogamy & exogamy2 no exogam\s tribes h be5 f\nd up to ! pres5t "t4 ,b at ! "t :5 communal m>riage /ill exi/$--& 9 all probability x once exi/$ ev]y:]e--a tribe 0 subdivid$ into a numb] ( gr\ps--g5tes--consangu9e\s on ! "m's side1 )9 :i* int]m>ry+ 0 /rictly =bidd54 ,! m5 ( a c]ta9 g5s1 !re=e1 c\ld *oose _! wives )9 ! tribe1 & did s z a rule1 b _h to *oose !m outside ( ! g5s4 ,& :ile ?us ! g5s 0 /rictly exogam\s1 ! tribe compris+ an aggregate ( g5tes 0 equally endogam\s4 ,?is fact gave ! f9al bl[ to ,mc,lennan's artificial /ructure4 ,b ,morgan did n re/ "h4 ,! g5s ( ! ,am]ican ,indians fur!rmore assi/$ him 9 ga9+ ano!r important /ep 9 ! field "u inve/igation4 ,he f\nd t ?is g5s1 organiz$ 9 con=mity ) mat]nal law1 0 ! orig9al =m out ( :i* lat] on ! g5s by pat]nal law develop$1 su* z we f9d x among ! civiliz$ nations ( antiquity4 ,! ,greek & ,roman g5s1 an unsolv$ riddle to all hi/orians up to our "t1 f\nd its explanation 9 ! ,indian g5s4 ,a new f\ndation 0 discov]$ = ! entire primeval hi/ory4 ,! repeat$ discov]y t ! orig9al mat]nal g5s 0 a prelim9>y /age ( ! pat]nal g5s ( civiliz$ nations has ! same signification = primeval hi/ory t ,d>w9's !ory ( evolution _h = biology & ,m>x's !ory ( surplus value = political economy4 ,morgan 0 !reby enabl$ to sket* ! outl9e ( a hi/ory ( ! family1 %[+ 9 bold /rokes at lea/ ! classic /ages ( developm5t1 s f> z ! available mat]ial w at pres5t p]mit su* a ?+4 ,x is cle>ly obvi\s t ?is m>ks a new epo* 9 ! treatm5t ( primeval hi/ory4 ,! mat]nal g5s has become ! pivot on :i* ?is :ole sci5ce revolves4 ,s9ce its discov]y we "k 9 :at direction to cont9ue our rese>*es1 :at to inve/igate & h[ to arrange ! results ( our /udies4 ,9 consequ5ce1 progress 9 ?is field is n[ mu* m rapid ?an be=e ! publication ( ,morgan's book4 ,! discov]ies ( ,morgan are n[ univ]sally recogniz$1 or r appropriat$1 ev5 by ! ar*aeologi/s ( ,engl&4 ,b h>dly "o ( !m op5ly admits t we owe ?is revolution ( ?\ght to ,morgan4 ,8 book is ignor$ 9 ,engl& z mu* z possible1 & he himself is dismiss$ ) condesc5d+ praise = ! excell5ce ( 8 =m] works4 ,! details ( 8 discussion are dilig5tly criticis$1 b 8 really great discov]ies are cov]$ up ob/9ately4 ,! orig9al edition ( ,anci5t ,society is out ( pr9t2 !re is no pay+ m>ket = a "w ( ?is k9d 9 ,am]ica2 9 ,engl&1 x appe>s1 ! book 0 sy/ematically suppress$1 & ! only edition ( ?is epo*al "w /ill circulat+ 9 ! m>ket is--! ,g]man translation4 ,:5ce ?is res]ve8 ,we c h>dly refra9 f call+ x a conspiracy to kill by sil5ce1 especially 9 view ( ! num]\s mean+less & polite quotations & ( o!r manife/ations ( fell[%ip 9 :i* ! writ+s ( our recogniz$ ar*aeologi/s ab\nd4 ,is x because ,morgan is an ,am]ican1 & because x is r h>d on ! ,engli% ar*aeologi/s to be dep5d5t on two tal5t$ =eign]s l ,ba*(5 & ,morgan = ! outl9es det]m9+ ! arrangem5t & gr\p+ ( _! mat]ial1 9 spite ( all praisewor?y dilig5ce 9 accumulat+ mat]ial4 ,!y c\ld h borne ) ! ,g]man1 b an ,am]ican8 ,9 face ( an ,am]ican1 e ,engli%man becomes patriotic4 ,i h se5 amus+ illu/rations ( ?is fact 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,mc,lennan 01 s to say1 ! (ficial f\nd] & lead] ( ! ,engli% prehi/oric s*ool4 ,x 0 almo/ a requirem5t ( good prehi/oric mann]s to ref] 9 t]ms ( highe/ admiration to 8 artificial con/ruction ( hi/ory lead+ f infanticide ?r\gh poly&ry & abduction to mat]nal law4 ,! lea/ d\bt 9 ! /rictly indep5d5t exi/5ce ( exogam\s & endogam\s tribes 0 consid]$ a frivol\s sacrilege4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ,morgan1 9 r$uc+ all ^! sacr$ dogmas to ?9 air1 committ$ an act ( wanton de/ruction4 ,& worse /ill1 8 m]e mann] ( r$uc+ !m suffic$ to %[ _! in/ability1 s t ! admir]s ( ,mc,lennan1 :o hi!rto _h be5 /umbl+ ab\t helplessly betwe5 exogamy & endogamy1 7 almo/ =c$ to slap _! =eheads & exclaim3 ,h[ silly ( u1 n to h f\nd t out long ago6 ,j z if ,morgan _h n committ$ crimes en\gh aga9/ ! (ficial ar*aeologi/s to ju/ify !m 9 disc>d+ all fair me?ods & assum+ an attitude ( cool neglect1 he p]si/$ 9 fill+ _! cup to ov]fl[+4 ,n only does he criticise civilization1 ! society ( production = pr(it1 ! fundam5tal =m ( human society1 9 a mann] savor+ ( ,f\ri]1 b he also speaks ( a future reorganization ( society 9 language t ,k>l ,m>x might h us$4 ,consequ5tly1 he receives 8 j des]ts1 :5 ,mc,lennan indignantly *>ges him ) a pr(\nd antipa?y aga9/ hi/orical me?ods1 & :5 ,pr(essor ,giraud-,teulon ( ,g5eva endorses ! same view 9 #ahhd4 ,= 0 n ! same ,pr(essor ,giraud-,teulon /ill w&]+ ab\t aimlessly 9 ! maze ( ,mc,lennan's exogamy 9 #ahgd 7,orig9es de la famille78 ,& 0 x n ,morgan :o f9ally _h to set him free8 ,x is n necess>y to dwell 9 ?is preface on ! o!r =ms ( progress :i* primeval hi/ory owes to ,morgan4 ,ref]5ce to !m w be f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( my "w4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5 ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce ! publication ( 8 ma9 "w1 ! mat]ial contribut+ to ! hi/ory ( primeval society has be5 consid]ably enri*$4 ,an?ropologi/s1 travel]s & pr(essional hi/orians 7 jo9$ by comp>ative juri/s :o add$ new matt] & op5$ up new po9ts ( view4 ,"h & !re1 "s special hypo!sis ( ,morgan has be5 %ak5 or ev5 become obsolete4 ,b 9 no in/ance has ! new mat]ial l$ to a weak5+ ( 8 lead+ propositions4 ,! ord] he e/abli%$ 9 primeval hi/ory /ill holds good 9 its ma9 outl9es to ?is day4 ,we may ev5 say t ?is ord] receives recognition 9 ! exact degree1 9 :i* ! au?or%ip ( ?is great progress is conceal$4 ,london1 ,june #af?1 #ahia4 ,,fr$]ick ,,engels4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,anci5t ,society or ,rese>*es 9 ! ,l9es ( ,human ,progress f ,savag]y1 ?r\gh ,b>b>ism1 to ,civilization4 ,by ,lewis ,h4 ,morgan4 ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 #ahgg4 ,! book1 pr9t$ 9 ,am]ica1 0 s+ul>ly difficult to obta9 9 ,london4 ,! au?or di$ a few ye>s ago4 #b ,mc,lennan1 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 #ahhf4 ,primitive ,m>riage1 p4 #abd4 #c ,la?am1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #ahei4 #d ,mc,lennan1 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 #ahhf4 ,primitive ,m>riage1 p4 #adj4 #e ,ibidem1 p4 #adf4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,family ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,prehi/oric ,,/ages4 ,morgan 0 ! fir/ to make an attempt at introduc+ a logical ord] into ! hi/ory ( primeval society4 ,until consid]ably m mat]ial is obta9$1 no fur!r *anges w be necess>y & 8 arrangem5t w surely rema9 9 =ce4 ,( ! ?ree ma9 epo*s--savag]y1 b>b>ism & civilization--naturally only ! fir/ two & ! transition to ! ?ird requir$ 8 att5tion4 ,he subdivid$ ea* ( ^! into a l[]1 middle & high] /age1 accord+ to ! progress 9 ! production ( ! means ( su/5ance4 ,8 reason = do+ s is t ! degree ( human supremacy ov] nature is condition$ on ! ability to produce ! necessities ( life4 ,= ( all liv+ be+s1 man alone has acquir$ an almo/ unlimit$ control ov] food production4 ,all great epo*s ( human progress1 accord+ to ,morgan1 co9cide m or less directly ) times ( great] abundance 9 ! means t su/a9 life4 ,! evolution ( ! family proce$s 9 ! same measure )\t1 h[ev]1 (f]+ equally conv5i5t m>ks = sub-division4 ,i4 ,,savag]y4 #a4 ,l[] ,/age4 ,infancy ( ! human race4 ,human be+s /ill dwelt 9 _! orig9al habitation1 9 tropical or subtropical =e/s4 ,!y liv$ at lea/ "p ( ! "t 9 trees1 = only 9 ?is way !y c\ld escape ! attacks ( l>ge bea/s ( prey & survive4 ,fruit1 nuts1 & roots s]v$ z food4 ,! =mation ( articulat$ spee* is ! pr9cipal result ( ?is p]iod4 ,n a s+le "o ( all ! nations t h become kn[n 9 hi/oric times dates back to ?is primeval /age4 ,al?\gh ! latt] may ext5d ov] ?\s&s ( ye>s1 we h no means ( prov+ its exi/5ce by direct evid5ce4 ,b once ! desc5t ( man f ! ,animal ,k+dom is ackn[l$g$1 ! acceptance ( ?is /age ( transition becomes inevitable4 #b4 ,middle ,/age3 ,comm5c+ ) ! utilization ( fi% 7includ+ crabs1 mollusks & o!r aquatic animals7 & ! use ( fire4 ,bo? ^! ?+s belong toge!r1 because fi% becomes ?or\ghly palatable by ! help ( fire only4 ,) ?is new k9d ( food1 human be+s became completely indep5d5t ( climate & locality4 ,foll[+ ! c\rse ( riv]s & coa/l9es1 !y c\ld spread ov] ! great] "p ( ! e>? ev5 9 ! savage /ate4 ,! s-call$ palaeoli?ic implem5ts ( ! e>ly /one age1 made ( r\gh1 un%>p5$ /ones1 belong almo/ entirely to ?is p]iod4 ,_! wide di/ribution ov] all ! cont95ts te/ifies to ! ext5t ( ^! w&]+s4 ,! unceas+ b5t = discov]y1 toge!r ) ! possession ( fire ga9$ by friction1 creat$ new products 9 ! lately occupi$ regions4 ,su* 7 f>9ace\s roots & tub]s1 bak$ 9 hot a%es or 9 bak+ pits 7gr\nd ov5s74 ,:5 ! fir/ weapons1 club & spe>1 7 inv5t$1 v5ison 0 occasionally add$ to ! bill ( f>e4 ,nations subsi/+ exclusively by hunt+1 su* z we sometimes f9d m5tion$ 9 books1 h nev] exi/$2 = ! proce$s ( hunt+ are too unc]ta94 ,9 consequ5ce ( cont9u$ prec>i\sness ( ! s\rces ( su/5ance1 cannibalism seems to arise at ?is /age4 ,x cont9ues 9 =ce = a long :ile4 ,ev5 9 our day1 ,au/ralians & ,polynesians /ill rema9 9 ?is middle /age ( savag]y4 #c4 ,high] ,/age3 ,com+ ) ! inv5tion ( b[ & arr[1 ?is /age makes v5ison a regul> "p ( daily f>e & hunt+ a normal occupation4 ,b[1 arr[ & cord repres5t a r complicat$ in/rum5t1 ! inv5tion ( :i* presupposes a long & accumulat$ exp]i5ce & increas$ m5tal ability2 incid5tally !y are condition$ on ! acqua9tance ) a numb] ( o!r inv5tions4 ,9 comp>+ ! nations t are famili> ) ! use ( b[ & arr[1 b n yet ) ! art ( pott]y 7f :i* ,morgan dates ! transition to b>b>ism71 we f9d among !m ! beg9n+s ( village settlem5ts1 a control ( food production1 wood5 vessels & ut5sils1 weav+ ( ba/ fibre by h& 7)\t a loom71 baskets made ( ba/ or re$s1 & %>p5$ 7neoli?ic7 /one implem5ts4 ,g5]ally fire & ! /one ax h also furni%$ ! dug\t &1 "h & !re1 timb]s & bo>ds = h\se-build+4 ,all ^! improvem5ts are f\nd1 e4 g41 among ! ,am]ican ,indians ( ! ,nor?we/1 :o use b[ & arr[s1 b "k no?+ z yet ab\t pott]y4 ,b[ & arr[s 7 = ! /age ( savag]y :at ! iron sword 0 = b>b>ism & ! fire-arm = civilization2 ! weapon ( supremacy4 ,,ii4 ,,b>b>ism4 #a4 ,l[] ,/age4 ,dates f ! introduction ( ! art ( pott]y4 ,! latt] is traceable 9 _m cases1 & probably attributable 9 all cases1 to ! cu/om ( cov]+ wood5 or plait$ vessels ) clay 9 ord] to r5d] !m fire-pro(4 ,x did n take long to f9d out t m\ld$ clay s]v$ ! same purpose )\t a l9+ ( o!r mat]ial4 ,hi!rto we c\ld consid] ! c\rse ( evolution z be+ equally *>act]i/ic1 9 a g5]al way1 = all ! nations ( a c]ta9 p]iod1 )\t ref]5ce to locality4 ,b ) ! beg9n+ ( b>b>ism1 we rea* a /age :]e ! diff]5ce 9 ! natural res\rces ( ! two great bodies ( l& makes itself felt4 ,! sali5t features ( ?is /age ( b>b>ism is ! tam+ & rais+ ( animals & ! cultivation ( plants4 ,n[ ! ea/]n body ( l&1 ! s-call$ old _w1 conta9$ ne>ly all ! tamable animals & all ! cultivable species ( gra9 b "o2 :ile ! we/]n cont95t1 ,am]ica1 possess$ only "o tamable mammal1 ! llama 7ev5 ?is only 9 a c]ta9 "p ( ! ,s\?71 & only "o1 al?\gh ! be/1 species ( gra93 ! corn4 ,f n[ on1 ^! diff]5t conditions ( nature lead ! population ( ea* hemisph]e along div]g5t roads1 & ! l&m>ks on ! b\nd>ies ( ! v>i\s /ages diff] 9 bo? cases4 #b4 ,middle ,/age4 ,comm5c+ 9 ! ,ea/ ) ! dome/ication ( animals1 9 ! ,we/ ) ! cultivation & irrigation ( foodplants2 also ) ! use ( adobes 7bricks bak$ 9 ! sun7 & /ones = build+s4 ,we beg9 9 ! ,we/1 because !re ?is /age 0 nev] outgr[n up to ! "t ( ! conque/ by ,europeans4 ,at ! "t ( _! discov]y1 ! ,indians 9 ! l[] /age ( b>b>ism 7all ^? liv+ ea/ ( ! ,mississippi7 c>ri$ on cultivation on a small scale 9 g>d5s4 ,corn1 & p]haps also pumpk9s1 melons & o!r g>d5 truck 7 rais$4 ,a v ess5tial "p ( _! su/5ance 0 produc$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,!y liv$ 9 wood5 h\ses1 9 =tifi$ villages4 ,! tribes ( ! ,nor?we/1 especially ^? ( ! region along ! ,columbia riv]1 7 /ill 9 ! high] /age ( savag]y1 ignorant ( pott]y & ( any cultivation ( plants :atev]4 ,b ! s-call$ ,pueblo ,indians 9 ,new ,mexico1 ! ,mexicans1 ,c5tral-,am]icans & ,p]uvians1 7 9 ! middle-/age ( b>b>ism4 ,!y liv$ 9 =tlike h\ses ( adobe or /one1 cultivat$ corn & o!r plants suitable to v>i\s conditions ( localities & climate 9 artificially irrigat$ g>d5s t repres5t$ ! ma9 s\rce ( n\ri%m5t1 & ev5 kept a few tam$ animals--! ,mexicans ! turkey & o!r birds1 ! ,p]uvians ! llama4 ,fur!rmore !y 7 famili> ) ! use ( metals--iron except$1 & = ?is reason !y c\ld n get along yet )\t /one weapons & /one implem5ts4 ,! conque/ by ! ,spani>ds cut %ort all fur!r indep5d5t developm5t4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ! middle /age ( b>b>ism began ) ! tam+ ( milk & meat produc+ animals1 :ile ! cultivation ( plants seems to h rema9$ unkn[n f> into ?is p]iod4 ,x appe>s t ! tam+ & rais+ ( animals & ! =mation ( l>ge h]ds gave rise to ! sep>ation ( ,aryans & ,semites f ! re/ ( ! b>b>ians4 ,names ( animals are /ill common to ! languages ( ,european & ,asian ,aryans1 :ile ?is is almo/ nev] ! case ) ! names ( cultivat$ plants4 ,9 suitable localities1 ! =mation ( h]ds l$ to a nomadic life1 z ) ! ,semites 9 ! grassy pla9s ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 ! ,aryans 9 ! pla9s ( ,india1 ( ! ,oxus1 ,jax>tes1 ,don & ,dniep]4 ,along ! bord]s ( su* pa/ure l&s1 ! tam+ ( animals mu/ h be5 accompli%$ fir/4 ,b lat] g5]ations conceiv$ ! mi/ak5 idea t ! nomadic tribes _h _! orig9 9 regions suppos$ to be ! cradle ( humanity1 :ile 9 reality _! savage ance/ors & ev5 p 9 ! l[] /age ( b>b>ism w\ld h f\nd ^! regions almo/ unfit = habitation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 once ^! b>b>ians ( ! middle /age 7 accu/om$ to nomadic life1 no?+ c\ld h induc$ !m to return volunt>ily f ! grassy riv] pla9s to ! =e/s t _h be5 ! home ( _! ance/ors4 ,ev5 :5 ,semites & ,aryans 7 =c$ fur!r to ! ,nor? & ,we/1 x 0 impossible = !m to occupy ! =e/ regions ( ,we/]n ,asia & ,europe1 until !y 7 enabl$ by agriculture to fe$ _! animals on ?is less favorable soil & especially to ma9ta9 !m dur+ ! w9t]4 ,x is m ?an probable t ! cultivation ( gra9 0 due prim>ily to ! dem& = /ock fe$1 & became an important factor ( human su/5ance at a lat] p]iod4 ,! sup]ior developm5t ( ,aryans & ,semites is1 p]haps1 attributable to ! copi\s meat & milk diet ( bo? races1 m especially to ! favorable influ5ce ( su* food on ! gr[? ( *ildr54 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,pueblo ,indians ( ,new ,mexico :o live on an almo/ purely veget>ian diet1 h a small] bra9 ?an ! ,indians 9 ! l[] /age ( b>b>ism :o eat m meat & fi%4 ,at any rate1 cannibalism gradually disappe>s at ?is /age & is ma9ta9$ only z a religi\s obs]vance or1 :at is "h ne>ly id5tical1 z a magic rem$y4#f #c4 ,high] ,/age4 ,beg9n+ ) ! melt+ ( iron ore & m]g+ into civilization by ! inv5tion ( lett] script & its utilization = writ+ records4 ,?is /age :i* is pass$ indep5d5tly only on ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e1 is ri*] 9 improvem5ts ( production ?an all prec$+ /ages toge!r4 ,x is ! /age ( ! ,greek h]oes1 ! ,italian tribes %ortly be=e ! f\ndation ( ,rome1 ! ,g]mans ( ,tacitus1 ! ,norsem5 ( ! ,vik+ age4 ,we are "h confront$ = ! fir/ "t ) ! iron pl\gh%>e drawn by animals1 r5d]+ possible agriculture on a l>ge scale1 9 fields1 & h5ce a practically unlimit$ increase 9 ! production ( food = ! "t be+4 ,! next consequ5ce is ! cle>+ ( =e/s & _! trans=mation into arable l& & mead[s--:i* process1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be cont9u$ on a l>g] scale )\t ! help ( ! iron ax & ! iron spade4 ,naturally1 ^! improvem5ts br\ght a m rapid increase ( population & a conc5tration ( numb]s into a small area4 ,be=e ! "t ( field cultivation a comb9ation ( half a million ( p "u "o c5tral managem5t c\ld h be5 possible only "u exceptionally favorable conditions2 mo/ likely ?is 0 nev] ! case4 ,! greate/ atta9m5ts ( ! high] /age ( b>b>ism are pres5t$ 9 ,hom]'s poems1 especially 9 ! ,iliad4 ,improv$ iron tools2 ! bell[s2 ! h&-mill2 ! pott]'s :eel2 ! prep>ation ( oil & w9e2 a well develop$ fa%ion+ ( metals v]g+ on artisan%ip2 ! wagon & *>iot2 %ip-build+ ) beams & bo>ds2 ! beg9n+ ( arti/ic ar*itecture2 t[ns surr\nd$ by walls ) turrets & battlem5ts2 ! ,hom]ic epos & ! entire my?ology--^! are ! pr9cipal beque/s transmitt$ by ! ,greeks f b>b>ism to civilization4 ,9 comp>+ ^! atta9m5ts ) ! description giv5 by ,ces> or ev5 ,tacitus ( ,g]mans1 :o 7 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! same /age ( evolution :i* ! ,greeks 7 prep>+ to leave = a high] "o1 we p]ceive ! weal? ( productive developm5t compris$ 9 ! high] /age ( b>b>ism4 ,! sket* :i* ,i h "h produc$ aft] ,morgan ( ! evolution ( ! human race ?r\gh savag]y & b>b>ism to ! beg9n+ ( civilization is ev5 n[ ri* 9 new outl9es4 ,m /ill1 ^! outl9es are incontrov]tible1 because trac$ directly f production4 ,nev]!less1 ?is sket* w appe> fa9t & meagre 9 comp>ison to ! panorama unroll$ to our view at ! end ( our pilgrimage4 ,n until !n w x be possible to %[ 9 _! true light bo? ! transition f b>b>ianism to civilization & ! /rik+ contra/ betwe5 !m4 ,= ! pres5t we c summ>ize ,morgan's arrangem5t 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,savag]y--"t ( pr$om9at+ appropriation ( f9i%$ natural products2 human +5uity inv5ts ma9ly tools useful 9 assi/+ ?is appropriation4 ,b>b>ism--"t ( acquir+ ! k ( cattle rais+1 ( agriculture & ( new me?ods = increas+ ! productivity ( nature by human ag5cy4 ,civilization3 "t ( le>n+ a wid] utilization ( natural products1 ( manufactur+ & ( art4 ,,footnote3 #f ,translator's note4 ,advocates ( veget>ianism may1 ( c\rse1 *all5ge ?is /atem5t & %[ t all ! te/imony ( an?ropology is n 9 favor ( ! meat-eat]s4 ,x mu/ also be admitt$ t diet is n ! only ess5tial factor 9 environm5t :i* influ5ces ! developm5t ( races4 ,& !re is no conclusive evid5ce to prove ! absolute sup]iority ( "o diet ov] ano!r4 ,nei!r h we any pro(s t cannibalism ev] 0 9 g5]al practice4 ,x r seems to h be5 conf9$ to limit$ gr\ps ( p 9 especially ill-favor$ localities or to times ( great sc>city ( food4 ,h5ce we c nei!r ref] to cannibalism z a typical /age 9 human hi/ory1 nor are we oblig$ to accept ! veget>ian hypo!sis ( a transition f a meat diet to a plant diet z a condition s9e qua non ( high] human developm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,family4 ,morgan1 :o sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 life among ! ,iroquois 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york & :o _h be5 adopt$ into "o ( _! tribes1 ! ,s5ecas1 f\nd among !m a sy/em ( relation%ip t 0 9 contradiction ) _! actual family relations4 ,among !m exi/$ :at ,morgan t]ms ! syndyasmian or pair+ family1 a monogam\s /ate easily dissolv$ by ei!r side4 ,! (fspr+ ( su* a c\ple 0 id5tifi$ & ackn[l$g$ by all ! _w4 ,!re c\ld be no d\bt to :om to apply ! t]ms fa!r1 "m1 son1 daught]1 bro!r1 si/]4 ,b ! actual use ( ^! words 0 n 9 keep+ ) _! fundam5tal mean+4 ,= ! ,iroquois addresses z sons & daught]s n only 8 own *ildr51 b also ^? ( 8 bro!rs2 & he is call$ fa!r by all ( !m4 ,b ! *ildr5 ( 8 si/]s he calls nephews & nieces1 & !y call him uncle4 ,vice v]sa1 an ,iroquois woman calls h] own *ildr5 z well z ^? ( h] si/]s sons & daught]s & is address$ z "m by !m4 ,b ! *ildr5 ( h] bro!rs are call$ nephews & nieces1 & !y call h] aunt4 ,9 ! same way1 ! *ildr5 ( bro!rs call "o ano!r bro!rs & si/]s1 & s d ! *ildr5 ( si/]s4 ,b ! *ildr5 ( a si/] call ^? ( h] bro!r c\s9s1 & vice v]sa4 ,& ^! are n simply mean+less t]ms1 b expressions ( actually exi/+ conceptions ( proximity & remot5ess1 equality or inequality ( consangu9ity4 ,^! conceptions s]ve z ! fundam5t ( a p]fectly elaborat$ sy/em ( relation%ip1 capable ( express+ sev]al hundr$ diff]5t relations ( a s+le individual4 ,m /ill1 ?is sy/em is n only fully accept$ by all ,am]ican ,indians--no exception has be5 f\nd s f>--b x is also 9 use ) h>dly any modifications among ! orig9al inhabitants ( ,india1 among ! ,dravidian tribes ( ! ,dekan & ! ,gaura tribes ( ,h9do/an4 ,! t]ms ( relation%ip us$ by ! ,tamils ( ,s\!rn ,india & by ! ,s5eca-,iroquois ( ,new ,york ,/ate are to ?is day id5tical = m ?an two hundr$ diff]5t family relations4 ,& among ^! ,ea/ ,indian tribes also1 z among all ,am]ican ,indians1 ! relations aris+ out ( ! prevail+ =m ( ! family are n 9 keep+ ) ! sy/em ( k9%ip4 ,h[ c ?is be expla9$8 ,9 view ( ! important role play$ by k9%ip 9 ! social ord] ( all ! savage & b>b>ian races1 ! significance ( su* a widespread sy/em _c be oblit]at$ by phrases4 ,a sy/em t is g5]ally accept$ 9 ,am]ica1 t also exi/s 9 ,asia among p ( entirely diff]5t races1 t is frequ5tly f\nd 9 a m or less modifi$ =m all ov] ,africa & ,au/ralia1 su* a sy/em requires a hi/orical explanation & _c be talk$ d[n1 z 0 attempt$1 e4 g41 by ,mc,lennan4 ,! t]ms fa!r1 *ild1 bro!r1 si/] are m ?an m]e honor>y titles2 !y c>ry 9 _! wake c]ta9 well-def9$ & v s]i\s obligations1 ! aggregate ( :i* comprises a v ess5tial "p ( ! social con/itution ( ^? nations4 ,& ! explanation 0 f\nd4 ,9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s 7,hawaii7 !re exi/$ up to ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a family =m produc+ j su* fa!rs & mo!rs1 bro!rs & si/]s1 uncles & aunts1 nephews & nieces1 z ! old ,indo-,am]ican sy/em ( k9%ip4 ,b h[ rem>kable6 ,! ,hawaiian sy/em ( k9%ip aga9 did n agree ) ! family =m actually prevail+ !re4 ,= !re all ! *ildr5 ( bro!rs & si/]s1 )\t any exception1 are consid]$ bro!rs & si/]s1 & reg>d$ z ! common *ildr5 n only ( _! "m or h] si/]s1 or _! fa!r & 8 bro!rs1 b ( all ! bro!rs & si/]s ( _! p>5ts )\t di/9ction4 ,:ile ?us ! ,am]ican sy/em ( k9%ip presupposes an obsolete primitive =m ( ! family1 :i* is /ill actually exi/+ 9 ,hawaii1 ! ,hawaiian sy/em on ! o!r h& po9ts to a /ill m primitive =m ( ! family1 ! actual exi/5ce ( :i* _c be prov$ any m1 b :i* mu/ h exi/$1 because o!rwise su* a sy/em ( k9%ip c\ld n h aris54 ,accord+ to ,morgan1 ! family is ! active elem5t2 x is nev] /ation>y1 b 9 progression f a l[] to a high] =m 9 ! same measure 9 :i* society develops f a l[] to a high] /age4 ,b ! sy/ems ( k9%ip are passive4 ,only 9 long int]vals !y regi/] ! progress made by ! family 9 c\rse ( "t1 & only !n are !y radically *ang$1 :5 ! family has done s4 ,&1 adds ,m>x1 x is ! same ) political1 juridical1 religi\s & philosophical sy/ems 9 g5]al4 ,:ile ! family keeps on gr[+1 ! sy/em ( k9%ip becomes ossifi$4 ,! latt] cont9ues 9 ?is /ate & ! family gr[s beyond x4 ,) ! same c]ta9ty :i* enabl$ ,cuvi] to conclude f "s bones ( ,m>supialia f\nd ne> ,p>is t ext9ct m>supialia _h liv$ !re1 ) ?is same c]ta9ty may we conclude f a sy/em ( k9%ip transmitt$ by hi/ory t ! ext9ct =m ( ! family correspond+ to ?is sy/em 0 once 9 exi/5ce4 ,! sy/ems ( k9%ip & =ms ( ! family j m5tion$ diff] f ! pres5t sy/ems 9 t e *ild has sev]al fa!rs & mo!rs4 ,"u ! ,am]ican sy/em to :i* ! ,hawaiian sy/em corresponds1 bro!r & si/] _c be fa!r & "m ( ! same *ild2 b ! ,hawaiian sy/em presupposes a family1 9 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 ?is 0 ! rule4 ,we are "h confront$ by a s]ies ( family =ms t are 9 direct contradiction ) ^? t 7 curr5tly reg>d$ z alone prevail+4 ,! conv5tional conception kn[s only monogamy1 fur!rmore polygamy ( "o man1 ev5tually also poly&ry ( "o woman4 ,b x passes 9 sil5ce1 z is meet = a moraliz+ phili/9e1 t ! practice sil5tly b )\t compunction sup]s$es ^! b>ri]s sanction$ (ficially by society4 ,! /udy ( primeval hi/ory1 h[ev]1 %[s u conditions1 :]e m5 practic$ polygamy & wom5 at ! same "t poly&ry1 s t _! *ildr5 7 consid]$ common to all2 conditions t up to _! f9al transition into monogamy und]w5t a :ole s]ies ( modifications4 ,^! modifications sl[ly & gradually contract ! circle compris$ by ! common tie ( m>riage until only ! s+le c\ple rema9s :i* prevails to-day4 ,9 ?us con/ruct+ backw>d ! hi/ory ( ! family1 ,morgan1 9 h>mony ) ! majority ( 8 colleagues1 arrives at a primeval condition1 :]e unre/rict$ sexual int]c\rse exi/$ )9 a tribe1 s t e woman belong$ to e man1 & vice v]sa4 ,mu* has be5 said ab\t ?is primeval /ate ( affairs s9ce ! eighte5? c5tury1 b only 9 g5]al commonplaces4 ,x is "o ( ,ba*(5's great m]its to h tak5 ! subject s]i\sly & to h se>*$ = traces ( ?is /ate 9 hi/orical & religi\s traditions4 ,to-day we "k t ^! traces1 f\nd by him1 d n lead back to a /age ( unlimit$ sexual int]c\rse1 b to a mu* lat] =m1 ! gr\p m>riage4 ,! primeval /age1 if x really ev] exi/$1 belongs to s remote a p]iod1 t we c h>dly expect to f9d direct pro(s ( its =m] exi/5ce among ^! social fossils1 backw>d savages4 ,ba*(5's m]it consi/s 9 hav+ br\ght ?is "q to ! =e4#g ,x has lately become a fa%ion to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ?is e>ly /age ( human sex life1 9 ord] to sp>e u ?is %ame4 ,ap>t f ! abs5ce ( all direct pro(1 ! example ( ! re/ ( animal life is invok$4 ,f ! latt]1 ,let\rneau 7,evolution du m>iage et de la famille1 #ahhh7 quot$ num]\s facts1 alleg$ to prove t among animals also an absolutely unlimit$ sexual int]c\rse belongs to a l[] /age4 ,b ,i c only conclude f all ^! facts t !y prove absolutely no?+ = man & ! primeval conditions ( 8 life4 ,! mat+ ( v]tebrates = a l5g?y t]m is suffici5tly expla9$ by physiological causes1 e4 g41 among birds by ! helplessness ( ! female dur+ brood+ "t4 ,examples ( fai?ful monogamy among birds d n furni% any pro(s = m51 = we are n desc5d$ f birds4 ,& if /rict monogamy is ! height ( virtue1 !n ! palm belongs to ! tapeworm t c>ries a complete male & female sexual app>atus 9 ea* ( its #ej to #bjj sections & passes its :ole lifetime 9 f]tiliz+ itself 9 e "o ( its sections4 ,b if we conf9e ourselves to mammals1 we f9d all =ms ( sexual int]c\rse1 lic5se1 sugge/ions ( gr\p m>riage1 polygamy & monogamy4 ,only poly&ry is miss+2#h t c\ld be accompli%$ by m5 only4 ,ev5 our next relations1 ! quadrumana1 exhibit all possible diff]5ces 9 ! gr\p+ ( males & females4 ,& if we draw ! l9e /ill clos] & consid] only ! f\r an?ropoid apes1 ,let\rneau c only tell u1 t !y are n[ monogam\s1 n[ polygam\s2 :ile ,saussure cont5ds accord+ to ,giraud-,teulon t !y are monogam\s4 ,! rec5t cont5tions ( ,we/]m>ck#i 9 reg>d to monogamy among an?ropoid apes are f> f prov+ any?+4 ,9 %ort1 ! in=mation is su* t hone/ ,let\rneau admits3 ,!re exi/s no /rict relation at all betwe5 ! degree ( intellectual developm5t & ! =m ( sexual int]c\rse among mammals4 ,& ,esp9as says frankly3#aj ,! h]d is ! highe/ social gr\p f\nd among animals4 ,x seems to be compos$ ( families1 b f ! outset ! family & ! h]d are antagoni/ic2 !y develop 9 directly opposite ratio4 ,x is evid5t f ! above t we "k next to no?+ ( ! family & o!r social gr\ps ( an?ropoid apes2 ! reports are directly contradictory4 ,h[ full ( contradiction1 h[ mu* 9 ne$ ( critical scrut9y & rese>* are ! reports ev5 on savage human tribes6 ,b monkey tribes are f> m difficult to obs]ve ?an human tribes4 ,= ! pres5t1 !re=e1 we mu/ decl9e all f9al conclusions f su* absolutely unreliable reports4 ,! quotation f ,esp9as1 h[ev]1 (f]s a bett] clue4 ,among high] animals1 ! h]d & family are n supplem5ts ( "o ano!r1 b anti!ses4 ,esp9as demon/rates v nicely1 h[ ! jeal\sy ( ! males loos5s or tempor>ily dissolves e h]d dur+ mat+ "t4 ,:]e ! family is closely organiz$1 h]ds are =m$ only 9 exceptional cases4 ,b :]ev] free sexual int]c\rse or polygamy are exi/+1 ! h]d appe>s almo/ spontane\sly4444 ,9 ord] t a h]d may =m1 family ties mu/ be loos5$ & ! individual be free4 ,= ?is reason we s r>ely f9d organiz$ h]ds among birds4444 ,among mammals1 h[ev]1 we f9d gr\ps organiz$ aft] a fa%ion1 j because "h ! individual is n m]g$ 9 ! family4444 ,! ris+ s5se ( cohesion 9 a h]d _c1 !re=e1 h a great] enemy ?an ! consci\sness ( family ties4 ,let u n %r9k f pron\nc+ x3 ! developm5t ( a high] =m ( society ?an ! family c be due only to ! fact t x admitt$ families :i* _h und]gone a ?or\gh *ange4 ,?is does n exclude ! possibility t ^! same families 7 ?us enabl$ to reorganize lat] on "u inf9itely m favorable circum/ances4#aa ,x becomes app>5t f ?is1 t animal societies may inde$ h a c]ta9 value 9 draw+ conclusions 9 reg>d to human life--b only negatively4 ,! high] v]tebrate kn[s1 s f> z we may asc]ta91 only two =ms ( ! family3 polygamy or pairs4 ,9 bo? ( !m !re is only "o gr[n male1 only "o husb&4 ,! jeal\sy ( ! male1 at ! same "t tie & limit ( ! family1 creates an opposition betwe5 ! animal family & ! h]d4 ,! latt]1 a high] social =m1 is "h r5d]$ impossible1 !re loos5$ or dissolv$ dur+ mat+ "t1 & at be/ h9d]$ 9 its developm5t by ! jeal\sy ( ! male4 ,?is 9 itself is suffici5t pro( t ! animal family & primeval human society are irreconcilable2 t anci5t man1 /ruggl+ upw>d f ! animal /age1 ei!r _h no family at all or at ! mo/ "o t does n exi/ among animals4 ,a be+ s def5celess z evolv+ man might well survive 9 small numb]s ?\gh liv+ 9 an isolat$ /ate1 ! highe/ social =m ( :i* is t ( pairs su* z ,we/]m>ck1 rely+ on hunt]'s reports1 attributes to ! gorilla & ! *impanzee4 ,ano!r elem5t is necess>y = ! elevation out ( ! animal /age1 = ! realization ( ! highe/ progress f\nd 9 nature3 ! replac+ ( ! def5celessness ( ! s+le individual by ! unit$ /r5g? & co-op]ation ( ! :ole h]d4 ,! transition f bea/ to man out ( conditions ( ! sort "u :i* ! an?ropoid apes are liv+ to-day w\ld be absolutely unexpla9able4 ,^! apes r give ! impression ( /ray sidel9es gradually approa*+ ext9ction1 & at all ev5ts 9 process ( decl9e4 ,?is alone is suffici5t to reject all p>allels betwe5 _! family =ms & ^? ( primeval man4 ,b mutual tol]ance ( ! gr[n males1 fre$om f jeal\sy1 0 ! fir/ condition = ! =mation ( su* l>ge & p]man5t gr\ps1 )9 :i* alone ! trans=mation f bea/ to man c\ld be accompli%$4 ,& inde$1 :at d we f9d to be ! mo/ anci5t & orig9al =m ( ! family1 und5iably traceable by hi/ory & ev5 f\nd to-day "h & !re8 ,! gr\p m>riage1 t =m 9 :i* :ole gr\ps ( m5 & :ole gr\ps ( wom5 mutually belong to "o ano!r1 leav+ only small scope = jeal\sy4 ,& fur!rmore we f9d at a lat] /age ! exceptional =m ( poly&ry :i* /ill m sup]s$es all s5tim5ts ( jeal\sy & h5ce is unkn[n to animals4 ,b all ! =ms ( ! gr\p m>riage kn[n to u are accompani$ by su* peculi>ly complicat$ circum/ances t !y ( necessity po9t to a prec$+ simpl] =m ( sexual int]c\rse &1 h5ce1 9 ! la/ in/ance to a p]iod ( unre/rict$ sexual int]c\rse correspond+ to a transition f ! animal to man4 ,!re=e ! ref]5ces to animal m>riages lead u back to precisely t po9t1 f :i* !y 7 int5d$ to remove u =ev]4 ,:at does ! t]m unre/rict$ sexual int]c\rse mean8 ,simply1 t ! re/rictions 9 =ce n[ 7 n obs]v$ =m]ly4 ,we h already se5 ! b>ri] ( jeal\sy fall+4 ,if any?+ is c]ta91 x is t jeal\sy is develop$ at a comp>atively late /age4 ,! same is true ( ince/4 ,n only bro!r & si/] 7 orig9ally man & wife1 b also ! sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 is p]mitt$ to ?is day among _m nations4 ,bancr(t te/ifies to ! tru? ( ?is among ! ,kaviats ( ! ,behr+ ,/rait1 ! ,kadiaks ( ,alaska1 ! ,t9nehs 9 ! int]ior ( ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica2 ,let\rneau compil$ reports ( ! same fact 9 reg>d to ! ,*ippeway ,indians1 ! ,coocoos 9 ,*ile1 ! ,c>ibeans1 ! ,c>5s 9 ,indo-,*9a1 n to m5tion ! tales ( anci5t ,greeks & ,romans ab\t ! ,p>?ians1 ,p]sians1 ,scy?ians1 ,huns & s =?4 ,be=e ince/ 0 inv5t$ 7& x is an inv5tion1 a really valuable "o inde$71 sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 c\ld n be any m repulsive ?an betwe5 o!r p]sons belong+ to diff]5t g5]ations1 :i* takes place ev5 9 our day among ! mo/ n>r[-m9d$ nations )\t caus+ any horror4 ,ev5 old maids ( m ?an sixty ye>s sometimes1 if !y are ri* en\gh1 m>ry "y m5 ( ab\t ?irty4 ,elim9at+ f ! primeval =ms ( ! family kn[n to u ^? conceptions ( ince/--conceptions totally diff]5t f ours & (t5 en\gh 9 direct contradiction ) !m--we arrive at a =m ( sexual int]c\rse t c only be designat$ z unre/rict$4 ,unre/rict$ 9 ! s5se t ! b>ri]s drawn lat] on by cu/om did n yet exi/4 ,?is 9 no way necess>ily implies = practical purposes an injudici\s pell-mell int]c\rse4 ,! sep>ate exi/5ce ( pairs = a limit$ "t is n out ( ! "q1 & ev5 comprises ! majority ( cases 9 ! gr\p m>riage ( our days4 ,& if ! late/ repudiator ( su* a primeval /ate1 ,we/]m>ck1 designates z m>riage e case1 :]e bo? sexes rema9 mat$ until ! bir? ( ! (fspr+1 !n ?is is equival5t to say+ t ?is k9d ( m>riage may well exi/ dur+ a /age ( unre/rict$ int]c\rse )\t contradict+ lic5se1 i4 e41 abs5ce ( b>ri]s drawn by cu/om = sexual int]c\rse4 ,we/]m>ck bases himself on ! op9ion t lic5se includes ! suppression ( individual affections s t pro/itution is its mo/ g5u9e =m4 ,to me x r seems t any und]/&+ ( primeval conditions is impossible z long z we look at !m ?r\gh bro!l spectacles4 ,we %all return to ?is po9t 9 ! gr\p m>riage4 ,accord+ to ,morgan1 ! foll[+ =ms develop$ f ?is primeval /ate at an app>5tly e>ly /age3 #a4 ,,! ,,consangu9e ,,family4 ,! ,consangu9e ,family is ! fir/ /ep t[>d ! family4 ,"h ! m>riage gr\ps are arrang$ by g5]ations3 all ! gr&-fa!rs & gr&-mo!rs )9 a c]ta9 family are mutually husb&s & wives2 & equally _! *ildr51 ! fa!rs & mo!rs1 ^: *ildr5 =m a ?ird cycle ( mutual mates4 ,! *ildr5 ( ^! aga91 ! great-gr&*ildr5 ( ! fir/ cycle1 w =m a f\r?4 ,9 ?is =m ( ! family1 !n1 only ance/ors & desc5dants are exclud$ f :at we w\ld call ! rights & duties ( m>riage4 ,bro!rs & si/]s1 male & female c\s9s ( ! fir/1 second & m remote grades1 are all mutually bro!rs & si/]s & = ?is reason mutual husb&s & wives4 ,! relation ( bro!r & si/] q naturally includes at ?is /age ! practice ( sexual int]c\rse4#ab ,! typical =m ( su* a family w\ld consi/ ( ! (fspr+ ( "o pair1 repres5t+ aga9 ! desc5dants ( ea* grade z mutual bro!rs & si/]s &1 !re=e1 mutual husb&s & wives4 ,! consangu9e family is ext9ct4 ,ev5 ! crude/ nations ( hi/ory d n furni% any pro(s ( x4 ,b ! ,hawaiian sy/em ( k9%ip1 9 =ce to ?is day 9 all ,polynesia1 compels u to ackn[l$ge its =m] exi/5ce1 = x exhibits grades ( k9%ip t c\ld only orig9ate 9 ?is =m ( ! family4 ,& ! :ole subsequ5t developm5t ( ! family compels u to admit ?is =m z a necess>y /ep4 #b4 ,,! ,,punaluan ,,family4 ,:ile ! fir/ /ep ( organization consi/$ 9 exclud+ p>5ts & *ildr5 f mutual sexual int]c\rse1 ! second 0 ! erection ( a b>ri] betwe5 bro!r & si/]4 ,?is progress 0 mu* m important on acc\nt ( ! great] equality 9 ! ages ( ! p>ties conc]n$1 b also f> m difficult4 ,x 0 accompli%$ gradually1 probably beg9n+ ) ! exclusion ( ! natural si/] 7i4 e41 on ! "m's side7 f sexual int]c\rse1 fir/ 9 s+le cases1 !n becom+ m & m ! rule 79 ,hawaii exceptions 7 /ill not$ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury71 & f9ally end+ ) ! prohibition ( m>riage ev5 among collat]al bro!rs & si/]s1 i4 e41 :at we n[ t]m bro!r's & si/]'s *ildr51 gr&*ildr51 & great-gr&*ildr54 ,?is progress (f]s1 accord+ to ,morgan1 an excell5t illu/ration h[ ! pr9ciple ( natural selection works4 ,)\t "q1 ! tribes limit+ inbre$+ by ?is progress develop$ fa/] & m completely ?an ^? reta9+ ! m>riage betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s z a rule & law4 ,& h[ p[]fully ! influ5ce ( ?is progress 0 felt1 is %[n by ! in/itution ( ! g5s1 directly attributable to x & pass+ f> beyond ! goal4 ,! g5s is ! f\ndation ( ! social ord] ( mo/1 if n all1 b>b>ian nations1 & 9 ,greece & ,rome we /ep imm$iately f x to civilization4 ,e primeval family necess>ily _h to divide aft] a few g5]ations4 ,! orig9ally communi/ic & collective h\sehold exi/+ f> into ! middle /age ( b>b>ism1 involv$ a c]ta9 maximum size ( ! family1 v>iable accord+ to conditions1 b /ill limit$ 9 a degree4 ,z soon z ! conception ( ! impropriety ( sexual int]c\rse betwe5 *ildr5 ( ! same "m arose1 x naturally became effective on su* occasions z ! division ( old & ! f\ndation ( new h\sehold communities 7:i*1 h[ev]1 did n necess>ily co9cide ) ! family gr\p74 ,"o or m s]ies ( si/]s became ! c5t] ( "o gr\p1 _! natural bro!rs t ( ano!r4 ,9 ?is or a simil> mann] t =m :i* ,morgan /yles ! ,punaluan family develop$ f ! consangu9e family4 ,accord+ to ,hawaiian cu/om1 a numb] ( si/]s1 natural or m remote 7i4 e41 c\s9s ( ! fir/1 second & m remote degrees7 7 ! mutual wives ( _! mutual husb&s1 _! natural bro!rs except$4 ,^! m5 n[ no long] address$ "o ano!r z bro!r--:i* !y no long] _h to be--b z ,punalua1 i4 e41 intimate companion1 associate z x 74 ,likewise a s]ies ( natural or m remote bro!rs liv$ 9 mutual m>riage ) a numb] ( wom51 n _! natural si/]s1 & ^! wom5 ref]r$ to ea* o!r z ,punalua4 ,?is is ! classical =m ( a family1 :i* lat] admitt$ ( c]ta9 v>iations4 ,its fundam5tal *>act]i/ic 0 mutual community ( husb&s & wives )9 a giv5 family ) ! exclusion ( ! natural bro!rs 7or si/]s7 fir/1 & ( ! m remote grades lat]4 ,?is =m ( ! family1 n[1 furni%es ) complete accuracy ! degrees ( k9%ip express$ by ! ,am]ican sy/em4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! si/]s ( my "m /ill are h] *ildr52 likewise ! *ildr5 ( ! bro!rs ( my fa!r /ill 8 *ildr52 & all ( !m are my bro!rs & si/]s4 ,b ! *ildr5 ( ! bro!rs ( my "m are n[ h] nephews & nieces1 ! *ildr5 ( ! si/]s ( my fa!r 8 nephew & nieces1 & !y are all my c\s9s4 ,= :ile ! husb&s ( ! si/]s ( my "m are /ill h] husb&s1 & likewise ! wives ( ! bro!rs ( my fa!r /ill 8 wives--legally1 if n always 9 fact--! social proscription ( sexual int]c\rse betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s has n[ divid$ ^? relatives :o 7 =m]ly reg>d$ )\t di/9ction z bro!rs & si/]s1 into two classes4 ,9 "o category are ^? :o rema9 7m remote7 bro!rs & si/]s z be=e2 9 ! o!r ! *ildr5 ( ! bro!r on "o h& or ! si/] on ! opposite1 :o c be bro!rs & si/]s no long]4 ,! latt] h mutual p>5ts no m1 nei!r fa!r nor "m nor bo? toge!r4 ,& = ?is reason ! class ( nephews & nieces1 male & female c\s9s1 "h becomes necess>y = ! fir/ "t4 ,"u ! =m] family ord] ?is w\ld h be5 absurd4 ,! ,am]ican sy/em ( k9%ip1 :i* appe>s absolutely p>adoxical 9 any family =m f\nd$ on monogamy1 is rationally expla9$ & naturally confirm$ 9 its mo/ m9ute details by ! ,punaluan family4 ,:]ev] ?is sy/em ( k9%ip 0 9 =ce1 !re ! ,punaluan family or at lea/ a =m ak9 to x mu/ also h exi/$4 ,?is family =m1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 9 ,hawaii 0 actually demon/rat$1 w\ld h be5 transmitt$ probably by all ,polynesia1 if ! pi\s mission>ies1 simil> to ! ,spani% monks 9 ,am]ica1 c\ld h look$ ^u su* anti-,*ri/ian relations z be+ some?+ m ?an simply a horror4#ac ,ces>'s report to ! effect t ! ,britons1 :o !n 7 9 ! middle /age ( b>b>ism1 h t5 or twelve wom5 9 common1 mo/ly bro!rs ) bro!rs & p>5ts ) *ildr51 is be/ expla9$ by gr\p m>riage4 ,b>b>ian mo!rs h n t5 or twelve sons old en\gh to keep wom5 9 common1 b ! ,am]ican sy/em ( k9%ip correspond+ to ! ,punaluan family furni%es _m bro!rs1 because all ne> & remote c\s9s ( a c]ta9 man are 8 bro!rs4 ,! t]m p>5ts ) *ildr5 may arise f a wrong conception ( ,ces>1 b ?is sy/em does n absolutely exclude ! exi/5ce ( fa!r & son1 "m or daught] 9 ! same gr\p4 ,x does exclude1 h[ev]1 fa!r & daught] or "m & son4 ,?is or a simil> =m ( gr\p m>riage also furni%es ! easie/ explanation ( ! reports ( ,h]odotus & o!r anci5t writ]s conc]n+ community ( wom5 among savage & b>b>ian nations4 ,?is is true1 fur!rmore1 ( ,watson's & ,kaye's#ad tale ab\t ! ,tikurs ( ,audh 7nor? ( ! ,ganges73 ,!y live toge!r 7i4 e41 sexually7 almo/ indiscrim9ately 9 l>ge communities1 & ?\gh two p]sons may be consid]$ z be+ m>ri$1 /ill ! tie is only nom9al4 ,! in/itution ( ! g5s seems to h its orig9 9 ! majority ( cases 9 ! ,punaluan family4 ,true1 ! ,au/ralian class sy/em also (f]s a />t+ po9t = x2 ! ,au/ralians h g5tes1 b n yet a ,punaluan family1 only a crud] =m ( gr\p m>riage4#ae ,9 all =ms ( ! gr\p family x is unc]ta9 :o is ! fa!r ( a *ild1 b c]ta91 :o is its "m4 ,al?\gh %e calls all ! *ildr5 ( ! aggregate family h] *ildr5 & has ! duties ( a "m t[>d !m1 /ill %e kn[s h] natural *ildr5 f o!rs4 ,x is also obvi\s t1 z f> z gr\p m>riage exi/s1 desc5t c only be trac$ on ! "m's side &1 h5ce1 only female l9eage be ackn[l$g$4 ,?is is actually ! case among all savage tribes & ^? 9 ! l[] /age ( b>b>ism4 ,to h discov]$ ?is fir/ is ! second great m]it ( ,ba*(54 ,he designates ?is exclusive recognition ( desc5t f ! female l9e & ! h]$it>y relations result+ !refrom 9 c\rse ( "t z mat]nal law4 ,i reta9 ?is t]m = ! sake ( brevity1 al?\gh x is di/ort$2 = at ?is social /age !re is no sign yet ( any law 9 ! juridic s5se4 ,if we n[ take "o ( ! two /&>d gr\ps ( a ,punaluan family1 namely t ( a s]ies ( natural & remote si/]s 7i4 e41 fir/1 second & m remote desc5dants ( natural si/]s71 _! *ildr5 & _! natural or remote bro!rs on ! "m's side 7:o accord+ to our supposition are n _! husb&s71 we h exactly t circle ( p]sons :o lat] appe> z memb]s ( a g5s1 9 ! orig9al =m ( ?is in/itution4 ,!y all h a common ance/ress1 by virtue ( ! desc5t t makes ! diff]5t female g5]ations si/]s4 ,b ! husb&s ( ^! si/]s _c be *os5 among _! bro!rs any m1 c no long] come f ! same ance/ress1 & d n1 !re=e1 belong to ! consangu9e\s gr\p ( relatives1 ! g5s ( a lat] "t4 ,! *ildr5 ( ^! same si/]s1 h[ev]1 d belong to ?is gr\p1 because desc5t f ! female l9e alone is conclusive1 alone is positive4 ,z soon z ! proscription ( sexual int]c\rse betwe5 all relatives on ! "m's side1 ev5 ! mo/ remote ( !m1 is an accompli%$ fact1 ! above nam$ gr\p has become a g5s1 i4 e41 con/itutes a def9ite circle ( consangu9e\s relatives ( female l9eage :o are n p]mitt$ to m>ry "o ano!r4 ,h5ce=? ?is circle is m & m =tifi$ by o!r mutual in/itutions ( a social or religi\s "* & ?us di/+ui%$ f o!r g5tes ( ! same tribe4 ,( ?is m anon4 ,f9d+1 z we d1 t ! g5s n only necess>ily1 b also z a matt] ( c\rse1 develops f ! ,punaluan family1 x becomes obvi\s to u to assume z almo/ practically demon/rat$ ! prior exi/5ce ( ?is family =m among all ^? nations :]e su* g5tes are traceable1 i4 e41 ne>ly all b>b>ian & civiliz$ nations4 ,:5 ,morgan wrote 8 book1 our k ( gr\p m>riage 0 v limit$4 ,we knew v little ab\t ! gr\p m>riages ( ! ,au/ralians organiz$ 9 classes1 & fur!rmore ,morgan _h publi%$ z e>ly z #ahga ! in=mation he _h receiv$ ab\t ! ,punaluan family ( ,hawaii4 ,?is family on "o h& furni%$ a complete explanation ( ! sy/em ( k9%ip 9 =ce among ! ,am]ican ,indians1 :i* _h be5 ! po9t ( dep>ture = all ! /udies ( ,morgan4 ,on ! o!r h& x =m$ a ready means = ! d$uction ( ! mat]nal law g5s4 ,& f9ally x repres5t$ a f> high] /age ( developm5t ?an ! ,au/ralian classes4 ,x is1 !re=e1 easy to und]/& h[ ,morgan c\ld reg>d ?is =m z ! /age necess>ily prec$+ ! pair+ family & attribute g5]al ext5sion 9 =m] times to x4 ,s9ce !n we h le>n$ ( sev]al o!r =ms ( ! gr\p m>riage1 & we "k t ,morgan w5t too f> 9 ?is respect4 ,b x 0 nev]!less 8 good =tune to enc\nt] 9 8 ,punaluan family ! highe/1 ! classical1 =m ( gr\p m>riage1 t =m :i* gave ! simple/ clue = ! transition to a high] /age4 ,! mo/ ess5tial contribution to our k ( ! gr\p m>riage we owe to ! ,engli% mission>y1 ,lorim] ,fison1 :o /udi$ ?is =m ( ! family = ye>s on its classical gr\nd1 ,au/ralia4 ,he f\nd ! l[e/ /age ( developm5t among ! ,papuans ne> ,m\nt ,gambi] 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,"h ! :ole tribe is divid$ into two great classes1 ,kroki & ,kumite4#af ,sexual int]c\rse )9 ea* ( ^! classes is /rictly prohibit$4 ,b e man ( "o class is by bir? ! husb& ( e woman ( ! o!r class1 & vice v]sa4 ,n ! individuals are m>ri$ to "o ano!r1 b ! :ole gr\ps1 class to class4 ,& m>k well1 no caution is made any:]e on acc\nt ( diff]5ce ( age or special consangu9ity1 unless x is result+ f ! division into two exogam\s classes4 ,a ,kroki has = 8 wife e ,kumite woman4 ,& z 8 own daught]1 be+ ! daught] ( a ,kumite woman1 is also ,kumite accord+ to mat]nal law1 %e is !re=e ! born wife ( e ,kroki1 includ+ h] fa!r4 ,at lea/1 ! class organization1 z we "k x1 does n exclude ?is possibility4 ,h5ce ?is organization ei!r arose at a "t :51 9 spite ( all dim endeavor to limit inbre$+1 sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 0 n yet reg>d$ ) any p>ticul> horror2 9 ?is case ! class sy/em w\ld be directly evolv$ f a condition ( unre/rict$ sexual relations4 ,or ! int]c\rse betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 0 already proscrib$ by cu/om1 :5 ! classes 7 =m$2 & 9 ?is case ! pres5t condition po9ts back to ! consangu9e family & is ! fir/ /ep out ( x4 ,! latt] case is ! m probable4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no m5tion is made ( any sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 9 ,au/ralia4 ,ev5 ! lat] =m ( exogamy1 ! mat]nal law g5s1 z a rule sil5tly presupposes t ! prohibition ( ?is int]c\rse 0 an accompli%$ fact at ! "t ( its in/itution4 ,! sy/em ( two classes is n only f\nd ne> ,m\nt ,gambi] 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 b also f>!r ea/ along ,d>l+ ,riv]1 & 9 ! nor!a/ ( ,que5sl&4 ,x is1 consequ5tly1 widespread4 ,x excludes only m>riage betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s1 betwe5 bro!rs' *ildr5 & betwe5 si/]s' *ildr5 ( ! "m's side1 because ^! belong to ! same class2 b ! *ildr5 ( a si/] c m>ry ^? ( a bro!r & vice v]sa4 ,a fur!r /ep = prev5t+ inbre$+ is f\nd among ! ,kamil>oi on ! ,d>l+ ,riv] 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 :]e ! two orig9al classes are split into f\r1 & e "o ( ^! is m>ri$ z a :ole to a c]ta9 o!r class4 ,! fir/ two classes are husb&s & wives by bir?4 ,accord+ to ! place ( ! "m 9 ! fir/ or second class1 ! *ildr5 belong to ! ?ird & f\r?4 ,! *ildr5 ( ^! two classes1 :o are also m>ri$ to "o ano!r1 aga9 belong to ! fir/ & second class4 ,s t a c]ta9 g5]ation belongs to ! fir/ & second class1 ! next to ! ?ird & f\r? & ! foll[+ aga9 to ! fir/ & second4 ,h5ce ! *ildr5 ( natural bro!rs & si/]s 7on ! "m's side7 _c m>ry "o ano!r1 b _! gr&*ildr5 c d s4 ,?is peculi>ly complicat$ ord] ( ?+s is /ill m entangl$ by ! inoculation--evid5tly at a lat] /age--) mat]nal law g5tes4 ,b we _c discuss ?is fur!r4 ,en\gh1 ! desire to prev5t inbre$+ aga9 & aga9 dem&s recognition1 b feel+ its way q spontane\sly1 )\t a cle> conception ( ! goal4 ,! gr\p m>riage is repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by class m>riage1 i4 e41 mass m>riage ( a :ole class ( m5 frequ5tly scatt]$ ov] ! :ole bread? ( ! cont95t to an equally widespread class ( wom54 ,a close view ( ?is gr\p m>riage does n (f] q su* a horrible spectacle z ! phili/9e imag9ation accu/om$ to bro!l conditions g5]ally pictures to itself4 ,on ! contr>y1 long ye>s pass$1 be=e its exi/5ce 0 ev5 suspect$1 & q rec5tly x is once m d5i$4 ,to ! casual obs]v] x makes ! impression ( a loose monogamy & 9 c]ta9 places ( polygamy1 ) occasional brea* ( fai?4 ,ye>s are requir$ be=e "o c discov]1 l ,fison & ,h[itt1 ! law regulat+ ^! m>ital conditions t r appeal 9 _! practicability to ! av]age ,european2 ! law enabl+ ! /range ,papuan1 ?\s&s ( miles f 8 home & among p ^: language he does n und]/&1 to f9d frequ5tly1 f camp to camp & f tribe to tribe1 wom5 :o w )\t resi/ance & guilelessly surr5d] to him2 ! law accord+ to :i* a man ) sev]al wom5 (f]s "o to 8 gue/ = ! night4 ,:]e ! ,european sees immorality & lawlessness1 !re 9 reality a /rict law is obs]v$4 ,! wom5 belong to ! m>riage class ( ! /rang] &1 !re=e1 !y are 8 wives by bir?4 ,! same moral law assign+ bo? to "o ano!r =bids "u p5alty ( proscription all sexual int]c\rse outside ( ! two m>riage classes4 ,ev5 :5 wom5 are abduct$1 z is frequ5tly ! case 9 c]ta9 regions1 ! class law is c>efully respect$4 ,9 ! abduction ( wom51 by ! way1 a trace ( transition to monogamy is f\nd ev5 "h1 at lea/ 9 ! =m ( ! pair+ family4 ,if a "y man has abduct$ a girl ) ! help ( 8 fri5ds1 !y hold sexual int]c\rse ) h] "o aft] ano!r4 ,b aft] t ! girl is reg>d$ z ! wife ( ! "y man :o plann$ ! abduction4 ,& aga91 if an abduct$ woman des]ts h] husb& & is caught by ano!r man1 %e becomes ! wife ( ! latt] & ! fir/ has lo/ 8 privilege4 ,alongside ( & )9 ! g5]ally exi/+ gr\p m>riage su* exclusive relations are =m$1 pair+ = a %ort] or long] t]m by ! side ( polygamy1 s t "h also gr\p m>riage is decl9+4 ,! "q is only :i* w fir/ disappe> "u ! pressure ( ,european influ5ce3 gr\p m>riage or ! ,papuans addict$ to x4 ,! m>riage 9 :ole classes1 su* z is 9 =ce 9 ,au/ralia1 is no d\bt a v l[ & primitive =m ( gr\p m>riage1 :ile ! ,punaluan family1 s f> z we "k1 is its highe/ /age ( developm5t4 ,! =m] seems to be correspond+ to ! social /age ( rov+ savages1 ! latt] requires relatively settl$ communi/ic bodies & leads directly to ! next high] /age ( developm5t4 ,betwe5 ^! two1 we %all no d\bt f9d _m an int]m$iate /age4 ,"h lies a b>ely op5$1 h>dly ent]$ field ( inve/igation4#ag #c4 ,,! ,,pair+ ,,family4 ,a c]ta9 pair+ = a long] or %ort] t]m took place ev5 dur+ ! gr\p m>riage or /ill e>li]4 ,a man _h 8 pr9cipal wife 7"o c h>dly call x favorite wife z yet7 among _m wom51 & he 0 to h] ! pr9cipal husb& among o!rs4 ,?is fact 9 no small degree contribut$ to ! confusion among mission>ies1 :o reg>d$ gr\p m>riage n[ z a disord]ly community ( wom51 n[ z an arbitr>y adult]y4 ,su* a habitual pair+ w\ld ga9 gr\nd ! m ! g5s develop$ & ! m num]\s ! classes ( bro!rs & si/]s became :o 7 n p]mitt$ to m>ry "o ano!r4 ,! impulse to prev5t m>riage ( consangu9e\s relatives />t$ by ! g5s w5t /ill fur!r4 ,?us we f9d t among ! ,iroquois & mo/ ( ! ,indians 9 ! l[] /age ( b>b>ism m>riage is prohibit$ betwe5 all ! relatives ( _! sy/em ( k9%ip1 & ?is comprises sev]al hundr$ k9ds4 ,by ?is increas+ complication ( m>riage re/rictions1 gr\p m>riage became m & m impossible2 x 0 displac$ by ! pair+ family4 ,at ?is /age "o man lives ) "o woman1 b 9 su* a mann] t polygamy1 & occasional adult]y1 rema9 privileges ( m51 al?\gh ! =m] occurs r>ely = economic reasons4 ,wom51 h[ev]1 are g5]ally expect$ to be /rictly fai?ful dur+ ! "t ( liv+ toge!r1 & adult]y on _! "p is cruelly puni%$4 ,b ! m>riage-tie may be easily brok5 by ei!r p>ty1 & ! *ildr5 belong to ! "m alone1 z =m]ly4 ,9 ?is ev] m ext5d+ re/riction ( m>riage betwe5 consangu9e\s relations1 natural selection also rema9s effective4 ,z ,morgan expresses x3 ,m>riages betwe5 g5tes t 7 n consangu9e\s produc$ a m vigor\s race1 physically & m5tally2 two progressive tribes int]m>ri$1 & ! new skulls & bra9s naturally exp&$ until !y compris$ ! faculties ( bo?4 ,?us tribes compos$ ( g5tes necess>ily ei!r ga9$ ! supremacy ov] ! backw>d ones or1 by _! example1 c>ri$ !m along 9 _! wake4 ,! developm5t ( ! family1 !n1 is f\nd$ on ! cont9ual contraction ( ! circle1 orig9ally compris+ ! :ole tribe1 )9 :i* m>ital int]c\rse betwe5 bo? sexes 0 g5]al4 ,by ! cont9ual exclusion1 fir/ ( ne>1 !n ( ev] remot] relatives1 includ+ f9ally ev5 ^? :o 7 simply relat$ legally1 all gr\p m>riage becomes practically impossible4 ,at la/ only "o c\ple1 tempor>ily & loosely unit$1 rema9s2 t molecule1 ! dissolution ( :i* absolutely puts an end to m>riage4 ,ev5 f ?is we may inf] h[ little ! sexual love ( ! individual 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w _h to d ) ! orig9 ( monogamy4 ,! practice ( all nations ( t /age /ill m proves ?is4 ,:ile 9 ! previ\s =m ( ! family ! m5 7 nev] emb>rass$ = wom51 b r _h m ?an en\gh ( !m1 wom5 n[ became sc>ce & 7 s\ght aft]4 ,) ! pair+ family1 !re=e1 ! abduction & b>t] ( wom5 began--widespread symptoms1 & no?+ b t1 ( a new & mu* m pr(\nd *ange4 ,! p$antic ,scot1 ,mc,lennan1 h[ev]1 transmut$ ^! symptoms1 m]e me?ods ( obta9+ wom51 into sep>ate classes ( ! family "u ! head ( m>riage by capture & m>riage by b>t]4 ,moreov] among ,am]ican ,indians & o!r nations 9 ! same /age1 ! m>riage agreem5t is n ! bus9ess ( ! p>ties mo/ conc]n$1 :o (t5 are n ev5 ask$1 b ( _! mo!rs4 ,frequ5tly two p]sons entirely unkn[n to "o ano!r are ?us engag$ to be m>ri$ & receive no in=mation ( ! clos+ ( ! b>ga91 until ! "t = ! m>riage c]emony approa*es4 ,be=e ! w$d+1 ! bridegroom br+s gifts to ! mat]nal relatives ( ! bride 7n to h] fa!r or 8 relatives7 z an equival5t = c$+ ! girl to him4 ,ei!r ( ! m>ri$ p>ties may dissolve ! m>riage at w4 ,b among _m tribes1 z1 e4 g41 ! ,iroquois1 public op9ion has gradually become av]se to su* sep>ations4 ,9 case ( dome/ic diff]5ces ! g5tile relatives ( bo? p>ties endeavor to br+ ab\t a reconciliation1 & n until !y are unsuccessful a sep>ation takes place4 ,9 ?is case ! woman keeps ! *ildr51 & bo? p>ties are free to m>ry aga94 ,! pair+ family1 be+ too weak & too un/able to make an indep5d5t h\sehold necess>y or ev5 desirable1 9 no way dissolves ! traditional communi/ic way ( h\sekeep+4 ,b h\sehold communism implies supremacy ( wom5 9 ! h\se z surely z exclusive recognition ( a natural "m & ! consequ5t impossibility ( id5tify+ ! natural fa!r signify high e/eem = wom51 i4 e41 mo!rs4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ absurd notions d]iv$ f eighte5? c5tury enlight5m5t1 t 9 ! beg9n+ ( society woman 0 ! slave ( man4 ,among all savages & b>b>ians ( ! l[] & middle /ages1 sometimes ev5 ( ! high] /age1 wom5 n only h fre$om1 b are held 9 high e/eem4 ,:at !y 7 ev5 9 ! pair+ family1 let ,ar?ur ,wright1 = _m ye>s a mission>y among ! ,s5eca ,iroquois1 te/ify3 ,z to _! families1 at a "t :5 !y /ill liv$ 9 _! old long h\ses 7communi/ic h\seholds ( sev]al families7 444 a c]ta9 clan 7g5s7 always reign$1 s t ! wom5 *oose _! husb&s f o!r clans 7g5tes74444 ,! female "p g5]ally rul$ ! h\se2 ! provisions 7 held 9 common2 b woe to ! luckless husb& or lov] :o 0 too indol5t or too clumsy to contribute 8 %>e to ! common /ock4 ,no matt] h[ _m *ildr5 or h[ mu* private prop]ty he _h 9 ! h\se1 he 0 liable at any mom5t to receive a h9t to ga!r up 8 belong+s & get out4 ,& he c\ld n d>e to v5ture any resi/ance2 ! h\se 0 made too hot = him & he _h no o!r *oice1 b to return to 8 own clan 7g5s7 or1 z 0 mo/ly ! case1 to look = ano!r wife 9 "s o!r clan4 ,! wom5 7 ! dom9at+ p[] 9 ! clans 7g5tes7 & ev]y:]e else4 ,occasionally !y did n hesitate to de?rone a *ief & degrade him to a common w>rior4 ,! communi/ic h\sehold1 9 :i* mo/ or all ! wom5 belong to "o & ! same g5s1 :ile ! husb&s come f diff]5t g5tes1 is ! cause & f\ndation ( ! g5]al & widespread supremacy ( wom5 9 primeval times4 ,! discov]y ( ?is fact is ! ?ird m]it ( ,ba*(54 ,by way ( supplem5t ,i wi% to /ate t ! reports ( travel]s & mission>ies conc]n+ ! ov]burd5+ ( wom5 among savages & b>b>ians d n 9 ! lea/ contradict ! above /atem5ts4 ,! division ( labor betwe5 bo? sexes is caus$ by o!r reasons ?an ! social condition ( wom54 ,nations1 :]e wom5 h to "w mu* h>d] ?an is prop] = !m 9 our op9ion1 (t5 respect wom5 m highly ?an ,europeans d4 ,! lady ( civiliz$ c\ntries1 surr\nd$ ) %am homage & a /rang] to all real "w /&s on a f> l[] social level ?an a h>d-work+ b>b>ian woman1 reg>d$ z a real lady 7fr[a-lady-mi/ress7 & hav+ ! "* ( su*4 ,:e!r or n ! pair+ family has 9 our "t entirely supplant$ gr\p m>riage 9 ,am]ica1 c be decid$ only by clos] inve/igations among ^? nations ( nor?we/]n & especially ( s\!rn ,am]ica t are /ill 9 ! high] /age ( savag]y4 ,ab\t ! latt] s _m reports ( sexual lic5se are curr5t t ! assumption ( a complete cessation ( ! anci5t gr\p m>riage is h>dly w>rant$4 ,evid5tly all traces ( x h n yet disappe>$4 ,9 at lea/ =ty ,nor? ,am]ican tribes ! man m>ry+ an eld] si/] has ! "r to make all h] si/]s 8 wives z soon z !y are ( age1 a survival ( ! community ( m5 = ! :ole s]ies ( si/]s4 ,& ,bancr(t relates t ! ,indians ( ! ,cali=nian p59sula celebrate c]ta9 fe/ivities unit+ sev]al tribes = ! purpose ( unre/rict$ sexual int]c\rse4 ,^! are evid5tly g5tes t h pres]v$ 9 ^! fe/ivities a vague recollection ( ! "t :5 ! wom5 ( "o g5s _h = _! common husb&s all ! m5 ( ano!r g5s1 & vice v]sa4 ,! same cu/om is /ill obs]v$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,among c]ta9 nations x sometimes happ5s t ! old] m51 ! *ief & sorc]]-prie/s1 exploit ! community ( wom5 = _! own b5efits & monopolize all ! wom54 ,b 9 _! turn !y mu/ re/ore ! old community dur+ c]ta9 fe/ivities & great assemblies1 p]mitt+ _! wives to enjoy !mselves ) ! "y m54 ,a :ole s]ies ( examples ( su* p]iodical saturnalia re/or+ = a %ort "t ! anci5t sexual fre$om is quot$ by ,we/]m>ck3#ah among ! ,hos1 ! ,santals1 ! ,punjas & ,kot>s 9 ,india1 among "s ,african nations1 etc4 ,curi\sly en\gh ,we/]m>ck concludes t ?is is a survival1 n ( gr\p m>riage1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* he d5ies1 b--( a rutt+ season :i* primitive man _h 9 common ) o!r animals4 ,"h we t\* ,ba*(5's f\r? great discov]y3 ! widespread =m ( transition f gr\p m>riage to pair+ family4 ,:at ,ba*(5 repres5ts z a p5ance = violat+ ! old div9e laws--! p5alty ) :i* a woman r$eems h] "r to *a/ity1 is 9 fact only a my/ical expression = ! p5alty paid by a woman = becom+ exempt f ! anci5t community ( m5 & acquir+ ! "r ( surr5d]+ to "o man only4 ,?is p5alty consi/s 9 a limit$ surr5d]3 ,babylonian wom5 _h to surr5d] once a ye> 9 ! temple ( ,mylitta2 o!r nations ( ,we/]n ,asia s5t _! "y wom5 = ye>s to ! temple ( ,anaitis1 :]e !y _h to practice free love ) favorites ( _! own *oice be=e !y 7 all[$ to m>ry4 ,simil> cu/oms 9 a religi\s disguise are common to ne>ly all ,asiatic nations betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,ganges4 ,! p5alty = exemption becomes gradually light] 9 c\rse ( "t1 z ,ba*(5 rem>ks3 ,! annually repeat$ surr5d] gives place to a s+le sacrifice2 ! heta]ism ( ! matrons is foll[$ by t ( ! maid5s1 ! promiscu\s int]c\rse dur+ m>riage to t be=e w$d+1 ! indiscrim9ate int]c\rse ) all to t ) c]ta9 individuals4#ai ,among "s nations ! religi\s disguise is miss+4 ,among o!rs--,?racians1 ,celts1 etc41 9 classic times1 _m primitive inhabitants ( ,india1 ,malay nations1 ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s & _m ,am]ican ,indians to ?is day--! girls enjoy absolute sexual fre$om be=e m>riage4 ,?is is especially true almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 z ev]ybody c confirm :o p5etrates a little into ! int]ior4 ,agassiz1 e4 g41 relates#bj an anecdote ( a weal?y family ( ,indian desc5t4 ,on be+ introduc$ to ! daught] he ask$ some?+ ab\t h] fa!r1 presum+ him to be h] "m's husb&1 :o 0 9 ! w> aga9/ ,p>aguay4 ,b ! "m repli$1 smil+3 ,nao tem pai1 he filha da =tuna--%e hasn't any fa!r2 %e is ! daught] ( *ance4 ,x is ! way ! ,indian or half-bre$ wom5 "h always speak ( _! illegitimate *ildr52 & ?\gh !y say x )\t an intonation ( sadness or ( blame1 app>5tly z unconsci\s ( any wrong or %ame z if !y said ! fa!r 0 abs5t or dead1 x has ! mo/ melan*oly significance2 x seems to speak ( su* absolute des]tion4 ,s f> is ?is f be+ an unusual case1 t among ! common p ! opposite seems ! exception4 ,*ildr5 are frequ5tly q ignorant ( _! p>5tage4 ,!y "k ab\t _! "m1 = all ! c>e & responsibility falls ^u h]1 b !y h no k ( _! fa!r2 nor does x seem to occur to ! woman t %e or h] *ildr5 h any claim ^u him4 ,:at seems s /range to ! civiliz$ man1 is simply ! rule ( mat]nal law & gr\p m>riage4 ,aga91 among o!r nations ! fri5ds & relatives ( ! bridegroom or ! w$d+ gue/s claim _! traditional "r to ! bride1 & ! bridegroom comes la/4 ,?is cu/om prevail$ 9 anci5t times on ! ,bale>es & among ! ,african ,augil]s2 x is obs]v$ to ?is day by ! ,b>eas 9 ,abyss9ia4 ,9 /ill o!r cases1 an (ficial p]son--! *ief ( a tribe or a g5s1 ! cazique1 %amane1 prie/1 pr9ce or :atev] may be 8 title--repres5ts ! community & ex]cises ! "r ( ! fir/ night4 ,all mod]n romantic :itewa%+ not)/&+1 ?is jus primae noctis1 is /ill 9 =ce among mo/ ( ! natives ( ,alaska1#ba among ! ,tahus ( nor!rn ,mexico#bb & "s o!r nations4 ,& dur+ ! :ole ( ! middle ages x 0 practic$ at lea/ 9 orig9ally ,celtic c\ntries1 :]e x 0 directly transmitt$ by gr\p m>riage1 e4 g4 9 ,aragonia4 ,:ile 9 ,ca/ilia ! peasant 0 nev] a s]f1 ! mo/ disgraceful s]fdom exi/$ 9 ,aragonia1 until aboli%$ by ! decision ( ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic 9 #adhf4 ,9 ?is docum5t we read3 ,we decide & decl>e t ! a=esaid 's5yors' 7b>ons7 444 %all nei!r sleep ! fir/ night ) ! wife ( a peasant1 nor %all !y 9 ! fir/ night aft] ! w$d+1 :5 ! woman has gone to b$1 /ep ov] said woman or b$ z a sign ( _! au?ority4 ,nei!r %all ! a=esaid s5yors use ! daught] or ! son ( any peasant1 ) or )\t pay1 aga9/ _! w4 7,quot$ 9 ! ,catalonian orig9al by ,sug5heim1 ,s]fdom1 ,pet]sburg1 #ahfa1 page #ce47 ,ba*(51 fur!rmore1 is p]fectly "r 9 cont5d+ t ! transition f :at he calls heta]ism or ince/u\s g5]ation to monogamy 0 br\ght ab\t ma9ly by wom54 ,! m 9 ! c\rse ( economic developm5t1 und]m9+ ! old communism & increas+ ! d5sity ( population1 ! traditional sexual relations lo/ _! innoc5t "* suit$ to ! primitive =e/1 ! m debas+ & oppressive !y naturally appe>$ to wom52 & ! m !y consequ5tly long$ = relief by ! "r ( *a/ity1 ( tempor>y or p]man5t m>riage ) "o man4 ,?is progress c\ld n be due to m5 = ! simple reason t !y nev]1 ev5 to ?is day1 _h ! lea/ int5tion ( r5\nc+ ! pleasures ( actual gr\p m>riage4 ,n until ! wom5 _h accompli%$ ! transition to ! pair+ family c\ld ! m5 introduce /rict monogamy--true1 only = wom54 ,! pair+ family arose on ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 savag]y & b>b>ism1 g5]ally 9 ! high] /age ( savag]y1 "h & !re 9 ! l[] /age ( b>b>ism4 ,x is ! =m ( ! family *>act]i/ic = b>b>ism1 z gr\p m>riage is = savag]y & monogamy = civilization4 ,9 ord] to develop x into e/abli%$ monogamy1 o!r causes ?an ^? active hi!rto 7 requir$4 ,9 ! pair+ family ! gr\p 0 already r$uc$ to its la/ unit1 its biatomic molecule3 "o man & "o woman4 ,natural selection _h accompli%$ its purpose by a cont9ually increas+ re/riction ( sexual int]c\rse4 ,no?+ rema9$ to be done 9 ?is direction4 ,unless new social =ces became active1 !re 0 no reason :y a new =m ( ! family %\ld develop out ( ! pair+ family4 ,b ^! =ces did become active4 ,we n[ leave ,am]ica1 ! classic soil ( ! pair+ family4 ,no sign p]mits ! conclusion t a high] =m ( ! family 0 develop$ "h1 t any e/abli%$ =m ( monogamy ev] exi/$ any:]e 9 ! ,new ,_w be=e ! discov]y & conque/4 ,n s 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! dome/ication ( animals & ! bre$+ ( flocks _h develop$ a hi!rto unkn[n s\rce ( weal? & creat$ entirely new social conditions4 ,up to ! l[] /age ( b>b>ism1 fix$ weal? 0 almo/ exclusively repres5t$ by h\ses1 clo?+1 r\gh ornam5ts & ! tools = obta9+ & prep>+ food3 boats1 weapons & h\sehold articles ( ! simple/ k9d4 ,n\ri%m5t _h to be secur$ afre% day by day4 ,b n[1 ) _! h]ds ( horses1 camels1 donkeys1 cattle1 %eep1 goats & hogs1 ! advanc+ nomadic nations--! ,aryans 9 ! ,indian ,punjab1 9 ! region ( ! ,ganges & ! /eppes ( ! ,oxus & ,jax>tes1 !n /ill m ri* 9 wat]-ve9s ?an n[2 ! ,semites on ! ,euphrates & ,tigris--_h acquir$ possessions dem&+ only ! mo/ crude att5tion & c>e 9 ord] to propagate !mselves 9 ev] increas+ numb]s & yield ! mo/ abundant /ore ( milk & meat4 ,all =m] means ( obta9+ food 7 n[ =c$ to ! backgr\nd4 ,hunt+1 once a necessity1 n[ became a sport4 ,b :o 0 ! own] ( ?is new weal?8 ,d\btless x 0 orig9ally ! g5s4 ,h[ev]1 private own]%ip ( flocks mu/ h _h an e>ly beg9n+4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r to ! au?or ( ! s-call$ fir/ book ( ,moses ,fa!r ,abraham appe>$ z ! own] ( 8 flocks by virtue ( 8 privilege z head ( a communi/ic family or ( 8 capacity z g5tile *ief by actual desc5t4 ,s mu* is c]ta93 we mu/ n reg>d him z a proprietor 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is fur!rmore c]ta9 t ev]y:]e on ! ?re%old ( docum5t>y hi/ory we f9d ! flocks 9 ! sep>ate possession ( *iefs ( families1 exactly l ! productions ( b>b>ian art1 su* z metal w>e1 articles ( luxury &1 f9ally1 ! human cattle--! slaves4 ,= n[ slav]y 0 also inv5t$4 ,to ! b>b>ian ( ! l[] /age a slave 0 ( no use4 ,! ,am]ican ,indians1 !re=e1 treat$ _! vanqui%$ enemies 9 q a diff]5t way f nations ( a high] /age4 ,! m5 7 tortur$ or adopt$ z bro!rs into ! tribe ( ! victors4 ,! wom5 7 m>ri$ or likewise adopt$ ) _! surviv+ *ildr54 ,! human labor p[] at ?is /age does n yet produce a consid]able am\nt ov] & above its co/ ( subsi/5ce4 ,b ! introduction ( cattle rais+1 metal indu/ry1 weav+ & f9ally agriculture wr\ght a *ange4 ,j z ! once easily obta9able wives n[ _h an ex*ange value & 7 b\ght1 s labor p[] 0 n[ procur$1 especially s9ce ! flocks _h def9itely become private prop]ty4 ,! family did n increase z rapidly z ! cattle4 ,m p 7 ne$$ = sup]9t5d+2 = ?is purpose ! captur$ enemy 0 available &1 besides1 he c\ld be increas$ by bre$+ l ! cattle4 ,su* ri*es1 once !y _h become ! private prop]ty ( c]ta9 families & augm5t$ rapidly1 gave a p[]ful impulse to society f\nd$ on ! pair+ family & ! mat]nal g5s4 ,! pair+ family _h introduc$ a new elem5t4 ,by ! side ( ! natural "m x _h plac$ ! au!ntic natural fa!r :o probably 0 bett] au!nticat$ ?an _m a fa!r ( our day4 ,accord+ to ! division ( labor 9 ^? times1 ! task ( obta9+ food & ! tools necess>y = ?is purpose fell to ! %>e ( ! man2 h5ce he own$ ! latt] & kept !m 9 case ( a sep>ation1 z ! wom5 did ! h\sehold goods4 ,accord+ to ! social cu/om ( t "t1 ! man 0 also ! own] ( ! new s\rce ( exi/5ce1 ! cattle1 & lat] on ( ! new labor p[]1 ! slaves4 ,b accord+ to ! same cu/om1 8 *ildr5 c\ld n inh]it 8 prop]ty1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,by mat]nal law1 i4 e41 :ile desc5t 0 trac$ only along ! female l9e1 & by ! orig9al cu/om ( inh]it+ 9 ! g5s1 ! g5tile relatives inh]it$ ! prop]ty ( _! deceas$ g5tile relative4 ,! weal? _h to rema9 9 ! g5s4 ,9 view ( ! insignificance ( ! objects1 ! prop]ty may h gone 9 practice to ! close/ g5tile relatives1 i4 e41 ! consangu9e relatives on ! "m's side4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! dead man1 h[ev]1 did n belong to 8 g5s1 b to t ( _! "m4 ,!y inh]it$ fir/ toge!r ) ! o!r consangu9e relatives ( ! "m1 lat] on p]haps 9 pref]5ce to ! o!rs4 ,b !y c\ld n inh]it f _! fa!r1 because !y did n belong to 8 g5s1 :]e 8 prop]ty _h to rema94 ,h5ce1 aft] ! dea? ( a cattle own]1 ! cattle w\ld fall to 8 bro!rs1 si/]s & ! *ildr5 ( 8 si/]s1 or to ! (fspr+ ( ! si/]s ( 8 "m4 ,8 own *ildr5 7 dis9h]it$4 ,9 ! measure ( ! increas+ weal? man's position 9 ! family became sup]ior to t ( woman1 & ! desire arose to use ?is =tifi$ position = ! purpose ( ov]?r[+ ! traditional law ( inh]itance 9 favor ( 8 *ildr54 ,b ?is 0 n feasible z long z mat]nal law 0 valid4 ,?is law _h to be aboli%$1 & x 04 ,?is 0 by no means z difficult z x appe>s to u to-day4 ,= ?is revolution--"o ( ! mo/ radical ev] exp]i5c$ by humanity--did n h to t\* a s+le liv+ memb] ( ! g5s4 ,all its memb]s c\ld rema9 :at !y _h always be54 ,! simple resolution 0 suffici5t1 t h5ce=? ! (fspr+ ( ! male memb]s %\ld belong to ! g5s1 :ile ! *ildr5 ( ! female memb]s %\ld be exclud$ by transf]r+ !m to ! g5s ( _! fa!r4 ,?is aboli%$ ! trac+ ( desc5t by female l9eage & ! mat]nal "r ( inh]itance1 & in/itut$ desc5t by male l9eage & ! pat]nal "r ( inh]itance4 ,h[ & :5 ?is revolution 0 accompli%$ by ! nations ( ! e>?1 we d n "k4 ,x belongs entirely to prehi/oric times4 ,t x 0 accompli%$ is prov5 m ?an satisfactorily by ! copi\s traces ( mat]nal law collect$ especially by ,ba*(54 ,h[ easily x is accompli%$ we may obs]ve 9 a :ole s]ies ( ,indian tribes1 t rec5tly pass$ ?r\gh or are /ill engag$ 9 x1 p>tly "u ! influ5ce ( increas+ weal? & *ang$ modes ( liv+ 7transf] f =e/s to ! prairie71 p>tly ?r\gh ! moral pressure ( civilization & mission>ies4 ,six out ( eight ,miss\ri tribes h male desc5t & inh]itance1 :ile only two reta9 female desc5t & inh]itance4 ,! ,%awnees1 ,miamis & ,delaw>es foll[ ! cu/om ( plac+ _! *ildr5 into ! male g5s by giv+ !m a g5tile "n belong+ to ! fa!r's g5s1 s t !y may be entitl$ to inh]it4 ,innate casui/ry ( man1 to *ange ! objects by *ang+ _! names1 & to f9d loopholes = break+ tradition inside ( tradition :]e a direct int]e/ 0 a suffici5t motive4 7,m>x47 ,?is made confusion worse conf\nd$1 :i* c\ld be & p>tially 0 rem$i$ alone by pat]nal law4 ,?is seems to be ! mo/ natural transition4 7,m>x47 ,z to ! op9ion ( ! comp>ative juri/s1 h[ ?is transition took place among ! civiliz$ nations ( ! old _w--al?\gh only 9 hypo!ses--comp>e ,m4 ,kovalevsky1 ,tableau des orig9es et de l'volution de la famille et de la proprit1 ,/ockholm1 #ahij4 ,! d[nfall ( mat]nal law 0 ! hi/oric defeat ( ! female sex4 ,! m5 seiz$ ! re9s also 9 ! h\se1 ! wom5 7 /ripp$ ( _! dignity1 enslav$1 tools ( m5's lu/ & m]e ma*9es = ! g5]ation ( *ildr54 ,?is degrad+ position ( wom51 especially conspicu\s among ! ,greeks ( h]oic & /ill m ( classic times1 0 gradually gloss$ ov] & disguis$ or ev5 clad 9 a mild] =m4 ,b x is by no means oblit]at$4 ,! fir/ effect ( ! e/abli%$ supremacy ( m5 became n[ visible 9 ! reappe>ance ( ! int]m$iate =m ( ! patri>*al family4 ,its mo/ significant feature is n polygamy1 ( :i* m anon1 b ! organization ( a c]ta9 numb] ( free & unfree p]sons into "o family "u ! pat]nal au?ority ( ! head ( ! family4 ,9 ! ,semitic =m ?is head ( ! family lives 9 polygamy1 ! unfree memb]s h wife & *ildr51 & ! purpose ( ! :ole organization is ! t5d+ ( h]ds 9 a limit$ t]ritory4 ,! ess5tial po9ts are ! assimilation ( ! unfree elem5t & ! pat]nal au?ority4 ,h5ce ! ideal type ( ?is =m ( ! family is ! ,roman family4 ,! ^w familia did n orig9ally signify ! composite ideal ( s5tim5tality & dome/ic /rife 9 ! pres5t day phili/9e m9d4 ,among ! ,romans x did n ev5 apply 9 ! beg9n+ to ! lead+ c\ple & its *ildr51 b to ! slaves alone4 ,famulus means dome/ic slave1 & familia is ! aggregate numb] ( slaves belong+ to "o man4 ,at ! "t ( ,gajus1 ! familia1 id e/ patrimonium 7i4 e41 pat]nal legacy71 0 /ill bequea!d by te/am5t4 ,! expression 0 inv5t$ by ! ,romans 9 ord] to designate a new social organism1 ! head ( :i* _h a wife1 *ildr5 & a numb] ( slaves "u 8 pat]nal au?ority & accord+ to ,roman law ! "r ( life & dea? ov] all ( !m4 ,! ^w is1 !re=e1 n old] ?an ! ironclad family sy/em ( ! ,lat9 tribes1 :i* arose aft] ! introduction ( agriculture & ( lawful slav]y1 & aft] ! sep>ation ( ! ,aryan ,itali f ! ,greeks4 ,m>x adds3 ,! mod]n family conta9s ! g]m n only ( slav]y 7s]vitus71 b also ( s]fdom1 because x has f ! />t a relation to agricultural s]vice4 ,x comprises 9 m9iature all ^? contra/s t lat] on develop m broadly 9 society & ! /ate4 ,su* a =m ( ! family %[s ! transition f ! pair+ family to monogamy4 ,9 ord] to secure ! fai?fulness ( ! wife1 & h5ce ! reliability ( pat]nal l9eage1 ! wom5 are deliv]$ absolutely into ! p[] ( ! m52 9 kill+ 8 wife1 ! husb& simply ex]cises 8 "r4 ,) ! patri>*al family we ent] ! doma9 ( writt5 hi/ory1 a field 9 :i* comp>ative law c r5d] consid]able assi/ance4 ,& "h x has br\ght ab\t consid]able progress inde$4 ,we owe to ,maxim ,kovalevsky 7,tableau etc4 de la famille et de la proprit1 ,/ockholm1 #ahij1 p4 #fj-ajj7 ! pro(1 t ! patri>*al h\sehold community1 f\nd to ?is day among ,s]bians & ,bulg>ians "u ! names ( ,zdruga 7fri5dly bond7 & ,brat/vo 7frat]nity71 & 9 a modifi$ =m among ori5tal nations1 =m$ ! /age ( transition betwe5 ! mat]nal family d]iv$ f gr\p m>riage & ! monogam\s family ( ! mod]n _w4 ,?is seems at lea/ e/abli%$ = ! hi/oric nations ( ! old _w1 = ,aryans & ,semites4 ,! ,zdruga ( s\!rn ,slavonia (f]s ! be/ /ill exi/+ illu/ration ( su* a family communism4 ,x comprises sev]al g5]ations ( ! fa!r's desc5dants1 toge!r ) _! wives1 all liv+ toge!r on ! same f>m1 till+ _! fields 9 common1 liv+ & clo?+ !mselves f ! same /ock1 & possess+ collectively ! surplus ( _! e>n+s4 ,! community is manag$ by ! ma/] ( ! h\se 7domc971 :o acts z its repres5tative1 may sell inf]ior objects1 has *>ge ( ! treasury & is responsible = x z well z = a prop] bus9ess adm9i/ration4 ,he is *os5 by vote & is n necess>ily ! olde/ man4 ,! wom5 & _! "w are direct$ by ! mi/ress ( ! h\se 7domcica71 :o is g5]ally ! wife ( ! domc94 ,%e also has an important1 & (t5 f9al1 voice 9 *oos+ a husb& = ! girls4 ,b ! highe/ au?ority is ve/$ 9 ! family c\ncil1 ! assembly ( all gr[n companions1 male & female4 ,! domc9 is responsible to ?is c\ncil4 ,x takes all important resolutions1 sits 9 judgm5t on ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold1 decides ! "q ( important pur*ases & sales1 especially ( l&1 etc4 ,x is only ab\t t5 ye>s s9ce ! exi/5ce ( su* family communism 9 ! ,russia ( to-day 0 prov54 ,at pres5t x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be root$ 9 popul> ,russian cu/om q z mu* z ! obsc9a or village community4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! olde/ ,russian code1 ! ,pravda ( ,j>oslav1 "u ! same "n 7v]vj7 z 9 ! ,dalmatian code1 & may also be trac$ 9 ,poli% & ,cze* hi/orical records4 ,likewise among ,g]mans1 ! economic unit accord+ to ,heussl] 7,in/itutions ( ,g]man law7 is n orig9ally ! s+le family1 b ! collective h\sehold1 compris+ sev]al g5]ations or s+le families &1 besides1 (t5 en\gh unfree individuals4 ,! ,roman family is also trac$ to ?is type1 & h5ce ! absolute au?ority ( ! ma/] ( ! h\se & ! def5selessness ( ! o!r memb]s 9 reg>d to him is /rongly que/ion$ ( late4 ,simil> communities are fur!rmore said to h exi/$ among ! ,celts ( ,irel&4 ,9 ,france !y 7 pres]v$ up to ! "t ( ! ,revolution 9 ,niv]nais "u ! "n ( p>onn]ies1 & 9 ! ,fran*e ,comt !y are n q ext9ct yet4 ,9 ! region ( ,l\hans 7,sane et ,loire7 we f9d l>ge f>mh\ses ) a high c5tral hall = common use rea*+ up to ! ro( & surr\nd$ by sleep+ rooms accessible by ! help ( /airs ) six to eight /eps4 ,sev]al g5]ations ( ! same family live toge!r 9 su* a h\se4 ,9 ,india1 ! h\sehold community ) collective agriculture is already m5tion$ by ,ne>*us at ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & x exi/s to ?is day 9 ! same region1 9 ! ,punjab & ! :ole ,nor?we/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,caucasus x 0 locat$ by ,kovalevski himself4 ,9 ,alg]ia x is /ill f\nd among ! ,kabyles4 ,ev5 9 ,am]ica x is said to h exi/$4 ,x is suppos$ to be id5tical ) ! ,calpullis describ$ by ,zurita 9 anci5t ,mexico4 ,9 ,p]u1 h[ev]1 ,cun[ 7,ausl&1 #ahij1 ,no4 #db-dd7 has demon/rat$ r cle>ly t at ! "t ( ! conque/ a sort ( a con/itution 9 m>ks 7call$ curi\sly en\gh m>ca71 ) a p]iodical allotm5t ( arable soil1 & consequ5tly individual tillage1 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,at any rate1 ! patri>*al h\sehold community ) collective tillage & own]%ip ( l& n[ assumes an entirely diff]5t mean+ ?an h]et(ore4 ,we c no long] d\bt t x play$ an important role among ! civiliz$ & "s o!r nations ( ! old _w 9 ! transition f ! mat]nal to ! s+le family4 ,lat] on we %all return to ,kovalesky's fur!r conclusion t x 0 also ! /age ( transition f :i* develop$ ! village or m>k community ) individual tillage & fir/ p]iodical1 !n p]man5t allotm5t ( arable & pa/ure l&s4 ,9 reg>d to ! family life )9 ^! h\sehold communities x mu/ be rem>k$ t at lea/ 9 ,russia ! ma/] ( ! h\se has ! reputation ( /rongly abus+ 8 position aga9/ ! y\ng] wom5 ( ! community1 especially 8 daught]s-9-law1 & ( trans=m+ !m into a h>em = himself4 ,russian popul> songs are v eloqu5t on ?is po9t4 ,be=e tak+ up monogamy1 :i* rapidly develop$ aft] ! d[nfall ( mat]nal law1 let me say a few words ab\t polygamy & poly&ry4 ,bo? =ms ( ! family c only be exceptions1 hi/orical products ( luxury s to speak1 unless !y c\ld be f\nd side by side 9 ! same c\ntry1 :i* is app>5tly n ! case4 ,z ! m5 exclud$ f polygamy _c f9d consolation 9 ! wom5 left ov] by poly&ry1 ! numb] ( m5 & wom5 be+ hi!rto approximately equal )\t reg>d to social in/itutions1 x becomes ( itself impossible to conf] on any "o ( ^! two =ms ! di/9ction ( g5]al pref]5ce4 ,inde$1 ! polygamy ( "o man 0 evid5tly ! product ( slav]y1 conf9$ to c]ta9 exceptional positions4 ,9 ! ,semitic patri>*al family1 only ! patri>* himself1 or at be/ a few ( 8 sons1 practice polygamy1 ! o!rs mu/ be satisfi$ ) "o wife4 ,?is is ! case to-day 9 ! :ole ,ori5t4 ,polygamy is a privilege ( ! weal?y & di/+ui%$1 & is ma9ly realiz$ by pur*ase ( female slaves4 ,! mass ( ! p live 9 monogamy4 ,poly&ry 9 ,india & ,?ibet is likewise an exception4 ,its surely n un9t]e/+ orig9 f gr\p m>riage requires /ill clos] inve/igation4 ,9 its practice x seems1 by ! way1 mu* m tol]ant ?an ! jeal\s ,h>em e/abli%m5t ( ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,at lea/ among ! ,nairs ( ,india1 ?ree1 f\r or m m5 h inde$ "o woman 9 common2 b e "o ( !m may h a second woman 9 common ) ?ree or m o!r m52 & 9 ! same way a ?ird1 f\r?1 etc4 ,x is /range t ,mc,lennan did n discov] ! new class ( club m>riage 9 ^! m>ital clubs1 9 sev]al ( :i* "o may be a memb] & :i* he himself describes4 ,?is m>riage club bus9ess is1 h[ev]1 by no means actual poly&ry4 ,x is on ! contr>y1 z ,giraud-,teulon already rem>ks1 a specializ$ =m ( gr\p m>riage4 ,! m5 live 9 polygamy1 ! wom5 9 poly&ry4 #d4 ,,! ,,monogam\s ,,family4 ,x develops f ! pair+ family1 z we h already %[n1 dur+ ! "t ( transition f ! middle to ! high] /age ( b>b>ism4 ,its f9al victory is "o ( ! signs ( beg9n+ civilization4 ,x is f\nd$ on male supremacy = ! pron\nc$ purpose ( bre$+ *ildr5 ( indisputable pat]nal l9eage4 ,! latt] is requir$1 because ^! *ildr5 %all lat] on inh]it ! =tune ( _! fa!r4 ,! monogam\s family is di/+ui%$ f ! pair+ family by ! f> great] durability ( w$lock1 :i* c no long] be dissolv$ at ! pleasure ( ei!r p>ty4 ,z a rule1 x is only ! man :o c /ill dissolve x & ca/ (f 8 wife4 ,! privilege ( conjugal fai?lessness rema9s sanction$ = m5 at lea/ by cu/om 7! ,code ,napoleon conc$es x directly to !m1 z long z !y d n br+ _! concub9es into ! h\ses ( _! wives74 ,?is privilege is m & m enjoy$ ) ! increas+ developm5t ( society4 ,if ! woman rememb]s ! anci5t sexual practices & attempts to revive !m1 %e is puni%$ m sev]ely ?an ev]4 ,! :ole sev]ity ( ?is new =m ( ! family confronts u among ! ,greeks4 ,:ile1 z ,m>x obs]ves1 ! position ( ! female gods 9 my?ology %[s an e>li] p]iod1 :5 wom5 /ill occupi$ a fre] & m respect$ plane1 we f9d woman already degrad$ by ! supremacy ( man & ! competition ( slaves dur+ ! "t ( ! h]oes4 ,read 9 ! ,odysseia h[ ,telema*os reproves & sil5ces 8 "m4 ,! captur$ "y wom51 accord+ to ,hom]1 are deliv]$ to ! s5sual lu/ ( ! victors4 ,! lead]s 9 ! ord] ( _! rank select ! mo/ beautiful captives4 ,! :ole ,iliad notori\sly revolves ar\nd ! qu>rel betwe5 ,a*illes & ,agamemnon ab\t su* a captur$ woman4 ,9 m5tion+ any h]o ( importance1 ! captur$ girl %>+ 8 t5t & b$ is nev] omitt$4 ,^! girls are also tak5 into ! h]o's home c\ntry & 8 h\se1 z ,kass&ra by ,agamemnon 9 ,aes*ylos4 ,boys born by ^! female slaves receive a small %>e ( ! pat]nal heirloom & are reg>d$ z free m54 ,teukros is su* an illegitimate son & may use 8 fa!r's "n4 ,! wife is expect$ to put up ) ev]y?+1 :ile h]self rema9+ *a/e & fai?ful4 ,al?\gh ! ,greek woman ( h]oic times is m highly respect$ ?an %e ( ! civiliz$ p]iod1 /ill %e is = h] husb& only ! "m ( 8 legal heirs1 8 fir/ h\sekeep] & ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! female slaves1 :om he c & does make 8 concub9es at w4 ,x is ?is practice ( slav]y by ! side ( monogamy1 ! exi/5ce ( "y & beautiful female slaves belong+ )\t any re/riction to _! ma/]1 :i* f ! v beg9n+ gives to monogamy ! specific "* ( be+ monogamy = wom5 only1 b n = m54 ,& ?is "* rema9s to ?is day4 ,= ! ,greeks ( lat] times we mu/ make a di/9ction betwe5 ,dorians & ,ionians4 ,! =m]1 ) ,sp>ta z _! classic example1 h 9 _m respects /ill m antiquat$ m>riage cu/oms ?an ev5 ,hom] illu/rates4 ,9 ,sp>ta exi/$ a =m ( ! pair+ family modifi$ by ! contemporane\s ideas ( ! /ate & /ill recall+ gr\p m>riage 9 _m ways4 ,/]ile m>riages 7 dissolv$4 ,k+ ,anax&ridas 7ab\t #fej be=e ,*ri/7 took ano!r wife besides 8 *ildless "o & kept two h\seholds4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,k+ ,ari/on add$ ano!r wife to two *ildless ones1 "o ( :i* he dismiss$4 ,fur!rmore1 sev]al bro!rs c\ld h "o wife 9 common2 a fri5d :o lik$ 8 fri5d's wife bett] ?an 8 own c\ld %>e h] ) him1 & x 0 n consid]$ indec5t to place a wife at ! disposal ( a /urdy /allion1 z ,bism>ck w\ld h said1 ev5 ?\gh he might n be a citiz54 ,a c]ta9 passage 9 ,plut>*1 :]e a ,sp>tan matron ref]s a lov]1 :o p]si/s 9 mak+ (f]s to h]1 to h] husb&1 seems to indicate--accord+ to ,s*oemann--ev5 a /ill great] sexual fre$om4 ,also adult]y1 fai?lessness ( a wife beh9d h] husb&'s back1 0 unhe>d (4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dome/ic slav]y 9 ,sp>ta1 at lea/ dur+ ! be/ "t1 0 unkn[n1 & ! s]f ,helots liv$ on sep>ate c\ntry seats4 ,h5ce !re 0 less temptation = a ,sp>tan to hold int]c\rse ) o!r wom54 ,z 0 to be expect$ "u su* circum/ances1 ! wom5 ( ,sp>ta occupi$ a m highly respect$ place ?an ^? ( o!r ,greeks4 ,sp>tan wom5 & ! ,a!nian heta]ae 7 ! only ,greek wom5 ( :om ! anci5ts speak respectfully & ^: rem>ks !y consid]$ wor?y ( notice4 ,q a diff]5t condition among ,ionians1 ^: repres5tative is ,a!ns4 ,! girls le>n$ only to sp91 weave & sew1 at ! mo/ a little read+ & writ+4 ,!y 7 practically %ut 9 & _h only ! company ( o!r wom54 ,! wom5's room =m$ a sep>ate "p ( ! h\se1 on ! upp] floor or 9 a re> build+1 :]e m51 especially /rang]s1 did n easily ent] & :i!r ! wom5 retreat$ :5 male visitors came4 ,! wom5 did n leave ! h\se )\t be+ accompani$ by a female slave4 ,at home !y 7 /rictly gu>d$4 ,ari/ophanes speaks ( ,molossian dogs t 7 kept to fright5 (f adult]]s4 ,& at lea/ 9 ! ,asiatic t[ns1 eunu*s 7 kept = gu>d+ wom54 ,ev5 at ,h]odotus' "t ^! eunu*s 7 manufactur$ = ! trade1 & accord+ to ,wa*smu? n = b>b>ians alone4 ,by ,euripides woman is designat$ z oikurema1 a neut] signify+ an object = h\sekeep+1 & beside ! bus9ess ( bre$+ *ildr5 %e s]v$ to ! ,a!nian = no?+ b 8 *ief h\se maid4 ,! man _h 8 gymna/ic ex]cises1 8 public meet+s1 f :i* ! wom5 7 exclud$4 ,besides1 ! man v (t5 _h female slaves at 8 disposal1 & dur+ ! mo/ fl\ri%+ "t ( ,a!ns an ext5sive pro/itution :i* 0 at lea/ patroniz$ by ! /ate4 ,x 0 precisely on ! basis ( ?is pro/itution t ! unique type ( ,ionic wom5 develop$2 ! heta]ae4 ,!y rose by esprit & arti/ic ta/e z f> above ! g5]al level ( antique womanhood z ! ,sp>tan wom5 by _! "*4 ,b t x 0 necess>y to become a heta]a be=e "o c\ld be a woman1 con/itutes ! sev]e/ d5unciation ( ! ,a!nian family4 ,! ,a!nian family became 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! model aft] :i* n only ! re/ ( ! ,ionians1 b gradually all ! ,greeks at home & abroad mold$ _! dome/ic relations4 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( all seclusion & wat*+1 ! ,grecian ladies f\nd suffici5t opportunity = deceiv+ _! husb&s4 ,! latt] :o w\ld h be5 a%am$ ( betray+ any love = _! wives1 f\nd recreation 9 all k9ds ( love affairs ) heta]ae4 ,b ! degradation ( ! wom5 0 av5g$ 9 ! m5 & degrad$ !m also1 until !y sank into ! abom9ation ( boy-love4 ,!y degrad$ _! gods & !mselves by ! my? ( ,ganym$es4 ,su* 0 ! orig9 ( monogamy1 z f> z we may trace x 9 ! mo/ civiliz$ & mo/ highly develop$ nation ( antiquity4 ,x 0 by no means a fruit ( individual sex-love & _h no?+ to d ) ! latt]1 = ! m>riages rema9$ z conv5tional z ev]4 ,monogamy 0 ! fir/ =m ( ! family n f\nd$ on natural1 b on economic conditions1 viz43 ! victory ( private prop]ty ov] primitive & natural collectivism4 ,supremacy ( ! man 9 ! family & g5]ation ( *ildr5 t c\ld be 8 (fspr+ alone & 7 de/9$ to be ! heirs ( 8 weal?--^! 7 op5ly av[$ by ! ,greeks to be ! sole objects ( monogamy4 ,= ! re/ x 0 a burd5 to !m1 a duty to ! gods1 ! /ate & _! own ance/ors1 a duty to be fulfill$ & no m4 ,9 ,a!ns ! law en=c$ n only ! m>riage1 b also ! fulfillm5t ( a m9imum ( ! s-call$ matrimonial duties on ! man's "p4 ,monogamy1 !n1 does by no means ent] hi/ory z a reconciliation ( man & wife & /ill less z ! highe/ =m ( m>riage4 ,on ! contr>y1 x ent]s z ! subjugation ( "o sex by ! o!r1 z ! proclamation ( an antagonism betwe5 ! sexes unkn[n 9 all prec$+ hi/ory4 ,9 an old unpubli%$ manuscript writt5 by ,m>x & myself 9 #ahdf1 ,i f9d ! foll[+ passage3 ,! fir/ division ( labor is t ( man & wife 9 bre$+ *ildr54 ,& to-day ,i may add3 ,! fir/ class antagonism appe>+ 9 hi/ory co9cides ) ! developm5t ( ! antagonism ( man & wife 9 monogamy1 & ! fir/ class oppression ) t ( ! female by ! male sex4 ,monogamy 0 a great hi/orical progress4 ,b by ! side ( slav]y & private prop]ty x m>ks at ! same "t t epo* :i*1 rea*+ d[n to our days1 takes ) all progress also a /ep backw>ds1 relatively speak+1 & develops ! welf>e & advancem5t ( "o by ! woe & submission ( ! o!r4 ,x is ! cellul> =m ( civiliz$ society :i* enables u to /udy ! nature ( its n[ fully develop$ contra/s & contradictions4 ,! old relative fre$om ( sexual int]c\rse by no means disappe>$ ) ! victory ( ! pair+ or ev5 ( ! monogam\s family4 ,! old conjugal sy/em1 n[ r$uc$ to n>r[] limits by ! gradual disappe>ance ( ! punaluan gr\ps1 /ill environ$ ! advanc+ family1 :i* x 0 to foll[ to ! v]ge ( civilization4444 ,x f9ally disappe>$ 9 ! new =m ( heta]ism1 :i* /ill foll[s mank9d 9 civilization z a d>k %ad[ ^u ! family4#bc ,by heta]ism ,morgan designates sexual int]c\rse ( m5 ) unm>ri$ wom5 outside ( ! monogam\s family1 fl\ri%+1 z is well kn[n1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( civilization 9 _m diff]5t =ms & t5d+ m & m to op5 pro/itution4 ,?is heta]ism is directly d]iv$ f gr\p m>riage1 f ! sacrificial surr5d] ( wom5 = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! "r to *a/ity4 ,! surr5d] = money 0 at fir/ a religi\s act2 x took place 9 ! temple ( ! goddess ( love & ! money fl[$ orig9ally into ! treasury ( ! temple4 ,! hi]odulae ( ,anaitis 9 ,arm5ia1 ( ,aphrodite 9 ,cor9? & ! religi\s danc+ girls ( ,india atta*$ to ! temples1 ! s-call$ bajad]es 7d]iv$ f ! ,portuguese bailad]a1 danc+ girl71 7 ! fir/ pro/itutes4 ,! surr5d]1 orig9ally ! duty ( e woman1 0 lat] on practic$ by ^! prie/esses alone 9 repres5tation ( all o!rs4 ,among o!r nations1 heta]ism is d]iv$ f ! sexual fre$om p]mitt$ to girls be=e m>riage--also a survival ( ! gr\p m>riage1 only transmitt$ by ano!r r\te4 ,) ! rise ( diff]5t prop]ty relations1 9 ! high] /age ( b>b>ism1 wage labor appe>s sporadically by ! side ( slav]y1 & at ! same "t its unavoidable companion1 pr(essional pro/itution ( free wom5 by ! side ( ! =c$ surr5d] ( female slaves4 ,x is ! heirloom bequea!d by gr\p m>riage to civilization1 a gift z ambigu\s z ev]y?+ else produc$ by ambigu\s1 d\ble-fac$1 s*ismatic & contradictory civilization4 ,"h monogamy1 !re heta]ism & its mo/ extreme =m1 pro/itution4 ,heta]ism is z mu* a social in/itution z all o!rs4 ,x cont9ues ! old sexual fre$om--= ! b5efit ( ! m54 ,9 reality n only p]mitt$1 b also assidu\sly practis$ by ! rul+ class1 x is d5\nc$ only nom9ally4 ,/ill 9 practice ?is d5unciation /rikes by no means ! m5 :o indulge 9 x1 b only ! wom54 ,^! are o/racis$ & ca/ out by society1 9 ord] to proclaim once m ! fundam5tal law ( unconditional male supremacy ov] ! female sex4 ,h[ev]1 a second contradiction is !reby develop$ )9 monogamy itself4 ,by ! side ( ! husb&1 :o is mak+ 8 life pleasant by heta]ism1 /&s ! neglect$ wife4 ,& y _c h "o side ( ! contradiction )\t ! o!r1 j z y _c h ! :ole apple aft] eat+ half ( x4 ,nev]!less ?is seems to h be5 ! idea ( ! m51 until _! wives taught !m a lesson4 ,monogamy introduces two p]man5t social *>act]s t 7 =m]ly unkn[n3 ! /&+ lov] ( ! wife & ! cuckold4 ,! m5 _h ga9$ ! victory ov] ! wom51 b ! vanqui%$ magnanim\sly provid$ ! coronation4 ,9 addition to monogamy & heta]ism1 adult]y became an unavoidable social in/itution--d5\nc$1 sev]ely puni%$1 b irrepressible4 ,! c]ta9ty ( pat]nal p>5tage re/$ z ( old on moral conviction at be/1 & 9 ord] to solve ! unreconcilable contradiction1 ! code ,napolon decre$ 9 its article #cab3 ,l'enfant conu p5dant le m>iage a p\r pre le m>i2 ! *ild conceiv$ dur+ m>riage has = its fa!r--! husb&4 ,?is is ! la/ result ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s ( monogamy4 ,?us we h 9 ! monogam\s family1 at lea/ 9 ^? cases t rema9 true to hi/orical developm5t & cle>ly express ! conflict betwe5 man & wife creat$ by ! exclusive supremacy ( m51 a m9iature picture ( ! contra/s & contradictions ( society at l>ge4 ,split by class-diff]5ces s9ce ! beg9n+ ( civilization1 society has be5 unable to reconcile & ov]come ^! anti!ses4 ,( c\rse1 ,i am ref]r+ "h only to ^? cases ( monogamy1 :]e matrimonial life actually rema9s 9 accord ) ! orig9al "* ( ! :ole in/itution1 b :]e ! wife revolts aga9/ ! rule ( ! man4 ,nobody kn[s bett] ?an y\r ,g]man phili/9e t n all m>riages foll[ su* a c\rse4 ,he does n und]/& h[ to ma9ta9 ! control ( 8 own home any bett] ?an t ( ! ,/ate1 & 8 wife is1 !re=e1 fully entitl$ to we>+ ! tr\s]s1 :i* he does n des]ve4 ,b he ?9ks himself f> sup]ior to 8 ,fr5* companion 9 mis]y1 :o m frequ5tly f>es f> worse4 ,! monogam\s family1 by ! way1 did n ev]y:]e & always appe> 9 ! classic sev]e =m x _h among ! ,greeks4 ,among ! ,romans1 :o z future conqu]ors ( ! _w _h a %>p] al?\gh less ref9$ eye ?an ! ,greeks1 ! wom5 7 fre] & m respect$4 ,a ,roman believ$ t ! conjugal fai? ( 8 wife 0 suffici5tly safegu>d$ by 8 p[] ov] h] life & dea?4 ,moreov]1 ! wom5 c\ld volunt>ily dissolve ! m>riage z well z ! m54 ,b ! highe/ progress 9 ! developm5t ( monogamy 0 d\btless due to ! entrance ( ! ,g]mans into hi/ory1 probably because on acc\nt ( _! pov]ty _! monogamy _h n yet fully outgr[n ! pair+ family4 ,?ree facts m5tion$ by ,tacitus favor ?is conclusion3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 al?\gh m>riage 0 held v sacr$--!y are satisfi$ ) "o wife1 ! wom5 are protect$ by *a/ity--/ill polygamy 0 9 use among ! di/+ui%$ & ! lead]s ( ! tribes1 z 0 ! case 9 ! pair+ families ( ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,secondly1 ! transition f mat]nal to pat]nal law c\ld h tak5 place only a %ort :ile be=e1 because ! "m's bro!r--! next male relative 9 ! g5s by mat]nal law--0 /ill consid]$ almo/ a clos] relative ?an ! natural fa!r1 also 9 accordance ) ! /&po9t ( ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! latt] furni%$ to ,m>x1 accord+ to 8 own te/imony1 ! key to ! compreh5sion ( ,g]man primeval hi/ory4 ,& ?irdly1 ! ,g]man wom5 7 highly respect$ & also influ5c$ public affairs1 a fact directly oppos$ to monogamic male supremacy4 ,9 all ^! ?+s ! ,g]mans almo/ h>monize ) ! ,sp>tans1 :o1 z we saw1 also _h n fully ov]come ! pair+ family4 ,h5ce 9 ?is respect an entirely new elem5t succe$$ to ! _w's supremacy ) ! ,g]mans4 ,! new monogamy n[ develop+ ! ru9s ( ! ,roman _w f ! mixture ( nations end[$ male rule ) a mild] =m & accord$ to wom5 a position t 0 at lea/ outw>dly f> m respect$ & free ?an classical antiquity ev] knew4 ,n until n[ 0 !re a possibility ( develop+ f monogamy--9 x1 by ! side ( x or aga9/ x1 z ! case might be--! highe/ e?ical progress we owe to x3 ! mod]n individual sexlove1 unkn[n to all previ\s ages4 ,?is progress d\btless arose f ! fact t ! ,g]mans /ill liv$ 9 ! pair+ family & inoculat$ monogamy z f> z possible ) ! position ( wom5 correspond+ to ! =m]4 ,x 0 9 no way due to ! leg5d>y & wond]fully pure natural qualities ( ! ,g]mans4 ,^! qualities 7 limit$ to ! simple fact t ! pair+ family inde$ does n create ! m>k$ moral contra/s ( monogamy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,g]mans1 especially ^? :o w&]$ s\!a/ among ! nomadic nations ( ! ,black ,sea1 _h greatly deg5]at$ morally4 ,beside ! eque/rian tricks ( ! inhabitants ( ! /eppe !y _h also acquir$ "s v unnatural vices4 ,?is is expressly confirm$ ( ! ,?aifali by ,ammianus & ( ! ,h]uli by ,prokop4 ,al?\gh monogamy 0 ! only "o ( all kn[n =ms ( ! family 9 :i* mod]n sexlove c\ld develop1 ?is does n imply t x develop$ exclusively or ev5 pr9cipally z mutual love ( man & wife4 ,! v nature ( /rict monogamy "u man's rule exclud$ ?is4 ,among all hi/orically active1 i4 e41 rul+1 classes matrimony rema9$ :at x _h be5 s9ce ! days ( ! pair+ family--a conv5tional matt] arrang$ by ! p>5ts4 ,& ! fir/ hi/orical =m ( sexlove z a passion1 z an attribute ( e human be+ 7at lea/ ( ! rul+ classes71 ! specific "* ( ! highe/ =m ( ! sexual impulse1 ?is fir/ =m1 ! love ( ! knights 9 ! middle ages1 0 by no means matrimonial love1 b q ! contr>y4 ,9 its classic =m1 among ! ,prov5als1 x heads ) full sails = adult]y & _! poets extol ! latt]4 ,! fl[] ( ,prov5al love poetry1 ! ,albas1 describe 9 gl[+ colors h[ ! knight sleeps ) 8 ador$--! wife ( ano!r--:ile ! wat*man outside calls him at ! fir/ fa9t gl[ ( ! morn+ 7alba7 & enables him to escape unnotic$4 ,! poems culm9ate 9 ! p>t+ sc5e4 ,likewise ! ,fr5*m5 ( ! nor? & also ! hone/ ,g]mans adopt$ ?is /yle ( poetry & ! mann] ( knightly love correspond+ to x4 ,old ,wolfram von ,es*5ba* has left u ?ree wond]ful day songs treat+ ?is same que/ionable subject1 & ,i l !m bett] ?an 8 ?ree h]oic epics4 ,civil matrimony 9 our day is ( two k9ds4 ,9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 ! p>5ts provide a fitt+ sp\se = _! son z ( old1 & ! natural consequ5ce is ! full developm5t ( ! contradictions inh]5t to monogamy3 voluptu\s heta]ism on ! man's "p1 voluptu\s adult]y ( ! woman4 ,probably ! ,ca?olic *ur* has aboli%$ divorce = ! simple reason t x _h come to ! conclusion1 !re 0 z little help = adult]y z = dea?4 ,9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 aga91 x is ! cu/om to give ! b\rgeois son m or less lib]ty 9 *oos+ 8 mate4 ,h5ce a c]ta9 degree ( love may be at ! bottom ( su* a m>riage & = ! sake ( propriety ?is is always assum$1 q 9 keep+ ) ,prote/ant hypocrisy4 ,9 ?is case heta]ism is c>ri$ on less /r5u\sly & adult]y on ! "p ( ! woman is n s frequ5t4 ,b z human be+s rema9 "u any =m ( m>riage :at !y 7 be=e m>ry+1 & z ! citiz5s ( ,prote/ant c\ntries are mo/ly phili/9es1 ?is ,prote/ant monogamy on ! av]age ( ! be/ cases conf9es itself to ! community ( a lead5 ennui1 label$ w$d$ bliss4 ,! be/ mirror ( ^! two species ( m>riage is ! novel1 ! ,fr5* novel = ! ,ca?olic1 ! ,g]man novel = ! ,prote/ant br&4 ,9 bo? ( ^! novels !y get "o ano!r3 9 ! ,g]man novel ! man gets ! girl1 9 ! ,fr5* novel ! husb& gets ! horns4 ,x does n always g )\t say+ :i* ( ! two des]ves ! mo/ pity4 ,= ?is reason ! t$i\sness ( ! ,g]man novels is abhorr$ z mu* by ! ,fr5* b\rgeois z ! immorality ( ! ,fr5* novels by ! ,g]man phili/9e4 ,( late1 s9ce ,b]l9 became cosmopolitan1 ! ,g]man novel beg9s to treat some:at timidly ( ! heta]ism & adult]y t a long "t ago became famili> features ( t city4 ,9 bo? cases ! m>riage is influ5c$ by ! class environm5t ( ! p>ticipants1 & 9 ?is respect x always rema9s conv5tional4 ,?is conv5tionalism (t5 en\gh results 9 ! mo/ pron\nc$ pro/itution--sometimes ( bo? p>ties1 m commonly ( ! woman4 ,%e is di/+ui%$ f a c\rtisane only 9 t %e does n (f] h] body = money by ! h\r l a commodity1 b sells x into slav]y = once & all4 ,f\ri]'s words hold good ) respect to all conv5tional m>riages3 ,z 9 gramm> two negatives make "o affirmative1 s 9 matrimonial e?ics1 two pro/itutions are consid]$ z "o virtue4 ,sexual love 9 man's relation to woman becomes & c become ! rule among ! oppress$ classes alone1 among ! prolet>ians ( our day--no matt] :e!r ?is relation is (ficially sanction$ or n4 ,"h all ! fundam5tal conditions ( classic monogamy h be5 aboli%$4 ,"h all prop]ty is miss+ & x 0 precisely = ! protection & inh]itance ( ?is t monogamy & man rule 7 e/abli%$4 ,h5ce all inc5tive to make ?is rule felt is want+ "h4 ,m /ill1 ! funds are miss+4 ,civil law protect+ male rule applies only to ! possess+ classes & _! int]c\rse ) prolet>ians4 ,law is exp5sive & !re=e ! pov]ty ( ! labor] makes x mean+less = 8 relation to 8 wife4 ,entirely diff]5t p]sonal & social conditions decide 9 ?is case4 ,& f9ally1 s9ce ! great indu/ries h remov$ wom5 f ! home to ! labor m>ket & to ! factory1 ! la/ remnant ( man rule 9 ! prolet>ian home has lo/ its gr\nd--except1 p]haps1 a "p ( ! brutality aga9/ wom5 t has become g5]al s9ce ! adv5t ( monogamy4 ,?us ! family ( ! prolet>ian is no long] /rictly monogam\s1 ev5 ) all ! mo/ passionate love & ! mo/ unalt]able loyalty ( bo? p>ties1 & 9 spite ( any possible cl]ical or secul> sanction4 ,consequ5tly ! et]nal companions ( monogamy1 heta]ism & adult]y1 play an almo/ insignificant role "h4 ,! woman has practically rega9$ ! "r ( sep>ation1 & if a c\ple _c agree1 !y r sep>ate4 ,9 %ort1 ! prolet>ian m>riage is monogam\s 9 ! etymological s5se ( ! ^w1 b by no means 9 a hi/orical s5se4 ,true1 our juri/s hold t ! progress ( legislation cont9ually less5s all cause ( compla9t = wom54 ,! mod]n sy/ems ( civil law recognize1 fir/ t m>riage1 9 ord] to be legal1 mu/ be a contract bas$ on volunt>y cons5t ( bo? p>ties1 & secondly t dur+ m>riage ! relations ( bo? p>ties %all be f\nd$ on equal rights & duties4 ,^! two dem&s logically en=c$ w1 s !y claim1 give to wom5 ev]y?+ !y c\ld possibly ask4 ,?is g5u9ely juridical argum5tation is exactly ! same z t us$ by ! radical republican b\rgeois to cut %ort & dismiss ! prolet>ian4 ,! labor contract is said to be volunt>ily made by bo? p>ties4 ,b x is consid]$ z volunt>y :5 ! law places bo? p>ties on equal t]ms on pap]4 ,! p[] conf]r$ on "o p>ty by ! division ( classes1 ! pressure !reby ex]t$ on ! o!r p>ty1 ! actual economic relation ( ! two--all ?is does n conc]n ! law4 ,aga91 dur+ ! t]m ( ! contract bo? p>ties are held to h equal rights1 unless "o has expressly r5\nc$ 8 "r4 ,t ! economic situation =ces ! labor] to give up ev5 ! la/ semblance ( equality1 t is n ! fault ( ! law4 ,9 reg>d to m>riage1 ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ law is completely satisfi$ aft] bo? p>ties h =mally decl>$ _! will+ness4 ,:at passes beh9d ! juridical sc5es :]e ! actual process ( liv+ is go+ on1 & h[ ?is will+ness is br\ght ab\t1 t _c be ! bus9ess ( ! law & ! juri/4 ,yet ! simple/ legal comp>ison %\ld %[ to ! juri/ :at ?is will+ness really means4 ,9 ^? c\ntries :]e a legitimate portion ( ! p>5tal weal? is assur$ to *ildr5 & :]e ^! _c be dis9h]it$--9 ,g]many1 9 c\ntries ) ,fr5* law1 etc4--! *ildr5 are b\nd to secure ! cons5t ( _! p>5ts = m>ry+4 ,9 c\ntries ) ,engli% law1 :]e ! cons5t ( ! p>5ts is by no means a legal qualification ( m>riage1 ! p>5ts h full lib]ty to bequea? _! weal? to anyone & may dis9h]it _! *ildr5 at w4 ,h5ce x is cle> t among classes hav+ any prop]ty to bequea? ! fre$om to m>ry is n a p>ticle great] 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica ?an 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,! legal equality ( man & woman 9 m>riage is by no means bett] f\nd$4 ,_! legal inequality inh]it$ f e>li] /ages ( society is n ! cause1 b ! effect ( ! economic oppression ( wom54 ,9 ! anci5t communi/ic h\sehold compris+ _m m>ri$ c\ples & _! *ildr51 ! adm9i/ration ( ! h\sehold entru/$ to wom5 0 j z mu* a public function1 a socially necess>y indu/ry1 z ! procur+ ( food by m54 ,9 ! patri>*al & /ill m 9 ! monogam\s family ?is 0 *ang$4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! h\sehold lo/ its public "*4 ,x 0 no long] a conc]n ( society4 ,x became a private s]vice4 ,! woman became ! fir/ s]vant ( ! h\se1 exclud$ f p>ticipation 9 social production4 ,only by ! great indu/ries ( our "t ! access to social production 0 aga9 op5$ = wom5--= prolet>ian wom5 alone1 h[ev]4 ,?is is done 9 su* a mann] t !y rema9 exclud$ f public production & _c e>n any?+1 if !y fulfill _! duties 9 ! private s]vice ( ! family2 or t !y are unable to att5d to _! family duties1 if !y wi% to p>ticipate 9 public indu/ries & e>n a liv+ indep5d5tly4 ,z 9 ! factory1 s wom5 are situat$ 9 all bus9ess dep>tm5ts up to ! m$ical & legal pr(essions4 ,! mod]n monogam\s family is f\nd$ on ! op5 or disguis$ dome/ic slav]y ( wom51 & mod]n society is a mass compos$ ( molecules 9 ! =m ( monogam\s families4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases ! man has to e>n a liv+ & to support 8 family1 at lea/ among ! possess+ classes4 ,he !reby obta9s a sup]ior position t has no ne$ ( any legal special privilege4 ,9 ! family1 he is ! b\rgeois1 ! woman repres5ts ! prolet>iat4 ,9 ! indu/rial _w1 h[ev]1 ! specific "* ( ! economic oppression weigh+ on ! prolet>iat appe>s 9 its %>pe/ outl9es only aft] all special privileges ( ! capitali/ class are aboli%$ & ! full legal equality ( bo? classes is e/abli%$4 ,a democratic republic does n aboli% ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two classes4 ,on ! contr>y1 x (f]s ! battlegr\nd on :i* ?is di/9ction c be f\ght out4 ,likewise ! peculi> "* ( man's rule ov] woman 9 ! mod]n family1 ! necessity & ! mann] ( accompli%+ ! real social equality ( ! two1 w appe> 9 broad daylight only !n1 :5 bo? ( !m w enjoy complete legal equality4 ,x w !n be se5 t ! emancipation ( wom5 is prim>ily dep5d5t on ! re-introduction ( ! :ole female sex into ! public indu/ries4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! monogam\s family mu/ cease to be ! indu/rial unit ( society4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h1 !n1 ?ree ma9 =ms ( ! family1 correspond+ 9 g5]al to ! ?ree ma9 /ages ( human developm5t4 ,= savag]y gr\p m>riage1 = b>b>ism ! pair+ family1 = civilization monogamy supplem5t$ by adult]y & pro/itution4 ,betwe5 ! pair+ family & monogamy1 9 ! high] /age ( b>b>ism1 ! rule ( m5 ov] female slaves & polygamy is ins]t$4 ,z we prov$ by our :ole argum5t1 ! progress visible 9 ?is *a9 ( ph5om5a is connect$ ) ! peculi>ity ( m & m curtail+ ! sexual fre$om ( ! gr\p m>riage = wom51 b n = m54 ,& gr\p m>riage is actually practis$ by m5 to ?is day4 ,:at is consid]$ a crime = wom5 & entails grave legal & social consequ5ces = !m1 is consid]$ honorable = m5 or 9 ! wor/ case a slight moral blemi% born ) pleasure4 ,b ! m traditional heta]ism is *ang$ 9 our day by capitali/ic production & con=ms to x1 ! m heta]ism is trans=m$ into undisguis$ pro/itution1 ! m demoraliz+ are its effects4 ,& x demoralizes m5 f> m ?an wom54 ,pro/itution does n degrade ! :ole female sex1 b only ! luckless wom5 t become its victims1 & ev5 ^? n to ! ext5t g5]ally assum$4 ,b x degrades ! "* ( ! entire male _w4 ,especially a long engagem5t is 9 n9e cases out ( t5 a p]fect tra9+ s*ool ( adult]y4 ,we are n[ approa*+ a social revolution1 9 :i* ! old economic f\ndations ( monogamy w disappe> j z surely z ^? ( its complem5t1 pro/itution4 ,monogamy arose ?r\gh ! conc5tration ( consid]able weal? 9 "o h&--a man's h&--& f ! endeavor to bequea? ?is weal? to ! *ildr5 ( ?is man to ! exclusion ( all o!rs4 ,?is necessitat$ monogamy on ! woman's1 b n on ! man's "p4 ,h5ce ?is monogamy ( wom5 9 no way h9d]$ op5 or secret polygamy ( m54 ,n[1 ! imp5d+ social revolution w r$uce ?is :ole c>e ( inh]itance to a m9imum by *ang+ at lea/ ! ov]:elm+ "p ( p]man5t & inh]itable weal?--! means ( production--into social prop]ty4 ,s9ce monogamy 0 caus$ by economic conditions1 w x disappe> :5 ^! causes are aboli%$8 ,"o might reply1 n )\t reason3 n only w x n disappe>1 b x w r be p]fectly realiz$4 ,= ) ! trans=mation ( ! means ( production into collective prop]ty1 wage labor w also disappe>1 & ) x ! prolet>iat & ! necessity = a c]ta91 /ati/ically asc]ta9able numb] ( wom5 to surr5d] = money4 ,pro/itution disappe>s & monogamy1 in/ead ( go+ out ( exi/5ce1 at la/ becomes a reality--= m5 also4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! situation w be v mu* *ang$ = m54 ,b also t ( wom51 & ( all wom51 w be consid]ably alt]$4 ,) ! trans=mation ( ! means ( production into collective prop]ty ! monogam\s family ceases to be ! economic unit ( society4 ,! private h\sehold *anges to a social indu/ry4 ,! c>e & education ( *ildr5 becomes a public matt]4 ,society c>es equally well = all *ildr51 legal or illegal4 ,?is removes ! c>e ab\t ! consequ5ces :i* n[ =ms ! ess5tial social factor--moral & economic--h9d]+ a girl to surr5d] unconditionally to ! belov$ man4 ,w n ?is be suffici5t cause = a gradual rise ( a m unconv5tional int]c\rse ( ! sexes & a m l5i5t public op9ion reg>d+ virg9 honor & female %ame8 ,& f9ally1 did we n see t 9 ! mod]n _w monogamy & pro/itution1 ?\gh anti!ses1 are insep>able & poles ( ! same social condition8 ,c pro/itution disappe> )\t engulf+ at ! same "t monogamy8 ,"h a new elem5t becomes active1 an elem5t :i* at be/ exi/$ only 9 ! g]m at ! "t :5 monogamy develop$3 individual sexlove4 ,be=e ! middle ages we _c speak ( individual sexlove4 ,x goes )\t say+ t p]sonal beauty1 intimate int]c\rse1 h>mony ( incl9ations1 etc41 awak5$ a long+ = sexual int]c\rse 9 p]sons ( diff]5t sex1 & t x 0 n absolutely immat]ial to m5 & wom51 ) :om !y ent]$ into su* mo/ intimate int]c\rse4 ,b f su* a relation to our sexlove !re is a long way yet4 ,all ?r\gh antiquity m>riages 7 arrang$ = ! p>ticipants by ! p>5ts1 & ! =m] quietly submitt$4 ,:at little matrimonial love 0 kn[n to antiquity 0 n subjective incl9ation1 b objective duty2 n cause1 b coroll>y ( m>riage4 ,love affairs 9 a mod]n s5se occurr$ 9 classical times only outside ( (ficial society4 ,! %eph]ds ^: happ9ess & woe 9 love is sung by ,!ocritos & ,mos*us1 su* z ,daphnis & ,*lo ( ,longos1 all ^! 7 slaves :o _h no %>e 9 ! /ate & 9 ! daily sph]e ( ! free citiz54 ,outside ( slave circles we f9d love affairs only z products ( dis9tegration ( ! s9k+ old _w4 ,_! objects are wom5 :o also are /&+ outside ( (ficial society1 heta]ae t are ei!r =eign]s or lib]at$ slaves3 9 ,a!ns s9ce ! beg9n+ ( its decl9e1 9 ,rome at ! "t ( ! emp]ors4 ,if love affairs really occurr$ betwe5 free male & female citiz5s1 x 0 only 9 ! =m ( adult]y4 ,& to ! classical love poet ( antiquity1 ! old ,anakreon1 sexlove 9 our s5se 0 s immat]ial1 t he did n ev5 c>e a fig = ! sex ( ! belov$ be+4 ,our sexlove is ess5tially diff]5t f ! simple sexual crav+1 ! ,eros1 ( ! anci5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place x presupposes mutual love4 ,9 ?is respect woman is ! equal ( man1 :ile 9 ! antique ,eros h] p]mission is by no means always ask$4 ,9 ! second place our sexlove has su* a degree ( int5sity & duration t 9 ! eyes ( bo? p>ties lack ( possession & sep>ation appe> z a great1 if n ! greate/1 calamity4 ,9 ord] to possess "o ano!r !y play = high /akes1 ev5 to ! po9t ( risk+ _! lives1 a ?+ he>d ( only 9 adult]y dur+ ! classical age4 ,& f9ally a new moral /&>d is introduc$ = judg+ sexual int]c\rse4 ,we n only ask3 ,0 x legal or illegal8 b also3 ,0 x caus$ by mutual love or n8 ,( c\rse1 ?is new /&>d meets ) no bett] fate 9 feudal or b\rgeois practice ?an all o!r moral /&>ds--x is simply ignor$4 ,b nei!r does x f>e worse4 ,x is recogniz$ j z mu* z ! o!rs--9 !ory1 on pap]4 ,& t is all we c expect at pres5t4 ,:]e antiquity left (f ) its attempts at sexual love1 !re ! middle ages resum$ ! ?read3 ) adult]y4 ,we h already describ$ ! love ( ! knights t inv5t$ ! day songs4 ,f ?is love endeavor+ to break ?r\gh ! bonds ( m>riage to ! love de/9$ to f\nd m>riage1 !re is a long di/ance :i* 0 nev] fully trav]s$ by ! knights4 ,ev5 9 pass+ on f ! frivol\s ,romanic race to ! virtu\s ,g]mans1 we f9d 9 ! ,nibelung5 song ,kriemhild1 :o secretly is no less 9 love ) ,siegfri$ ?an he ) h]1 meekly reply+ to ,gun!r's ann\ncem5t t he has pl$g$ h] 9 tro? to a c]ta9 knight :om he does n "n3 ,y ne$ n beg = my cons5t2 z y w dem&1 s ,i %all ev] be2 :omev] y1 sir1 w select = my husb&1 ,i %all will+ly take 9 tro?4 ,x does n ent] h] head at all t h] love c\ld f9d any consid]ation4 ,gun!r asks = ,brunhild1 ,etzel = ,kriemhild )\t ev] hav+ se5 "o ano!r4 ,! same is true ( ! suit ( ,gutrun ,sigebant ( ,irel& = ! ,norwegian ,ute & ( ,hetel ( ,hegel+5 = ,hilda ( ,irel&4 ,:5 ,siegfri$ ( ,morl&1 ,h>tmut ( ,orani5 & ,h]wig ( ,seal& c\rt ,gutrun1 !n x happ5s = ! fir/ "t t ! lady volunt>ily decides1 favor+ ! la/ nam$ knight4 ,z a rule ! bride ( ! "y pr9ce is select$ by 8 p>5ts4 ,only :5 ! latt] are no long] alive1 he *ooses 8 own bride ) ! advice ( ! great feudal lords :o 9 all cases ( ?is k9d h a decisive voice4 ,nor c\ld x be o!rwise4 ,= ! knight & ! b>on z well z = ! rul] ( ! realm himself1 m>riage is a political act1 an opportunity = increas+ _! p[] by new f$]ations4 ,! int]e/ ( ! h\se mu/ decide1 n ! arbitr>y incl9ation ( ! individual4 ,h[ c\ld love h a *ance to decide ! "q ( m>riage 9 ! la/ in/ance "u su* conditions8 ,! same held good = ! b\rgeois ( ! m$ieval t[ns1 ! memb]s ( ! guilds4 ,precisely ! privileges protect+ !m1 ! clauses & re/rictions ( ! guild *>t]s1 ! artificial l9es ( division sep>at+ !m legally1 "h f ! o!r guilds1 !re f _! j\rneym5 & appr5tices1 drew a suffici5tly n>r[ circle = ! selection ( a fitt+ b\rgeois sp\se4 ,"u su* a complicat$ sy/em1 ! "q ( fitness 0 unconditionally decid$1 n by individual incl9ation1 b by family int]e/s4 ,9 ! ov]:elm+ majority ( cases ! m>riage contract ?us rema9$ to ! end ( ! middle ages :at x _h be5 f ! outset3 a matt] t 0 n decid$ by ! p>ties mo/ int]e/$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ "o 0 already m>ri$ f 8 bir?--m>ri$ to a :ole gr\p ( ! o!r sex4 ,9 ! lat] =ms ( gr\p m>riage1 a simil> relation 0 probably ma9ta9$1 only "u a cont9ual n>r[+ ( ! gr\p4 ,9 ! pair+ family x is ! rule = mo!rs to ex*ange mutual pl$ges = ! m>riage ( _! *ildr54 ,"h also ! ma9 consid]ation is giv5 to new ties ( relation%ip t w /r5g!n ! position ( ! "y c\ple 9 ! g5s & ! tribe4 ,& :5 ) ! prepond]ance ( private prop]ty ov] collective prop]ty & ) ! int]e/ = inh]itance pat]nal law & monogamy assum$ ! supremacy1 !n m>riage became /ill m dep5d5t on economic consid]ations4 ,! =m ( pur*ase m>riage disappe>s1 b ! ess5ce ( ! transaction is m & m int5sifi$1 s t n only ! woman1 b also ! man h a fix$ price--n accord+ to 8 qualities1 b to 8 weal?4 ,t mutual fondness ( ! m>ry+ p>ties %\ld be ! "o factor dom9at+ all o!rs _h always be5 unhe>d ( 9 ! practice ( ! rul+ classes4 ,su* a ?+ occurr$ at be/ 9 romances or--among ! oppress$ classes t 7 n c\nt$4 ,?is 0 ! situation enc\nt]$ by capitali/ production :5 x began to prep>e1 s9ce ! epo* ( geographical discov]ies1 = ! conque/ ( ! _w by int]national trade & manufacture4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ?is mode ( mak+ ! m>riage contract w\ld h be5 extremely acceptable to capitalism1 & x 04 ,& yet--! irony ( fate is inexplicable--capitali/ production _h to make ! decisive brea* ?r\gh ?is mode4 ,by *ang+ all ?+s into commodities1 x dissolv$ all inh]it$ & traditional relations & replac$ "t hall[$ cu/om & hi/orical "r by pur*ase & sale1 by ! free contract4 ,& ! ,engli% juri/1 ,h4 ,s4 ,ma9e1 ?\ght he _h made a /up5d\s discov]y by say+ t our :ole progress ov] =m] epo*s consi/$ 9 arriv+ f /atus to contract1 f inh]it$ to volunt>ily contract$ conditions4 ,s f> z ?is is correct1 x _h already be5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,communi/ ,manife/o4 ,b 9 ord] to make contracts1 p mu/ h full fre$om ov] _! p]sons1 actions & possessions4 ,!y mu/ fur!rmore be on t]ms ( mutual equality4 ,! creation ( ^! free & equal p 0 precisely "o ( ! ma9 functions ( capitali/ic production4 ,:at ?\gh ?is 0 done at fir/ 9 a half-consci\s way &1 moreov]1 9 a religi\s disguise8 ,s9ce ! ,lu!ran & ,calv9i/ re=mation ! !sis 0 accept$ t a human be+ is fully responsible = 8 actions only !n1 :5 ^! actions 7 due to full fre$om ( w4 ,& x 0 held to be a moral duty to resi/ any compulsion = an immoral action4 ,h[ did ?is agree ) ! prevail+ practice ( mat*-mak+8 ,m>riage accord+ to b\rgeois conception 0 a contract1 a legal bus9ess affair1 & ! mo/ important "o at t1 because x decid$ ! weal & woe ( body & _s ( two be+s = life4 ,at t "t ! agreem5t 0 =mally volunt>y2 )\t ! cons5t ( ! contract+ p>ties no?+ c\ld be done4 ,b x 0 only too well kn[n h[ ?is cons5t 0 obta9$ & :o 7 really ! contract+ p>ties4 ,if1 h[ev]1 p]fect fre$om ( decision is dem&$ = all o!r contracts1 :y n = ?is "o8 ,did n ! two "y p :o 7 to be c\pl$ toge!r h ! "r freely to dispose ( !mselves1 ( _! bodies & ! organs ( ^!8 ,_h n sexual love become ! cu/om ?r\gh ! knights & 0 n1 9 opposition to knightly adult]y1 ! love ( m>ri$ c\ples its prop] b\rgeois =m8 ,& if x 0 ! duty ( m>ri$ c\ples to love "o ano!r1 0 x n j z mu* ! duty ( lov]s to m>ry ea* o!r & nobody else8 ,/ood n ! "r ( lov]s high] ?an ! "r ( p>5ts1 relatives & o!r cu/om>y m>riage brok]s & matrimonial ag5ts8 ,if ! "r ( free p]sonal inve/igation made its way un*eck$ into ! *ur* & religion1 h[ c\ld x be> ) ! insupportable claims ( ! old] g5]ation on ! body1 s\l1 prop]ty1 happ9ess & mis=tune ( ! y\ng] g5]ation8 ,^! que/ions _h to be rais$ at a "t :5 all ! old ties ( society 7 loos5$ & all traditional conceptions tott]+4 ,! size ( ! _w _h increas$ t5fold at a b\nd4 ,in/ead ( "o quadrant ( "o hemisph]e1 ! :ole globe n[ spread be=e ! eyes ( ,we/ ,europeans :o ha/5$ to take possession ( ! o!r sev5 quadrants4 ,& ! ?\s&-ye>-old b>ri]s ( conv5tional m$ieval ?\ght fell l ! old n>r[ ob/acles to m>riage4 ,an inf9itely wid] horizon op5$ out be=e ! out] & inn] eyes ( humanity4 ,:at matt]$ ! well-mean+ propriety1 :at ! honorable privilege ( ! guild ov]come ?r\gh g5]ations to ! "y man tempt$ by ! gold & silv] m9es ( ,mexico & ,potosi8 ,x 0 ! knight errant "t ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,x _h its own romances & love dreams1 b on a b\rgeois foot+ &1 9 ! la/ in/ance1 ) b\rgeois aims4 ,?us x came ab\t t ! ris+ b\rgeoisie m & m recogniz$ ! fre$om ( contract+ 9 m>riage & c>ri$ x ?r\gh 9 ! mann] describ$ above1 especially 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 :]e exi/+ in/itutions 7 mo/ /rongly %ak54 ,m>riage rema9$ class m>riage1 b )9 ! class a c]ta9 fre$om ( *oice 0 accord$ to ! contract+ p>ties4 ,& on pap]1 9 moral !ory z 9 poetical description1 no?+ 0 m unalt]ably e/abli%$ ?an ! idea t e m>riage 0 immoral unless f\nd$ on mutual sex-love & p]fectly free agreem5t ( husb& & wife4 ,9 %ort1 ! love mat* 0 proclaim$ z a human "r1 n only z droit de l'homme--man's "r--b also = once z droit de femme--woman's "r4 ,h[ev]1 ?is human "r diff]$ f all o!r s-call$ human rights 9 "o respect4 ,:ile 9 practice o!r rights rema9$ ! privileges ( ! rul+ class1 ! b\rgeoisie1 & 7 directly or indirectly curtail$ = prolet>ians1 ! irony ( hi/ory once m ass]t$ itself 9 ?is case4 ,! rul+ class rema9s subject to well-kn[n economic influ5ces &1 !re=e1 %[s m>riage by free selection only 9 exceptional cases4 ,b among ! oppress$ class1 love mat*es are ! rule1 z we h se54 ,h5ce ! full fre$om ( m>riage c become g5]al only aft] all m9or economic consid]ations1 t /ill ex]t su* a p[]ful influ5ce on ! *oice ( a mate = life1 h be5 remov$ by ! abolition ( capitali/ic production & ( ! prop]ty relations creat$ by x4 ,!n no o!r motive w rema9 b mutual fondness4 ,s9ce sexlove is exclusive by its v nature--al?\gh ?is exclusiv5ess is at pres5t realiz$ = wom5 alone--m>riage f\nd$ on sexlove mu/ be monogam\s4 ,we h se5 t ,ba*(5 0 p]fectly "r 9 reg>d+ ! progress f gr\p m>riage to monogamy ma9ly z ! "w ( wom54 ,only ! advance f ! pair+ family to monogamy mu/ be *>g$ to ! acc\nt ( m54 ,?is advance impli$1 hi/orically1 a det]ioration 9 ! position ( wom5 & a great] opportunity = m5 to be fai?less4 ,remove ! economic consid]ations t n[ =ce wom5 to submit to ! cu/om>y disloyalty ( m51 & y w place wom5 on a equal foot+ ) m54 ,all pres5t exp]i5ces prove t ?is w t5d mu* m /rongly to make m5 truly monogam\s1 ?an to make wom5 poly&r\s4 ,h[ev]1 ^? peculi>ities t 7 /amp$ ^u ! face ( monogamy by its rise ?r\gh prop]ty relations1 w decid$ly vani%1 namely ! supremacy ( m5 & ! indissolubility ( m>riage4 ,! supremacy ( man 9 m>riage is simply ! consequ5ce ( 8 economic sup]iority & w fall ) ! abolition ( ! latt]4 ,! indissolubility ( m>riage is p>tly ! consequ5ce ( economic conditions1 "u :i* monogamy arose1 p>tly tradition f ! "t :]e ! connection betwe5 ?is economic situation & monogamy1 n yet cle>ly und]/ood1 0 c>ri$ to extremes by religion4 ,to-day1 x has be5 p]=at$ a ?\s& times4 ,if m>riage f\nd$ on love is alone moral1 !n x foll[s t m>riage is moral only z long z love la/s4 ,! duration ( an attack ( individual sexlove v>ies consid]ably accord+ to individual disposition1 especially 9 m54 ,a positive cessation ( fondness or its replacem5t by a new passionate love makes a sep>ation a bless+ = bo? p>ties & = society4 ,b humanity w be sp>$ ! useless wad+ ?r\gh ! mire ( a divorce case4 ,:at we may anticipate ab\t ! adju/m5t ( sexual relations aft] ! imp5d+ d[nfall ( capitali/ production is ma9ly ( a negative nature & mo/ly conf9$ to elem5ts t w disappe>4 ,b :at w be add$8 ,t w be decid$ aft] a new g5]ation has come to maturity3 a race ( m5 :o nev] 9 _! lives h _h any occasion = buy+ ) money or o!r economic means ( p[] ! surr5d] ( a woman2 a race ( wom5 :o h nev] _h any occasion = surr5d]+ to any man = any o!r reason b love1 or = refus+ to surr5d] to _! lov] f fe> ( economic consequ5ces4 ,once su* p are 9 ! _w1 !y w n give a mom5t's ?\ght to :at we to-day believe %\ld be _! c\rse4 ,!y w foll[ _! own practice & fa%ion _! own public op9ion ab\t ! individual practice ( e p]son--only ?is & no?+ m4 ,b let u return to ,morgan f :om we mov$ away a consid]able di/ance4 ,! hi/orical inve/igation ( social in/itutions develop$ dur+ ! p]iod ( civilization exce$s ! limits ( 8 book4 ,h5ce ! vicissitudes ( monogamy dur+ ?is epo* occupy him v briefly4 ,he also sees 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ! monogam\s family a progress1 an approa* to p]fect equality ( ! sexes1 )\t consid]+ ?is aim fully realiz$4 ,b he says3 ,:5 ! fact is accept$ t ! family has pass$ ?r\gh f\r successive =ms1 & is n[ 9 a fif?1 ! "q at once arises :e!r ?is =m c be p]man5t 9 ! future4 ,! only answ] t c be giv5 is t x mu/ advance z society advances1 & *ange z society *anges1 ev5 z x has done 9 ! pa/4 ,x is ! creature ( ! social sy/em1 & w reflect its culture4 ,z ! monogamian family has improv$ greatly s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( civilization1 & v s5sibly 9 mod]n times1 x is at lea/ supposable t x is capable ( /ill f>!r improvem5t until ! equality ( ! sexes is atta9$4 ,%\ld ! monogamian family 9 ! di/ant future fail to answ] ! requirem5ts ( society1 assum+ ! cont9u\s progress ( civilization1 x is impossible to pr$ict ! nature ( its successor4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,au?or's note4 ,h[ little ,ba*(5 und]/ood :at he _h discov]$1 or r guess$1 is prov$ by ! t]m heta]ism1 :i* he applies to ?is primeval /age4 ,heta]ism designat$ among ! ,greeks an int]c\rse ( m51 s+le or liv+ 9 monogamy1 ) unm>ri$ wom54 ,x always presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a well def9$ =m ( m>riage1 outside ( :i* ?is int]c\rse takes place1 & includes ! possibility ( pro/itution4 ,9 ano!r s5se ?is ^w 0 nev] us$1 & ,i use x 9 ?is s5se ) ,morgan4 ,ba*(5's v important discov]ies are ev]y:]e my/ifi$ 9 ! extreme by 8 idea t ! hi/orical relations ( man & wife h _! s\rce 9 ! religi\s conceptions ( a c]ta9 p]iod1 n 9 ! economic conditions ( life4 #h ,translator's note4 ,! female ( ! ,european cuckoo 7cuculus canorus7 keeps int]c\rse ) sev]al males 9 diff]5t di/ricts dur+ ! same season4 ,/ill1 ?is is f> f ! human poly&ry1 9 :i* ! m5 & "o wom5 all live toge!r 9 ! same place1 ! m5 mutually tol]at+ "o ano!r1 :i* male cuckoos d n4 #i ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 ,london1 #ahia4 #aj ,esp9as1 ,des ,societes ,animales1 #ahgg4 #aa ,esp9as1 l4 c41 quot$ by ,giraud-,teulon1 ,orig9es du m>iage et de la famille1 #ahhd1 p4 #eah-bj4 #ab ,au?or's note4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahhb1 ,m>x express$ himself 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms on ! total misrepres5tation ( primeval times by ,wagn]'s ,nibelung5 text3 ,:o ev] he>d ( a bro!r embrac+ 8 si/] z a bride8 ,to ^! lascivi\s ,wagn]ian gods :o 9 truly mod]n /yle are r5d]+ _! love qu>rels m spicy by a little ince/1 ,m>x replies3 ,9 primeval times ! si/] 0 ! wife & t 0 moral4 7,to ! f\r? edition47 ,a ,fr5* fri5d & admir] ( ,wagn] does n cons5t to ?is foot note1 & rem>ks t ev5 9 ! ,oegisdrecka1 ! m anci5t ,edda on :i* ,wagn] built1 ,loki d5\nces ,freya3 ,be=e ! gods y embrac$ y\r own bro!r4 ,?is1 he says1 proves t m>riage betwe5 bro!r & si/] 0 int]dict$ ev5 !n4 ,b ! ,oegisdrecka is ! expression ( a "t :5 ! belief 9 ! old my?s 0 totally %ak52 x is a truly ,lucian satire on ! gods4 ,if ,loki z ,mephi/o d5\nces ,freya 9 ?is mann]1 !n x is r a po9t aga9/ ,wagn]4 ,loki also says1 a few v]ses fur!r on1 to ,niordhr3 ,) y\r si/] y g5]at$ 7su*7 a son 7vidh sy/ur ?9ni gatzu slikan mog74 ,niordhr is n an ,asa1 b a ,vana1 & says 9 ! ,yngl+a ,saga t m>riages betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s are sanction$ 9 ,vanal&1 :i* is n ! case among ! ,asas4 ,?is w\ld indicate t ! ,vanas are old] gods ?an ! ,asas4 ,at any rate ,niordhr liv$ on equal t]ms ) ! ,asas1 & ! ,oegisdrecka is ?us r a pro( t at ! "t ( ! orig9 ( ! ,norwegian my?ology ! m>riage ( bro!r & si/] 0 n yet repulsive1 at lea/ n to ! gods4 ,9 try+ to excuse ,wagn] x might be bett] to quote ,goe! in/ead ( ! ,edda4 ,?is poet commits a simil> error 9 8 ballad ( ! god & ! bajad]e 9 reg>d to ! religi\s surr5d] ( wom5 & approa*es mod]n pro/itution f> too closely4 #ac ,!re is no long] any d\bt t ! traces ( unre/rict$ sexual int]c\rse1 :i* ,ba*(5 alleges to h f\nd--call$ ince/u\s g5]ation by him--are traceable to gr\p m>riage4 ,if ,ba*(5 consid]s ^? ,punaluan m>riages lawless1 a man ( t p]iod w\ld look ^u mo/ ( our pres5t m>riages betwe5 ne> & remote c\s9s on ! fa!r's or "m's side z ince/u\s1 be+ m>riages betwe5 consangu9e\s relatives4--,m>x4 #ad ,! ,p ( ,india4 #ae ,see translator's note1 p4 #ee4 #af ,translator's note4 ,accord+ to ,cun[1 ,kroki & ,kumite are phratries4 ,see ,die ,v]w&s*aftsorganization5 d] ,au/ralneg]1 by ,he9ri* ,cun[4 ,/uttg>t1 ,dietz ,v]lag1 #ahid4 #ag ,translator's note4 ,he9ri* ,cun[ has giv5 u ! results ( 8 mo/ rec5t inve/igations 9 8 ,v]w&s*aftsorganisation5 d] ,au/ralneg]4 ,he sums up 8 /udies 9 ^! words3 ,:ile ,morgan & ,fison reg>d ! sy/em ( m>riage classes z an orig9al organization prec$+ ! s-call$ ,punaluan family1 ,i h f\nd t ! class is inde$ old] ?an ! g5s1 hav+ its orig9 9 ! diff]5t /rata ( g5]ations *>act]i/ic ( ! consangu9e family ( ,morgan2 b ! pres5t mode ( classification 9 =ce among ,kamil>oi1 ,kabi1 ,yuip]a1 etc41 _c h aris5 until a mu* lat] "t1 :5 ! g5tile in/itution _h already gr[n out ( ! horde4 ,?is sy/em ( classification does n repres5t ! fir/ timid /eps ( evolution2 x is n ! mo/ primitive ( any kn[n =ms ( social organization1 b an int]m$iate =m t takes %ape toge!r ) ! g5tile society1 a /age ( transition to a pure g5tile organization4 ,9 ?is /age1 ! g5]ic classification 9 /rata ( diff]5t ages belong+ to ! s-call$ consangu9e family runs p>allel = a :ile ) ! g5tile ord]4444 ,x w\ld h be5 easy = me to quote ! te/imony ( travel]s & e?nologi/s 9 support ( ! conclusions drawn by me f ! =ms ( relation%ip among ,au/ralian negroes4 ,b ,i purposely refra9 f do+ ?is1 ) a few exceptions1 fir/ because ,i d n wi% to write a g5]al hi/ory ( ! primitive family1 &1 secondly1 because ,i consid] all ref]5ces ( ?is k9d z v d\btful te/imony1 unless !y are accompani$ by an analysis ( ! entire organization4 ,we frequ5tly f9d analogies to ! in/itutions ( a l[] /age 9 a high /age1 & yet !y are f\nd$ on radically diff]5t premises & causes4 ,! evolution ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es %[s t4 ,among ! ,au/ralians ( ! l[] /age1 e4 g41 ! hordes are endogam\s1 among ^? ( ! middle /age !y are exogam\s1 & 9 ! high] /age !y are aga9 endogam\s4 ,b :ile 9 ! "o in/ance ! m>riage 9 ! horde is condition$ on ! fact t ! m remote relatives are n yet exclud$ f sexual int]c\rse1 x is f\nd$ 9 ! o!r case on ! diff]5ce betwe5 local & sexual organization4 ,fur!rmore1 ! m>riage betwe5 daught] & fa!r is p]mitt$ 9 ! l[] /age1 & aga9 9 t high] /age1 :]e ! class organization ( ! ,kamil>oi is on ! v]ge ( dissolution4 ,b 9 bo? cases ! circle ( ^? :o are reg>d$ z fa!rs is entirely diff]5t4 ,! "* ( an in/itution c only be p]fectly und]/ood1 if we exam9e its connection ) ! entire organization1 &1 if possible1 trace its metamorphoses 9 ! prec$+ /ages4444 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! class sy/em is t by ! side ( ! g5tile ord]1 su* z is f\nd among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 !re is always ano!r sy/em ( f\r m>riage classes = ! purpose ( limit+ sexual int]c\rse betwe5 c]ta9 gr\ps ( relatives4 ,nei!r ! phratry nor ! g5s ( ! ,kamil>oi =ms a di/9ct t]ritorial community4 ,_! memb]s are scatt]$ among diff]5t rov+ hordes1 & !y only meet occasionally1 e4 g41 to celebrate a fea/ or dance4444 ,! orig9 ( g5tile sy/ems out ( ,punaluan gr\ps has nev] be5 prov51 :ile we see among ! ,au/ralian negroes t ! classes are cle>ly & irrefutably 9 exi/5ce among ! fir/ traces ( g5tilism4444 ,! class sy/em 9 its orig9al =m is a conclusive pro( ( ,morgan's !ory1 t ! fir/ /ep 9 ! =mation ( sy/ems ( relation%ip consi/$ 9 prohibit+ sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 79 a wid] s5se74444 ,x has be5 (t5 disput$ t ! ,punaluan family ev] exi/$ outside ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,b ! m>riage in/itutions ( c]ta9 ,au/ralian tribes nam$ by me prove ! contr>y4 ,! ,pirrauru ( ! ,diey]ie is absolutely id5tical ) ! ,punalua ( ! ,hawaiians2 & ^! in/itutions 7 n describ$ by travel]s :o ru%$ ?r\gh ! t]ritories ( ^? tribes )\t kn[+ _! language1 b by m5 :o liv$ among !m = decades & fully ma/]$ _! dialects4444 ,i h %[n h[ f> ! class sy/em corresponds to ! ,hawaiian sy/em4 ,x is & rema9s a fact1 t x conta9s a long s]ies ( t]ms t _c be expla9$ by ! relations 9 ! s-call$ consangu9e family1 & ! use ( :i* creates confusion1 if appli$ to ?is family4 ,b t simply %[s t ,morgan 0 mi/ak5 ab\t ! age & pres5t /ructure ( ! ,hawaiian sy/em4 ,x does n prove t x c\ld n h gr[n on ! basis assum$ by him4444 ,if ! oppon5ts ( ,morgan dispute t ! s-call$ consangu9e family is bas$ on blood k9%ip1 !y are "r1 unless we wi% to assign an exceptional position to ! ,au/ralian /rata ( g5]ations4 ,b if !y g fur!r & decl>e t ! subsequ5t re/rictions ( inbre$+ & ! g5tile ord] h aris5 indep5d5tly ( relation%ips1 !y commit a f> great] mi/ake ?an ,morgan4 ,!y block _! way to an und]/&+ ( subsequ5t organizations & =ce !mselves to all sorts ( que] assumptions t at once appe> z ! fruits ( imag9ation1 :5 comp>$ ) ! actual in/itutions ( primitive peoples4 ,?is explanation ( ! phases ( developm5t ( family in/itutions contradicts pres5t day views on ! matt]4 ,s9ce ! sci5tific inve/igations ( ! la/ decade h demon/rat$ beyond d\bt t ! s-call$ patri>*al family 0 prec$$ by ! matri>*al family1 x has become ! cu/om to reg>d desc5t by females z a natural in/itution belong+ to ! v fir/ /ages ( developm5t :i* is expla9$ by ! modes ( exi/5ce & ?\ght among savages4 ,pat]nity be+ a matt] ( speculation1 mat]nity ( actual obs]vation1 x is suppos$ to foll[ t desc5t by females 0 always recogniz$4 ,b ! developm5t ( ! ,au/ralian sy/ems ( relation%ip %[s t ?is is n true1 at lea/ n 9 reg>d to ,au/ralians4 ,! fact _c be disput$ away1 t we f9d female l9eage among all ^? high] develop$ tribes t h progress$ to ! =mation ( g5tile organizations1 b male l9eage among all ^? t h no g5tile organizations or :]e ^! are only 9 process ( =mation4 ,n a s+le tribe has be5 discov]$ s f>1 :]e female l9eage 0 n comb9$ ) g5tile organization1 & ,i d\bt t any w ev] be f\nd4 #ah ,! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #bh-bi4 #ai ,mutt]re*t1 p4 xix4 #bj ,a ,j\rney 9 ,brazil4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 #ahhf4 ,page #bff4 #ba ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races1 ,i41 #ha4 #bb ,ibidem1 p4 #ehd4 #bc ,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #ejd4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,iroquois ,,g5s4 ,we n[ come to ano!r discov]y ( ,morgan t is at lea/ z important z ! recon/ruction ( ! primeval =m ( ! family f ! sy/ems ( k9%ip4 ,x is ! pro( t ! sex organizations )9 ! tribe ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 designat$ by animal names1 are ess5tially id5tical ) ! g5ea ( ! ,greeks & ! g5tes ( ! ,romans2 t ! ,am]ican =m is ! orig9al f :i* ! ,greek & ,roman =ms 7 lat] d]iv$2 t ! :ole organization ( ,greek & ,roman society dur+ primeval times 9 g5s1 phratry & tribe f9ds its fai?ful p>allel 9 t ( ! ,am]ican ,indians2 t ! g5s is an in/itution common to all b>b>ians up to ! "t ( civilization--at lea/ s f> z our pres5t s\rces ( in=mation rea*4 ,?is demon/ration has cle>$ at a s+le /roke ! mo/ difficult passages ( remote/ anci5t ,greek & ,roman hi/ory4 ,at ! same "t x has giv5 u unexpect$ in=mation conc]n+ ! fundam5tal outl9es ( ! con/itution ( society 9 primeval times--be=e ! introduction ( ! /ate4 ,simple z ! matt] is aft] we h once f\nd x out1 /ill x 0 only lately discov]$ by ,morgan4 ,9 8 "w ( #ahga he _h n yet une>!d ?is my/]y4 ,its revelation has completely sil5c$ = ! "t be+ ^? g5]ally s ov]confid5t ,engli% au?orities on primeval hi/ory4 ,! ,lat9 ^w g5s1 us$ by ,morgan g5]ally = ! designation ( ?is sex organization1 is d]iv$1 l ! equival5t ,greek ^w g5os1 f ! common ,aryan root gan1 signify+ to beget4 ,g5s1 g5os1 ,sanskrit ds*anas1 ,go?ic kuni1 anci5t ,norse & ,anglesaxon kyn1 ,engli% k91 ,middle ,high ,g]man knne1 all signify l9eage1 desc5t4 ,g5s 9 ,lat91 g5os 9 ,greek1 specially designate t sex organization :i* boa/$ ( common desc5t 7f a common sire7 & 0 unit$ into a sep>ate community by c]ta9 social & religi\s in/itutions1 b ! orig9 & nature ( :i* nev]!less rema9$ obscure to all our hi/orians4 ,else:]e1 9 speak+ ( ! ,punaluan family1 we saw h[ ! g5s 0 con/itut$ 9 its orig9al =m4 ,x consi/$ ( all individuals :o by means ( ! ,punaluan m>riage & 9 con=mity ) ! conceptions necess>ily aris+ 9 x made up ! recogniz$ (fspr+ ( a c]ta9 ance/ral "m1 ! f\nd] ( t g5s4 ,s9ce fa!rhood is unc]ta9 9 ?is =m ( ! family1 female l9eage is alone valid4 ,& z bro!rs mu/ n m>ry _! si/]s1 b only wom5 ( =eign desc5t1 ! *ildr5 br$ f ^! =eign wom5 d n belong to ! g5s1 accord+ to mat]nal law4 ,h5ce only ! (fspr+ ( ! daught]s ( e g5]ation rema9 9 ! same sex organization4 ,! desc5dants ( ! sons are transf]r$ to ! g5tes ( ! new mo!rs4 ,:at becomes ( ?is gr\p ( k9%ip :5 x con/itutes itself a sep>ate gr\p1 di/9ct f simil> gr\ps 9 ! same tribe8 ,z ! classical =m ( ?is orig9al g5s ,morgan selects t ( ! ,iroquois1 m especially t ( ! ,s5eca tribe4 ,?is tribe has eight g5tes nam$ aft] animals3 #a4 ,wolf4 #b4 ,be>4 #c4 ,turtle4 #d4 ,beav]4 #e4 ,de]4 #f4 ,snipe4 #g4 ,h]on4 #h4 ,hawk4 ,e g5s obs]ves ! foll[+ cu/oms3 #a4 ,! g5s elects its sa*em 7(ficial head dur+ peace7 & its *ief 7lead] 9 w>74 ,! sa*em mu/ be select$ )9 ! g5s & 8 (fice 0 9 a s5se h]$it>y4 ,x _h to be fill$ imm$iately aft] a vacancy occurr$4 ,! *ief c\ld be select$ outside ( ! g5s1 & 8 (fice c\ld ev5 be tempor>ily vacant4 ,! son nev] foll[$ 8 fa!r 9 ! (fice ( sa*em1 because ! ,iroquois obs]v$ mat]nal law1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! son belong$ to ano!r g5s4 ,b ! bro!r or ! son ( a si/] 0 (t5 elect$ z a successor4 ,m5 & wom5 bo? vot$ 9 elections4 ,! election1 h[ev]1 _h to be confirm$ by ! o!r sev5 g5tes1 & !n only ! sa*em-elect 0 solemnly inve/$1 by ! common c\ncil ( ! :ole ,iroquois f$]ation4 ,! significance ( ?is w be se5 lat]4 ,! p[] ( ! sa*em )9 ! tribe 0 ( a pat]nal1 purely moral nature4 ,he _h no means ( co]cion at 8 comm&4 ,he 0 besides by virtue ( 8 (fice a memb] ( ! tribal c\ncil ( ! ,s5ecas & ( ! f$]al c\ncil ( ! :ole ,iroquois nation4 ,! ,*ief _h ! "r to comm& only 9 times ( w>4 #b4 ,! g5s c retire ! sa*em & ! *ief at w4 ,?is aga9 is done by m5 & wom5 jo9tly4 ,! retir$ m5 are consid]$ simple w>riors & private p]sons l all o!rs4 ,! tribal c\ncil1 by ! way1 c also retire ! sa*ems1 ev5 aga9/ ! w ( ! tribe4 #c4 ,no memb] is p]mitt$ to m>ry )9 ! g5s4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal rule ( ! g5s1 ! tie t holds x toge!r4 ,x is ! negative expression ( ! v positive blood relation%ip1 by virtue ( :i* ! individuals belong+ to x become a g5s4 ,by ! discov]y ( ?is simple fact ,morgan = ! fir/ "t reveal$ ! nature ( ! g5s4 ,h[ little ! g5s _h be5 und]/ood be=e him is prov5 by =m] reports on savages & b>b>ians1 9 :i* ! diff]5t organizations ( :i* ! g5tile ord] is compos$ are jumbl$ toge!r )\t und]/&+ & di/9ction z tribe1 clan1 ?um1 etc4 ,sometimes x is /at$ t int]m>ry+ )9 ^! organizations is =bidd54 ,?is gave rise to ! hopeless confusion1 9 :i* ,mc,lennan c\ld pose z ,napoleon & e/abli% ord] by ! decree3 ,all tribes are divid$ into ^? t =bid int]m>ry+ 7exogam\s7 & ^? t p]mit x 7endogam\s74 ,& aft] he _h ?us made confusion worse conf\nd$1 he c\ld indulge 9 deep m$itations :i* ( 8 two prepo/]\s classes 0 ! old]3 exogamy or endogamy4 ,by ! discov]y ( ! g5s f\nd$ on aff9ity ( blood & ! result+ impossibility ( its memb]s to int]m>ry1 ?is nons5se f\nd a natural end4 ,x is self und]/ood t ! m>riage int]dict )9 ! g5s 0 /rictly obs]v$ at ! /age 9 :i* we f9d ! ,iroquois4 #d4 ,! prop]ty ( deceas$ memb]s fell to ! %>e ( ! o!r g5tiles2 x _h to rema9 9 ! g5s4 ,9 view ( ! insignificance ( ! objects an ,iroquois c\ld leave beh9d1 ! ne>e/ g5tile relations divid$ ! h]itage4 ,0 ! deceas$ a man1 !n 8 natural bro!rs1 si/]s & ! bro!rs ( ! "m %>$ 9 8 prop]ty4 ,0 x a woman1 !n h] *ildr5 & natural si/]s %>$1 b n h] bro!rs4 ,= ?is reason husb& & wife c\ld n inh]it f "o ano!r1 nor ! *ildr5 f ! fa!r4 #e4 ,! g5tile memb]s ow$ to ea* o!r help1 protection & especially assi/ance 9 rev5g+ injury inflict$ by /rang]s4 ,! individual reli$ = 8 protection on ! g5s & c\ld be assur$ ( x4 ,:oev] injur$ ! individual1 injur$ ! :ole g5s4 ,f ?is blood k9%ip arose ! obligation to blood rev5ge t 0 unconditionally recogniz$ by ! ,iroquois4 ,if a /rang] kill$ a g5tile memb]1 ! :ole g5s ( ! sla9 man 0 pl$g$ to rev5ge 8 dea?4 ,fir/ m$iation 0 tri$4 ,! g5s ( ! slay] delib]at$ & (f]$ to ! g5tile c\ncil ( ! sla9 propositions = atonem5t1 consi/+ g5]ally 9 expressions ( regret & pres5ts ( consid]able value4 ,if ^! 7 accept$1 ! matt] 0 settl$4 ,9 ! opposite case ! injur$ g5s appo9t$ "o or m av5g]s :o 7 oblig$ to pursue ! slay] & to kill him4 ,if !y succe$$1 ! g5s ( ! slay] _h no "r to compla94 ,! acc\nt 0 squ>$4 #f4 ,! g5s _h c]ta9 di/9ct names or s]ies ( names1 :i* no o!r g5s 9 ! :ole tribe c\ld use1 s t ! "n ( ! individual indicat$ to :at g5s he belong$4 ,a g5tile "n at ! same "t be/[$ g5tile rights4 #g4 ,! g5s may adopt /rang]s :o !reby are adopt$ into ! :ole tribe4 ,! prison]s ( w> :o 7 n kill$ became by adoption into a g5s tribal memb]s ( ! ,s5ecas & ?us receiv$ full g5tile & tribal rights4 ,! adoption took place on ! motion ( "s g5tile memb]s1 ( m5 :o accept$ ! /rang] z a bro!r or si/]1 ( wom5 :o accept$ him z a *ild4 ,! solemn introduction into ! g5s 0 necess>y to confirm ! adoption4 ,frequ5tly c]ta9 g5tes t _h %runk exceptionally 7 ?us /r5g!n$ by mass adoptions f ano!r g5s ) ! cons5t ( ! latt]4 ,among ! ,iroquois ! solemn introduction into ! g5s took place 9 a public meet+ ( ! tribal c\ncil1 :]eby x actually became a religi\s c]emony4 ,! exi/5ce ( special religi\s celebrations among ,indian g5tes c h>dly be demon/rat$4 ,b ! religi\s rites ( ! ,indians are m or less connect$ ) ! g5s4 ,at ! six annual religi\s fe/ivals ( ! ,iroquois ! sa*ems & *iefs ( ! diff]5t g5tes 7 add$ to ! ,keep]s ( ! ,fai? & _h ! functions ( prie/s4 #i4 ,! g5s _h a common burial place4 ,among ! ,iroquois ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 :o are cr[d$ by :ite m5 all ar\nd !m1 ! burial place has disappe>$1 b x exi/$ =m]ly4 ,among o!r ,indians x is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 e4 g41 among ! ,tusc>oras1 ne> relatives ( ! ,iroquois1 :]e e g5s has a r[ by itself 9 ! burial place1 al?\gh !y are ,*ri/ians4 ,! "m is buri$ 9 ! same r[ z h] *ildr51 b n ! fa!r4 ,& among ! ,iroquois ! :ole g5s ( ! deceas$ att5ds ! fun]al1 prep>es ! grave & provides ! addresses1 etc4 #aj4 ,! g5s _h a c\ncil1 ! democratic assembly ( all male & female g5tiles ( adult age1 all ) equal suffrage4 ,?is c\ncil elect$ & depos$ its sa*ems & *iefs2 likewise ! o!r ,keep]s ( ! ,fai?4 ,x delib]at$ on gifts ( atonem5t or blood rev5ge = murd]$ g5tiles & x adopt$ /rang]s into ! g5s4 ,9 %ort1 x 0 ! sov]eign p[] 9 ! g5s4 ,! foll[+ are ! rights & privileges ( ! typical ,indian g5s1 accord+ to ,morgan3 ,all ! memb]s ( an ,iroquois g5s 7 p]sonally free1 & !y 7 b\nd to def5d ea* o!r's fre$om2 !y 7 equal 9 privileges & 9 p]sonal rights1 ! sa*ems & *iefs claim+ no sup]iority2 & !y 7 a bro!rhood b\nd toge!r by ties ( k94 ,lib]ty1 equality & frat]nity1 ?\gh nev] =mulat$1 7 c>d9al pr9ciples ( ! g5s4 ,^! facts are mat]ial1 because ! g5s 0 ! unit ( a social & gov]nm5tal sy/em1 ! f\ndation ^u :i* ,indian society 0 organiz$4 ,a /ructure compos$ ( su* units w\ld ( necessity be> ! impress ( _! "*1 = z ! unit1 s ! comp\nd4 ,x s]ves to expla9 t s5se ( indep5d5ce & p]sonal dignity univ]sally an attribute ( ,indian "*4 ,at ! "t ( ! discov]y ! ,indians ( entire ,nor? ,am]ica 7 organiz$ 9 g5tes by mat]nal law4 ,only 9 "s tribes1 z among ! ,dakotas1 ! g5tes _h fall5 out2 9 o!rs z among ! ,ojibwas1 ! ,omahas & ! ,mayas ( ,yucatan1 desc5t _h be5 *ang$ f ! female to ! male l9e4 ,among _m ,indian tribes ) m ?an five or six g5tes we f9d ?ree1 f\r or m g5tes unit$ into a sep>ate gr\p1 call$ phratry by ,morgan 9 accurate translation ( ! ,indian "n by its ,greek equival5t4 ,?us ! ,s5ecas h two phratries1 ! fir/ compris+ g5tes "o to f\r1 ! second g5tes five to eight4 ,clos] inve/igation %[s t ^! phratries g5]ally repres5t ! orig9al g5tes t =m$ ! tribe 9 ! beg9n+4 ,= ! m>riage int]dict necessitat$ ! exi/5ce ( at lea/ two g5tes 9 a tribe 9 ord] to realize its sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,z ! tribe increas$1 e g5s segm5t$ into two or m new g5tes1 :ile ! orig9al g5s compris+ all ! daught] g5tes1 liv$ on 9 ! phratry4 ,among ! ,s5ecas & mo/ ( ! o!r ,indians ! g5tes 9 ! same phratry are bro!r g5tes to ea* o!r1 & c\s9 g5tes to ^? ( ! o!r phratry--t]ms t h a v real & expressive mean+ 9 ! ,am]ican sy/em ( k9%ip1 z we h se54 ,orig9ally no ,s5eca 0 all[$ to m>ry )9 8 phratry1 b ?is cu/om has long become obsolete & is n[ conf9$ to ! g5s4 ,accord+ to ! tradition among ! ,s5ecas1 ! be> & ! de] 7 ! two orig9al g5tes1 f :i* ! o!rs 7 =m$ by segm5tation4 ,aft] ?is new in/itution _h become well e/abli%$ x 0 modifi$ accord+ to circum/ances4 ,if c]ta9 g5tes became ext9ct1 x sometimes happ5$ t by mutual cons5t ! memb]s ( "o g5s 7 transf]r$ 9 a body f o!r phratries4 ,h5ce we f9d ! g5tes ( ! same "n diff]5tly gr\p$ 9 ! phratries ( ! diff]5t tribes4 ,! phratry1 among ! ,iroquois1 0 p>tly = social & p>tly = religi\s objects4 #a4 ,9 ! ball game "o phratry plays aga9/ ano!r4 ,ea* "o s5ds its be/ play]s1 ! o!r memb]s1 ^u diff]5t sides ( ! field1 wat* ! game & bet aga9/ "o ano!r on ! result4 #b4 ,9 ! tribal c\ncil ! sa*ems & *iefs ( ea* phratry are seat$ opposite "o ano!r1 e speak] address+ ! repres5tatives ( ea* phratry z sep>ate bodies4 #c4 ,:5 a murd] _h be5 committ$ 9 ! tribe1 ! slay] & ! sla9 belong+ to diff]5t phratries1 ! injur$ g5s (t5 appeal$ to its bro!r g5tes4 ,^! held a phratry c\ncil :i* 9 a body address$ itself to ! o!r phratry1 9 ord] to prevail on ! latt] to assemble 9 c\ncil & effect a condonation ( ! matt]4 ,9 ?is case ! phratry re-appe>s 9 its orig9al g5tile capacity1 & ) a bett] prospect ( success ?an ! weak] g5s1 its daught]4 #d4 ,at ! fun]al ( prom95t p]sons ! opposite phratry prep>$ ! int]m5t & ! burial rites1 :ile ! phratry ( ! deceas$ att5d$ ! fun]al z m\rn]s4 ,if a sa*em di$1 ! opposite phratry notifi$ ! c5tral c\ncil ( ! ,iroquois t ! (fice ( ! deceas$ _h become vacant4 #e4 ,9 elect+ a sa*em ! phratry c\ncil also came into action4 ,endorsem5t by ! bro!r g5tes 0 g5]ally consid]$ a matt] ( fact1 b ! g5tes ( ! o!r phratry might oppose4 ,9 su* a case ! c\ncil ( ?is phratry met1 & if x ma9ta9$ its opposition1 ! election 0 null & void4 #f4 ,=m]ly ! ,iroquois _h special religi\s my/]ies1 call$ m$ic9e lodges by ! :ite m54 ,^! my/]ies 7 celebrat$ among ! ,s5ecas by two religi\s societies t _h a special =m ( initiation = new memb]s2 ea* phratry 0 repres5t$ by "o ( ^! societies4 #g4 ,if1 z is almo/ c]ta91 ! f\r l9eages occupy+ ! f\r qu>t]s ( ,tlascal at ! "t ( ! conque/ 7 f\r phratries1 !n x is prov$ t ! phratries 7 at ! same "t milit>y units1 z 7 ! ,greek phratries & simil> sex organizations ( ! ,g]mans4 ,ea* ( ^! f\r l9eages w5t into battle z a sep>ate gr\p ) its special uni=m & flag & its own lead]4 ,j z sev]al g5tes =m a phratry s 9 ! classical =m sev]al phratries =m a tribe4 ,9 "s cases ! middle gr\p1 ! phratry1 is miss+ 9 /rongly decimat$ tribes4 ,:at con/itutes an ,indian tribe 9 ,am]ica8 #a4 ,a di/9ct t]ritory & a di/9ct "n4 ,e tribe _h a consid]able hunt+ & fi%+ gr\nd beside ! place ( its actual settlem5t4 ,beyond ?is t]ritory !re 0 a wide neutral /rip ( l& rea*+ ov] to ! b\nd>ies ( ! next tribe2 a small] /rip betwe5 tribes ( relat$ languages1 a l>g] betwe5 tribes ( =eign languages4 ,?is corresponds to ! b\nd>y =e/ ( ! ,g]mans1 ! des]t creat$ by ,caes>'s ,suevi ar\nd _! t]ritory1 ! isrnholt 7,dani% j>nv$1 ,lat9 limei ,danicus7 betwe5 ,danes & ,g]mans1 ! sa*s5 wald 7,saxon =e/7 & ! ,slavi% branibor betwe5 ,slavs & ,g]mans giv+ ! prov9ce ( ,br&5burg its "n4 ,! t]ritory ?us surr\nd$ by neutral gr\nd 0 ! collective prop]ty ( a c]ta9 tribe1 recogniz$ z su* by o!r tribes & def5d$ aga9/ ! invasion ( o!rs4 ,! disadvantage ( undef9$ b\nd>ies became ( practical importance only aft] ! population _h increas$ consid]ably4 ,! tribal names g5]ally seem to be m ! result ( *ance ?an ( int5tional selection4 ,9 c\rse ( "t x frequ5tly happ5$ t a tribe designat$ a neighbor+ tribe by ano!r "n ?an t *os5 by itself4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ,g]mans receiv$ _! fir/ hi/orical "n f ! ,celts4 #b4 ,a di/9ct dialect peculi> to ?is tribe4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! tribe & ! dialect are co-ext5sive4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! =mation ( new tribes & dialects by segm5tation 0 9 progress until q rec5tly1 & d\btless x is /ill go+ on4 ,:]e two weak tribes amalgamat$ into "o1 !re x exceptionally happ5$ t two closely relat$ dialects 7 simultane\sly spok5 9 ! same tribe4 ,! av]age /r5g? ( ,am]ican tribes is less ?an #b1jjj memb]s4 ,! ,*]okees1 h[ev]1 numb] ab\t #bf1jjj1 ! greate/ numb] ( ,indians 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates speak+ ! same dialect4 #c4 ,! "r to solemnly inve/ ! sa*ems & *iefs elect$ by ! g5tes1 & #d4 ,! "r to depose !m1 ev5 aga9/ ! w ( ! g5s4 ,z ^! sa*ems & *iefs are memb]s ( ! tribal c\ncil1 ^! rights ( ! tribe expla9 !mselves4 ,:]e a league ( tribes _h be5 =m$ & all ! tribes 7 repres5t$ 9 a feudal c\ncil1 ! latt] ex]cis$ ^! rights4 #e4 ,! possession ( common religi\s conceptions 7my?ology7 & rites4 ,aft] ! fa%ion ( b>b>ians ! ,am]ican ,indians 7 a religi\s p4 ,_! my?ology has n yet be5 critically inve/igat$4 ,!y mat]ializ$ _! religi\s conceptions--spirits ( all sorts--9 human %apes1 b ! l[] /age ( b>b>ism 9 :i* !y liv$1 kn[s no?+ z yet ( s-call$ idols4 ,x is a cult ( nature & ( ! elem5ts1 9 process ( evolution to pan!ism4 ,! diff]5t tribes _h regul> fe/ivals ) prescrib$ =ms ( wor%ip1 ma9ly dances & games4 ,especially danc+ 0 an ess5tial "p ( all religi\s celebrations4 ,e tribe celebrat$ by itself4 #f4 ,a tribal c\ncil = public affairs4 ,x 0 compos$ ( all ! sa*ems & *iefs ( ! diff]5t g5tes1 real repres5tatives because !y c\ld be depos$ at any mom5t4 ,x delib]at$ 9 public1 surr\nd$ by ! re/ ( ! tribal memb]s1 :o _h a "r to take "p 9 ! discussions & claim att5tion4 ,! c\ncil decid$4 ,z a rule any "o pres5t ga9$ a he>+ on 8 dem&4 ,! wom5 c\ld also pres5t _! views by a speak] ( _! *oice4 ,among ! ,iroquois ! f9al resolution _h to be pass$ unanim\sly1 z 0 also ! case 9 "s resolutions ( ,g]man m>k 7bord]7 communities4 ,x 0 ! special duty ( ! tribal c\ncil to regulate ! relations ) =eign tribes4 ,! c\ncil receiv$ & despat*$ legations1 decl>$ w> & made peace4 ,w> 0 c>ri$ on pr9cipally by volunte]s4 ,!oretically1 ea* tribe 0 at w> ) e o!r tribe ) :i* x _h n =m$ a treaty ( peace4 ,exp$itions aga9/ su* enemies 7 g5]ally organiz$ by c]ta9 prom95t w>riors4 ,!y />t$ a w> dance1 & :oev] took "p 9 x !reby decl>$ 8 int5tion to jo9 ! exp$ition4 ,ranks 7 =m$ & ! m>* began imm$iately4 ,! def5se ( ! attack$ tribal t]ritory 0 also g5]ally c>ri$ on by volunte]s4 ,! exodus & ! return ( su* columns 0 always ! occasion ( public fe/ivities4 ,! cons5t ( ! tribal c\ncil = su* exp$itions 0 n requir$1 & 0 nei!r ask$ nor giv54 ,?is corresponds to ! private w> exp$itions ( ,g]man foll[]s describ$ by ,tacitus4 ,only ^! ,g]man gr\ps ( foll[]s _h already assum$ a m p]man5t "*1 =m+ a /&+ c5t] organiz$ dur+ peace1 ar\nd :i* ! o!r volunte]s ga!r$ 9 case ( w>4 ,su* w> columns 7 r>ely /rong 9 numb]s4 ,! mo/ important exp$itions ( ! ,indians1 ev5 = long di/ances1 7 und]tak5 by insignificant =ces4 ,if m ?an "o gr\p jo9$ = a great exp$ition1 e gr\p obey$ its own lead]4 ,! uni=mity ( ! campaign plan 0 secur$ z well z possible by a c\ncil ( ^! lead]s4 ,?is is ! mode ( w>f>e among ! ,allemani 9 ! f\r? c5tury on ! ,upp] ,rh9e1 z describ$ by ,ammianus ,m>cell9us4 #g4 ,9 "s tribes we f9d a head *ief1 ^: p[]1 h[ev]1 is limit$4 ,he is "o ( ! sa*ems :o has to take provisional measures 9 cases requir+ imm$iate action1 until ! c\ncil c assemble & decide4 ,he repres5ts a feeble1 b g5]ally undevelop$ prototype ( an (ficial ) executive p[]4 ,! latt]1 z we %all see1 develop$ 9 mo/ cases out ( ! highe/ w> *ief4 ,! great majority ( ,am]ican ,indians did n g beyond ! league ( tribes4 ,) a few tribes ( small memb]%ip1 sep>at$ by wide b\nd>y tracts1 weak5$ by unceas+ w>f>e1 !y occupi$ an imm5se t]ritory4 ,leagues 7 n[ & !n =m$ by k9dr$ tribes z ! result ( mom5t>y necessity & dissolv$ aga9 "u m favorable conditions4 ,b 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 tribes ( ! same k9 _h aga9 f\nd _! way out ( disb&m5t into p]man5t f$]ations1 mak+ ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! =mation ( nations4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we f9d ! highe/ =m ( su* a league among ! ,iroquois4 ,emigrat+ f _! settlem5ts we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 :]e !y probably =m$ a bran* ( ! great ,dakota family1 !y settl$ at la/ aft] long w&]+s 9 ! pres5t ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,!y _h five tribes3 ,s5ecas1 ,cayugas1 ,onondagas1 ,oneidas & ,mohawks4 ,!y liv$ on fi%1 v5ison1 & ! products ( r\gh g>d5+1 inhabit+ villages protect$ by /ockades4 ,_! numb] nev] exce$$ #bj1jjj1 & c]ta9 g5tes 7 common to all five tribes4 ,!y spoke closely relat$ dialects ( ! same language & occupi$ t]ritories contigu\s to "o ano!r4 ,z ?is l& 0 won by conque/1 x 0 natural = ^! tribes to /& toge!r aga9/ ! expell$ =m] inhabitants4 ,?is l$1 n lat] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 to a regul> et]nal league1 a sworn alliance t imm$iately assum$ an aggressive "*1 rely+ on its newly won /r5g?4 ,ab\t #afge1 at ! summit ( its p[]1 x _h conqu]$ l>ge di/ricts r\nd ab\t & p>tly expell$ ! inhabitants1 p>tly made !m tribut>y4 ,! ,iroquois ,league repres5t$ ! mo/ advanc$ social organization atta9$ by ,indians t _h n pass$ ! l[] /age ( b>b>ism4 ,?is excludes only ! ,mexicans1 ,new ,mexicans & ,p]uvians4 ,! fundam5tal provisions ( ! league 73 #a4 ,et]nal f$]ation ( ! five consangu9e\s tribes on ! basis ( p]fect equality & indep5d5ce 9 all int]nal tribal matt]s4 ,?is consangu9ity =m$ ! true fundam5t ( ! league4 ,?ree ( ^! tribes1 call$ fa!r tribes1 7 bro!rs to "o ano!r2 ! o!r two1 also mutual bro!rs1 7 call$ son tribes4 ,! ?ree olde/ g5tes 7 repres5t$ by liv+ memb]s 9 all five tribes1 & ^! memb]s 7 all reg>d$ z bro!rs4 ,?ree o!r g5tes 7 /ill alive 9 ?ree tribes1 & all ( _! memb]s call$ "o ano!r bro!rs4 ,! common language1 only modifi$ by v>iations ( dialect1 0 ! expression & pro( ( _! common desc5t4 #b4 ,! (ficial organ ( ! league 0 a f$]al c\ncil ( fifty sa*ems1 all equal 9 rank & prom95ce4 ,?is c\ncil _h ! supreme decision 9 all f$]al matt]s4 #c4 ,on f\nd+ ?is league ! fifty sa*ems _h be5 assign$ to ! diff]5t tribes & g5tes z hold]s ( new (fices creat$ especially = f$]al purposes4 ,vacancies 7 fill$ by new elections 9 ! g5s1 & ! hold]s ( ^! (fices c\ld be depos$ at w4 ,b ! "r ( in/allation belong$ to ! f$]al c\ncil4 #d4 ,^! f$]al sa*ems 7 at ! same "t sa*ems ( _! tribe & _h a seat & a vote 9 ! tribal c\ncil4 #e4 ,all decisions ( ! f$]al c\ncil _h to be unanim\s4 #f4 ,! votes 7 ca/ by tribes1 s t e tribe & ! c\ncil memb]s ( ea* tribe _h to vote toge!r 9 ord] to adopt a f9al resolution4 #g4 ,any "o ( ! five tribes c\ld convoke ! f$]al c\ncil1 b ! c\ncil c\ld n conv5e itself4 #h4 ,f$]al meet+s 7 held publicly 9 ! pres5ce ( ! assembl$ p4 ,e ,iroquois c\ld h ! ^w1 b ! f9al decision re/$ ) ! c\ncil4 #i4 ,! league _h no (ficial head1 no executive *ief4 #aj4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 two high *iefs ( w>1 bo? ) equal functions & p[] 7! two k+s ( ,sp>ta1 ! two consuls ( ,rome74 ,?is 0 ! :ole con/itution1 "u :i* ! ,iroquois liv$ ov] f\r hundr$ ye>s & /ill live4 ,i h describ$ x m fully aft] ,morgan1 because we h "h an opportunity = /udy+ ! organization ( a society t does n yet "k a /ate4 ,! /ate presupposes a public p[] ( corcion sep>at$ f ! aggregate body ( its memb]s4 ,maur]1 ) correct intuition1 recogniz$ ! con/itution ( ! ,g]man ,m>k z a purely social in/itution1 ess5tially diff]5t f t ( a /ate1 ?\gh furni%+ ! fundam5t on :i* a /ate con/itution c\ld be erect$ lat] on4 ,h5ce 9 all ( 8 writ+s1 he trac$ ! gradual rise ( ! public p[] ( corcion f & by ! side ( primordial con/itutions ( m>ks1 villages1 f>ms & t[ns4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians %[ h[ an orig9ally unit$ tribe gradually spreads ov] an imm5se cont95t2 h[ tribes by segm5tation become nations1 :ole gr\ps ( tribes2 h[ languages *ange s t !y n only become un9telligible to "o ano!r1 b also lose e trace ( =m] unity2 h[ at ! same "t "o g5s splits up into sev]al g5tes1 h[ ! old "m g5tes are pres]v$ 9 ! phratries & h[ ! names ( ^! olde/ g5tes /ill rema9 ! same 9 widely di/ant & long sep>at$ tribes4 ,wolf & be> /ill are g5tile names 9 a majority ( all ,indian tribes4 ,& ! above nam$ con/itution is ess5tially applicable to all ( !m1 except t _m did n rea* ! po9t ( =m+ leagues ( relat$ tribes4 ,b once ! g5s 0 giv5 z a social unit1 we also see h[ ! :ole con/itution ( g5tes1 phratries & tribes develop$ ) almo/ unavoidable necessity--because naturally--f ! g5s4 ,all ?ree ( !m are gr\ps ( diff]5tiat$ consangu9e relations4 ,ea* is complete 9 itself1 arranges its own local affairs & supplem5ts ! o!r gr\ps4 ,& ! cycle ( functions p]=m$ by !m includes ! aggregate ( ! public affairs ( m5 9 ! l[] /age ( b>b>ism4 ,:]ev] we f9d ! g5s z ! social unit ( a nation1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 se>*+ = a tribal organization simil> to ! "o describ$ above4 ,& :5ev] suffici5t mat]ial is at h&1 z 9 ,greek & ,roman hi/ory1 !re we %all n only f9d su* an organization1 b we may also be assur$ t ! comp>ison ) ! ,am]ican sex organizations w assi/ u 9 solv+ ! mo/ p]plex+ d\bts & riddles 9 places :]e ! mat]ial =sakes u4 ,h[ wond]ful ?is g5tile con/itution is 9 all its natural simplicity6 ,no soldi]s1 g5d>mes & policem51 no nobility1 k+s1 reg5ts1 prefects or judges1 no prisons1 no lawsuits1 & /ill affairs run smoo?ly4 ,all qu>rels & disputes are settl$ by ! entire community involv$ 9 !m1 ei!r ! g5s or ! tribe or ! v>i\s g5tes among !mselves4 ,only 9 v r>e cases ! blood rev5ge is ?reat5$ z an extreme measure4 ,our capital puni%m5t is simply a civiliz$ =m ( x1 afflict$ ) all ! advantages & drawbacks ( civilization4 ,n a ve/ige ( our cumb]some & intricate sy/em ( adm9i/ration is ne$$1 al?\gh !re are m public affairs to be settl$ ?an n[adays3 ! communi/ic h\sehold is %>$ by a numb] ( families1 ! l& belongs to ! tribe1 only ! g>d5s are tempor>ily assign$ to ! h\seholds4 ,! p>ties involv$ 9 a "q settle x & 9 mo/ cases ! hundr$-ye>-old traditions h settl$ ev]y?+ be=eh&4 ,!re _c be any poor & de/itute--! communi/ic h\seholds & ! g5tes "k _! duties t[>d ! ag$1 sick & disabl$4 ,all are free & equal--! wom5 includ$4 ,!re is no room yet = slaves1 nor = ! subjugation ( =eign tribes4 ,:5 ab\t #afea ! ,iroquois _h vanqui%$ ! ,eries & ! ,neutral ,nation1 !y (f]$ to adopt !m into ! league on equal t]ms4 ,only :5 ! vanqui%$ decl9$ ?is (f] !y 7 driv5 out ( _! t]ritory4 ,:at spl5did m5 & wom5 7 produc$ by su* a society6 ,all ! :ite m5 :o came into contact ) unspoil$ ,indians admir$ ! p]sonal dignity1 /raight=w>dness1 /r5g? ( "* & brav]y ( ^! b>b>ians4 ,we lately receiv$ pro(s ( su* brav]y 9 ,africa4 ,a few ye>s ago ! ,zulus1 & "s mon?s ago ! ,nubians1 bo? ( :i* tribes /ill reta9 ! g5tile organization1 did :at no ,european army c d4 ,arm$ only ) lances & spe>s1 )\t any fire>ms1 !y advanc$ "u a hail ( bullets f bree*load]s up to ! bayonets ( ! ,engli% infantry--! be/ ( ! _w = fight+ 9 clos$ ranks--& ?rew !m into confusion m ?an once1 yea1 ev5 =c$ !m to retreat 9 spite ( ! imm5se disp>ity ( weapons1 & 9 spite ( ! fact t !y h no milit>y s]vice & don't "k any?+ ab\t drill4 ,h[ endur+ & able !y are1 is prov$ by ! compla9ts ( ! ,engli% :o admit t a ,kaffir c cov] a long] di/ance 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ?an a horse4 ,! smalle/ muscle spr+s =?1 h>d & t\gh l a :ipla%1 says an ,engli% pa9t]4 ,su* 0 human society & its memb]s1 be=e ! division into classes _h tak5 place4 ,& a comp>ison ( t social condition ) ! condition ( ! ov]:elm+ majority ( pres5t day society %[s ! enorm\s *asm t sep>ates our prolet>ian & small f>m] f ! free g5tile ( old4 ,t is "o side ( ! "q4 ,we mu/ n ov]look1 h[ev]1 t ?is organization 0 doom$4 ,x did n pass beyond ! tribe4 ,! league ( tribes m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( its d[nfall1 z we %all see1 & z ! attempts ( ! ,iroquois at subjugat+ o!rs %[$4 ,:atev] w5t beyond ! tribe1 w5t outside ( g5tilism4 ,:]e no direct peace treaty exi/$1 !re w> reign$ f tribe to tribe4 ,& ?is w> 0 c>ri$ on ) ! p>ticul> cruelty t di/+ui%es man f o!r animals1 & t 0 modifi$ lat] on simply by self-int]e/4 ,! g5tile con/itution 9 its mo/ fl\ri%+ "t1 su* z we saw x 9 ,am]ica1 presuppos$ a v undevelop$ /ate ( production1 h5ce a population ?9ly scatt]$ ov] a wide area4 ,man 0 almo/ completely dom9at$ by nature1 a /range & incompreh5sible riddle to him4 ,8 simple religi\s conceptions cle>ly reflect ?is4 ,! tribe rema9$ ! b\nd>y l9e = man1 z well 9 reg>d to himself z to /rang]s outside4 ,! g5s1 ! tribe & _! in/itutions 7 holy & inviolate4 ,!y 7 a sup]ior p[] in/itut$ by nature1 & ! feel+s1 ?\ghts & actions ( ! individual rema9$ unconditionally subject to !m4 ,comm&+ z ! p ( ?is epo* appe> to u1 no?+ di/+ui%es "o f ano!r4 ,!y are /ill atta*$1 z ,m>x has x1 to ! navel /r+ ( ! primordial community4 ,! p[] ( ^! natural & spontane\s communities _h to be brok51 & x 04 ,b x 0 done by influ5ces t f ! v beg9n+ be> ! m>k ( degradation1 ( a d[nfall f ! simple moral gr&eur ( ! old g5tile society4 ,! new sy/em ( classes is inaugurat$ by ! meane/ impulses3 vulg> covet\sness1 brutal lu/1 sordid av>ice1 selfi% robb]y ( common weal?4 ,! old g5tile society )\t classes is und]m9$ & br\ght to fall by ! mo/ contemptible means3 !ft1 viol5ce1 cunn+1 treason4 ,& dur+ all ! ?\s&s ( ye>s ( its exi/5ce1 ! new society has nev] be5 any?+ else b ! developm5t ( ! small m9ority at ! exp5se ( ! exploit$ & oppress$ majority4 ,m ?an ev] ?is is true at pres5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,grecian ,,g5s4 ,greeks1 ,pelasgians & o!r nations ( ! same tribal orig9 7 con/itut$ s9ce prehi/oric times on ! same sy/ematic plan z ! ,am]icans3 g5s1 phratry1 tribe1 league ( tribes4 ,! phratry might be miss+1 z e4 g4 among ! ,dorians2 ! league ( tribes might n be fully develop$ 9 e case2 b ! g5s 0 ev]y:]e ! unit4 ,at ! "t ( _! entrance into hi/ory1 ! ,greeks 7 on ! ?re%old ( civilization4 ,two full p]iods ( evolution are /ret*+ betwe5 ! ,greeks & ! above nam$ ,am]ican tribes4 ,! ,greeks ( ! h]oic age are by s mu* ahead ( ! ,iroquois4 ,= ?is reason ! ,grecian g5s no long] reta9s ! ar*aic "* ( ! ,iroquois g5s4 ,! /amp ( gr\p m>riage is becom+ r blurr$4 ,mat]nal law _h giv5 way to pat]nal l9eage4 ,ris+ private prop]ty _h ?us made its fir/ op5+ 9 ! g5tile con/itution4 ,a second op5+ naturally foll[$ ! fir/3 ,pat]nal law be+ n[ 9 =ce1 ! =tune ( a weal?y heiress w\ld h fall5 to h] husb& 9 ! case ( h] m>riage4 ,t w\ld h meant ! transf] ( h] weal? f h] own g5s to t ( h] husb&4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is1 ! fundam5t ( g5tile law 0 %att]$4 ,9 su* a case1 ! girl 0 n only p]mitt$1 b oblig$ to int]m>ry )9 ! g5s1 9 ord] to reta9 ! weal? 9 ! latt]4 ,accord+ to ,grote's ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 ! g5s ( ,attica 0 held toge!r by ! foll[+ bonds3 #a4 ,common religi\s rites & prie/s in/all$ exclusively 9 honor ( a c]ta9 div9ity1 ! alleg$ g5tile ance/or1 :o 0 designat$ by a special by-"n 9 ?is capacity4 #b4 ,a common burial gr\nd4 7,see ,demo/h5es' ,eubulides47 #c4 ,"r ( mutual inh]itance4 #d4 ,obligation to mutually help1 protect & assi/ "o ano!r 9 case ( viol5ce4 #e4 ,mutual "r & duty to int]m>ry 9 ! g5s 9 c]ta9 cases1 especially = orphan$ girls or heiresses4 #f4 ,possession ( common prop]ty1 at lea/ 9 "s cases1 & an ar*on 7sup]visor7 & treasur] elect$ = ?is special case4 ,! phratry unit$ sev]al g5tes1 b r loosely4 ,/ill we f9d 9 x simil> rights & duties1 especially common religi\s rites & ! "r ( av5g+ ! dea? ( a phrator4 ,aga91 all ! phratries ( a tribe _h c]ta9 religi\s fe/ivals 9 common t recurr$ at regul> int]vals & 7 celebrat$ "u ! guidance ( a phylobasileus 7tribal head7 select$ f ! ranks ( ! nobles 7eupatrides74 ,s f> ,grote4 ,& ,m>x adds3 ,! savage 7e4 g4 ! ,iroquois7 is /ill pla9ly visible 9 ! ,grecian g5s4 ,on fur!r inve/igation we f9d additional pro(s ( ?is4 ,= ! ,grecian g5s has also ! foll[+ attributes3 #g4 ,pat]nal ,l9eage4 #h4 ,prohibition ( int]m>ry+ 9 ! g5s except 9 ! case ( heiresses4 ,?is exception =mulat$ z a law cle>ly proves ! validity ( ! old rule4 ,?is is fur!r sub/antiat$ by ! univ]sally accept$ cu/om t a woman 9 m>ry+ r5\nc$ ! religi\s rites ( h] g5s & accept$ ^? ( h] husb&'s g5s4 ,%e 0 also regi/]$ 9 8 phratry4 ,accord+ to ?is cu/om & to a fam\s quotation 9 ,dikae>*os1 m>riage outside ( ! g5s 0 ! rule4 ,beck] 9 ,*>ikles directly assumes t nobody 0 p]mitt$ to int]m>ry 9 ! g5s4 #i4 ,! "r to adopt /rang]s 9 ! g5s4 ,x 0 ex]cis$ by adoption into ! family "u public =malities2 b x 0 us$ sp>+ly4 #aj4 ,! "r to elect & depose ! ar*ons4 ,we "k t e g5s _h its ar*on4 ,z to ! h]$ity ( ! (fice1 !re is no reliable in=mation4 ,until ! end ( b>b>ism1 ! probability is always aga9/ /rict h]$ity4 ,= x is absolutely incompatible ) conditions :]e ri* & poor _h p]fectly equal rights 9 ! g5s4 ,n alone ,grote1 b also ,niebuhr1 ,momms5 & all o!r hi/orians ( classical antiquity1 7 foil$ by ! g5s4 ,?\gh !y *ronicl$ _m ( its di/+ui%+ m>ks correctly1 /ill !y always reg>d$ x z a gr\p ( families & ?us prev5t$ _! und]/&+ ! nature & orig9 ( g5tes4 ,"u ! g5tile con/itution1 ! family nev] 0 a unit ( organization1 nor c\ld x be s1 because man & wife necess>ily belong$ to two diff]5t g5tes4 ,! g5s 0 :olly compris$ 9 ! phratry1 ! phratry 9 ! tribe4 ,b ! family belong$ half to ! g5s ( ! man1 & half to t ( ! woman4 ,nor does ! /ate recognize ! family 9 public law4 ,to ?is day1 ! family has only a place 9 private law4 ,yet all hi/orical records take _! dep>ture f ! absurd supposition1 :i* 0 consid]$ almo/ inviolate dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 t ! monogam\s family1 an in/itution sc>cely old] ?an civilization1 is ! nucleus ar\nd :i* society & /ate gradually cry/alliz$4 ,mr4 ,grote w also please note1 ?r[s 9 ,m>x1 t ! g5tes1 :i* ! ,greeks trac$ to _! my?ologies1 are old] ?an ! my?ologies4 ,! latt] toge!r ) _! gods & demi-gods 7 creat$ by ! g5tes4 ,grote is quot$ ) pref]5ce by ,morgan z a prom95t & q tru/wor?y witness4 ,he relates t e ,attic g5s _h a "n d]iv$ f its alleg$ ance/or2 t be=e ,solon's "t1 & ev5 aft]1 x 0 cu/om>y = ! g5tiles 7g5ntes7 to inh]it ! =tunes ( _! inte/ate deceas$2 & t 9 case ( murd] fir/ ! relatives ( ! victim _h ! duty & ! "r to prosecute ! crim9al1 aft] !m ! g5tiles & f9ally ! phrators4 ,:atev] we may le>n ab\t ! olde/ ,attic laws is f\nd$ on ! organization 9 g5tes & phratries4 ,! desc5t ( ! g5tes f common ance/ors has caus$ ! s*oolbr$ phili/9es1 z ,m>x has x1 mu* worry4 ,repres5t+ ?is desc5t z purely my?ical1 !y are at a loss to expla9 h[ ! g5tes develop$ out ( indep5d5t & :olly unrelat$ families4 ,b ?is explanation mu/ be giv51 if !y wi% to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( ! g5tes4 ,!y !n turn ar\nd 9 a circle ( mean+less gibb]i% & d n get beyond ! phrase3 ! p$igree is inde$ a fable1 b ! g5s is a reality4 ,grote f9ally w9ds up--! p>5!tical rem>ks are by ,m>x3 ,we r>ely he> ab\t ?is p$igree1 because x is us$ 9 public only on c]ta9 v fe/ive occasions4 ,b ! less prom95t g5tes _h _! common religi\s rites 7v peculi>1 ,mr4 ,grote67 & _! common sup]human ance/or & p$igree j l ! m prom95t g5tes 7h[ v peculi> ?is1 ,mr4 ,grote1 9 less prom95t g5tes672 & ! gr\nd plan & ! ideal fundam5t 7my de> sir6 ,n ideal1 b c>nal1 anglice fle%ly7 0 ! same 9 all ( !m4 ,m>x sums up ,morgan's reply to ?is z foll[s3 ,! sy/em ( consangu9ity correspond+ to ! ar*aic =m ( ! g5s--:i* ! ,greeks once possess$ l o!r mortals--pres]v$ ! k ( ! mutual relation ( all memb]s ( ! g5s4 ,!y le>n$ ?is important fact by practice f e>ly *ildhood4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! monogam\s family ?is 0 gradually =gott54 ,! g5tile "n creat$ a p$igree by ! side ( :i* t ( ! monogam\s family seem$ insignificant4 ,?is "n _h n[ ! function ( pres]v+ ! memory ( ! common desc5t ( its be>]s4 ,b ! p$igree ( ! g5s w5t s f> back t ! g5tiles c\ld no long] actually asc]ta9 _! mutual k9%ip1 except 9 a limit$ numb] ( m rec5t common ance/ors4 ,! "n itself 0 ! pro( ( a common desc5t & suffic$ always except 9 cases ( adoption4 ,to actually dispute all k9%ip betwe5 g5tiles aft] ! mann] ( ,grote & ,niebuhr1 :o ?us trans=m ! g5s into a purely hypo!tical & fictiti\s creation ( ! bra91 is inde$ wor?y ( ideal sci5ti/s1 t is book worms4 ,because ! relation ( ! g5]ations1 especially on ! adv5t ( monogamy1 is remov$ to ! f> di/ance1 & ! reality ( ! pa/ seems reflect$ 9 phanta/ic imag9ations1 !re=e ! brave old phili/9es conclud$ & conclude t ! imag9>y p$igree creat$ real g5tes6 ,! phratry 01 z among ! ,am]icans1 a "m-g5s compris+ sev]al daught] g5tes1 & (t5 trac$ !m all to ! same ance/or4 ,accord+ to ,grote all contemporane\s memb]s ( ! phratry ( ,hekataeos 7 desc5dants 9 ! sixte5? degree ( "o & ! same div9e ance/or4 ,all ! g5tes ( ?is phratry 7 !re=e lit]ally bro!r g5tes4 ,! phratry is m5tion$ by ,hom] z a milit>y unit 9 t fam\s passage :]e ,ne/or advises ,agamemnon3 ,arrange ! m5 by phratries & tribes s t phratry may assi/ phratry1 & tribe ! tribe4 ,! phratry has ! "r & ! duty to prosecute ! dea? ( a phrator1 h5ce 9 =m] times ! duty ( blood rev5ge4 ,x has1 fur!rmore1 common religi\s rites & fe/ivals4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! developm5t ( ! entire ,grecian my?ology f ! traditional old ,aryan cult ( nature 0 ess5tially due to ! g5tes & phratries & took place )9 !m4 ,! phratry _h an (ficial head 7phratri>*os7 & also1 accord+ to ,de ,c\langes1 meet+s & b9d+ resolutions1 a jurisdiction & adm9i/ration4 ,ev5 ! /ate ( a lat] p]iod1 :ile ignor+ ! g5s1 left c]ta9 public functions to ! phratry4 ,! tribe consi/$ ( sev]al k9dr$ phratries4 ,9 ,attica !re 7 f\r tribes ( ?ree phratries ea*2 ! numb] ( g5tes 9 ea* phratry 0 ?irty4 ,su* an accurate division ( gr\ps reveals ! fact ( a consci\s & well-plann$ int]f]5ce ) ! natural ord]4 ,h[1 :5 & :y ?is 0 done is n disclos$ by ,grecian hi/ory4 ,! hi/orical memory ( ! ,greeks !mselves does n rea* beyond ! h]oic age4 ,closely pack$ 9 a comp>atively small t]ritory z ! ,greeks 71 _! dialectic diff]5ces 7 less conspicu\s ?an ^? develop$ 9 ! wide ,am]ican =e/s4 ,yet ev5 "h we f9d only tribes ( ! same ma9 dialect unit$ 9 a l>g] organization4 ,little ,attica _h its own dialect :i* lat] on became ! prevail+ language 9 ,grecian prose4 ,9 ! epics ( ,hom] we g5]ally f9d ! ,greek tribes comb9$ into small nations1 b s t _! g5tes1 phratries & tribes reta9$ _! full indep5d5ce4 ,!y already liv$ 9 t[ns =tifi$ by walls4 ,! population increas$ ) ! gr[? ( ! h]ds1 ) agriculture & ! beg9n+s ( ! h&icrafts4 ,at ! same "t ! diff]5ces 9 weal? became m m>k$ & gave rise to an ari/ocratic elem5t )9 ! old primordial democracy4 ,! individual little nations c>ri$ on an unceas+ w>f>e = ! possession ( ! be/ l& & also = ! sake ( loot+4 ,slav]y ( ! prison]s ( w> 0 already well e/abli%$4 ,! con/itution ( ^! tribes & nations 0 z foll[s3 #a4 ,a p]man5t au?ority 0 ! c\ncil 7bule71 orig9ally compos$ ( ! g5tile ar*ons1 b lat] on1 :5 _! numb] became too great1 recruit$ by selection 9 su* a way t ! ari/ocratic elem5t 0 develop$ & /r5g!n$4 ,dionysios op5ly speaks ( ! c\ncil at ! "t ( ! h]oes z be+ compos$ ( nobles 7krati/oi74 ,! c\ncil _h ! f9al decision 9 all important matt]s4 ,9 ,aes*ylos1 e4 g4 ! c\ncil ( ,!bes decides t ! body ( ,eteokles be buri$ ) full honors1 ! body ( ,polynikes1 h[ev]1 ?r[n out to be dev\r$ by ! dogs4 ,) ! rise ( ! /ate ?is c\ncil 0 trans=m$ into ! s5ate4 #b4 ,! public meet+ 7agora74 ,we saw h[ ! ,iroquois1 m5 & wom51 att5d$ ! c\ncil meet+s1 tak+ an ord]ly "p 9 ! discussions & influ5c+ !m4 ,among ! ,hom]ic ,greeks1 ?is att5dance _h develop$ to a complete public meet+4 ,?is 0 also ! case ) ! ,g]mans ( ! ar*aic p]iod4 ,! meet+ 0 call$ by ! c\ncil4 ,e man c\ld dem& ! ^w4 ,! f9al vote 0 tak5 by h& rais+ 7,aes*ylos 9 ,! ,suppliants1 #fjg71 or by acclamation4 ,! decision ( ! meet+ 0 supreme & f9al4 ,:5ev] a matt] is discuss$1 says ,s*oemann 9 ,antiquities ( ,greece1 :i* requires ! p>ticipation ( ! p = its execution1 ,hom] does n indicate any means by :i* ! p c\ld be =c$ to x aga9/ _! w4 ,x is evid5t t at a "t :5 e able-bodi$ memb] ( ! tribe 0 a w>rior1 !re exi/$ z yet no public p[] ap>t f ! p t might h be5 us$ aga9/ !m4 ,! primordial democracy 0 /ill 9 full =ce1 & by ?is /&>d ! influ5ce & position ( ! c\ncil & ( ! basileus mu/ be judg$4 #c4 ,! milit>y *ief 7basileus74 ,m>x makes ! foll[+ comm5t3 ,! ,european sci5ti/s1 mo/ly born s]vants ( pr9ces1 repres5t ! basileus z a mon>* 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,! ,yankee republican ,morgan objects to ?is4 ,v ironically b tru?fully he says ( ! oily ,glad/one & 8 ,juv5tus ,mundi3 ',mr4 ,glad/one1 :o pres5ts to 8 read]s ! ,grecian *iefs ( ! h]oic age z k+s & pr9ces1 ) ! sup]add$ qualities ( g5tlem51 is =c$ to admit t1 on ! :ole we seem to h ! cu/om or law ( primog5iture suffici5tly1 b n ov]%>ply def9$4' ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,mr4 ,glad/one himself mu/ h p]ceiv$ t a primog5iture re/+ on a clause ( 'suffici5t b n ov]%>p' def9ition is z bad z none at all4 ,we saw h[ ! law ( h]$ity 0 appli$ to ! (fices ( sa*ems & *iefs among ! ,iroquois & o!r ,indians4 ,all (fices 7 subject to ! vote ( ! g5tiles & = ?is reason h]$it>y 9 ! g5s4 ,a vacancy 0 fill$ pref]ably by ! next g5tile relative--! bro!r or ! si/]'s son--unless good reasons exi/$ = pass+ him4 ,t 9 ,greece1 "u pat]nal law1 ! (fice ( basileus 0 g5]ally transmitt$ to ! son or "o ( ! sons1 indicates only t ! probability ( succession by public election 0 9 favor ( ! sons4 ,x implies by no means a legal succession )\t a vote ( ! p4 ,we "h p]ceive simply ! fir/ rudim5ts ( segregat$ families ( ari/ocrats among ,iroquois & ,greeks1 :i* l$ to a h]$it>y lead]%ip or mon>*y 9 ,greece4 ,h5ce ! facts are 9 favor ( ! op9ion t among ,greeks ! basileus 0 ei!r elect$ by ! p or at la/ 0 subject to ! indorsem5t ( _! appo9t$ organs1 ! c\ncil or agora1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,roman k+ 7rex74 ,9 ! ,iliad ! rul] ( m51 ,agamemnon1 does n appe> z ! supreme k+ ( ! ,greeks1 b z g5]al 9 *ief ( a f$]al army besieg+ a city4 ,& :5 diss5sions _h brok5 out among ! ,greeks1 x is ?is quality :i* ,odysseus po9ts out 9 a fam\s passage3 ,evil is ! rule ( ! _m2 let "o be ! rul]1 "o ! *ief 7to :i* ! popul> v]se ab\t ! scept] 0 add$ lat] on74 ,odysseus does n lecture on ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 b dem&s ob$i5ce to ! g5]al 9 *ief4 ,consid]+ t ! ,greeks be=e ,troy appe> only 9 ! "* ( an army1 ! proce$+s ( ! agora are suffici5tly democratic4 ,9 ref]r+ to pres5ts1 t is ! division ( ! spoils1 ,a*illes always leaves ! division1 n to ,agamemnon or "s o!r basileus1 b to ! sons ( ! ,a*aeans1 ! p4 ,! attributes1 desc5dant ( ,zeus1 br$ by ,zeus1 d n prove any?+1 because e g5s is desc5d$ f "s god--! g5s ( ! lead] ( ! tribe f a prom95t god1 9 ?is case ,zeus4 ,ev5 ^? :o are )\t p]sonal fre$om1 z ! sw9eh]d ,eumaeos & o!rs1 are div9e 7dioi or !ioi71 ev5 9 ! ,odyssey1 :i* belongs to a mu* lat] p]iod ?an ! ,iliad4 ,9 ! same ,odyssey1 ! "n ( h]os is giv5 to ! h]ald ,mulios z well z to ! bl9d b>d ,demodokos4 ,9 %ort1 ! ^w basileia1 ) :i* ! ,greek writ]s designate ! s-call$ mon>*y ( ,hom] 7because ! milit>y lead]%ip is its di/+ui%+ m>k1 by ! side ( :i* ! c\ncil & ! agor are exi/+71 means simply--milit>y democracy 7,m>x74 ,! basileus _h also sac]dotal & judici>y functions beside ^? ( a milit>y lead]4 ,! judici>y functions are n cle>ly def9$1 b ! functions ( prie/hood are due to 8 position ( *ief repres5tative ( ! tribe or ( ! league ( tribes4 ,!re is nev] any m5tion ( civil1 adm9i/rative functions4 ,b x seems t he 0 ex-(ficio a memb] ( ! c\ncil4 ,! translation ( basileus by k+ is etymologically q correct1 because k+ 7,kun+7 is d]iv$ f ,kuni1 ,knne1 & signifies *ief ( a g5s4 ,b ! mod]n mean+ ( ! ^w k+ 9 no way designates ! functions ( ! ,grecian basileus4 ,?ucydides expressly ref]s to ! old basileia z patrik1 t is d]iv$ f ! g5s1 & /ates t x _h well def9$ functions4 ,& ,ari/otle says t ! basileia ( h]oic times 0 a lead]%ip ( free m5 & t ! basileus 0 a milit>y *ief1 a judge & a high prie/4 ,h5ce ! basileus _h no gov]nm5tal p[] 9 a mod]n s5se4#bd ,9 ! ,grecian con/itution ( h]oic times1 !n1 we /ill f9d ! old g5tilism fully alive1 b we also p]ceive ! beg9n+s ( ! elem5ts t und]m9e x2 pat]nal law & inh]itance ( prop]ty by ! fa!r's *ildr51 favor+ accumulation ( weal? 9 ! family & giv+ to ! latt] a p[] ap>t f ! g5s2 influ5ce ( ! diff]5ce ( weal? on ! con/itution by ! =mation ( ! fir/ rudim5ts ( h]$it>y nobility & mon>*y2 slav]y1 fir/ limit$ to prison]s ( w>1 b already pav+ ! way to ! enslavem5t ( tribal & g5tile associates2 deg5]ation ( ! old feuds betwe5 tribes a regul> mode ( exi/+ by sy/ematic plund]+ on l& & sea = ! purpose ( acquir+ cattle1 slaves1 & treasures4 ,9 %ort1 weal? is prais$ & respect$ z ! highe/ treasure1 & ! old g5tile in/itutions are abus$ 9 ord] to ju/ify ! =cible robb]y ( weal?4 ,only "o ?+ 0 miss+3 an in/itution t n only secur$ ! newly acquir$ prop]ty ( private individuals aga9/ ! communi/ic traditions ( ! g5s1 t n only decl>$ z sacr$ ! =m]ly s despis$ private prop]ty & repres5t$ ! protection ( ?is sacr$ prop]ty z ! highe/ purpose ( human society1 b t also /amp$ ! gradually develop+ new =ms ( acquir+ prop]ty1 ( con/antly increas+ weal?1 ) ! univ]sal sanction ( society4 ,an in/itution t l5t ! "* ( p]petuity n only to ! newly ris+ division into classes1 b also to ! "r ( ! possess+ classes to exploit & rule ! non-possess+ classes4 ,& ?is in/itution 0 f\nd4 ,! /ate arose4 ,,footnote3 #bd ,au?or's note4 ,j z ! ,grecian basileus1 s ! ,aztec milit>y *ief 0 misrepres5t$ z a mod]n pr9ce4 ,morgan 0 ! fir/ to submit to hi/orical criticism ! reports ( ! ,spani>ds :o fir/ misappreh5d$ & exagg]at$1 & lat] on consci\sly misrepres5t$ ! functions ( ?is (fice4 ,he %[$ t ! ,mexicans 7 9 ! middle /age ( b>b>ism1 b on a high] plane ?an ! ,new ,mexican ,pueblo ,indians1 & t _! con/itution1 s f> z ! g>bl$ acc\nts %[1 correspond$ to ?is /age3 a league ( ?ree tribes :i* _h made a numb] ( o!rs tribut>y & 0 adm9i/]$ by a f$]al c\ncil & a f$]al *ief ( w>1 :om ! ,spani>ds con/ru$ into an emp]or4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,attic ,,/ate4 ,h[ ! /ate gradually develop$ by p>tly trans=m+ ! organs ( ! g5tile con/itution1 p>tly replac+ !m by new organs & f9ally in/all+ real /ate au?orities2 h[ ! place ( ! nation 9 arms def5d+ itself ?r\gh its g5tes1 phratries & tribes1 0 tak5 by an arm$ public p[] ( corcion 9 ! h&s ( ^! au?orities & available aga9/ ! mass ( ! p2 n[h]e c we obs]ve ! fir/ act ( ?is drama s well z 9 anci5t ,a!ns4 ,! ess5tial /ages ( ! v>i\s trans=mations are outl9$ by ,morgan1 b ! analysis ( ! economic causes produc+ !m is l>gely add$ by myself4 ,9 ! h]oic p]iod1 ! f\r tribes ( ! ,a!nians 7 /ill in/all$ 9 sep>ate p>ts ( ,attica4 ,ev5 ! twelve phratries compos+ !m seem to h _h sep>ate seats 9 ! twelve diff]5t t[ns ( ,cecrops4 ,! con/itution 0 9 h>mony ) ! p]iod3 a public meet+ 7agor71 a c\ncil 7bl7 & a basileus4 ,z f> back z we c trace writt5 hi/ory we f9d ! l& divid$ up & 9 ! possession ( private individuals4 ,= dur+ ! la/ p]iod ( ! high] /age ( b>b>ism ! production ( commodities & ! result+ trade _h well advanc$4 ,gra91 w9e & oil 7 /aple articles4 ,! sea trade on ! ,aegean ,sea drift$ m & m out ( ! h&s ( ! ,pho5icians into ^? ( ! ,a!nians4 ,by ! pur*ase & sale ( l&1 by cont9u$ division ( labor betwe5 agriculture & indu/ry1 trade & navigation1 ! memb]s ( g5tes1 phratries & tribes v soon int]m+l$4 ,! di/ricts ( ! phratry & ! tribe receiv$ inhabitants :o did n belong to ^! bodies &1 !re=e1 7 /rang]s 9 _! own homes1 al?\gh !y 7 c\ntrym54 ,= dur+ times ( peace1 e phratry & e tribe adm9i/]$ its own affairs )\t consult+ ! c\ncil ( ,a!ns or ! basileus4 ,b inhabitants n belong+ to ! phratry or ! tribe c\ld n take "p 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ^! bodies4 ,?us ! well-regulat$ functions ( ! g5tile organs became s dis>rang$ t relief 0 already ne$$ dur+ ! h]oic p]iod4 ,a con/itution attribut$ to ,!seus 0 introduc$4 ,! ma9 feature ( ?is *ange 0 ! in/itution ( a c5tral adm9i/ration 9 ,a!ns4 ,a "p ( ! affairs t _h s long be5 conduct$ autonom\sly by ! tribes 0 decl>$ collective bus9ess & transf]r$ to a g5]al c\ncil 9 ,a!ns4 ,?is /ep ( ! ,a!nians w5t f>!r ?an any ev] tak5 by ! nations ( ,am]ica4 ,= ! simple f$]ation ( autonom\s tribes 0 n[ replac$ by ! conglom]ation ( all tribes into "o s+le body4 ,! next result 0 a common ,a!nian law1 /&+ above ! legal traditions ( ! tribes & g5tes4 ,x be/[$ on ! citiz5s ( ,a!ns c]ta9 privileges & legal protection1 ev5 9 a t]ritory t did n belong to _! tribe4 ,?is meant ano!r bl[ to ! g5tile con/itution2 = x op5$ ! way to ! admission ( citiz5s :o 7 n memb]s ( any ,attic tribe & /ood entirely outside ( ! ,a!nian g5tile con/itution4 ,a second in/itution attribut$ to ,!seus 0 ! division ( ! entire nation into ?ree classes reg>dless ( ! g5tes1 phratries & tribes3 eupatrides or nobles1 geomoro or f>m]s1 & demiurgoi or tradesm54 ,! exclusive privilege ( ! nobles to fill ! (fices 0 includ$ 9 ?is innovation4 ,ap>t f ?is privilege ! new division rema9$ ineffective1 z x did n create any legal di/9ctions betwe5 ! classes4 ,b x is important1 because x %[s u ! new social elem5ts t _h develop$ 9 secret4 ,x %[s t ! habitual hold+ ( g5tile (fices by c]ta9 families _h already develop$ into a practically unconte/$ privilege2 t ^! families1 already p[]ful ?r\gh _! weal?1 began to comb9e outside ( _! g5tes into a privileg$ class2 & t ! j aris+ /ate sanction$ ?is assumption4 ,x %[s fur!rmore t ! division ( labor betwe5 f>m]s & tradesm5 _h gr[n /rong en\gh to conte/ ! supremacy ( ! old g5tile & tribal division ( society4 ,& f9ally x proclaims ! irreconcilable opposition ( g5tile society to ! /ate4 ,! fir/ attempt to =m a /ate broke up ! g5tes by divid+ _! memb]s aga9/ "o ano!r & oppos+ a privileg$ class to a class ( dis[n$ belong+ to two diff]5t bran*es ( production4 ,! ensu+ political hi/ory ( ,a!ns up to ! "t ( ,solon is only incompletely kn[n4 ,! (fice ( basileus became obsolete4 ,ar*ons elect$ f ! ranks ( ! nobility occupi$ ! lead+ position 9 ! /ate4 ,! p[] ( ! nobility increas$ cont9ually1 until x became unbe>able ab\t ! ye> #fjj be=e ,*ri/4 ,! pr9cipal means = /ifl+ ! lib]ty ( ! p 7--money & usury4 ,! ma9 seat ( ! nobility 0 9 & ar\nd ,a!ns4 ,!re ! sea trade & n[ & !n a little conv5i5t piracy enri*$ !m & conc5trat$ ! money into _! h&s4 ,f ?is po9t ! gradually aris+ money p[] p5etrat$ l corrugat+ acid into ! traditional modes ( rural exi/5ce f\nd$ on natural economy4 ,! g5tile con/itution is absolutely irreconcilable ) money rule4 ,! ru9 ( ! ,attic f>m]s concid$ ) ! loos5+ ( ! old g5tile bonds t protect$ !m4 ,! debtor's receipt & ! pawn+ ( ! prop]ty--= ! mortgage 0 also inv5t$ by ! ,a!nians--c>$ nei!r = ! g5s nor = ! phratry4 ,b ! old g5tile con/itution knew no?+ ( money1 advance & debt4 ,h5ce ! ev] m virul5tly spread+ money rule ( ! nobility develop$ a new legal cu/om1 secur+ ! cr$itor aga9/ ! debtor & sanction+ ! exploitation ( ! small f>m] by ! weal?y4 ,all ! rural di/ricts ( ,attica 7 cr[d$ ) mortgage columns be>+ ! leg5d t ! lot on :i* !y /ood 0 mortgag$ to su* & su* = s mu*4 ,! fields t 7 n s designat$ _h = ! mo/ "p be5 sold on acc\nt ( ov]due mortgages or int]e/ & transf]r$ to ! ari/ocratic usur]s4 ,! f>m] c\ld ?ank 8 />s1 if he 0 grant$ p]mission to live z a t5ant on "o-six? ( ! product ( 8 labor & to pay five-six?s to 8 new ma/] 9 ! =m ( r5t4 ,worse /ill1 if ! sale ( ! lot did n br+ suffici5t returns to cov] ! debt1 or if su* a debt _h be5 contract$ )\t a li51 !n ! debtor _h to sell 8 *ildr5 into slav]y abroad 9 ord] to satisfy ! claim ( ! cr$itor4 ,! sale ( ! *ildr5 by ! fa!r--t 0 ! fir/ fruit ( pat]nal law & monogamy6 ,& if t did n satisfy ! bloodsuck]s1 !y c\ld sell ! debtor himself into slav]y4 ,su* 0 ! pleasant dawn ( civilization among ! p ( ,attica4 ,=m]ly1 :ile ! condition ( ! p 0 9 keep+ ) g5tile traditions1 a simil> d[nfall w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,b "h x _h come ab\t1 nobody knew h[4 ,let u return = a mom5t to ! ,iroquois4 ,! /ate ( ?+s t _h impos$ itself on ! ,a!nians almo/ )\t _! do+1 s to say1 & assur$ly aga9/ _! w1 0 inconceivable among ! ,indians4 ,!re ! ev] un*ang+ mode ( production c\ld at no "t g5]ate su* conflicts z a di/9ction betwe5 ri* & poor1 exploit]s & exploit$1 caus$ by ext]nal conditions4 ,! ,iroquois 7 f> f controll+ ! =ces ( nature1 b )9 ! limits drawn = !m by nature !y dom9at$ _! own production4 ,ap>t f a failure ( ! crops 9 _! little g>d5s1 ! exhau/ion ( ! fi% supply 9 _! lakes & riv]s or ( ! game /ock 9 _! =e/s1 !y always knew :at w\ld be ! outcome ( _! mode ( ga9+ a liv+4 ,a m or less abundant supply ( food1 t w\ld come ( x4 ,b ! outcome c\ld nev] be any unprem$itat$ social upheavals1 break+ ( g5tile bonds or division ( ! g5tiles aga9/ "o ano!r by conflict+ class int]e/s4 ,production 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! mo/ limit$ mann]2 b--! produc]s controll$ _! own product4 ,?is imm5se advantage ( b>b>ian production 0 lo/ 9 ! transition to civilization4 ,to w9 x back on ! basis ( man's pres5t gigantic control ( nature & ( ! free association r5d]$ possible by x1 t w be ! task ( ! next g5]ations4 ,n s among ! ,greeks4 ,! adv5t ( private prop]ty 9 h]ds ( cattle & articles ( luxury l$ to an ex*ange betwe5 individuals1 to a trans=mation ( products into commodities4 ,"h is ! root ( ! entire revolution t foll[$4 ,:5 ! produc]s did no long] consume _! own product1 b releas$ _! hold ( x 9 ex*ange = ano!r's product1 !n !y lo/ ! control ( x4 ,!y did n "k any m :at became ( x4 ,!re 0 a possibility t ! product might be turn$ aga9/ ! produc]s = ! purpose ( exploit+ & oppress+ !m4 ,no society c1 !re=e1 reta9 = any l5g? ( "t ! control ( its own production & ( ! social effects ( ! mode ( production1 unless x aboli%es ex*ange betwe5 individuals4 ,h[ rapidly aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( individual ex*ange & aft] ! trans=mation ( products into commodities ! product manife/s its rule ov] ! produc]1 ! ,a!nians 7 soon to le>n4 ,along ) ! production ( m>ketable commodities came ! till+ ( ! soil by individual cultivators = _! own acc\nt1 soon foll[$ by individual own]%ip ( ! l&4 ,along came also ! money1 t g5]al commodity = :i* all o!rs c\ld be ex*ang$4 ,b :5 m5 inv5t$ money !y little suspect$ t !y 7 creat+ a new social p[]1 t "o univ]sal p[] be=e :i* ! :ole ( society mu/ b[ d[n4 ,x 0 ?is new p[]1 sudd5ly sprung into exi/5ce )\t ! =e?\ght & int5tion ( its own creators1 t v5t$ its rule on ! ,a!nians ) ! full brutality ( y\?4 ,:at 0 to be done8 ,! old g5tile organization _h n only prov$ impot5t aga9/ ! triumphant m>* ( money2 x 0 also absolutely incapable ( conta9+ )9 its conf9es any su* ?+ z money1 cr$itors1 debtors & =cible collection ( debts4 ,b ! new social p[] 0 ^u !m & nei!r pi\s wi%es nor a long+ = ! return ( ! good old times c\ld drive money & usury f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,moreov]1 g5tile con/itution _h suff]$ a numb] ( m9or defeats4 ,! indiscrim9ate m+l+ ( ! g5tiles & phrators 9 ! :ole ( ,attica1 & especially 9 ,a!ns1 _h assum$ l>g] proportions f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,/ill ev5 n[ a citiz5 ( ,a!ns 0 n all[$ to sell 8 resid5ce outside ( 8 g5s1 al?\gh he c\ld d s ) plots ( l&4 ,! division ( labor betwe5 ! diff]5t bran*es ( production--agriculture1 trades1 numb]less specialties )9 ! trades1 comm]ce1 navigation1 etc4--_h develop$ m fully ) ! progress ( indu/ry & traffic4 ,! population 0 n[ divid$ accord+ to occupations into r well def9$ gr\ps1 ev]yone ( :i* _h sep>ate int]e/s n gu>d$ by ! g5s or phratry & !re=e necessitat+ ! creation ( new (fices4 ,! numb] ( slaves _h increas$ consid]ably & mu/ h surpass$ by f> t ( ! free ,a!nians ev5 at ?is e>ly /age4 ,g5tile society orig9ally knew no slav]y & 01 !re=e1 ignorant ( any means to hold ?is mass ( bondsm5 9 *eck4 ,& f9ally1 comm]ce _h attract$ a great _m /rang]s :o settl$ 9 ,a!ns = ! sake ( ! easi] liv+ x af=d$4 ,accord+ to ! old con/itution1 ! /rang]s _h nei!r civil rights nor ! protection ( ! law4 ,?\gh tacitly admitt$ by tradition1 !y rema9$ a di/urb+ & =eign elem5t4 ,9 %ort1 g5tile con/itution approa*$ its doom4 ,society 0 daily gr[+ m & m beyond x4 ,x 0 p[]less to /op or allay ev5 ! mo/ di/ress+ evils t _h gr[n "u its v eyes4 ,b 9 ! meantime ! /ate _h secretly develop$4 ,! new gr\ps =m$ by division ( labor1 fir/ betwe5 city & c\ntry1 !n betwe5 ! v>i\s bran*es ( city indu/ry1 _h creat$ new organs = ! c>e ( _! int]e/s4 ,public (fices ( e description _h be5 in/itut$4 ,& above all ! "y /ate ne$$ its own fight+ =ces4 ,among ! seaf>+ ,a!nians ?is _h to be at fir/ only a navy1 = occasional %ort exp$itions & ! protection ( ! m]*ant vessels4 ,at "s unc]ta9 "t be=e ,solon1 ! naukr>iai 7 in/itut$1 little t]ritorial di/ricts1 twelve 9 ea* tribe4 ,e naukr>ia _h to furni%1 equip & man a w> vessel & to detail two horsem54 ,?is arrangem5t 0 a tw(old attack on ! g5tile con/itution4 ,9 ! fir/ place x creat$ a public p[] ( corcion t did no long] absolutely co9cide ) ! entirety ( ! arm$ nation4 ,9 ! second place x 0 ! fir/ division ( ! p = public purposes1 n by gr\ps ( k9%ip1 b by local resid5ce4 ,we %all soon see :at t signifi$4 ,z ! g5tile con/itution c\ld n come to ! assi/ance ( ! exploit$ p1 !y c\ld look only to ! ris+ /ate4 ,& ! /ate br\ght help 9 ! =m ( ! con/itution ( ,solon4 ,at ! same "t x add$ to its own /r5g? at ! exp5se ( ! old con/itution4 ,solon op5$ ! s]ies ( s-call$ political revolutions by an infr+em5t on private prop]ty4 ,we pass ov] ! means by :i* ?is re=m 0 accompli%$ 9 ! ye> #eid ,b4 ,c4 or !reab\t4 ,ev] s9ce1 all revolutions h be5 revolutions = ! protection ( "o k9d ( prop]ty aga9/ ano!r k9d ( prop]ty4 ,!y _c protect "o k9d )\t violat+ ano!r4 ,9 ! great ,fr5* revolution ! feudal prop]ty 0 sacrific$ = ! sake ( sav+ b\rgeois prop]ty4 ,9 ,solon's revolution1 ! prop]ty ( ! cr$itors _h to make concessions to ! prop]ty ( ! debtors4 ,! debts 7 simply decl>$ illegal4 ,we are n acqua9t$ ) ! accurate details1 b ,solon boa/s 9 8 poms t he remov$ ! mortgage columns f ! ind5t$ lots & enabl$ all :o _h fl$ or be5 sold abroad = debts to return home4 ,?is 0 only feasible by an op5 violation ( private prop]ty4 ,& inde$1 all s-call$ political revolutions 7 />t$ = ! protection ( "o k9d ( prop]ty by ! confiscation1 also call$ !ft1 ( ano!r k9d ( prop]ty4 ,x is absolutely true t = m ?an #b1ejj ye>s private prop]ty c\ld only be protect$ by ! violation ( private prop]ty4 ,b n[ a way _h to be f\nd to avoid ! return ( su* an enslavem5t ( ! free ,a!nians4 ,?is 0 fir/ attempt$ by g5]al measures1 e4 g41 ! prohibition ( contracts giv+ ! p]son ( ! debtor 9 li54 ,fur!rmore a maximum limit 0 fix$ = ! am\nt ( l& any "o individual c\ld own1 9 ord] to keep ! crav+ ( ! nobility = ! l& ( ! f>m]s )9 reasonable b\nds4 ,con/itutional am5dm5ts 7 next 9 ord]4 ,! foll[+ des]ve special consid]ation3 ,! c\ncil 0 increas$ to f\r hundr$ memb]s1 "o hundr$ f ea* tribe4 ,"h1 !n1 ! tribe /ill s]v$ z a basis4 ,b ?is 0 ! only remnant ( ! old con/itution t 0 transf]r$ to ! new body politic4 ,= o!rwise ,solon divid$ ! citiz5s into f\r classes accord+ to _! prop]ty 9 l& & its yield4 ,five hundr$1 ?ree hundr$ & "o hundr$ & fifty m$imnoi ( gra9 7#a m$imnos equals #a4af bu%els7 7 ! m9imum yields ( ! fir/ ?ree classes4 ,:oev] _h less l& or none at all belong$ to ! f\r? class4 ,only memb]s ( ! fir/ ?ree classes c\ld hold (fice2 ! highe/ (fices 7 fill$ by ! fir/ class4 ,! f\r? class _h only ! "r to speak & vote 9 ! public c\ncil4 ,b "h all (ficials 7 elect$1 "h !y _h to give acc\nt1 "h all ! laws 7 made1 & "h ! f\r? class 0 9 ! majority4 ,! ari/ocratic privileges 7 p>tly r5ew$ 9 ! =m ( privileges ( weal?1 b ! p reta9$ ! decisive p[]4 ,! f\r classes also =m$ ! basis = ! reorganization ( ! fight+ =ces4 ,! fir/ two classes furni%$ ! horsem52 ! ?ird _h to s]ve z heavy infantry2 ! f\r? 0 employ$ z light un>mor$ infantry & _h to man ! navy4 ,probably ! la/ class also receiv$ wages 9 ?is case4 ,an entirely new elem5t is ?us introduc$ into ! con/itution3 private prop]ty4 ,! rights & duties ( ! citiz5s are graduat$ accord+ to _! prop]ty 9 l&4 ,:]ev] ! classification by prop]ty ga9s gr\nd1 !re ! old gr\ps ( blood relation%ip give way4 ,g5tile con/itution has suff]$ ano!r defeat4 ,h[ev]1 ! gradation ( political rights accord+ to private prop]ty 0 n "o ( ^? in/itutions )\t :i* a /ate _c exi/4 ,x may h be5 ev] s important 9 ! con/itutional developm5t ( "s /ates4 ,/ill a good _m o!rs1 & ! mo/ completely develop$ at t1 _h no ne$ ( x4 ,ev5 9 ,a!ns x play$ only a pass+ role4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,ari/ides1 all (fices 7 op5 to all ! citiz5s4 ,dur+ ! next eighty ye>s ! ,a!nian society gradually drift$ into ! c\rse on :i* x fur!r develop$ 9 ! foll[+ c5turies4 ,! outrage\s l& speculation ( ! "t be=e ,solon _h be5 fett]$1 likewise ! excessive conc5tration ( prop]ty 9 l&4 ,comm]ce1 trades & artisan h&icrafts1 :i* 7 c>ri$ on 9 an ev] l>g] scale z slave labor increas$1 became ! rul+ factors 9 ga9+ a liv+4 ,public enlight5m5t advanc$4 ,in/ead ( exploit+ _! own fell[ citiz5s 9 ! old brutal /yle1 ! ,a!nians n[ exploit$ ma9ly ! slaves & ! cu/om]s outside4 ,movable prop]ty1 weal? 9 money1 slaves & %ips1 increas$ m & m4 ,b in/ead ( be+ a simple means = ! pur*ase ( l&1 z 9 ! old /upid times1 x _h n[ become an end 9 itself4 ,! new class ( indu/rial & comm]cial own]s ( weal? n[ wag$ a victori\s competition aga9/ ! old nobility4 ,! remnants ( ! old g5tile con/itution lo/ _! la/ hold4 ,! g5tes1 phratries & tribes1 ! memb]s ( :i* n[ 7 disp]s$ all ov] ,attica & completely int]mix$1 _h ?us become unavailable z political gr\ps4 ,a great _m citiz5s ( ,a!ns did n belong to any g5s4 ,!y 7 immigrants :o _h be5 adopt$ into citiz5%ip1 b n into any ( ! old gr\ps ( k9%ip4 ,besides1 !re 0 a /eadily increas+ numb] ( =eign immigrants :o 7 only protect$ by traditional suff]ance4 ,mean:ile ! /ruggles ( ! p>ties proce$$4 ,! nobility tri$ to rega9 _! =m] privileges & = a %ort "t recov]$ _! supremacy1 until ! revolution ( ,klei/h5es 7#eji ,b4 ,c47 br\ght _! f9al d[nfall & complet$ ! ru9 ( g5tile law4 ,9 8 new con/itution1 ,klei/h5es ignor$ ! f\r old tribes f\nd$ on ! g5tes & phratries4 ,_! place 0 tak5 by an entirely new organization bas$ on ! rec5tly attempt$ division ( ! citiz5s into naukr>iai accord+ to resid5ce4 ,no long] 0 memb]%ip 9 a gr\p ( k9dr$ ! dom9ant fact1 b simply local resid5ce4 ,n ! nation1 b ! t]ritory 0 n[ divid$2 ! inhabitants became m]e political fixtures ( ! t]ritory4 ,! :ole ( ,attica 0 divid$ into "o hundr$ communal di/ricts1 s-call$ demoi1 e "o ( :i* 0 autonom\s4 ,! citiz5s liv+ 9 a demos 7demotoi7 elect$ _! (ficial head 7dem>*os71 treasur] & ?irty judges ) jurisdiction 9 m9or cases4 ,!y also receiv$ _! own temple & div9e gu>dian or h]os1 ^: prie/ !y elect$4 ,! control ( ! demos 0 9 ! h&s ( ! c\ncil ( demoto4 ,?is is1 z ,morgan correctly rem>ks1 ! prototype ( ! autonom\s ,am]ican t[n%ip4 ,! mod]n /ate 9 its highe/ developm5t end$ 9 ! same unit ) :i* ! ris+ /ate began its c>e] 9 ,a!ns4 ,t5 ( ^! units 7demoi7 =m$ a tribe1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n[ designat$ z local tribe 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! old sex tribe4 ,! local tribe 0 n only an autonom\s political1 b also a milit>y gr\p4 ,x elect$ ! phyl>*os or tribal head :o comm&$ ! horsem51 ! taxi>*os comm&+ ! infantry & ! /rategic lead]1 :o 0 9 comm& ( ! entire cont+5t rais$ 9 ! tribal t]ritory by conscription4 ,! local tribe fur!rmore furni%$1 equipp$ & fully mann$ five w> vessels4 ,x 0 designat$ by ! "n ( ! ,attic h]o :o 0 its gu>dian deity4 ,x elect$ fifty c\ncilm5 into ! c\ncil ( ,a!ns4 ,?us we arrive at ! ,a!nian /ate1 gov]n$ by a c\ncil ( five hundr$ elect$ by & repres5t+ ! t5 tribes & subject to ! vote ( ! public meet+1 :]e e citiz5 c\ld ent] & vote4 ,ar*ons & o!r (ficials att5d$ to ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( adm9i/ration & ju/ice4 ,by ?is new con/itution & by ! admission ( a l>ge numb] ( ali5s1 p>tly fre$ slaves1 p>tly immigrants1 ! organs ( g5tile con/itution 7 displac$ 9 public affairs4 ,!y became m]e private & religi\s clubs4 ,b _! moral influ5ce1 ! traditional conceptions & views ( ! old g5tile p]iod1 surviv$ = a long "t & expir$ only gradually4 ,?is 0 evid5t 9 ano!r /ate in/itution4 ,we h se5 t an ess5tial m>k ( ! /ate consi/s 9 a public p[] ( corcion divorc$ f ! mass ( ! p4 ,a!ns possess$ at t "t only a militia & a navy equipp$ & mann$ directly by ! p4 ,^! af=d$ protection aga9/ ext]nal enemies & held ! slaves 9 *eck1 :o at t "t already made up ! l>ge majority ( ! population4 ,= ! citiz5s1 ?is corcive p[] at fir/ only exi/$ 9 ! %ape ( ! police1 :i* is z old z ! /ate4 ,! innoc5t ,fr5*m5 ( ! #ah? c5tury1 !re=e1 _h ! habit ( speak+ n ( civiliz$1 b ( polic$ nations 7nations polices74 ,! ,a!nians1 !n1 provid$ = a police 9 _! new /ate1 a v]itable =ce ( b[m5 on foot & horseback4 ,?is police =ce consi/$--( slaves4 ,! free ,a!nian reg>d$ ?is police duty z s degrad+ t he pref]r$ be+ arre/$ by an arm$ slave r ?an l5d+ himself to su* an ignom9i\s s]vice4 ,t 0 /ill a sign ( ! old g5tile _s4 ,! /ate c\ld n exi/ )\t a police1 b z yet x 0 too "y & did n comm& suffici5t moral respect to give pre/ige to an occupation t necess>ily appe>$ ignom9i\s to ! old g5tiles4 ,h[ well ?is /ate1 n[ complet$ 9 its ma9 outl9es1 suit$ ! social condition ( ! ,a!nians 0 app>5t by ! rapid gr[? ( weal?1 comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,! di/9ction ( classes on :i* ! social & political in/itutions are re/+ 0 no long] betwe5 nobility & common p1 b betwe5 slaves & freem51 ali5s & citiz5s4 ,at ! "t ( ! greate/ prosp]ity ! :ole numb] ( free ,a!nian citiz5s1 wom5 & *ildr5 includ$1 am\nt$ to ab\t #ij1jjj2 ! slaves ( bo? sexes numb]$ #cfe1jjj & ! ali5s--=eign]s & fre$ slaves--#de1jjj4 ,p] capita ( ea* adult citiz5 !re 71 !re=e1 at lea/ eighte5 slaves & m ?an two ali5s4 ,! great numb] ( slaves is expla9$ by ! fact t _m ( !m work$ toge!r 9 l>ge factories "u sup]vision4 ,! developm5t ( comm]ce & indu/ry br\ght ab\t an accumulation & conc5tration ( weal? 9 a few h&s4 ,! mass ( ! free citiz5s 7 impov]i%$ & _h to face ! *oice ( ei!r compet+ ) _! own labor aga9/ slave labor1 :i* 0 consid]$ ignoble & vile1 besides promis+ little success1 or to be ru9$4 ,"u ! prevail+ circum/ances !y necess>ily *ose ! latt] c\rse & be+ 9 ! majority !y ru9$ ! :ole ,attic /ate4 ,n democracy caus$ ! d[nfall ( ,a!ns1 z ! ,european glorifi]s ( pr9ces & lickspittle s*oolma/]s w\ld h u believe1 b slav]y o/raciz+ ! labor ( ! free citiz54 ,! orig9 ( ! /ate among ! ,a!nians pres5ts a v typical =m ( /ate organization4 ,= x took place )\t any m>r+ ext]nal int]f]5ce or int]nal ob/ruction--! usurpation ( ,pisi/ratos left no trace ( its %ort duration4 ,x %[s ! direct rise ( a highly develop$ =m ( a /ate1 ! democratic republic1 out ( g5tile society4 ,& f9ally1 we are suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) all ! ess5tial details ( ! process4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,g5s ,,& ,,/ate ,,9 ,,rome4 ,! leg5d ( ! f\ndation ( ,rome sets =? t ! fir/ colonization 0 und]tak5 by a numb] ( ,lat9 g5tes 7"o hundr$1 s ! leg5d says7 unit$ into "o tribe4 ,a ,sabellian tribe 7also said to consi/ ( "o hundr$ g5tes7 soon foll[$1 & f9ally a ?ird tribe ( v>i\s elem5ts1 b aga9 numb]+ "o hundr$ g5tes1 jo9$ !m4 ,! :ole tale reveals at ! fir/ glance t little m ?an ! g5s 0 borr[$ f reality1 & t ! g5s itself 0 9 c]ta9 cases only an (f%oot ( an old "m g5s /ill exi/+ at home4 ,! tribes be> ! m>k ( artificial composition on _! =eheads2 /ill !y 7 made up ( k9dr$ elem5ts & aft] ! model ( ! old spontane\s1 n artificial tribe4 ,at ! same "t x is n impossible t a g5u9e old tribe =m$ ! nucleus ( e "o ( ^! ?ree tribes4 ,! connect+ l9k1 ! phratry1 conta9$ t5 g5tes & 0 call$ curia4 ,h5ce !re 7 ?irty curiae4 ,! ,roman g5s is recogniz$ z an in/itution id5tical ) ! ,grecian g5s4 ,! ,grecian g5s be+ a cont9uation ( ! same social unit1 ! primordial =m ( :i* we f\nd among ! ,am]ican ,indians1 ! same holds naturally good ( ! ,roman g5s1 & we c be m concise 9 its treatm5t4 ,at lea/ dur+ ! mo/ anci5t times ( ! city1 ! ,roman g5s _h ! foll[+ con/itution3 #a4 ,mutual "r ( inh]itance = g5tiles2 ! weal? rema9$ 9 ! g5s4 ,pat]nal law be+ already 9 =ce 9 ! ,roman ! same z 9 ! ,grecian g5s1 ! (fspr+ ( female l9eage 7 exclud$4 ,accord+ to ! law ( ! twelve tablets1 ! olde/ writt5 law ( ,rome kn[n to u1 ! natural *ildr5 _h ! fir/ title to ! e/ate2 9 case no natural *ildr5 exi/$1 ! agnati 7k9 ( male l9eage7 took _! place2 & la/ 9 l9e came ! g5tiles4 ,9 all cases ! prop]ty rema9$ 9 ! g5s4 ,"h we obs]ve ! gradual introduction ( new legal provisions1 caus$ by increas$ weal? & monogamy1 into ! g5tile practice4 ,! orig9ally equal "r ( inh]itance ( ! g5tiles 0 fir/ limit$ 9 practice to ! agnati1 no d\bt at a v remote date1 & aft]w>ds to ! natural *ildr5 & _! (fspr+ ( male l9eage4 ,( c\rse ?is appe>s 9 ! rev]se ord] on ! twelve tablets4 #b4 ,possession ( a common burial gr\nd4 ,! patrician g5s ,claudia1 on immigrat+ into ,rome f ,regilli1 0 assign$ to a sep>ate lot ( l& & receiv$ its own burial gr\nd 9 ! city4 ,z late z ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ! head ( ,v>us1 :o _h be5 kill$ 9 ! ,teutoburg] ,wald1 0 br\ght to ,rome & int]r$ 9 ! g5tilitius tumulus2 h5ce 8 g5s 7,qu9ctilia7 /ill _h its own tomb4 #c4 ,common religi\s rites4 ,^! are well-kn[n "u ! "n ( sacra g5tilitia4 #d4 ,obligation n to int]m>ry 9 ! g5s4 ,x seems t ?is 0 nev] a writt5 law 9 ,rome1 b ! cu/om rema9$4 ,among ! innum]able names ( ,roman c\ples pres]v$ = u !re is n a s+le case1 :]e husb& & wife _h ! same g5tile "n4 ,! law ( inh]itance proves ! same rule4 ,by m>ry+1 a woman loses h] agnatic privileges1 disc>ds h] g5s1 & nei!r %e nor h] *ildr5 h any title to h] fa!r's e/ate nor to t ( 8 bro!rs1 because o!rwise ! g5s ( h] fa!r w\ld lose 8 prop]ty4 ,?is rule has a mean+ only !n :5 ! woman is n p]mitt$ to m>ry a g5tile4 #e4 ,a common piece ( l&4 ,9 primeval days ?is 0 always obta9$ :5 ! tribal t]ritory 0 fir/ divid$4 ,among ! ,lat9 tribes we f9d ! l& p>tly 9 ! possession ( ! tribe1 p>tly ( ! g5s1 & p>tly ( ! h\seholds t c\ld h>dly repres5t s+le families at su* an e>ly date4 ,romulus is cr$it$ ) be+ ! fir/ to assign l& to s+le individuals1 ab\t #b4dg acres 7two jug]a7 p] head4 ,b lat] on we /ill f9d "s l& 9 ! h&s ( ! g5tes1 n to m5tion ! /ate l&1 ar\nd :i* turns ! :ole int]nal hi/ory ( ! republic4 #f4 ,duty ( ! g5tiles to mutually protect & assi/ "o ano!r4 ,writt5 hi/ory records only remnants ( ?is law4 ,! ,roman /ate f ! outset manife/$ su* sup]ior p[]1 t ! duty ( protection aga9/ injury devolv$ ^u x4 ,:5 ,appius ,claudius 0 arre/$1 8 :ole g5s1 includ+ 8 p]sonal enemies1 dress$ 9 m\rn+4 ,at ! "t ( ! second ,punic w> ! g5tes unit$ = ! purpose ( ransom+ _! captur$ g5tiles4 ,! s5ate veto$ ?is4 #g4 ,"r to be> ! g5tile "n4 ,?is 0 9 =ce until ! "t ( ! emp]ors4 ,fre$ slaves 7 p]mitt$ to assume ! g5tile "n ( _! =m] ma/]1 b ?is did n be/[ any g5tile rights on !m4 #h4 ,"r ( adopt+ /rang]s into ! g5s4 ,?is 0 done by adoption into ! family 7! same z among ! ,indians7 :i* br\ght ) x ! adoption into ! g5s4 #i4 ,! "r to elect & depose *iefs is n m5tion$ any:]e4 ,b inasmu* z dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ,rome's exi/5ce all (fices 7 fill$ by election or nom9ation1 f ! k+ d[nw>d1 & z ! curiae elect$ also _! own prie/s1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ ! same 9 reg>d to g5tile *iefs 7pr9cipes7--no matt] h[ well e/abli%$ ! rule ( *oos+ ! c&idates f ! same family h be54 ,su* 7 ! con/itutional rights ( a ,roman g5s4 ,) ! exception ( ! complet$ transition to pat]nal law1 !y are ! true image ( ! rights & duties ( an ,iroquois g5s4 ,"h1 also1 ! ,iroquois is /ill pla9ly visible4 ,h[ confus$ ! ideas ( our hi/orians1 ev5 ! mo/ prom95t ( !m1 are :5 x comes to a discussion ( ! ,roman g5s1 is %[n by ! foll[+ example3 ,9 ,momms5's treatise on ! ,roman family names ( ! ,republican & ,augu/9ian era 7,rmis*e ,=s*ung51 ,b]l91 #ahfd1 ,vol4 ,i47 he writes3 ,! g5tile "n 0 n only borne by all male g5tiles includ+ all adopt$ & w>ds1 except1 ( c\rse1 ! slaves1 b also by ! wom54444 ,! tribe 7s ,momms5 translates g5s7 is a common organization result+ f a common--actual1 assum$ or ev5 inv5t$--ance/or & unit$ by common rites1 burial gr\nds & cu/oms ( inh]itance4 ,all free individuals1 h5ce wom5 also1 may & mu/ claim memb]%ip 9 !m4 ,b ! def9ition ( ! g5tile "n ( ! m>ri$ wom5 (f]s "s difficulty4 ,?is is inde$ obviat$1 z long z wom5 7 n p]mitt$ to m>ry any "o b _! g5tiles4 ,& we h pro(s t = a long "t ! wom5 f\nd x mu* m difficult to m>ry outside ?an inside ( ! g5s4 ,?is "r ( m>ry+ outside1 ! g5tis enuptio1 0 /ill be/[$ z a p]sonal privilege & rew>d dur+ ! six? c5tury4444 ,b :]ev] su* outside m>riages occurr$ 9 primeval times1 ! woman mu/ h be5 transf]r$ to ! tribe ( h] husb&4 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t by ! old religi\s m>riage woman 0 completely adopt$ into ! legal & sacram5tal gr\p ( h] husb& & divorc$ f h] own4 ,:o does n "k t ! m>ri$ woman releases h] active & passive "r ( inh]itance 9 favor ( h] g5tiles1 b ent]s ! legal gr\p ( h] husb&1 h] *ildr5 & 8 g5tiles8 ,& if h] husb& adopts h] z 8 *ild into 8 family1 h[ c %e rema9 sep>at$ f 8 g5s8 7,pages #i-aa47 ,"h ,momms5 ass]ts t ! ,roman wom5 belong+ to a c]ta9 g5s 7 orig9ally free to m>ry only )9 _! g5s2 ! ,roman g5s1 accord+ to him1 0 !re=e endogam\s1 n exogam\s4 ,?is op9ion :i* contradicts ! evid5ce ( all o!r nations1 is pr9cipally1 if n exclusively1 f\nd$ on a s+le mu* disput$ passage ( ,livy 7,book xxxix1 c4 #ai74 ,accord+ to ?is passage1 ! s5ate decre$ 9 ! ye> #efh ( ! city1 i4 e41 #ahf ,b4 ,c41 7uti ,fec5iae ,hispallae dati1 dem9utio1 g5tis enuptio1 tutoris optio idem esset quasi ei vir te/am5to d$isset2 utique ei +5uo nub]e lic]et1 neu quid ei qui eam duxisset1 ob id fraudi ignom9iaeve esset7--t ,fec5ia ,hispalla %all h ! "r to dispose ( h] prop]ty1 to dim9i% x1 to m>ry outside ( ! g5s1 to *oose a gu>dian1 j z if h] 7late7 husb& _h conf]r$ ?is "r on h] by te/am5t2 t %e %all be p]mitt$ to m>ry a freeman & t = ! man :o m>ries h] ?is %all n con/itute a misdemeanor or a %ame4 ,)\t a d\bt ,fec5ia1 a fre$ slave1 "h obta9s p]mission to m>ry outside ( ! g5s4 ,& equally d\btless ! husb& "h has ! "r to conf] on 8 wife by te/am5t ! "r to m>ry outside ( ! g5s aft] 8 dea?4 ,b outside ( :i* g5s8 ,if a woman _h to int]m>ry 9 ! g5s1 z ,momms5 assumes1 !n %e rema9$ 9 ?is g5s aft] h] m>riage4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is ass]tion ( an endogam\s g5s mu/ be prov54 ,& 9 ! second place1 if ! wom5 _h to int]m>ry 9 ! g5s1 !n ! m5 _h to d ! same1 o!rwise !re c\ld be no m>riage4 ,!n we arrive at ! conclusion t ! man c\ld bequea? a "r to 8 wife1 :i* he did n h = himself4 ,?is is a legal impossibility4 ,momms5 feels ?is v well1 & h5ce he supposes3 ,! m>riage outside ( ! g5s mo/ probably requir$ n only ! cons5t ( ! te/ator1 b ( all g5tiles4 7,page #aj1 footnote47 ,?is is n only a v d>+ ass]tion1 b contradicts also ! cle> word+ ( ! passage4 ,! s5ate gives h] ?is "r z a proxy ( h] husb&2 !y expressly give h] no m & no less ?an h] husb& c\ld h giv5 h]1 b :at !y d give is an absolute "r1 indep5d5t ( all limitations1 s t1 if %e %\ld make use ( x1 h] new husb& %all n suff] 9 consequ5ce4 ,! s5ate ev5 in/ructs ! pres5t & future consuls & praetors to see t no inconv5i5ce arise to h] f ! use ( ?is "r4 ,momms5's supposition is !re=e absolutely inadmissible4 ,!n aga93 suppose a woman m>ri$ a man f ano!r g5s1 b rema9$ 9 h] own g5s4 ,accord+ to ! passage quot$ above1 h] husb& w\ld !n h _h ! "r to p]mit 8 wife to m>ry outside ( h] own g5s4 ,t is1 he w\ld h _h ! "r to make provisions 9 reg>d to ! affairs ( a g5s to :i* he did n belong at all4 ,! ?+ is s utt]ly unreasonable t we ne$ n lose any words ab\t x4 ,no?+ rema9s b to assume t ! woman 9 h] fir/ m>riage w$d$ a man f ano!r g5s & !reby became a memb] ( h] husb&'s g5s4 ,momms5 admits ?is = su* cases4 ,!n ! :ole matt] at once expla9s itself4 ,! woman1 torn away f h] old g5s by h] m>riage & adopt$ into ! g5tile gr\p ( h] husb&1 occupies a peculi> position 9 ! new g5s4 ,%e is n[ a g5tile1 b n a k9 by blood4 ,! mann] ( h] entrance f ! outset excludes all prohibition ( int]m>ry+ 9 ! g5s1 into :i* %e has come by m>riage4 ,%e is adopt$ into ! family relations ( ! g5s & inh]its "s ( ! prop]ty ( h] husb& :5 he dies1 ! prop]ty ( a g5tile4 ,:at is m natural ?an t ?is prop]ty %\ld rema9 9 ! g5s & t %e %\ld be oblig$ to m>ry a g5tile ( h] husb& & no o!r8 ,if1 h[ev]1 an exception is to be made1 :o is s well entitl$ to au?orize h] z h] fir/ husb& :o bequea!d 8 prop]ty to h]8 ,at ! mom5t :5 he bequea!s on h] a "p ( 8 prop]ty & simultane\sly gives h] p]mission to transf] ?is prop]ty by m>riage or z a result ( m>riage to a /range g5s1 he /ill is ! own] ( ?is prop]ty1 h5ce he lit]ally disposes ( 8 p]sonal prop]ty4 ,z = ! woman & h] relation to ! g5s ( h] husb&1 x is he :o by an act ( 8 own free w--! m>riage--introduc$ h] into 8 g5s4 ,!re=e x seems q natural t he %\ld be ! prop] p]son to au?orize h] to leave ?is g5s by ano!r m>riage4 ,9 %ort1 ! matt] appe>s simple & obvi\s1 z soon z we disc>d ! absurd conception ( an endogam\s ,roman g5s & accept ,morgan's orig9ally exogam\s g5s4 ,!re is /ill ano!r view :i* has probably f\nd ! greate/ numb] ( advocates4 ,accord+ to !m ! passage 9 ,livy only means t fre$ slave girls 7lib]tae7 _c )\t special p]mission1 e g5te enub]e 7m>ry outside ( ! g5s7 or und]take any ( ! /eps :i*1 toge!r ) capitis dem9utio m9ima#be 7! loss ( family rights7 w\ld lead to a transf] ( ! lib]ta to ano!r g5s4 7,lange1 ,rmis*e ,alt]?m]1 ,b]l91 #ahef1 ,i1 p4 #ahe1 :]e our passage f ,livy is expla9$ by a ref]5ce to ,hus*ke47 ,if ?is view is correct1 !n ! passage proves /ill less = ! relations ( free ,roman wom51 & !re is s mu* less gr\nd = speak+ ( _! obligation to int]m>ry 9 ! g5s4 ,! expression enuptio g5tis 7m>riage outside ( ! g5s7 occurs only 9 ?is s+le passage & is n f\nd any:]e else 9 ! entire ,roman lit]ature4 ,! ^w enub]e 7to m>ry outside7 is f\nd only ?ree times likewise 9 ,livy1 & n 9 ref]5ce to ! g5s4 ,! phanta/ic idea t ,roman wom5 _h to int]m>ry 9 ! g5s owes its exi/5ce only to ?is s+le passage4 ,b x _c be ma9ta9$4 ,= ei!r ! passage ref]s to special re/rictions = fre$ slave wom51 9 :i* case x proves no?+ = free wom5 7+5uae74 ,or x applies also to free wom51 9 :i* case x r proves t ! wom5 z a rule m>ri$ outside ( ! g5s & 7 transf]r$ by _! m>riage to _! husb&s' g5s4 ,?is w\ld be a po9t = ,morgan aga9/ ,momms54 ,almo/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( ,rome ! g5tile bonds 7 /ill s /rong t a patrician g5s1 ! ,fabians1 c\ld obta9 p]mission f ! s5ate to und]take all by itself a w> exp$ition aga9/ ! neighbor+ t[n ( ,veii4 ,?ree hundr$ & six ,fabians are said to h m>*$ & to h be5 kill$ f ambu%4 ,only "o boy 0 left beh9d to propagate ! g5s4 ,t5 g5tes1 we said1 =m$ a phratry1 nam$ curia4 ,x 0 end[$ ) m important functions ?an ! ,grecian phratry4 ,e curia _h its own religi\s rites1 sacr$ possessions & prie/s4 ,! prie/s ( "o curia 9 a body =m$ "o ( ! ,roman cl]ical collegiums4 ,t5 curiae =m$ a tribe :i* probably _h orig9ally its own elect$ *ief--lead] 9 w> & high prie/--l ! re/ ( ! ,lat9 tribes4 ,! ?ree tribes toge!r =m$ ! populus ,romanus1 ! ,roman p4 ,h5ce nobody c\ld belong to ! ,roman p1 unless he 0 a memb] ( a ,roman g5s1 & ?us a memb] ( a curia & tribe4 ,! fir/ con/itution ( ! ,roman p 0 z foll[s4 ,public affairs 7 conduct$ by ! ,s5ate compos$1 z ,niebuhr 0 ! fir/ to /ate correctly1 ( ! *iefs ( ! ?ree hundr$ g5tes4 ,because !y 7 ! eld]s ( ! g5tes !y 7 call$ patres1 fa!rs1 & z a body s5atus1 c\ncil ( eld]s1 f s5ex1 old4 ,"h also ! cu/om>y *oice ( m5 f ! same family ( ! g5s br\ght to life ! fir/ h]$it>y nobility4 ,^! families 7 call$ patricians & claim$ ! exclusive "r to ! seats 9 ! s5ate & to all o!r (fices4 ,! fact t 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! p admitt$ ?is claim s t x became an actual privilege is confirm$ by ! leg5d>y report t ,romulus be/[$ ! rank ( patrician & its privileges on ! fir/ s5ators4 ,! s5ate1 l ! ,a!nian b\l1 _h to make ! f9al decision 9 _m affairs & to und]take ! prelim9>y discussion ( m important matt]s1 especially ( new laws4 ,^! 7 settl$ by ! public meet+1 ! s-call$ comitia curiata 7assembly ( curiae47 ,! p met 9 curiae1 probably gr\p$ by g5tes1 & e "o ( ! ?irty curiae _h "o vote4 ,! assembly ( curiae adopt$ or reject$ all laws1 elect$ all high] (ficials includ+ ! rex 7s-call$ k+71 decl>$ w> 7b ! s5ate conclud$ peace71 & decid$ z a supreme c\rt1 on appeal1 all cases involv+ capital puni%m5t ( ,roman citiz5s4 ,by ! side ( ! s5ate & ! public meet+ /ood ! rex1 correspond+ to ! ,grecian basileus1 & by no means su* an almo/ absolute k+ z ,momms5 w\ld h x4#bf ,! rex 0 also a milit>y lead]1 a high prie/ & a *airman ( c]ta9 c\rts4 ,he _h no o!r functions1 nor any p[] ov] life1 lib]ty & prop]ty ( ! citiz5s1 except su* z result$ f 8 discipl9>y p[] z milit>y lead] or f 8 executive p[] z presid5t ( a c\rt4 ,! (fice ( rex 0 n h]$it>y4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 elect$1 probably on ! sugge/ion ( 8 pr$ecessor1 by ! assembly ( curiae & !n solemnly inve/$ by a second assembly4 ,t he c\ld also be depos$ is prov$ by ! fate ( ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus4 ,z ! ,greeks at ! "t ( ! h]oes1 s ! ,romans at ! "t ( ! s-call$ k+s liv$ 9 a milit>y democracy bas$ on & develop$ f a con/itution ( g5tes1 phratries & tribes4 ,:at ?\gh ! curiae & tribes 7 p>tly artificial =mations1 !y 7 m\ld$ aft] ! g5u9e & spontane\s models ( a society f :i* !y orig9at$ & t /ill surr\nd$ !m on all sides4 ,& ?\gh ! /urdy patrician nobility _h already ga9$ gr\nd1 ?\gh ! reges attempt$ gradually to enl>ge ! scope ( _! functions--all ?is does n *ange ! elem5t>y & fundam5tal "* ( ! con/itution1 & ?is alone is ess5tial4 ,meantime ! population ( ! city ( ,rome & ( ! ,roman t]ritory1 enl>g$ by conque/1 increas$ p>tly by immigration1 p>tly ?r\gh ! inhabitants ( ! annex$ di/ricts1 ,lat9s mo/ ( !m4 ,all ^! new memb]s ( ! /ate 7we disreg>d "h ! cli5ts7 /ood outside ( ! old g5tes1 curiae & tribes & s did n =m a "p ( ! populus ,romanus1 ! ,roman p prop]4 ,!y 7 p]sonally free1 c\ld own l&1 _h to pay taxes & 7 subject to milit>y s]vice4 ,b !y 7 n eligible to (fice & c\ld nei!r take "p 9 ! assembly ( curiae nor 9 ! di/ribution ( conqu]$ /ate l&s4 ,!y made up ! mass ( p exclud$ f all public rights1 ! plebs4 ,by _! cont9ually gr[+ numb]s1 _! milit>y tra9+ & armam5t !y became a ?reat = ! old populus :o n[ clos$ _! ranks h]metically aga9/ all new elem5ts4 ,! l& seems to h be5 ab\t ev5ly divid$ betwe5 populus & plebs1 :ile ! m]cantile & indu/rial weal?1 ?\gh z yet n v consid]able1 may h be5 ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( ! plebs4 ,9 view ( ! utt] d>kness t enwraps ! :ole leg5d>y orig9 ( ,rome's hi/orical beg9n+--a d>kness t 0 r5d]$ /ill m int5se by ! rationali/ic & ov](fici\s int]pretations & reports ( ! juri/ically tra9$ au?ors t wrote on ! subject--x is impossible to make any def9ite /atem5ts ab\t ! "t1 ! c\rse & ! motive ( ! revolution t put an end to ! old g5tile con/itution4 ,we are c]ta9 only t ! causes arose out ( ! fights betwe5 ! plebs & ! populus4 ,! new con/itution1 attribut$ to rex ,s]vius ,tullius & foll[+ ! ,grecian model1 m especially t ( ,solon1 creat$ a new public assembly includ+ or exclud+ all ! memb]s ( populus & plebs accord+ to :e!r !y r5d]$ milit>y s]vice or n4 ,! :ole population1 subject to enli/m5t1 0 divid$ into six classes accord+ to weal?4 ,! l[e/ limitis 9 ! five highe/ classes 73 ,i41 #ajj1jjj ass2 ,,ii41 #ge1jjj2 ,,iii41 #ej1jjj2 ,,iv41 #be1jjj2 ,v41 #aa1jjj2 :i* accord+ to ,dureau de la ,malle is equal to ab\t #c1aee1 #b1ccc1 #a1eee1 #hjj1 & #chh4 ,! six? class1 ! prolet>ians1 consi/$ ( ^? :o possess$ less & 7 exempt f milit>y s]vice & taxes4 ,9 ?is new assembly ( c5turiae 7comitia c5turiata7 ! citiz5s =m$ ranks aft] ! mann] ( soldi]s1 9 companies ( "o hundr$ 7c5turia71 & e c5turia _h "o vote4 ,n[ ! fir/ class plac$ #hj c5turiae 9 ! field2 ! second #bb1 ! ?ird #bj1 ! f\r? #bb1 ! fif? #cj & ! six?1 = propriety's sake1 "o4 ,to ?is 7 add$ #ah c5turiae ( horsem5 compos$ ( ! mo/ weal?y4 ,h5ce1 !re 7 #aic c5turiae1 giv+ a l[e/ majority vote ( #ig4 ,n[ ! horsem5 & ! fir/ class alone _h toge!r #ih votes4 ,be+ 9 ! majority1 !y _h only to agree1 & !y c\ld pass any resolution )\t ask+ ! cons5t ( ! o!r classes4 ,?is new assembly ( c5turiae assum$ all ! political rights ( ! =m] assembly ( curiae1 a few nom9al privileges except$4 ,! curiae & ! g5tes compos+ !m n[ 7 degrad$ to m]e private & religi\s congregations1 analog\s to _! ,attic prototypes1 & z su* !y vegetat$ on = a long "t4 ,b ! assembly ( curiae soon became obsolete4 ,9 ord] to drive also ! ?ree old tribes out ( exi/5ce1 a sy/em ( f\r local tribes 0 introduc$4 ,e tribe 0 assign$ to "o qu>t] ( ! city & receiv$ c]ta9 political rights4 ,?us ! old social ord] ( blood k9%ip 0 de/roy$ also 9 ,rome ev5 be=e ! abolition ( ! s-call$ royalty4 ,a new con/itution1 f\nd$ on t]ritorial division & diff]5ce ( weal? took its place & virtually creat$ ! /ate4 ,! public p[] ( corcion consi/$ "h ( citiz5s liable to milit>y duty1 to be us$ aga9/ ! slaves & ! s-call$ prolet>ians :o 7 exclud$ f milit>y s]vice & g5]al armam5t4 ,aft] ! expulsion ( ! la/ rex1 ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus1 :o _h really usurp$ royal p[]1 ! new con/itution 0 fur!r improv$ by ! in/itution ( two milit>y lead]s 7consuls7 ) equal p[]s1 analog\s to ! cu/om ( ! ,iroquois4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,roman republic moves inside ( ?is con/itution3 ! /ruggles betwe5 patricians & plebs = admission to (fice & p>ticipation 9 ! allotm5t ( /ate l&s1 ! m]g+ ( ! patrician nobility 9 ! new class ( l>ge prop]ty & money own]s2 ! gradual absorption by ! latt] ( all ! l& ( ! small hold]s :o _h be5 ru9$ by milit>y s]vice2 ! cultivation ( ^! enorm\s new tracts by slaves2 ! result+ depopulation ( ,italy :i* n only op5$ ! doors to ! imp]ial tyrants1 b also to _! successors1 ! ,g]man b>b>ians4 ,,footnotes3 #be ,translator's note4 ,! t]m caput receiv$ ! mean+ ( legal "r ( a p]son f ! legal /atus ( ! head ( a family4444 ,legal sci5ce ext5d$ ! mean+ ( ! t]m s t x relat$ n alone to slaves1 b also to m9ors & wom54 ,?is legal "r1 s conceiv$1 c\ld be curtail$ 9 ?ree ways3 ,capitis dem9utio maxima 0 ! loss ( ! /atus lib]tatis 7p]sonal lib]ty71 :i* includ$ ! loss ( ! /atus civitatis & familiae 7civil & family rights72 ! capitis dem9utio m9or or m$ia 0 ! loss ( ! /atus civitatis 7civil rights71 includ+ ! loss ( ! /atus familiae 7family rights72 ! capitis dem9utio m9ima 0 ! loss ( ! /atus familiae 7family rights74 ,lange1 ,rmis*e ,alt]?m]1 ,b]l91 #ahgf1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bjd4 #bf ,au?or's note4 ,! ,lat9 rex is equival5t to ! ,celtic-,iri% righ 7tribal *ief7 & ! ,go?ic reiks4 ,t ?is1 l ! ,g]man ,fr/1 ,engli% fir/ & ,dani% =/e1 orig9ally signifi$ g5tile or tribal *ief is evid5t f ! fact t ! ,go?s 9 ! f\r? c5tury already _h a special t]m = ! k+ ( lat] times1 ! milit>y *ief ( a :ole nation1 viz41 ?iudans4 ,9 ,ulfila's translation ( ! ,bible ,artax]xes & ,h]od are nev] call$ reiks1 b ?iudans1 & ! empire ( ! emp]or ,tib]ius n reiki1 b ?iud9assus4 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,go?ic ?iudans1 or k+ z we inaccurately translate1 ,?iud>eiks 7,!odoric1 ,g]man ,dietri*71 bo? names fl[ toge!r4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,g5s ,,among ,,celts ,,& ,,g]mans4 ,space =bids a consid]ation ( ! g5tile in/itutions f\nd 9 a m or less pure =m among ! savage & b>b>ian races ( ! pres5t day2 or ( ! traces ( su* in/itutions1 discov]$ 9 ! anci5t hi/ory ( civiliz$ nations 9 ,asia4 ,"o or ! o!r are met ev]y:]e4 ,a few illu/rations may suffice3 ,ev5 be=e ! g5s _h be5 recogniz$1 x 0 po9t$ out & accurately describ$ 9 its ma9 outl9es by ! man :o took ! greate/ pa9s to misund]/& x1 ,mc,lennan1 :o wrote ( ?is in/itution among ! ,kalmucks1 ! ,circassians1 ! ,samoy$s & ?ree ,indian nations3 ! ,w>als1 ! ,mag>s & ! ,munnipurs4 ,rec5tly x 0 describ$ by ,m4 ,kovalevsky1 :o discov]$ x among ! ,p%avs1 ,%evsurs1 ,svanets & o!r ,caucasian tribes4 ,a few %ort notes ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ! g5s among ,celts & ,g]mans may f9d a place "h4 ,! olde/ ,celtic laws pres]v$ = u /ill %[ ! g5s 9 full bloom4 ,9 ,irel&1 x is alive 9 ! popul> in/9ct to ?is day1 aft] x has be5 =c$ out ( actual exi/5ce by ! ,engli%4 ,x 0 9 full =ce 9 ,scotl& until ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & "h x also succumb$ only to ! weapons1 laws & c\rts ( ! ,engli%4 ,! old ,wel% laws1 writt5 sev]al c5turies be=e ! ,engli% invasion1 n lat] ?an ! #aa? c5tury1 /ill %[ collective agriculture ( :ole villages1 al?\gh only exceptionally & z ! survival ( a =m] univ]sal cu/om4 ,e family _h five acres = its special use2 ano!r lot 0 at ! same "t cultivat$ collectively & its yield divid$ among ! diff]5t families4 ,9 view ( ,iri% & ,scot* analogies x _c be d\bt$ t ^! village communities repres5t g5tes or subdivisions ( g5tes1 ev5 ?\gh a repeat$ inve/igation ( ! ,wel% laws1 :i* ,i _c und]take f lack ( "t 7my notes are f #ahfi71 %\ld n directly corroborate ?is4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 is pla9ly prov5 by ! ,wel% & ,iri% laws1 namely t ! pair+ family _h n yet giv5 way to monogamy among ! ,celts ( ! #aa? c5tury4 ,9 ,wales1 m>riage did n become indissoluble by divorce1 or r by notification1 until aft] sev5 ye>s4 ,ev5 if no m ?an ?ree nights 7 lack+ to make up ! sev5 ye>s1 a m>ri$ c\ple c\ld /ill sep>ate4 ,_! prop]ty 0 divid$ among !m3 ! woman made ! division1 ! man select$ 8 %>e4 ,! furniture 0 divid$ accord+ to c]ta9 v funny rules4 ,if ! m>riage 0 dissolv$ by ! man1 he _h to return ! woman's d[ry & a few o!r articles2 if ! woman wi%$ a sep>ation1 !n %e receiv$ less4 ,( ?ree *ildr5 ! man took two1 ! woman "o1 viz41 ! second *ild4 ,if ! woman m>ri$ aga9 aft] h] divorce1 & h] fir/ husb& claim$ h] back1 %e 0 oblig$ to foll[ him1 ev5 if %e _h "o foot 9 h] new husb&'s b$4 ,b if two _h liv$ toge!r = sev5 ye>s1 !y 7 consid]$ man & wife1 ev5 )\t ! prelim9>ies ( a =mal m>riage4 ,*a/5ess ( ! girls be=e m>riage 0 by no means /rictly obs]v$1 nor 0 x requir$4 ,! regulations reg>d+ ?is subject are ( an extremely frivol\s nature & 9 contradiction ) civiliz$ morals4 ,:5 a woman committ$ adult]y1 h] husb& _h a "r to beat h]--?is 0 "o ( ?ree cases :5 he c\ld d s )\t incurr+ a p5alty--b aft] t he c\ld n dem& any o!r satisfaction1 = ! same crime %all ei!r be aton$ = or av5g$1 b n bo?4 ,! reasons t entitl$ a woman to a divorce )\t curtail+ h] claims to a fair settlem5t 7 ( a v div]se nature3 bad brea? ( ! man 0 suffici5t4 ,! ransom to be paid to ! *ief or k+ = ! "r ( ! fir/ night 7gobr m]*1 h5ce ! m$ieval "n m>*eta1 ,fr5* m>quette7 plays a conspicu\s "p 9 ! code ( laws4 ,! wom5 _h ! "r to vote 9 ! public meet+s4 ,add to ?is t simil> conditions are v\*$ = 9 ,irel&2 t m>riage on "t 0 also q ! cu/om !re1 & t ! wom5 7 assur$ ( lib]al & well def9$ privileges 9 case ( divorce1 ev5 to ! po9t ( remun]ation = dome/ic s]vices2 t a fir/ wife exi/$ by ! side ( o!rs1 & t legal & illegal *ildr5 )\t di/9ction receiv$ a %>e ( _! deceas$ p>5t's prop]ty--& we h a picture ( ! pair+ family among ! ,celts4 ,! m>riage laws ( ! ,am]ican ,indians seem /rict 9 comp>ison to ! ,celtic1 b ?is is n surpris+ :5 we rememb] t ! ,celts 7 /ill liv+ 9 gr\p m>riage at ,ces>'s "t4 ,! ,iri% g5s 7,sept2 ! tribe 0 call$ cla9ne1 clan7 is confirm$ & describ$ n alone by ! anci5t law codes1 b also by ! ,engli% juri/s ( ! #ag? c5tury :o 7 s5t across = ! purpose ( trans=m+ ! clan l&s into royal dom9ions4 ,up to ?is "t1 ! soil _h be5 ! collective prop]ty ( ! g5s or ! clan1 except :]e ! *iefs _h already claim$ x z _! private dom9ion4 ,:5 a g5tile di$1 & a h\sehold 0 ?us dissolv$1 ! g5tile *ief 7call$ caput cognationis by ! ,engli% juri/s7 made a new assignm5t ( ! :ole g5tile t]ritory to ! re/ ( ! h\sehold4 ,?is division ( l& probably took place accord+ to su* rules z 7 obs]v$ 9 ,g]many4 ,until ab\t fifty ye>s ago1 village m>ks 7 q frequ5t1 & "s ( ^! s-call$ rundales may be f\nd to ?is day4 ,! f>m]s ( a rundale1 individual t5ants on ! soil t once 0 ! collective prop]ty ( ! g5s1 b _h be5 confiscat$ by ! ,engli% conqu]ors1 ea* pay ! r5t = 8 respective p>cel4 ,b !y all comb9e _! l&s & p>cel x (f accord+ to situation & quality4 ,^! p>cels1 call$ ,gewanne on ! ,g]man riv] ,mosel1 are cultivat$ collectively & _! yield is divid$ into %>es4 ,m>%l& & pa/ures are us$ 9 common4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 new divisions 7 /ill made occasionally1 sometimes annually4 ,! field map ( su* a rundale village looks exactly l t ( a ,g]man ,gehf]s*aft 7f>m+ commune7 on ! ,mosel or 9 ! ,ho*wald4 ,! g5s also survives 9 ! factions4 ,! ,iri% f>m]s (t5 =m p>ties t seem to be f\nd$ on absolutely contradictory or s5seless di/9ctions1 q incompreh5sible to ,engli%m54 ,! only purpose ( ^! factions is app>5tly to rally = ! popul> sport ( hamm]+ ! life out ( "o ano!r4 ,!y are artificial re9c>nations1 mod]n sub/itutes = ! disp]s$ g5tes t demon/rate ! cont9uation ( ! old g5tile in/9ct 9 _! own peculi> mann]4 ,by ! way1 9 "s localities ! g5tiles are /ill liv+ toge!r on :at is practically _! old t]ritory4 ,dur+ ! ?irties1 = in/ance1 ! great majority ( ! inhabitants ( ! old c\nty ( ,monaghan _h only f\r family names1 i4 e41 !y 7 desc5d$ f f\r g5tes or tribes 7clans74#bg ,! d[nfall ( ! g5tile ord] 9 ,scotl& dates f ! suppression ( ! revolt 9 #agde4 ,:at l9k ( ?is ord] ! ,scot* clan repres5t$ rema9s to be inve/igat$2 t x is a l9k1 is beyond d\bt4 ,walt] ,scott's novels br+ ?is ,scot* highl& clan vividly be=e our eyes4 ,x is1 z ,morgan says1 an excell5t type ( ! g5s 9 organization & 9 _s1 & an extraord9>y illu/ration ( ! p[] ( ! g5tile life ov] its memb]s4444 ,we f9d 9 _! feuds & blood rev5ge1 9 _! localization by g5tes1 9 _! use ( l&s 9 common1 9 ! fidelity ( ! clansman to 8 *ief & ( ! memb]s ( ! clan to ea* o!r1 ! usual & p]si/5t features ( g5tile society4444 ,desc5t 0 9 ! male l9e1 ! *ildr5 ( ! males rema9+ memb]s ( ! clan1 :ile ! *ildr5 ( its female memb]s belong$ to ! clans ( _! respective fa!rs4 ,! fact t matri>*al law 0 =m]ly 9 =ce 9 ,scotl& is prov$ by ! royal family ( ! ,picts1 :o accord+ to ,b$a obs]v$ female l9eage4 ,ev5 a survival ( ! ,punaluan family _h be5 pres]v$ among ! ,scots1 z among ! ,wel%4 ,= until ! middle ages1 ! *ief ( ! clan or k+1 ! la/ repres5tatives ( ! =m] common husb&s1 _h ! "r to claim ! fir/ night ) e bride1 unless a ransom 0 giv54 ,x is an indisputable fact1 t ! ,g]mans 7 organiz$ 9 g5tes up to ! "t ( ! great migrations4 ,! t]ritory betwe5 ! ,danube1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,vi/ula & ! nor!rn seas 0 evid5tly occupi$ by !m only a few c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,! ,cimbri & ,teutons 7 !n /ill 9 full migration1 & ! ,suebi did n settle d[n until ,ces>'s "t4 ,ces> expressly /ates t !y settl$ d[n 9 g5tes & k9s 7g5tibus cognatibusque71 & 9 ! m\? ( a ,roman ( ! g5s ,julia ?is t]m g5tibus has a def9ite mean+1 t no am\nt ( disputation c oblit]ate4 ,?is holds good = all ,g]mans4 ,x seems t ev5 ! prov9ces tak5 by !m f ! ,romans 7 settl$ by di/ribution to g5tes4 ,! ,alemanian code ( laws affirms t ! p settl$ 9 g5tes 7g5ealogiae7 on ! conqu]$ l& s\? ( ! ,danube4 ,g5ealogia is us$ 9 exactly ! same s5se z 0 lat] on ,m>k--or ,dorfg5oss5s*aft 7m>k or village community74 ,kovalevsky rec5tly ma9ta9$ t ^! g5ealogiae 7 ! great h\sehold communities among :i* ! l& 0 divid$1 & f :i* ! village communities develop$ lat] on4 ,! same may be true ( ! f>a1 by :i* t]m ! ,burgundians & ,langob>ds--a ,go?ic & a ,h]m9onian or ,high ,g]man tribe--designat$ ne>ly1 if n exactly1 ! same ?+ z ! ,alemanian g5ealogiae4 ,:e!r ?is is really ! g5s or ! h\sehold community1 mu/ be settl$ by fur!r inve/igation4 ,! language records leave u 9 d\bt1 :e!r all ! ,g]mans _h a common expression = g5s or n1 & z to :at ?is t]m 04 ,etymologically1 ! ,go?ic1 kuni1 middle ,high ,g]man knne1 corresponds to ! ,grecian g5os & ! ,lat9 g5s1 & is us$ 9 ! same s5se4 ,we are l$ back to ! "t ( matri>*y by ! t]ms = woman :i* are d]iv$ f ! same root3 ,greek gyn1 ,slav z51 ,go?ic qv9o1 ,norse kona1 kuna4 ,among ,langob>ds & ,burgundians1 ,i repeat1 we f9d ! t]m f>a :i* ,grimm d]ives f ! hypo!tical root fisan1 to beget4 ,i %\ld pref] to trace x to ! m obvi\s root f>an1 ,g]man fahr51 to ride or to w&]1 9 ord] to designate a c]ta9 well def9$ section ( ! w&]+ corps1 compos$ q naturally ( relatives4 ,z a result ( c5turies ( w&]+s f ,we/ to ,ea/ & back aga91 ?is t]m 0 gradually appli$ to ! sex gr\p itself4 ,!re is fur!rmore ! ,go?ic sibja1 ,anglosaxon sib1 old ,high ,g]man sippia1 sippa1 ,high ,g]man sippe4 ,old ,norse has only ! plural sifj>1 ! relatives2 ! s+ul> occurs only z ! "n ( a goddess1 ,sif4 ,f9ally1 ano!r expression occurs 9 ! ,hildebr& ,song1 :]e ,hildebr& asks ,hadubr& :o is y\r fa!r among ! m5 ( ! nation 444 or :at is y\r k98 7eddo hullihhes cnuosles du ss74 ,if !re 0 a common ,g]man t]m = g5s1 x 0 presumably ! ,go?ic kuni4 ,?is is n only indicat$ by its id5tity ) ! correspond+ t]m 9 relat$ languages1 b also by ! fact t ! ^w kun+1 ,g]man ,knig1 ,engli% k+1 is d]iv$ f x1 all ( :i* orig9ally signifi$ *ief ( g5s or tribe4 ,sibja1 ,g]man ,sippe 7relation%ip71 does n appe> wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,9 old ,norse1 at lea/1 sifj> signifies n alone k9 by blood1 b also k9 ?r\gh m>riage2 h5ce x comprises ! memb]s ( at lea/ two g5tes1 & ! t]m sif _c h be5 appli$ to ! g5s itself4 ,9 ! ord] ( battle1 ! ,g]mans1 l ! ,mexicans & ,greeks1 arrang$ ! horsem5 z well z ! w$ge-l columns ( ! troops on foot by g5tes4 ,tacitus' indef9ite expression1 by families & k9%ips1 is expla9$ by ! fact t at 8 "t ! g5s _h long ceas$ to be a liv+ body 9 ,rome4 ,ano!r passage ( ,tacitus is decisive4 ,!re he says3 ,! "m's bro!r reg>ds 8 nephew z 8 son2 "s ev5 hold t ! bond ( blood betwe5 ! mat]nal uncle & ! nephew is m sacr$ & close ?an t betwe5 fa!r & son1 s t :5 p]sons are dem&$ z securities1 ! si/]'s son is consid]$ a bett] security ?an ! natural son ( ! man :om !y desire to place "u bonds4 ,"h we h a liv+ pro( ( ! matri>*al1 & h5ce natural1 g5s1 & x is describ$ z a *>act]i/ic m>k ( ! ,g]mans4#bh ,if a memb] ( su* a g5s gave 8 own son z a security = ! fulfillm5t ( a v[ & ?is son became ! victim ( 8 fa!r's brea* ( fai?1 t 0 ! conc]n ( ! fa!r alone4 ,b :5 ! son ( a si/] 0 sacrific$1 !n ! mo/ sacr$ g5tile law 0 violat$4 ,! next relative :o 0 b\nd above all o!rs to protect ! boy or "y man1 0 held responsible = 8 dea?2 ei!r he %\ld n h giv5 ! boy 9 bail or he %\ld h kept ! contract4 ,if we _h no o!r trace ( g5tile law among ! ,g]mans1 ?is "o passage w\ld be suffici5t pro( ( its exi/5ce4 ,b !re is ano!r passage 9 ! ,old ,norse song ( ! ,dawn ( ! ,gods & ! ,end ( ! ,_w1 ! ,vlusp1 :i* is /ill /rong] evid5ce1 because x is #hjj ye>s y\ng]4 ,9 ?is ,vision ( ! ,se]ess1 9 :i* ,bang & ,bugge h n[ demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ian elem5ts1 also1 ! description ( ! "t ( g5]al deg5]ation & corruption inaugurat+ ! great cata/rophe conta9s ?is passage3 ,bro$hr munu b]jask ok at bnum v]dask ,munu sy/rung> sifjum spilla4 ,bro!rs w wage w> aga9/ "o ano!r & become ea* o!r's murd]]s1 & si/]s' *ildr5 w break ! bonds ( blood4 ,sy/rungr means ! son ( ! "m's si/]1 & an abnegation ( ! blood k9%ip f t side surpasses 9 ! eyes ( ! poet ev5 ! crime ( fratricide4 ,!re is a delib]ate climax 9 t sy/rung>1 emphasiz+ ! mat]nal k9%ip4 ,if ! t]m sysk9a-brn1 bro!r's & si/]'s *ildr51 or sysk9a-synir1 bro!r's & si/]'s sons1 _h be5 us$1 !re w\ld h be5 a weak5+ ( ! effect1 in/ead ( a climax4 ,t %[s t ev5 at ! "t ( ! ,vik+s1 :5 ! ,vlusp 0 compos$1 ! recollection ( mat]nal law 0 n yet blott$ out4 ,among ! ,g]mans ) :om ,tacitus 0 famili> mat]nal law _h already giv5 way to pat]nal l9eage4 ,! *ildr5 7 ! next heirs ( ! fa!r2 9 ! abs5ce ( *ildr51 ! bro!rs & uncles on bo? sides 7 next 9 l9e4 ,! admission ( ! "m's bro!r to ! inh]itance is a relic ( mat]nal law & proves t pat]nal law _h only rec5tly be5 introduc$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,traces ( mat]nal law 7 pres]v$ until late 9 ! middle ages4 ,x seems t ev5 at ?is late date p /ill felt c]ta9 misgiv+s ab\t ! reliability ( fa!rhood1 especially among s]fs4 ,= :5 a feudal "l dem&$ ! return ( a fugitive s]f f a city1 x 0 fir/ requir$1 = in/ance 9 ,augsburg1 ,basel & ,kais]slaut]n1 t ! fact ( 8 s]fdom %\ld be e/abli%$ by ! oa?s ( six ( 8 next blood relations1 all ( :om _h to belong to 8 "m's k94 7,maur]1 ,/dtev]fassung1 ,i1 page #cha47 ,ano!r relic ( decl9+ matri>*y 0 ! 7f ! ,roman /&po9t7 almo/ inexplicable respect ( ! ,g]mans = ! female sex4 ,"y girls ( noble family 7 consid]$ ! safe/ bonds to secure ! keep+ ( contracts ) ,g]mans4 ,9 battle1 no?+ /imulat$ _! c\rage s mu* z ! horrible ?\ght t _! wives & daught]s might be captur$ & c>ri$ into slav]y4 ,a woman 0 to !m some?+ holy & prophetical1 & !y li/5$ to h] advice 9 ! mo/ important matt]s4 ,vel$a1 ! ,bruct]ian prie/ess on ! riv] ,lippe1 0 ! s\l ( ! insurrection ( ! ,batavians1 9 :i* ,civilis at ! head ( ,g]man & ,belgian tribes %ook ! f\ndations ( ,roman rule 9 ,gaul4 ,! wom5 held undisput$ sway 9 ! h\se4 ,if we may believe ,tacitus1 !y1 toge!r ) ! old m5 & *ildr51 _h to d all ! "w1 = ! m5 w5t hunt+1 drank & loaf$4 ,b z ,tacitus does n say :o cultivat$ ! fields1 & z accord+ to 8 explicit /atem5t ! slaves paid only ti!s1 b did n "w "u compulsion1 x seems t ! adult m5 w\ld h _h to d :at little agricultural "w 0 requir$4 ,! =m ( m>riage1 z /at$ above1 0 ! pair+ family 9 gradual transition to monogamy4 ,x 0 n yet /rict monogamy1 = polygamy 0 p]mitt$ = ! weal?y4 ,*a/5ess ( ! girls 0 9 g5]al c>efully ma9ta9$1 diff]5t f ! cu/om ( ! ,celts4 ,tacitus speaks ) special ardor ( ! sacr$ness ( ! matrimonial bond among ! ,g]mans4 ,adult]y ( ! woman is alone quot$ by him z a reason = a divorce4 ,b 8 treatm5t ( ?is subject leaves _m a flaw & besides1 x too op5ly holds up ! mirror ( virtue to ! dissipat$ ,romans4 ,s mu* is c]ta93 ,grant$ t ! ,g]mans 7 su* exceptional models ( virtue 9 _! =e/s1 x requir$ only a %ort contact ) ! out] _w to br+ !m d[n to ! level ( ! o!r av]age ,europeans4 ,9 ! :irl ( ,roman life ! la/ trace ( pure morals disappe>$ ev5 fa/] ?an ! ,g]man language4 ,j read ,gregorius ( ,t\rs4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ! primeval =e/s ( ,g]many no su* hyp]-ref9$ voluptu\sness c\ld exi/ z 9 ,rome4 ,t implies fully en\gh sup]iority ( ! ,g]mans ov] ! ,roman _w1 & !re is no necessity = ascrib+ to !m a mod]ation & *a/ity t h nev] be5 ! qualities ( any nation z a :ole4 ,a result ( g5tile law is ! obligation to inh]it ! enmities z well z ! fri5d%ips ( "o's fa!r & relatives2 s is fur!rmore ! displacem5t ( blood rev5ge by ! ,w]geld1 a f9e to be paid 9 atonem5t ( manslaught] & injuries4 ,a g5]ation ago ?is ,w]geld 0 consid]$ a specifically ,g]man in/itution1 b x has s9ce be5 f\nd t hundr$s ( nations introduc$ ?is mitigation ( g5tile blood rev5ge4 ,l ! obligatory hospitality1 x is f\nd1 = in/ance1 among ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,tacitus' description ( ! mann] 9 :i* hospitality 0 obs]v$ 7,g]mania1 *apt4 #ba7 is almo/ id5tical ) ,morgan's4 ,! hot & ceaseless controv]sy z to :e!r or n ! ,g]mans _h already made a def9ite rep>tition ( ! cultivat$ l& at ,tacitus' "t1 & h[ ! passages relat+ to ?is "q %\ld be int]pret$1 is n[ a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,aft] ! foll[+ facts _h be5 e/abli%$3 t ! cultivat$ l& ( ne>ly all nations 0 till$ collectively by ! g5s & lat] on by communi/ic family gr\ps1 a practice :i* ,ces> /ill f\nd among ! ,suebi2 t z a result ( ?is practice ! l& 0 re-apportion$ p]iodically2 & t ?is p]iodical rep>tition ( ! cultivat$ l& 0 pres]v$ 9 ,g]many d[n to our days--aft] su* evid5ce we ne$ n wa/e any m brea? on ! subject4 ,a transition )9 #aej ye>s f collective cultivation1 su* z ,ces> expressly attributes to ! ,suebi1 to individual cultivation ) annual rep>tition ( ! soil1 su* z ,tacitus f\nd among ! ,g]mans1 is surely progress en\gh = any "o4 ,! fur!r transition f ?is /age to complete private own]%ip ( l& dur+ su* a %ort p]iod & )\t any ext]nal int]v5tion w\ld involve an absolute impossibility4 ,h5ce ,i c only read 9 ,tacitus :at he /ates 9 s _m words3 ,!y *ange 7or re-divide7 ! cultivat$ l& e ye>1 & en\gh l& is left = common use4 ,x is ! /age ( agriculture & appropriation ( ! soil :i* exactly tallies ) ! contemporane\s g5tile con/itution ( ! ,g]mans4 ,i leave ! prec$+ p>agraph un*ang$1 j z x /ood 9 =m] editions4 ,meantime ! "q has assum$ ano!r aspect4 ,s9ce ,kovalevsky has demon/rat$ t ! patri>*al h\sehold community exi/$ ne>ly ev]y:]e1 p]haps ev5 ev]y:]e1 z ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! matri>*al communi/ic & ! mod]n isolat$ family1 ! "q is no long] ,collective prop]ty or private prop]ty8 z discuss$ betwe5 ,maur] & ,waitz1 b ,:at 0 ! =m ( t collective prop]ty8 ,n alone is !re no d\bt :atev]1 t ! ,suebi 7 ! collective own]s ( _! l& at ,ces>'s "t1 b also t !y till$ ! soil collectively4 ,! que/ions1 :e!r _! economic unit 0 ! g5s1 or ! h\sehold1 or an int]m$iate communi/ic gr\p1 or :e!r all ?ree ( ^! gr\ps exi/$ at ! same "t z a result ( diff]5t local conditions1 may rema9 undecid$ = a long :ile yet4 ,kovalevsky ma9ta9s t ! conditions describ$ by ,tacitus 7 n f\nd$ on ! m>k or village community1 b on ! h\sehold community1 :i* develop$ mu* lat] into ! village community by ! gr[? ( ! population4 ,h5ce ! settlem5ts ( ! ,g]mans on ! t]ritory !y occupi$ at ! "t ( ! ,romans1 & on t]ritory lat] tak5 by !m f ! ,romans1 w\ld n h consi/$ ( villages1 b ( l>ge co-op]ative families compris+ sev]al g5]ations1 :o cultivat$ a suffici5t piece ( l& & us$ ! surr\nd+ wild l& 9 common ) _! neighbors4 ,if ?is 0 ! case1 !n ! passage 9 ,tacitus reg>d+ ! *ang+ ( ! cultivat$ l& w\ld inde$ h an agronomic mean+1 viz41 t ! co-op]ative h\sehold cultivat$ a diff]5t piece ( l& e ye>1 & ! l& cultivat$ dur+ ! previ\s ye> 0 left untill$ or entirely ab&on$4 ,! sc>city ( ! population w\ld h left en\gh sp>e wild l&s to make all dispute ab\t l& unnecess>y4 ,only aft] ! lapse ( c5turies1 :5 ! memb]s ( ! family _h increas$ s t ! collective cultivation became incompatible ) ! prevail+ conditions ( production1 ! h\sehold communities 7 dissolv$4 ,! =m] common fields & mead[s 7 !n divid$ 9 ! well-kn[n mann] among ! v>i\s individual families t _h n[ =m$4 ,! division ( f>m l&s 0 fir/ p]iodical1 b lat] f9al1 :ile =e/1 pa/ure & wat]c\rses rema9$ common prop]ty4 ,x seems t ?is process ( developm5t has be5 fully e/abli%$ = ,russia by hi/orical inve/igation4 ,z = ,g]many &1 9 ! second place1 = o!r ,g]man c\ntries1 x _c be d5i$ t ?is view af=ds 9 _m in/ances a bett] int]pretation ( hi/orical au?orities & a readi] solution ( difficulties ?an ! idea ( trac+ ! village community to ! "t ( ,tacitus4 ,! olde/ docum5ts1 e4 g4 ( ! ,codex ,laure%am5sis1 are easi] expla9$ by ! help ( ! h\sehold ?an ( ! village community4 ,on ! o!r h&1 new difficulties n[ arise & new que/ions pose !mselves4 ,x w require fur!r inve/igations to arrive at def9ite conclusions4 ,h[ev]1 ,i _c d5y t ! probability is v mu* 9 favor ( ! int]m$iate /age ( ! h\sehold community4#bi ,:ile ! ,g]mans ( ,ces>'s "t _h ei!r j tak5 up settl$ abodes1 or 7 /ill look+ = !m1 !y _h be5 settl$ = a full c5tury at ! "t ( ,tacitus4 ,z a result !re is a manife/ progress 9 ! production ( necessities4 ,! ,g]mans liv$ 9 block h\ses2 _! clo?+ 0 /ill z primitive z _! =e/s1 consi/+ ( r\gh wool5 cloaks1 animal sk9s & l95 und]clo?+ = ! wom5 & ! weal?y4 ,!y liv$ on milk1 meat1 wild fruit &1 z ,pl9y adds1 oatmeal porridge :i* is ! ,celtic national di% 9 ,irel& & ,scotl& to-day4 ,_! weal? consi/$ 9 cattle ( an inf]ior race4 ,! k9e 7 small1 ( unattractive appe>ance & )\t horns2 ! horses1 little ponies1 7 n fa/ runn]s4 ,money1 ,roman co9 only1 0 r>ely us$4 ,!y did n make ornam5ts ( gold & silv]1 nor did !y value ^! metals4 ,iron 0 sc>ce &1 at lea/ among ! tribes on ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube1 0 app>5tly only import$1 n m9$ by !mselves4 ,! ,run5 script 7imitations ( ,greek & ,lat9 lett]s7 0 only us$ z a ciph] & exclusively = religi\s sorc]y4 ,human sacrifices 7 /ill 9 vogue4 ,9 %ort1 !y 7 a nation j em]g$ out ( ! middle /age ( b>b>ism into ! upp] /age4 ,b :ile ! tribes ^: imm$iate contact ) ! ,romans facilitat$ ! import ( ,roman products1 7 !reby prev5t$ f acquir+ a metal & textile indu/ry ( _! own1 !re is n ! lea/ d\bt t ! tribes ( ! ,nor!a/1 on ! ,baltic1 develop$ ^! indu/ries4 ,! pieces ( armor f\nd 9 ! bogs ( ,sleswick--a long iron sword1 a coat ( mail1 a silv] helmet1 etc41 toge!r ) ,roman co9s f ! close ( ! second c5tury--1 & ! ,g]man metal w>e spread by ! migrations repres5t a peculi> type ( a sup]ior f9i%1 ev5 su* z 7 model$ aft] ,roman orig9als4 ,) ! exception ( ,engl&1 ! emigration into ! civiliz$ ,roman empire ev]y:]e put an end to ?is home indu/ry4 ,h[ simultane\sly ?is indu/ry arose & develop$1 is %[n e4 g4 by ! bronze spangles4 ,! specim5s f\nd 9 ,burgundy1 9 ,r\mania & on ! ,sea ( ,as[1 might h be5 manufactur$ 9 ! same %op ) ^? f\nd 9 ,engl& or ,sw$5 & are ( und\bt$ ,g]man orig94 ,! ,g]man con/itution 0 also 9 keep+ ) ! upp] /age ( b>b>ism4 ,accord+ to ,tacitus1 ! c\ncil ( *iefs 7pr9cipes7 univ]sally decid$ matt]s ( m9or importance & prep>$ important matt]s = ! decision ( ! public meet+s4 ,s f> z we "k any?+ ( ! public meet+ 9 ! l[] /age ( b>b>ism1 viz41 among ! ,am]ican ,indians1 x 0 only held by g5tes1 n by tribes or leagues ( tribes4 ,! *iefs ( peace 7pr9cipes7 7 /ill %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! *iefs ( w> 7duces71 j z among ! ,iroquois4 ,! peace *iefs 7 already liv+ 9 "p on honor>y donations ( ! g5tiles1 su* z cattle1 gra91 etc4 ,!y 7 g5]ally elect$ f ! same family1 analog\s to ,am]ica4 ,! transition to pat]nal law favor$1 z 9 ,greece & ,rome1 ! gradual trans=mation ( (fice by election into h]$it>y (fice4 ,a noble family 0 ?us gradually rais$ 9 ea* g5s4 ,mo/ ( ?is h]$it>y nobility came to grief dur+ ! migrations or %ortly aft]4 ,! milit>y lead]s 7 elect$ solely on _! m]its4 ,!y _h little p[] & 7 oblig$ to rely on ! =ce ( _! example4 ,! actual discipl9>y p[] 9 ! army 0 held by ! prie/s1 z ,tacitus implicitly /ates4 ,! public meet+ 0 ! real executive4 ,! k+ or *ief ( ! tribe presid$4 ,! p decid$4 ,a murmur signifi$ ,no1 acclamation & clang+ ( weapons meant ,yes4 ,! public meet+ 0 at ! same "t a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,compla9ts 7 "h br\ght =? & decid$1 & dea? s5t5ces pron\nc$4 ,only c[>dice1 treason & unnatural lu/ 7 capital crimes4 ,! g5tes & o!r subdivisions decid$ 9 a body "u ! *airman%ip ( ! *ief1 :o 9 all orig9al ,g]man c\rts 0 only ! manag] ( ! transactions & que/ion]4 ,among ,g]mans1 ! s5t5ce has ev] & ev]y:]e be5 pron\nc$ by ! community4 ,leagues ( tribes came into exi/5ce s9ce ,ces>'s "t4 ,"s ( !m already _h k+s4 ,! fir/ *ief ( w> began to covet ! usurp]'s place1 z among ,greeks & ,romans1 & sometimes succe$$ 9 obta9+ x4 ,su* successful usurp]s 7 by no means absolute rul]s4 ,b /ill !y began to break ?r\gh ! bonds ( ! g5s4 ,:ile fre$ slaves g5]ally occupi$ an inf]ior position1 because !y c\ld n be memb]s ( any g5s1 !y (t5 ga9$ rank1 weal? & honors z favorites ( ! new k+s4 ,! same ?+ took place aft] ! conque/ ( ! ,roman empire by ^? milit>y lead]s :o _h n[ become k+s ( great c\ntries4 ,among ! ,frankons1 slaves & fre$ slaves ( ! k+ play$ a lead+ role fir/ at ! c\rt1 !n 9 ! /ate4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! new nobility 7 desc5d$ f !m4 ,!re 0 "o in/itution t especially favor$ ! rise ( royalty3 ! milit>y foll[+4 ,we h already se51 h[ among ! ,am]ican r$sk9s private w> gr\ps 7 =m$ indep5d5tly ( ! g5s4 ,among ! ,g]mans1 ^! private gr\ps _h develop$ into /&+ bodies4 ,! milit>y lead] :o _h acquir$ fame1 ga!r$ ar\nd 8 p]son a ho/ ( booty lov+ "y w>riors4 ,!y 7 pl$g$ to p]sonal fai?fulness by _! lead] :o 9 return pl$g$ himself to !m4 ,he f$ !m1 gave !m pres5ts & organiz$ !m on hi]>*ic pr9ciples3 a body gu>d & a troop = imm$iate em]g5cies & %ort exp$itions1 a tra9$ corps ( (fic]s = l>g] ent]prises4 ,^! foll[+s mu/ h be5 r insignificant1 9 fact we f9d !m s lat] "u ,odoak] 9 ,italy1 /ill !y port5d$ ! decay ( ! old g5tile lib]ty1 & ! ev5ts dur+ & aft] ! migrations prov$ t milit>y reta9]s 7 h]alds ( evil4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 !y fo/]$ ! gr[? ( royalty4 ,9 ! second place1 ,tacitus affirms t !y c\ld only be held toge!r by cont9ual w>f>e & plund]+ exp$itions4 ,robb]y became _! life purpose4 ,if ! lead] f\nd no?+ to d 9 8 neighborhood1 he m>*$ 8 troops to o!r c\ntries1 :]e a prospect ( w> & booty allur$ him4 ,! ,g]man auxili>ies1 _m ( :om f\ght "u ! ,roman /&>d ev5 aga9/ ,g]mans1 _h be5 l>gely recruit$ among su* foll[+s4 ,!y repres5t ! fir/ g]ms ( ! ,l&skne*t pr(ession1 ! %ame & curse ( ! ,g]mans4 ,aft] ! conque/ ( ! ,roman empire1 ^! reta9]s ( k+s toge!r ) ! unfree ,roman c\rti]s =m$ ! o!r half ( ! nobility ( lat] days4 ,9 g5]al1 !n1 ! ,g]man tribes comb9$ into nations _h ! same con/itution t _h develop$ among ! ,greeks ( ! h]oic era & ! ,romans at ! "t ( ! s-call$ k+s3 public meet+s1 c\ncils ( g5tile *iefs & milit>y lead]s :o covet$ actual royal p[]4 ,x 0 ! highe/ con/itution :i* ! g5tile ord] c\ld produce2 x 0 ! /&>d con/itution ( ! high] /age ( b>b>ism4 ,if society pass$ ! limits = :i* ?is con/itution suffic$1 !n ! end ( ! g5tile ord] _h come4 ,x collaps$ & ! /ate took its place4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,au?or's note to ! f\r? edition4 ,dur+ a few days pass$ 9 ,irel&1 ,i once m became consci\s to :at ext5t ! rural population is /ill liv+ 9 ! conceptions ( ! g5tile p]iod4 ,! great l&hold]1 ^: t5ant ! f>m] is1 /ill enjoys a position simil> to t ( a clan *ief1 :o has to sup]vise ! cultivation ( ! soil 9 ! int]e/ ( all1 :o is entitl$ to a tribute f ! f>m] 9 ! =m ( r5t1 b :o also has to assi/ ! f>m] 9 cases ( ne$4 ,likewise ev]yone 9 com=table circum/ances is consid]$ "u obligation to help 8 poor] neighbors :5ev] !y are 9 ne$4 ,su* assi/ance is n *>ity1 x is simply ! pr]ogative ( ! poor g5tile1 :i* ! ri* g5tile or ! *ief ( ! clan mu/ respect4 ,?is expla9s :y ! pr(essors ( political economy & ! juri/s compla9 ( ! impossibility ( imp>t+ ! idea ( ! mod]n private prop]ty to ! ,iri% f>m]s4 ,prop]ty t has only rights1 b no duties1 is absolutely beyond ! k5 ( ! ,iri%man4 ,no wond] t s _m ,iri%m5 :o are sudd5ly ca/ into "o ( ! mod]n great cities ( ,engl& & ,am]ica1 among a population ) entirely diff]5t moral & legal /&>ds1 despair ( all morals & ju/ice1 lose all hold & become an easy prey to demoralization4 #bh ,au?or's note4 ,! ,greeks "k ?is special sacr$ness ( ! bond betwe5 ! "m's bro!r & 8 nephew1 a relic ( mat]nal law f\nd among _m nations1 only 9 ! my?ology ( h]oic times4 ,accord+ to ,diodorus ,,iv41 #cd1 ,meleagros kills ! sons ( ,!/ius1 ! bro!r ( 8 "m ,al?aia4 ,! latt] reg>ds ?is de$ z su* a he9\s crime t %e curses ! murd]]1 h] own son1 & prays = 8 dea?4 ,x is said t ! gods fulfill$ h] wi% & end$ ! life ( ,meleagros4 ,accord+ to ! same ,diordorus1 ,,iv41 #dd1 ! ,argonauts "u ,h]akles l& 9 ,?racia & !re f9d t ,ph9eus1 at ! in/igation ( 8 second wife1 %amefully maltreats 8 two sons1 ! (fspr+ ( 8 fir/ des]t$ wife1 ! ,boread ,kleopatra4 ,b among ! ,argonauts !re are also "s ,boreads1 ! bro!rs ( ,kleopatra1 ! uncles ( ! maltreat$ boys4 ,!y at once *ampion _! nephews1 set !m free & kill _! gu>ds4 #bi ,translator's note4 ,! h\sehold community is /ill a di/9ct /age ( production 9 ,georgia 7,s\? ,russia74 ,! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,georgia is ! ,caucasus4 ,! ,georgians1 a p ( high intellig5ce1 h = c5turies ma9ta9$ _! indep5d5ce aga9/ ,p]sians1 ,arabs1 ,turcs & ,t>t>s4 ,dr4 ,philipp ,gogit%ay%vili gives ! foll[+ int]e/+ description ( _! condition 9 an article1 entitl$ ,das ,gew]be 9 ,georgi5 7,zeits*rift fr die gesammte ,/aatswiss5s*aft1 ,ergnzung%eft ,i41 ,tb+51 #aija74 ,! ,swanians 7a di/rict ( ,georgia is call$ ,swania7 h all ! necessities ( life4 ,!y weave _! own clo?+1 make _! own weapons1 p[d] & ev5 silv]1 & gold ornam5ts4 ,!re is no mod]n trad+4444 ,!y are acqua9t$ ) ex*ange1 b only ( products = products4 ,money does n circulate & !re are nei!r %ops nor m>kets4444 ,!re is n a s+le begg>1 n a s+le man :o asks = *>ity4 ,) ! exception ( iron1 salt & *9tz1 ! ,swanians produce all !y ne$ !mselves4 ,!y prep>e _! l95 f hemp1 _! clo?+ f sk9s ( wild animals & wool1 _! footwe> f hides & lea!r4 ,!y make feltcaps1 h\sehold goods1 weapons1 saddles1 bridles & agricultural implem5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,among ,,g]mans4 ,accord+ to ,tacitus ! ,g]man nation 0 v /rong 9 numb]s4 ,an approximate idea ( ! /r5g? ( individual ,g]man nations is giv5 by ,caes>4 ,he /ates t ! numb] ( ,usipetans & ,t5ct]ans :o cross$ ov] to ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e am\nt$ to #ahj1jjj1 includ+ wom5 & *ildr54 ,ab\t #ajj1jjjcj memb]s to a s+le nation is consid]ably m ?an e4 g4 ! ,iroquois numb]$ 9 _! prime1 :5 #bj1jjj ( !m became ! t]ror ( ! :ole c\ntry1 f ! ,great ,lakes to ! ,ohio & ,potomac4 ,if we attempt to place ! bett] kn[n nations ( ! ,rh9e c\ntry by ! help ( hi/orical reports1 we f9d t a s+le nation occupies on ! map ! av]age area ( a ,prussian gov]nm5t di/rict1 ab\t #aj1jjj squ>e kilomet]s#ca or #ahb ,g]man geographical squ>e miles4#cb ,! ,g]mania ,magna ( ! ,romans1 rea*+ to ! ,vi/ula1 compris$ ab\t #ejj1jjj squ>e kilomet]s4 ,c\nt+ an av]age ( #ajj1jjj = any s+le nation1 ! total population ( ,g]mania ,magna w\ld h am\nt$ to five millions4 ,?is is a r high figure = a b>b>ian gr\p ( nations1 al?\gh #aj inhabitants to ! squ>e kilomet] or #eej to ! geographical squ>e mile is v little :5 comp>$ to pres5t conditions4 ,b ?is does n include ! :ole numb] ( ,g]mans !n liv+4 ,we "k t ,g]man nations ( ! ,go?ic race1 ,ba/>nians1 ,peuk9ians & o!rs1 liv$ all along ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s away d[n to ! m\? ( ! ,danube4 ,!y 7 s num]\s t ,pl9y designat$ !m z ! fif? ma9 division ( ! ,g]mans4 ,z mu* z #ahj ye>s ,b4 ,c4 !y 7 m]c5>ies ( ! ,mac$onian ,k+ ,p]seus1 & dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ,augu/us !y 7 /ill pu%+ _! way z f> z ! vic9ity ( ,adrianople4 ,assum+ !m to h be5 "o million /rong we f9d t at lea/ six millions 0 ! probable population ( ,g]many at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,aft] ! f9al settlem5t 9 ,g]many1 ! population mu/ h gr[n ) increas+ rapidity4 ,! indu/rial progress m5tion$ above w\ld be suffici5t to prove x4 ,! objects f\nd 9 ! bogs ( ,sleswick1 to judge by ! ,roman co9s f\nd ) !m1 are f ! ?ird c5tury4 ,h5ce at t "t ! metal & textile indu/ry 0 already well develop$ on ! ,baltic1 a lively traffic ) ! ,roman empire 0 c>ri$ on1 & ! weal?i] class enjoy$ a c]ta9 luxury--all ( :i* indicates t ! population _h increas$4 ,b at ! same "t ! g5]al w> ( aggression aga9/ ! ,romans comm5c$ along ! :ole l9e ( ! ,rh9e1 ( ! ,roman wall & ( ! ,danube1 a l9e /ret*+ f ! ,nor? ,sea to ! ,black ,sea4 ,?is is ano!r pro( ( ! ev] gr[+ outw>d pressure ( ! population4 ,dur+ ! /ruggle :i* la/$ ?ree c5turies1 ! :ole ma9 body ( ! ,go?ic nations1 ) ! exception ( ! ,sc&9avian ,go?s & ! ,burgundians1 m>*$ to ! ,s\!a/ & =m$ ! left w+ ( ! long l9e ( attack4 ,! ,high ,g]mans 7,h]m9onians7 on ! ,upp] ,danube f\ght 9 ! c5t]1 & ! ,iskaevonians on ! ,rh9e1 n[ call$ ,franks1 advanc$ on ! "r w+4 ,! conque/ ( ,brittany fell to ! lot ( ! ,+aevonians4#cc ,at ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 ! exhau/$1 bloodless1 & helpless ,roman empire lay op5 to ! ,g]mans4 ,9 =m] *apt]s we /ood at ! cradle ( antique ,greek & ,roman civilization4 ,n[ we are /&+ at its grave4 ,! equaliz+ plane ( ,roman _w p[] _h be5 glid+ = c5turies ov] all ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries4 ,:]e ! ,greek language did n (f] any resi/ance1 all national idioms _h be5 cru%$ by a corrupt$ ,lat94 ,!re 7 no long] any di/9ctions ( nationality1 no m ,gauls1 ,ib]ians1 ,ligurians1 ,noricans2 !y _h all become ,romans4 ,roman adm9i/ration & ,roman law _h ev]y:]e dissolv$ ! old g5tile bodies & ?us cru%$ ! la/ remnant ( local & national indep5d5ce4 ,! new type ( ,romans (f]$ no comp5sation = ?is loss1 = x did n express any nationality1 b only ! lack ( a nationality4 ,! elem5ts = ! =mation ( new nations 7 pres5t ev]y:]e4 ,! ,lat9 dialects ( ! diff]5t prov9ces diff]5tiat$ m & m4 ,b ! natural b\nd>ies t _h once made ,italy1 ,gaul1 ,spa91 ,africa indep5d5t t]ritories1 7 /ill pres5t & made !mselves felt4 ,yet !re 0 no /r5g? any:]e = comb9+ ^! elem5ts into new nations4 ,n[h]e 0 !re ! lea/ trace ( any capacity = developm5t1 nor any p[] ( resi/ance1 mu* less any creative p[]4 ,! imm5se human ?rong ( t enorm\s t]ritory 0 held toge!r by "o bond alone3 ! ,roman /ate4 ,b ?is /ate _h 9 "t become ! wor/ enemy & oppressor ( its subjects4 ,! prov9ces _h ru9$ ,rome4 ,x _h become a prov9cial t[n l all o!rs1 privileg$1 b no long] rul+1 no long] ! c5t] ( ! _w empire1 no long] ev5 ! seat ( ! emp]ors & subreg5ts :o liv$ 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ,treves & ,milan4 ,! ,roman /ate _h become an imm5se complicat$ ma*9e1 design$ exclusively = ! exploitation ( its subjects4 ,taxes1 /ate impo/s & ti!s ( all sorts drove ! mass ( ! p deep] & deep] into pov]ty4 ,by ! blackmail+ practices ( ! reg5ts1 tax collectors & soldi]s1 ! pressure 0 increas$ to su* a po9t t x became insupportable4 ,?is 0 ! outcome ( ,rome's _w p[]4 ,! "r ( ! /ate to exi/5ce 0 f\nd$ on ! pres]vation ( ord] 9 ! int]ior & ! protection aga9/ ! b>b>ians outside4 ,b ?is ord] 0 worse ?an ! mo/ disgu/+ disord]1 & ! b>b>ians aga9/ :om ! /ate pret5d$ to protect its citiz5s1 7 hail$ by !m z saviors4 ,! condition ( society 0 no less desp]ate4 ,dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! republic1 ! ,roman rul]s _h already contriv$ ! pitiless exploitation ( ! conqu]$ prov9ces4 ,! emp]ors _h n aboli%$1 b organiz$ ?is exploitation4 ,! m ! empire fell to pieces1 ! high] rose ! taxes & ti!s1 & ! m %amelessly did ! (ficials rob & blackmail4 ,comm]ce & indu/ry _h nev] be5 a /rong po9t ( ! dom9e]+ ,romans4 ,only 9 usury !y _h excell$ all o!r nations be=e & aft] !m4 ,:at comm]ce _h manag$ to exi/1 _h be5 ru9$ by (ficial extortion4 ,only 9 ! ,ea/1 9 ! ,grecian "p ( ! empire1 "s comm]ce /ill vegetat$1 b ?is is outside ( ! scope ( our /udy4 ,univ]sal r$uction to pov]ty1 decrease ( traffic1 ( h&icrafts1 ( art1 ( population1 decay ( ! t[ns1 return ( agriculture to a l[] /age--t _h be5 ! f9al result ( ,roman _w supremacy4 ,b n[ agriculture1 ! mo/ prom95t bran* ( production 9 ! :ole ,old ,_w1 0 aga9 supreme1 & m ?an ev]4 ,9 ,italy1 ! imm5se e/ates 7latifundiae7 t compris$ ne>ly ! :ole c\ntry s9ce ! end ( ! republic1 _h be5 utiliz$ 9 two ways3 ei!r z pa/ures on :i* ! population _h be5 replac$ by %eep & ox51 ! c>e ( :i* requir$ only a few slaves2 or z c\ntry seats1 on :i* masses ( slaves c>ri$ on horticulture on a l>ge scale1 p>tly = ! luxury ( ! own]1 p>tly = sale on ! m>kets ( ! t[ns4 ,! great pa/ures _h be5 pres]v$ & ev5 ext5d$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts4 ,b ! c\ntry seats & _! horticulture _h gone to ru9 ?r\gh ! impov]i%m5t ( _! own]s & ! decay ( ! t[ns4 ,latifundian economy bas$ on slave labor 0 no long] pr(itable2 b 9 its "t x _h be5 ! only possible =m ( agriculture on a l>ge scale4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 small production _h aga9 become ! only lucrative =m4 ,"o c\ntry seat aft] ! o!r 0 p>cel$ & leas$ 9 small lots to h]$it>y t5ants :o paid a fix$ r5t1 or to p>ti>ii1 m adm9i/rators ?an t5ants :o receiv$ "o-six? or ev5 only "o-n9? ( a ye>'s product 9 remun]ation = _! "w4 ,b ^! little lots 7 pr9cipally dispos$ ( to coloni/s :o paid a fix$ sum annually & c\ld be transf]r$ by sale toge!r ) _! lots4 ,al?\gh no slaves1 /ill ^! coloni/s 7 n free2 !y c\ld n m>ry free citiz5s1 & m>riages ) memb]s ( _! own class 7 n reg>d$ z valid1 b z m]e concub9ages l ^? ( ! slaves4 ,! coloni/s 7 ! prototypes ( ! m$ieval s]fs4 ,! anci5t slav]y _h lo/ its vitality4 ,nei!r 9 ! c\ntry 9 l>ge scale agriculture1 nor 9 ! manufactories ( ! t[ns did x yield any m returns--! m>ket = its products _h disappe>$4 ,& small scale production & artisan%ip1 to :i* ! gigantic production ( ! fl\ri%+ "t ( ! empire 0 n[ r$uc$1 did n leave any room = num]\s slaves4 ,only h\se & luxury slaves ( ! ri* 7 /ill reta9$ by society4 ,b ?is decl9+ slav]y 0 z yet suffici5tly /rong to br& productive labor z slave "w1 z bel[ ! dignity ( free ,romans2 & ev]ybody 0 n[ a free ,roman4 ,an increas+ numb] ( sup]flu\s slaves :o _h become a drug on _! own]s 7 dismiss$1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! numb] ( coloni/s & ( begg>$ free m5 7simil> to ! poor :ites 9 ! slave /ates ( ,am]ica7 grew cont9u\sly4 ,*ri/ianity is p]fectly innoc5t ( ?is gradual decl9e ( anci5t slav]y4 ,= x _h tak5 "p 9 ! slav]y ( ! ,roman empire = c5turies4 ,x nev] prev5t$ ! slave trade ( ,*ri/ians lat] on1 nei!r ( ! ,g]mans 9 ! ,nor?1 nor ( ! ,v5etians on ! ,m$it]ranean1 nor ! negro traffic ( lat] ye>s4#cd ,slav]y di$1 because x did n pay any long]4 ,b x left beh9d its poison\s /+ by br&+ z ignoble ! productive labor ( free m54 ,?is br\ght ! ,roman _w into a clos$ alley f :i* x c\ld n escape4 ,slave labor 0 economically impossible & ! labor ( free m5 0 "u a moral ban4 ,! "o c\ld exi/ no long]1 ! o!r c\ld n yet be ! fundam5tal =m ( social production4 ,!re 0 no o!r help b a complete revolution4 ,! prov9ces 7 n any bett] (f4 ,! mo/ complete reports on ?is subject are f ,gaul4 ,by ! side ( ! coloni/s1 free f>m]s /ill exi/$ !re4 ,9 ord] to protect !mselves aga9/ ! brutal blackmail ( ! (ficials1 judges & usur]s1 !y frequ5tly plac$ !mselves "u ! protectorate ( a man ( influ5ce & p[]4 ,n only s+le individuals did s1 b :ole communities1 s t ! emp]ors ( ! f\r? c5tury (t5 issu$ decrees prohibit+ ?is practice4 ,b :at good did protection d to ! cli5ts8 ,! patron impos$ ! condition t !y %\ld transf] ! title ( _! lots to him1 & 9 return he assur$ !m ( ! free enjoym5t ( _! l& = life--a trick :i* ! holy *ur* rememb]$ & freely imitat$ dur+ ! n9? & t5? c5tury1 = ! great] glory ( ,god4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! ye> #dge1 ,bi%op ,salvianus ( ,m>seilles /ill vehem5tly d5\nc$ su* robb]y & relates t ! me?ods ( ! ,roman (ficials & great l&lords became s oppressive t _m ,romans fl$ to ! di/ricts occupi$ by ! b>b>ians & fe>$ no?+ s mu* z a return "u ,roman rule4 ,t poor p>5ts frequ5tly sold _! *ildr5 into slav]y1 is prov$ by a law =bidd+ ?is practice4 ,9 return = lib]at+ ! ,romans f _! own /ate1 ! b>b>ians appropriat$ two-?irds ( ! entire l& & divid$ x among !mselves4 ,! di/ribution 0 made by g5tile rules4 ,z ! numb] ( ! conqu]ors 0 relatively small1 l>ge tracts rema9$ undivid$ 9 ! possession ( ! nation1 ! tribe or ! g5s4 ,e g5s di/ribut$ ! l& = cultivation & pa/ures to ! individual h\seholds by draw+ lots4 ,we d n "k :e!r repeat$ divisions took place at t "t4 ,at any rate1 ?is practice 0 soon disc>d$ 9 ! ,roman prov9ces1 & ! individual lot became salable private prop]ty1 a s-call$ freehold 7allodium74 ,=e/s & pa/ures rema9$ undivid$ = collective use4 ,?is use & ! mode ( cultivat+ ! divid$ l& 0 regulat$ by tradition & ! w ( ! community4 ,! long] ! g5s liv$ 9 its village1 & ! bett] ,g]mans & ,romans became amalgamat$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! m did ! "* ( k9%ip lose gr\nd be=e t]ritorial b\nds4 ,! g5s disappe>$ 9 ! m>k commune1 ! memb]s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 /ill exhibit$ traces ( k9%ip4 ,9 ! c\ntries :]e m>k communes 7 /ill pres]v$--9 ! ,nor? ( ,france1 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many & ,sc&9avia--! g5tile con/itution gradually m]g$ into a local con/itution & ?us acquir$ ! capacity ( be+ fitt$ into a /ate4 ,nev]!less ?is local con/itution reta9$ "s ( ! primeval democratic "* :i* di/+ui%es ! :ole g5tile ord]1 & ?us pres]v$ a piece ( g5tilism ev5 9 its en=c$ deg5]ation ( lat] times4 ,?is left a weapon 9 ! h&s ( ! oppress$1 ready to be wield$ by !m ev5 9 ! pres5t "t4 ,! rapid loss ( ! bonds ( blood 9 ! g5s z a result ( conque/ caus$ ! deg5]ation ( ! tribal & national organs ( g5tilism4 ,we "k t ! rule ov] subjugat$ p does n agree ) ! g5tile con/itution4 ,"h we h an opportunity to obs]ve ?is on a l>ge scale4 ,! ,g]man nations1 ma/]s ( ! ,roman prov9ces1 _h to organize _! conque/s4 ,b !y c\ld nei!r adopt ! ,romans z a body into _! g5tes1 nor rule !m by ! help ( g5tile organs4 ,a sub/itute = !m _h to be plac$ at ! head ( ! ,roman adm9i/rative bodies t 7 l>gely reta9$ 9 local affairs1 & ?is sub/itute c\ld only be ano!r /ate4 ,h5ce ! organs ( ! g5tile con/itution _h to become organs ( ! /ate1 & "u ! pressure ( ! mom5t ?is took place v rapidly4 ,n[ ! fir/ repres5tative ( ! conqu]+ nation 0 ! milit>y lead]4 ,! int]nal & ext]nal security ( ! conqu]$ t]ritory dem&$ t 8 p[] %\ld be /r5g!n$4 ,! mom5t _h arriv$ = ! transition f w> lead]%ip to mon>*y4 ,& ! *ange took place4 ,take e4 g4 ! realm ( ! ,franks4 ,! victori\s ,salians _h n only come into possession ( ! ext5sive ,roman /ate dom9ions1 b also ( all ! l>ge tracts t _h n be5 assign$ to ! m or less small m>k communities1 especially ( all l>ge =e/ tracts4 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* ! k+ ( ! ,franks1 n[ a real mon>*1 did 0 to *ange ?is national prop]ty into royal prop]ty1 to /eal x f ! p & to donate or give x 9 li5 to 8 reta9]s4 ,?is ret9ue1 orig9ally compos$ ( 8 p]sonal w> foll[]s & ( ! subcomm&]s ( ! army1 0 increas$ by ,romans1 i4 e41 romaniz$ ,gauls :o quickly became invaluable to ! k+ ?r\gh _! k ( writ+1 _! education & _! famili>ity ) ! language & laws ( ! c\ntry1 & ) ! language ( ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,b slaves1 s]fs & fre$ slaves also became 8 c\rti]s4 ,f among all ^! he *ose 8 favorites4 ,at fir/ !y receiv$ donations ( public l&1 & lat] on ^! b5efits 7 g5]ally conf]r$ = ! lifetime ( ! k+4 ,! f\ndation ( a new nobility 0 ?us laid at ! exp5se ( ! p4 ,b ?is 0 n all4 ,! wide expanse ( ! empire c\ld n be gov]n$ by means ( ! old g5tile con/itution4 ,! c\ncil ( *iefs1 if x _h n become obsolete long ago1 c\ld n h held any m meet+s4 ,x 0 soon displac$ by ! /&+ ret9ue ( ! k+4 ,a pret5se at ! old public meet+ 0 /ill kept up1 b x also 0 m & m limit$ to ! meet+ ( ! subcomm&]s ( ! army & ! ris+ nobles4 ,j z =m]ly1 ! ,roman f>m]s dur+ ! la/ p]iod ( ! republic1 s n[ ! free l&-own+ peasants1 ! mass ( ! ,frank p1 7 exhau/$ & r$uc$ to p5ury by cont9ual civil feuds & w>s ( conque/4 ,!y :o once _h =m$ ! :ole army &1 aft] ! conque/ ( ,france1 its pick$ body1 7 s impov]i%$ at ! end ( ! n9? c5tury t h>dly m ?an e fif? man c\ld g to w>4 ,! =m] army ( free peasants1 convok$ directly by ! k+1 0 replac$ by an army compos$ ( dep5d5ts ( ! new nobles4 ,among ^! s]vants 7 also ville9s1 ! desc5dants ( ! peasants :o _h ackn[l$g$ no ma/] b ! k+ & a little e>li] n ev5 a k+4 ,"u ,*>lemagne's successors ! ru9 ( ! ,frank peasantry 0 aggravat$ by int]nal w>s1 weakness ( ! royal p[] & correspond+ ov]be>ance ( ! nobles4 ,! latt] _h receiv$ ano!r addition to _! ranks ?r\gh ! in/allation by ,*>lemagne ( ,gau#ce 7di/rict7 c\nts :o /rove to make _! (fices h]$it>y4 ,! invasions ( ! ,normans complet$ ! wreck ( ! peasantry4 ,fifty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne1 ,france lay z resi/less at ! feet ( ! ,normans1 z f\r hundr$ ye>s previ\s ! ,roman empire _h la9 at ! feet ( ! ,franks4 ,n only 0 ! ext]nal impot5ce almo/ ! same1 b also ! int]nal ord] or r disord] ( society4 ,! free ,frank peasants f\nd !mselves 9 a simil> position z _! pr$ecessors1 ! ,roman coloni/s4 ,ru9$ by w>s & robb]ies1 !y _h be5 =c$ to seek ! protection ( ! nobles or ! *ur*1 because ! royal p[] 0 too weak to %ield !m4 ,b !y _h to pay de>ly = ?is protection4 ,l ! ,gallic f>m]s1 !y _h to transf] ! titles ( _! l& to _! patrons1 & receiv$ x back f !m z t5ants 9 diff]5t & v>y+ =ms1 b always only 9 consid]ation ( s]vices & ti!s4 ,once driv5 into ?is =m ( dep5d5ce1 !y gradually lo/ _! individual lib]ty4 ,aft] a few g5]ations mo/ ( !m became s]fs4 ,h[ rapidly ! free peasants sank f _! level is %[n by ! l& records ( ! abbey ,sa9t ,g]ma9 des ,prs1 !n ne>1 n[ 91 ,p>is4 ,on ! va/ hold+s ( ?is abbey 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry #bghh h\seholds1 ne>ly all ( !m ,franks ) ,g]man names1 7 liv+ at ,*>lemagne's "t2 #bjhj ( !m 7 coloni/s1 #ce lites1#cf #bbj slaves & only #h freehold]s4 ,! practice ( ! patrons to dem& ! transf] ( ! l& titles to !mselves & give ! =m] own]s ! use ( ! l& = life1 d5\nc$ z ungodly by ,salvianus1 0 n[ univ]sally practic$ by ! ,*ur* 9 its deal+s ) ! peasants4 ,! compulsory labor t n[ came m & m into vogue1 _h be5 m\ld$ z mu* aft] ! ,roman ang>iae1 compulsory s]vice = ! /ate1 z aft] ! s]vices ( ! ,g]man m>k m5 9 bridge & road build+ & o!r "w = common purposes4 ,by all appe>ances1 !n1 ! mass ( ! population _h arriv$ at ! same old goal aft] f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,t prov$ two ?+s3 ,fir/ly1 t ! social diff]5tiation & ! division ( prop]ty 9 ! s9k+ ,roman empire correspond$ p]fectly to ! contemporane\s /age ( production 9 agriculture & indu/ry1 & h5ce 0 unavoidable2 secondly1 t ?is /age ( production _h n be5 ess5tially alt]$ = bett] or worse dur+ f\r hundr$ ye>s1 & !re=e _h necess>ily produc$ ! same division ( prop]ty & ! same classes ( population4 ,! t[n _h lo/ its supremacy ov] ! c\ntry dur+ ! la/ c5turies ( ! ,roman empire1 & _h n rega9$ x dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( ,g]man rule4 ,?is presupposes a l[ /age ( agriculture & indu/ry4 ,su* a g5]al condition produces ( necessity ! dom9ation ( great proprietors & ! dep5d5ce ( small f>m]s4 ,h[ impossible x 0 to graft ei!r ! slave labor ( ,roman latifundian economy or ! compulsory labor ( ! new l>ge scale production into su* a society1 is prov$ by ,*>lemagne's v ext5sive exp]im5ts ) 8 fam\s imp]ial c\ntry resid5ces t left h>dly a trace4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 cont9u$ only by ! conv5ts & br\ght results only = !m4 ,b ! conv5ts 7 abnormal social in/itutions1 f\nd$ on celibacy4 ,!y c\ld d exceptional "w1 b !y _h to rema9 exceptions !mselves = ?is v reason4 ,yet "s progress _h be5 made dur+ ^! f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,al?\gh 9 ! end we f9d ! same ma9 classes z 9 ! beg9n+1 /ill ! human be+s t made up ^! classes _h *ang$4 ,! anci5t slav]y _h disappe>$2 gone 7 also ! begg>$ freem5 :o _h despis$ "w z slavi%4 ,betwe5 ! ,roman coloni/ & ! new s]f1 !re _h be5 ! free ,frank peasant4 ,! useless remembrance & ! va9 feud ( ! decay+ ,roman nation 0 dead & gone4 ,! social classes ( ! n9? c5tury _h be5 =m$ dur+ ! travail ( a new civilization1 n 9 ! demoralization ( a s9k+ "o4 ,! new race1 ma/]s & s]vants1 7 a race ( m5 z comp>$ to _! ,roman pr$ecessors4 ,! relation ( p[]ful l&lords to s]v+ peasants1 :i* _h be5 ! unavoidable result ( collapse 9 ! antique _w1 0 = ! ,franks ! po9t ( dep>ture on a new l9e ( developm5t4 ,moreov]1 unproductive z ^! f\r hundr$ ye>s may appe>1 !y left beh9d "o great product3 ! mod]n nationalities1 ! reorganization & diff]5tiation ( ,we/ ,european humanity = ! com+ hi/ory4 ,! ,g]mans _h inde$ infus$ a new life into ,europe4 ,!re=e ! dissolution ( ! /ates 9 ! ,g]man p]iod did n end 9 a subjugation aft] ! ,norse-,s>ac5e plan1 b 9 a cont9u$ developm5t ( ! e/ate ( ! royal b5efici>ies & an increas+ submission 7comm5datio7 to feudalism1 & 9 su* a trem5d\s increase ( ! population1 t no m ?an two c5turies lat] ! bloody dra9 ( ! crusades c\ld be su/a9$ )\t injury4 ,:at 0 ! my/]i\s *>m by :i* ! ,g]mans infus$ a new life into decrepit ,europe8 ,0 x an innate magic p[] ( ! ,g]man race1 z our j+o hi/orians w\ld h x8 ,by no means4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,g]mans 7 a highly gift$ ,aryan bran* &1 especially at t "t1 9 full process ( vigor\s developm5t4 ,!y did n1 h[ev]1 rejuv5ate ,europe by _! specific national prop]ties1 b simply by _! b>b>ism1 _! g5tile con/itution4 ,_! p]sonal effici5cy & brav]y1 _! love ( lib]ty1 & _! democratic in/9ct :i* reg>d$ all public affairs z its own affairs1 9 %ort all ^? prop]ties :i* ! ,romans _h lo/ & :i* 7 alone capable ( =m+ new /ates & rais+ new nationalities out ( ! muck ( ! ,roman _w--:at 7 !y b *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! b>b>ians 9 ! upp] /age1 fruits ( ! g5tile con/itution8 ,if !y trans=m$ ! antique =m ( monogamy1 mitigat$ ! male rule 9 ! family & gave a high] position to wom5 ?an ! classic _w _h ev] kn[n1 :at enabl$ !m to d s1 unless x 0 _! b>b>ism1 _! g5tile cu/oms1 _! liv+ inh]itance ( ! "t ( mat]nal law8 ,if !y c\ld safely transmit a trace ( ! g5u9e g5tile ord]1 ! m>k communes1 to ! feudal /ates ( at lea/ ?ree ( ! mo/ important c\ntries--,g]many1 ,nor? ( ,france1 & ,engl&--& ?us give a local coh]5ce & ! means ( resi/ance to ! oppress$ class1 ! peasants1 ev5 "u ! h>de/ m$ieval s]fdom2 means :i* nei!r ! slaves ( antiquity nor ! mod]n prolet>ian f\nd ready at h&--to :om did !y owe ?is1 unless x 0 aga9 _! b>b>ism1 _! exclusively b>b>ian mode ( settl+ 9 g5tes8 ,& 9 conclusion1 if !y c\ld develop & univ]sally introduce ! mild =m ( s]vitude :i* !y _h be5 practic+ at home1 & :i* m & m displac$ slav]y also 9 ! ,roman empire--to :om 0 x due1 unless x 0 aga9 _! b>b>ism1 ?anks to :i* !y _h n yet arriv$ at complete slav]y1 nei!r 9 ! =m ( ! anci5t labor slaves1 nor 9 t ( ! ori5tal h\se slaves8 ,?is mild] =m ( s]vitude1 z ,f\ri] fir/ /at$1 gave to ! oppress$ ! means ( _! gradual emancipation z a class 7f\rnit aux cultivateurs des moy5s d'affran*issem5t collectif et progressif7 & is !re=e f> sup]ior to slav]y1 :i* p]mits only ! imm$iate enfran*isem5t ( ! individual )\t any transitory /age4 ,antiquity did n "k any abolition ( slav]y by rebellion1 b ! s]fs ( ! middle ages gradually en=c$ _! lib]ation z a class4 ,e vital & productive g]m ) :i* ! ,g]mans inoculat$ ! ,roman _w1 0 due to b>b>ism4 ,inde$1 only b>b>ians are capable ( rejuv5at+ a _w labor+ "u ! dea? ?roes ( unn]v$ civilization4 ,& ! high] /age ( b>b>ism1 to :i* & 9 :i* ! ,g]mans work$ _! way up previ\s to ! migrations1 0 be/ calculat$ to prep>e !m = ?is "w4 ,t expla9s ev]y?+4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,au?or's note4 ,! numb] assum$ "h is confirm$ by a passage ( ,diodorus on ! ,celts ( ,gaul3 ,_m nations ( unequal /r5g? are liv+ 9 ,gaul4 ,! /ronge/ ( !m numb]s ab\t #bjj1jjj1 ! weake/ #ej1jjj4 7,diodorus ,siculus1 ,v41 #be47 ,t gives an av]age ( #abe1jjj4 ,! individual nations ( ,gaul1 be+ m highly develop$1 %\ld be gaug$ m num]\s ?an ^? ( ,g]many4 #ca ,translator's note4 #chfa squ>e /atute miles4 #cb ,a ,g]man geographical mile conta9s #g1dbj4dd met]s1 or #g4dbjdd kilomet]s2 h5ce a ,g]man geographical squ>e mile conta9s #ee4jfbi squ>e kilomet]s1 equal to #ba4beih squ>e /atute miles4 #cc ,translator's note4 ,! ,+aevonians compris$ ! ,friesians1 ! ,saxons1 ! ,jutes & ! ,angles1 liv+ on ! coa/ ( ! ,nor? ,sea f ! ,zuid] ,zee to ,d5m>k4 #cd ,au?or's note4 ,accord+ to ,bi%op ,liutpr& ( ,cremona1 ! ma9 indu/ry ( ,v]dun 9 ! t5? c5tury1 9 ! s-call$ ,holy ,g]man ,empire1 0 ! manufacture ( eunu*s1 :o 7 export$ ) great pr(it to ,spa9 = ! h>ems ( ! ,moors4 #ce ,translator's note4 ,! ,gau is a l>g] t]ritory ?an ! ,m>k4 ,caes> & ,tacitus call$ x pagus4 #cf ,translator's note4 ,! "n giv5 9 anci5t law to dep5d5t f>m]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,b>b>ism ,,& ,,civilization4 ,hav+ obs]v$ ! dissolution ( ! g5tile ord] 9 ! ?ree concrete cases ( ! ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,g]man nations1 we may n[ inve/igate 9 conclusion ! g5]al economic conditions t began by und]m9+ ! g5tile organization ( society dur+ ! upp] /age ( b>b>ism & end$ by do+ away ) x entirely at ! adv5t ( civilization4 ,m>x's ,capital w be z necess>y = ! successful completion ( ?is task z ,morgan's ,anci5t ,society4 ,a gr[? ( ! middle /age & a product ( fur!r developm5t dur+ ! upp] /age ( savag]y1 ! g5s rea*$ its prime1 z ne> z we c judge f our s\rces ( in=mation1 9 ! l[] /age ( b>b>ism4 ,) ?is /age1 !n1 we beg9 our inve/igation4 ,9 our /&>d example1 ! ,am]ican r$sk9s ( t "t1 we f9d ! g5tile con/itution fully develop$4 ,a tribe _h diff]5tiat$ into sev]al g5tes1 g5]ally two4 ,?r\gh ! increase ( ! population1 ^! orig9al g5tes aga9 divid$ into sev]al daught] g5tes1 mak+ ! "m g5s a phratry4 ,! tribe itself split up into sev]al tribes1 9 ea* ( :i* we aga9 meet a l>ge numb] ( repres5tatives ( ! old g5tes4 ,9 c]ta9 cases a f$]ation unit$ ! relat$ tribes4 ,?is simple organization fully suffic$ = ! social conditions out ( :i* x _h gr[n4 ,x 0 no?+ else ?an ! innate1 spontane\s expression ( ^? conditions1 & x 0 well calculat$ to smoo? ov] all int]nal difficulties t c\ld arise 9 ?is social organization4 ,ext]nal difficulties 7 settl$ by w>4 ,su* a w> c\ld end 9 ! annihilation ( a tribe1 b nev] 9 its subjugation4 ,x is ! gr&eur & at ! same "t ! limitation ( ! g5tile ord] t x has no room ei!r = ma/]s or s]vants4 ,!re 7 z yet no di/9ctions betwe5 rights & duties4 ,! "q :e!r he _h a "r to take "p 9 public affairs1 to practice blood rev5ge or to dem& atonem5t = injuries w\ld h appe>$ z absurd to an ,indian1 z ! "q :e!r x 0 8 duty to eat1 sleep1 & hunt4 ,nor c\ld any division ( a tribe or g5s into diff]5t classes take place4 ,?is leads u to ! inve/igation ( ! economic basis ( ^? conditions4 ,! population 0 v small 9 numb]s4 ,x 0 collect$ only on ! t]ritory ( ! tribe4 ,next to ?is t]ritory 0 ! hunt+ gr\nd surr\nd+ x 9 a wide circle4 ,a neutral =e/ =m$ ! l9e ( dem>cation f o!r tribes4 ,! division ( labor 0 q primitive4 ,! "w 0 simply divid$ betwe5 ! two sexes4 ,! m5 w5t to w>1 hunt$1 fi%$1 provid$ ! raw mat]ial = food & ! tools necess>y = ^! pursuits4 ,! wom5 c>$ = ! h\se1 & prep>$ food & clo?+2 !y cook$1 weav$ & sew$4 ,ea* sex 0 ma/] ( its own field ( activity2 ! m5 9 ! =e/1 ! wom5 9 ! h\se4 ,ea* sex also own$ ! tools made & us$ by x2 ! m5 7 ! own]s ( ! weapons1 ( ! hunt+ & fi%+ tackle1 ! wom5 ( ! h\sehold goods & ut5sils4 ,! h\sehold 0 communi/ic1 compris+ sev]al1 & (t5 _m1 families4#cg ,:atev] 0 produc$ & us$ collectively1 0 reg>d$ z common prop]ty3 ! h\se1 ! g>d51 ! long boat4 ,"h1 & only "h1 !n1 d we f9d ! self-e>n$ prop]ty :i* juri/s & economi/s h falsely attribut$ to civiliz$ society1 ! la/ deceptive pretext ( legality on :i* mod]n capitali/ prop]ty is lean+4 ,b humanity did n ev]y:]e rema9 9 ?is /age4 ,9 ,asia !y f\nd animals t c\ld be tam$ & propagat$ 9 captivity4 ,! wild buffalo c[ _h to be hunt$ d[n2 ! tame c[ gave bir? to a calf once a ye>1 & also furni%$ milk4 ,"s ( ! mo/ advanc$ tribes--,aryans1 ,semites1 p]haps also ,turanians--devot$ !mselves ma9ly to tam+1 & lat] to rais+ & t5d+1 dome/ic animals4 ,! segregation ( cattle rais+ tribes f ! re/ ( ! b>b>ians con/itutes ! fir/ great division ( social labor4 ,^! /ock rais+ tribes did n only produce m articles ( food ?an ! re/ ( ! b>b>ians1 b also diff]5t k9ds ( products4 ,!y 7 ahead ( ! o!rs by hav+ at _! disposal n alone milk1 milk products1 & a great] abundance ( meat1 b also sk9s1 wool1 goat's hair1 & ! spun & wov5 goods :i* ! gr[+ abundance ( ! raw mat]ial br\ght into common use4 ,?is = ! fir/ "t made a regul> ex*ange ( products possible4 ,9 =m] /ages1 ex*ange c\ld only take place occasionally1 & an exceptional ability 9 manufactur+ weapons & tools may h l$ to a transi5t division ( labor4 ,= example1 unque/ionable rema9s ( work%ops = /one implem5ts ( ! neoli?ic p]iod h be5 f\nd 9 _m places4 ,! arti/s :o develop$ _! ability 9 ^? %ops1 mo/ probably work$ = ! collectivity1 z did ! artisans ( ! ,indian g5tile ord]4 ,at any rate1 no o!r ex*ange ?an t )9 ! tribe c\ld exi/ 9 t /age1 & ev5 t 0 an exception4 ,b aft] ! segregation ( ! /ock rais+ tribes we f9d all ! conditions favorable to an ex*ange betwe5 gr\ps ( diff]5t tribes1 & to a fur!r developm5t ( ?is mode ( trad+ into a fix$ in/itution4 ,orig9ally1 tribe ex*ang$ ) tribe ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( _! tribal heads4 ,b :5 ! h]ds drift$ into ! h&s ( private individuals1 !n ! ex*ange betwe5 individuals prevail$ m & m1 until x became ! e/abli%$ =m4 ,! pr9cipal article ( ex*ange :i* ! /ock rais+ tribes (f]$ to _! neighbors 0 9 ! =m ( dome/ic animals4 ,cattle became ! favorite commodity by :i* all o!r commodities 7 measur$ 9 ex*ange4 ,9 %ort1 cattle assum$ ! functions ( money & s]v$ 9 ?is capacity z e>ly z t /age4 ,) su* necessity & rapidity 0 ! dem& = a money commodity develop$ at ! v beg9n+ ( ! ex*ange ( commodities4 ,horticulture1 probably unkn[n to ! ,asiatic b>b>ians ( ! l[] /age1 arose n lat] ?an ! middle /age ( b>b>ism1 z ! =]unn] ( agriculture4 ,! climate ( ! ,turanian ,highl& does n admit ( a nomadic life )\t a supply ( /ock fe$ = ! long & h>d w9t]4 ,h5ce ! cultivation ( mead[s & gra9 0 indisp5sable4 ,! same is true ( ! /eppes nor? ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,once gra9 _h be5 gr[n = cattle1 x soon became human food4 ,! cultivat$ l& belong$ z yet to ! tribe & 0 assign$ fir/ to ! g5s1 :i* 9 its turn di/ribut$ x to ! h\seholds1 & f9ally to individuals2 always = use only1 n = possession4 ,! us]s may h _h c]ta9 claims to ! l&1 b t 0 all4 ,two ( ! indu/rial acquisitions ( ?is /age are especially important4 ,! fir/ is ! weav+ loom1 ! second ! melt+ ( metal ore & ! use ( metals 9 manufacture4 ,copp]1 t91 & _! alloy1 bronze1 7 ! mo/ ess5tial ( !m4 ,bronze furni%$ tools & weapons1 b c\ld n displace /one implem5ts4 ,only iron c\ld h done t1 b ! production ( iron 0 z yet unkn[n4 ,gold & silv] 7 already us$ = ornam5t & decoration1 & mu/ h be5 f> m preci\s ?an copp] & bronze4 ,! increase ( production 9 all bran*es--/ock rais+1 agriculture1 dome/ic h&icrafts--enabl$ human labor p[] to produce m ?an 0 necess>y = its ma9t5ance4 ,x increas$ at ! same "t ! am\nt ( daily "w t fell to ! lot ( e memb] ( a g5s1 a h\sehold1 or a s+le family4 ,! addition ( m labor p[] became desirable4 ,x 0 furni%$ by w>2 ! captur$ enemies 7 trans=m$ into slaves4 ,"u ! giv5 hi/orical conditions1 ! fir/ great division ( social labor1 by increas+ ! productivity ( labor1 add+ to ! weal?1 & enl>g+ ! field ( productive activity1 necess>ily c>ri$ slav]y 9 its wake4 ,out ( ! fir/ great division ( social labor arose ! fir/ great division ( society into two classes3 ma/]s & s]vants1 exploit]s & exploit$4 ,h[ & :5 ! h]ds 7 transf]r$ f ! collective own]%ip ( ! tribe or g5s to ! proprietor%ip ( ! heads ( ! families1 is n kn[n to u4 ,b x mu/ h be5 practically accompli%$ 9 ?is /age4 ,! h]ds & ! o!r new objects ( weal? br\ght ab\t a revolution 9 ! family4 ,procur+ ! means ( exi/5ce _h always be5 ! man's bus9ess4 ,! tools ( production 7 manufactur$ & own$ by him4 ,! h]ds 7 ! new tools ( production1 & _! tam+ & t5d+ 0 8 "w4 ,h5ce he own$ ! cattle & ! commodities & slaves obta9$ 9 ex*ange = !m4 ,all ! surplus n[ result+ f production fell to ! %>e ( ! man4 ,! woman %>$ 9 its fruition1 b %e c\ld n claim its own]%ip4 ,! savage w>rior & hunt] _h be5 cont5t to occupy ! second place 9 ! h\se1 to give prec$5ce to ! woman4 ,! g5tl] %eph]d1 /&+ on 8 weal?1 assum$ ! fir/ place & =c$ ! woman back into ! second place4 ,& %e _h no occasion to compla94 ,! division ( labor 9 ! family _h regulat$ ! di/ribution ( prop]ty betwe5 man & wife4 ,?is division ( labor rema9$ un*ang$4 ,yet ! =m] dome/ic relation 0 n[ rev]s$1 simply because ! division ( labor outside ( ! family _h be5 alt]$4 ,! same cause t once _h secur$ ! supremacy 9 ! h\se = wom51 viz41 ! conf9+ ( wom5's activity to dome/ic labor1 n[ assur$ ! supremacy ( ! m5 9 ! h\seholds4 ,! dome/ic labor ( wom5 0 consid]$ insignificant 9 comp>ison to m5's "w = a liv+4 ,! latt] 0 ev]y?+1 ! =m] a negligible quantity4 ,at ?is e>ly /age we c already see t ! emancipation ( wom5 & _! equality ) m5 are impossible & rema9 s1 z long z wom5 are exclud$ f social production & re/rict$ to dome/ic labor4 ,! emancipation ( wom5 becomes feasible only !n :5 wom5 are enabl$ to take "p ext5sively 9 social production1 & :5 dome/ic duties require _! att5tion 9 a m9or degree4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 0 br\ght ab\t by ! mod]n great indu/ries1 :i* n only admit ( wom5's lib]al p>ticipation 9 production1 b actually call = x &1 besides1 endeavor to trans=m dome/ic "w also into a public indu/ry4 ,man's adv5t to practical supremacy 9 ! h\sehold m>k$ ! removal ( ! la/ b>ri] to 8 univ]sal supremacy4 ,8 unlimit$ rule 0 emphasiz$ & end[$ ) cont9uity by ! d[nfall ( matri>*y1 ! introduction ( patri>*y1 & ! gradual transition f ! pair+ family to ! monogamic family4 ,?is made a brea* 9 ! old g5tile ord]4 ,! monogamic family became a p[] & lift$ a ?reat5+ h& aga9/ ! g5s4 ,! next /ep br+s u to ! upp] /age ( b>b>ism1 t p]iod 9 :i* all nations ( civilization g ?r\gh _! h]oic era4 ,x is ! "t ( ! iron sword1 b also ( ! iron pl[ %>e & axe4 ,! iron _h become ! s]vant ( man4 ,x is ! la/ & mo/ important ( all raw products t play a revolution>y role 9 hi/ory2 ! la/--if we except ! potato4 ,iron br\ght ab\t agriculture on a l>g] scale & ! cle>+ ( ext5sive =e/ tracts = cultivation4 ,x gave to ! craftsman a tool ( su* h>dness & %>pness t no /one1 no o!r kn[n metal1 c\ld )/& x4 ,all ?is came ab\t gradually4 ,! fir/ iron 0 (t5 s(t] ?an bronze4 ,!re=e /one implem5ts disappe>$ v sl[ly4 ,n only 9 ! ,hildebr& ,song1 b also at ,ha/+s 9 #ajff1 /one axes 7 /ill us$ 9 fight+4 ,b progress 0 n[ irresi/ible1 less int]rupt$ & m rapid4 ,! t[n1 inclos+ h\ses ( /one or tiles )9 its turret$ & cre/$ /one walls1 became ! c5tral seat ( ! tribe or f$]ation ( tribes4 ,x %[$ an a/\nd+ progress ( ar*itecture1 b also an increase ( dang] & ( ! dem& = protection4 ,weal? increas$ rapidly1 b x 0 ! weal? ( private individuals4 ,weav+1 metal "w & o!r m & m diff]5tiat+ indu/ries develop$ an increas+ v>iety & display ( art 9 production4 ,agriculture furni%$ n alone gra91 peas1 beans & fruit1 b also oil & w9e1 ! prep>ation ( :i* _h n[ be5 le>n$4 ,su* a div]sity ( action c\ld n be display$ by any s+le individual4 ,! second great division ( labor took place3 h&icrafts sep>at$ f agriculture4 ,! gr[+ int5sity ( production & ! increas$ productivity enhanc$ ! value ( human labor p[]4 ,slav]y1 :i* _h be5 a ris+ & sporadic factor 9 ! prec$+ /age1 n[ became an ess5tial "p ( ! social sy/em4 ,! slaves ceas$ to be simple assi/ants4 ,!y 7 n[ driv5 9 scores to ! "w 9 ! fields & %ops4 ,! division ( production into two great bran*es1 agriculture & h&icrafts1 gave rise to production = ex*ange1 ! production ( commodities4 ,trade arose at ! same "t1 n only 9 ! int]ior & on ! tribal b\nd>ies1 b also 9 ! =m ( m>itime ex*ange4 ,all ?is 0 z yet 9 a v undevelop$ /ate4 ,! preci\s metals ga9$ pref]5ce z a univ]sal money commodity1 b /ill unco9$ & ex*ang$ m]ely by dead weight4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ri* & poor 0 add$ to t betwe5 free m5 & slaves4 ,?is & ! new division ( labor con/itute a new division ( society into classes4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! am\nt ( prop]ty belong+ to ! sev]al family heads broke up ! old communi/ic h\seholds "o by "o1 :]ev] !y might h be5 pres]v$ ?us f>4 ,?is made an end to ! collective cultivation ( ! soil = ! acc\nt ( ! community4 ,! cultivat$ l& 0 assign$ = use to ! sev]al families1 fir/ = a limit$ "t1 lat] = once & all4 ,! transition to full private prop]ty 0 accompli%$ gradually & simultane\sly ) ! transition f ! pair+ family to monogamy4 ,! monogam\s family began to be ! economic unit ( society4 ,! increase ( population necessitat$ a clos] consolidation aga9/ int]nal & ext]nal foes4 ,! f$]ation ( relat$ tribes became unavoidable4 ,_! amalgamation1 & !nce ! amalgamation ( ! sep>ate tribal t]ritories to "o national t]ritory1 0 ! foll[+ /ep4 ,! milit>y lead]--rex1 basileus1 ?iudans--became an indisp5sable & /&+ (ficial4 ,! public meet+ 0 introduc$ :]ev] x did n yet exi/4 ,! milit>y lead]1 ! c\ncil ( *iefs1 & ! public meet+ =m$ ! organs ( ! milit>y democracy t _h gr[n out ( ! g5tile con/itution4 ,milit>y democracy--= n[ w> & organization = w> 7 regul> functions ( social life4 ,! weal? ( ! neighbors excit$ ! gre$ ( nations t began to reg>d ! acquisition ( weal? z "o ( ! ma9 purposes ( _! life4 ,!y 7 b>b>ians3 robb+ appe>$ to !m easi] & m honorable ?an produc+4 ,w>1 once simply a rev5ge = transgressions or a means = enl>g+ a t]ritory t _h become too n>r[1 0 n[ wag$ = ! sake ( plund] alone & became a regul> pr(ession4 ,n 9 va9 did ?reat5+ walls ca/ a rigid />e all ar\nd ! new =tifi$ t[ns3 _! yawn+ dit*es 7 ! tomb ( ! g5tile con/itution1 & _! turrets already rea*$ up into civilization4 ,! int]nal affairs und]w5t a simil> *ange4 ,! plund]+ w>s increas$ ! p[] ( ! milit>y lead] & ( ! subcomm&]s4 ,! habitual election ( ! successors f ! same family 0 gradually trans=m$ into h]$it>y succession1 fir/ by suff]ance1 !n by claim1 & f9ally by usurpation4 ,?us ! f\ndation ( h]$it>y royalty & nobility 0 laid4 ,9 ?is mann] ! organs ( ! g5tile con/itution 7 gradually torn away f _! roots 9 ! nation1 tribe1 phratry & g5s1 & ! :ole g5tile ord] rev]s$ into its anti!sis4 ,! organization ( tribes = ! purpose ( ! free adm9i/ration ( affairs 0 turn$ into an organization = plund]+ & oppress+ _! neighbors4 ,! organs ( g5tilism *ang$ f s]vants ( ! public w to indep5d5t organs ( rule oppress+ _! own p4 ,?is c\ld n h happ5$1 if ! gre$ = weal? _h n divid$ ! g5tiles into ri* & poor2 if ! diff]5ce ( prop]ty 9 a g5s _h n *ang$ ! community ( int]e/ into antagonism ( ! g5tiles 7,k>l ,m>x72 & if ! ext5sion ( slav]y _h n begun by br&+ "w = a liv+ z slavi% & m ignom9i\s ?an plund]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! ?re%old ( civilization4 ,?is /age is inaugurat$ by a new progress 9 ! division ( labor4 ,9 ! l[] /age ( b>b>ism production 0 c>ri$ on = use only2 any acts ( ex*ange 7 conf9$ to s+le cases :5 a surplus 0 accid5tally realiz$4 ,9 ! middle /age ( b>b>ism we f9d t ! possession ( cattle gave a regul> surplus to ! nomadic nations ) suffici5tly l>ge h]ds4 ,at ! same "t !re 0 a division ( labor betwe5 nomadic nations & backw>d nations )\t h]ds4 ,! exi/5ce ( two diff]5t /ages ( production side by side furni%$ ! conditions necess>y = a regul> ex*ange4 ,! upp] /age ( b>b>ism introduc$ a new division ( labor betwe5 agriculture & h&icrafts1 result+ 9 ! production ( a cont9ually increas+ am\nt ( commodities = ! special purpose ( ex*ange1 s t ex*ange betwe5 individuals became a vital function ( society4 ,civilization /r5g!n$ & int5sifi$ all ! e/abli%$ divisions ( labor1 especially by r5d]+ ! contra/ betwe5 city & c\ntry m pron\nc$4 ,ei!r ! t[n may h ! economic control ov] ! c\ntry1 z dur+ antiquity1 or vice v]sa1 z 9 ! middle ages4 ,a ?ird division ( labor 0 add$ by civilization3 x creat$ a class t did n take "p 9 production1 b occupi$ itself m]ely ) ! ex*ange ( products--! m]*ants4 ,all =m] attempts at class =mation 7 exclusively conc]n$ ) production4 ,!y divid$ ! produc]s into directors & direct$1 or into produc]s on a m or less ext5sive scale4 ,b "h a class appe>s = ! fir/ "t t captures ! control ( production 9 g5]al & subjugates ! produc]s to its rule1 )\t tak+ ! lea/ "p 9 production4 ,a class t makes itself ! indisp5sable m$iator betwe5 two produc]s & exploits !m bo? "u ! pretext ( sav+ !m ! tr\ble & risk ( ex*ange1 ( ext5d+ ! m>kets = _! products to di/ant regions1 & ( ?us becom+ ! mo/ useful class 9 society2 a class ( p>asites1 g5u9e social i*neumons1 t skim ! cream (f production at home & abroad z a rew>d = v insignificant s]vices2 t rapidly amass enorm\s weal? & ga9 social influ5ce accord+ly2 t = ?is reason reap ev] new honors & ev] great] control ( production dur+ ! p]iod ( civilization1 until !y at la/ br+ to light a product ( _! own--p]iodical crises 9 indu/ry4 ,at ! /age ( production "u discussion1 our "y m]*ant class _h no inkl+ z yet ( ! great future t 0 9 /ore = !m4 ,b !y cont9u$ to organize1 to make !mselves invaluable1 & t 0 suffici5t = ! mom5t4 ,at ! same "t metal co9s came into use1 & ?r\gh !m a new device = controll+ ! produc]s & _! products4 ,! commodity ( commodities t 0 hid+ all o!r commodities 9 its my/]i\s bosom _h be5 discov]$1 a *>m t c\ld be trans=m$ at w into any desirable or covet$ ?+4 ,:oev] held x 9 8 possession _h ! _w ( production at 8 comm&4 ,& :o _h x above all o!rs8 ,! m]*ant4 ,9 8 h&s ! cult ( money 0 safe4 ,he took c>e to make x pla9 t all commodities1 & h5ce all produc]s1 mu/ pro/rate !mselves 9 adoration be=e money4 ,he prov$ by practice t all o!r =ms ( weal? are r$uc$ to ?9 wrai?s be=e ?is p]sonification ( ri*es4 ,nev] aga9 did ! p[] ( money %[ itself 9 su* primordial brutality & viol5ce z 9 its y\?ful days4 ,aft] ! sale ( commodities = money came ! borr[+ ( money1 result+ 9 int]e/ & usury4 ,& no legislation ( any lat] p]iod /ret*es ! debtor s m]cilessly at ! feet ( ! speculat+ cr$itor z ! antique ,grecian & ,roman codes--bo? ( !m spontane\s products ( habit1 )\t any o!r ?an economic pressure4 ,! weal? 9 commodities & slaves 0 n[ fur!r increas$ by l>ge hold+s 9 l&4 ,! titles ( ! individuals to ! lots ( l& =m]ly assign$ to !m by ! g5s or tribe _h become s well e/abli%$1 t ^! lots 7 n[ own$ & inh]it$4 ,:at ! individuals _h mo/ desir$ ( late 0 ! lib]ation f ! claim ( ! g5tiles to _! lots1 a claim :i* _h become a v]itable fett] = !m4 ,!y 7 rid ( ?is fett]--b soon aft] !y 7 also rid ( _! lots4 ,! full1 free own]%ip ( ! soil impli$ n only ! possibility ( uncurtail$ possession1 b also ( sell+ ! soil4 ,z long z ! soil belong$ to ! g5s1 ?is 0 impossible4 ,b :5 ! new l& own] %ook (f ! *a9s ( ! priority claim ( ! g5s & tribe1 he also tore ! bond t _h s long ti$ him indissolubly to ! soil4 ,:at t meant 0 impress$ on him by ! money inv5t$ simultane\sly ) ! adv5t ( private prop]ty 9 l&4 ,! soil c\ld n[ become a commodity to be b\ght & sold4 ,h>dly _h private own]%ip ( l& be5 introduc$1 :5 ! mortgage put 9 its appe>ance 7see ,a!ns74 ,z heta]ism & pro/itution clung to ! heels ( monogamy1 s does f n[ on ! mortgage to private own]%ip 9 l&4 ,y h clamor$ = free1 full1 saleable l&4 ,well1 !n1 !re y h x--tu l'z v\lu1 ,georges ,d&92 x 0 y\r own wi%1 ,george ,d&94 ,indu/rial expansion1 money1 usury1 private l&1 & mortgage ?us progress$ ) ! conc5tration & c5tralization ( weal? 9 ! h&s ( a small class1 accompani$ by ! increas+ impov]i%m5t ( ! masses & ! increas+ mass ( paup]s4 ,! new ari/ocracy ( weal?1 s f> z x did n co9cide ) ! old tribal nobility1 =c$ ! latt] p]man5tly into ! backgr\nd 79 ,a!ns1 9 ,rome1 among ! ,g]mans74 ,& ?is division ( free m5 into classes accord+ to _! weal? 0 accompani$1 especially 9 ,greece1 by an enorm\s increase 9 ! numb] ( slaves#ch ^: =c$ labor =m$ ! basis on :i* ! :ole sup]/ructure ( society 0 re>$4 ,let u n[ see :at became ( ! g5tile con/itution ?r\gh ?is revolution ( society4 ,g5tilism /ood p[]less 9 ! face ( ! new elem5ts t _h gr[n )\t its assi/ance4 ,x 0 dep5d5t on ! condition t ! memb]s ( a g5s1 or ( a tribe1 %\ld live toge!r 9 ! same t]ritory & be its exclusive inhabitants4 ,t _h long ceas$ to be ! case4 ,g5tes & tribes 7 ev]y:]e hopelessly int]m+l$1 slaves1 cli5ts1 & =eign]s liv$ among citiz5s4 ,! capacity = settl+ d[n p]man5tly :i* _h only be5 acquir$ ne> ! end ( ! middle /age ( b>b>ism1 0 "t & aga9 sidetrack$ by ! necessity ( *ang+ ! abode accord+ to ! dictates ( comm]ce1 diff]5t occupations & ! transf] ( l&4 ,! memb]s ( ! g5tile organizations c\ld no long] meet = ! purpose ( tak+ c>e ( _! common int]e/s4 ,only matt]s ( little importance1 su* z religi\s fe/ivals1 7 /ill obs]v$ 9 an indiff]5t way4 ,beside ! wants & int]e/s = ! c>e ( :i* ! g5tile organs 7 appo9t$ & fitt$1 new wants & int]e/s _h aris5 f ! revolution ( ! conditions ( exi/5ce & ! result+ *ange 9 social classification4 ,^! new wants & int]e/s 7 n only ali5 to ! old g5tile ord]1 b ?w>t$ x 9 e way4 ,! int]e/s ( ! craftsm5 creat$ by division ( labor1 & ! special necessities ( a t[n diff]+ f ^? ( ! c\ntry1 requir$ new organs4 ,b e "o ( ^! gr\ps 0 compos$ ( p f diff]5t g5tes1 phratries1 & tribes2 !y includ$ ev5 /rang]s4 ,h5ce ! new organs necess>ily _h to =m outside ( ! g5tile con/itution4 ,b by ! side ( x meant aga9/ x4 ,& aga91 9 e g5tile organization ! conflict ( int]e/s made itself felt & rea*$ its climax by comb9+ ri* & poor1 usur]s & debtors1 9 ! same g5s & tribe4 ,!re 0 fur!rmore ! mass ( inhabitants :o 7 /rang]s to ! g5tiles4 ,^! /rang]s c\ld become v p[]ful1 z 9 ,rome1 & !y 7 too num]\s to be gradually absorb$ by ! g5tes & tribes4 ,! g5tiles confront$ ^! masses z a compact body ( privileg$ individuals4 ,:at _h once be5 a natural democracy1 _h be5 trans=m$ into an odi\s ari/ocracy4 ,! g5tile con/itution _h gr[n out ( a society t did n "k any int]nal contradictions1 & x 0 only adapt$ to su* a society4 ,x _h no corcive p[] except public op9ion4 ,b n[ a society _h develop$ t by =ce ( all its economic conditions ( exi/5ce divid$ humanity into freem5 & slaves1 & exploit+ ri* & exploit$ poor4 ,a society t n only c\ld nev] reconcile ^! contradictions1 b drove !m ev] m to a climax4 ,su* a society c\ld only exi/ by a cont9ual op5 /ruggle ( all classes aga9/ "o ano!r1 or "u ! supremacy ( a ?ird p[] t "u a pret5se ( /&+ above ! /ruggl+ classes /ifl$ _! op5 conflict & p]mitt$ a class /ruggle only on ! economic field1 9 a s-call$ legal =m4 ,g5tilism _h ceas$ to live4 ,x 0 cru%$ by ! division ( labor & by its result1 ! division ( society into classes4 ,x 0 replac$ by ! ,/ate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 prec$+ *apt]s we h %[n by ?ree concrete examples ! ?ree ma9 =ms 9 :i* ! /ate 0 built up on ! ru9s ( g5tilism4 ,a!ns repres5t$ ! simple/1 ! classic type3 ! /ate grew directly & ma9ly out ( class divisions t develop$ )9 g5tile society4 ,9 ,rome ! g5tile organization became an exclusive ari/ocracy amid a num]\s plebs ( outsid]s :o _h only duties1 b no rights4 ,! victory ( ! plebs bur/ ! old g5tile ord] asund] & erect$ on its rema9s ! /ate :i* soon engulf$ bo? g5tile ari/ocracy & plebs4 ,f9ally1 among ! ,g]man conqu]ors ( ! ,roman empire1 ! /ate grew z a direct result ( ! conque/ ( l>ge =eign t]ritories :i* ! g5tile con/itution 0 p[]less to control4 ,b ?is conque/ did n necessitate ei!r a s]i\s fight ) ! =m] population or a m advanc$ division ( labor4 ,conqu]ors & conqu]$ 7 almo/ 9 ! same /age ( economic developm5t1 s t ! economic basis ( society rema9$ undi/urb$4 ,h5ce g5tilism c\ld pres]ve = _m c5turies an un*ang$ t]ritorial "* 9 ! =m ( m>k communes1 & ev5 rejuv5ate itself 9 ! nobility & patrician families ( lat] ye>s1 or 9 ! peasantry1 z e4 g4 9 ,di?m>sia4#ci ,! /ate1 !n1 is by no means a p[] =c$ on society f outside2 nei!r is x ! realization ( ! e?ical idea1 ! image & ! realization ( reason1 z ,hegel ma9ta9s4 ,x is simply a product ( society at a c]ta9 /age ( evolution4 ,x is ! confession t ?is society has become hopelessly divid$ aga9/ itself1 has entangl$ itself 9 irreconcilable contradictions :i* x is p[]less to bani%4 ,9 ord] t ^! contradictions1 ^! classes ) conflict+ economic int]e/s1 may n annihilate !mselves & society 9 a useless /ruggle1 a p[] becomes necess>y t /&s app>5tly above society & has ! function ( keep+ d[n ! conflicts & ma9ta9+ ord]4 ,& ?is p[]1 ! outgr[? ( society1 b assum+ supremacy ov] x & becom+ m & m divorc$ f x1 is ! /ate4 ,! /ate diff]s f g5tilism 9 t x fir/ divides its memb]s by t]ritories4 ,z we h se51 ! old bonds ( blood k9%ip unit+ ! g5tile bodies _h become ineffici5t1 because !y 7 dep5d5t on ! condition1 n[ no long] a fact1 t all g5tiles %\ld live on a c]ta9 t]ritory4 ,! t]ritory 0 ! same2 b ! human be+s _h *ang$4 ,h5ce ! division by t]ritories 0 *os5 z ! po9t ( dep>ture1 & citiz5s _h to ex]cise _! rights & duties :]ev] !y *ose _! abode )\t reg>d to g5s & tribe4 ,?is organization ( inhabitants by localities is a common feature ( all /ates4 ,x seems natural to u n[4 ,b we h se5 :at long & h>d fight+ 0 requir$ be=e x c\ld take1 9 ,a!ns & ,rome1 ! place ( ! old organization by blood k9%ip4 ,9 ! second place1 ! /ate creat$ a public p[] ( corcion t did no long] co9cide ) ! old self-organiz$ & arm$ population4 ,?is special p[] ( corcion is necess>y1 because a self-organiz$ army ( ! p has become impossible s9ce ! division ( society into classes took place4 ,= ! slaves belong$ also to society4 ,! #ij1jjj citiz5s ( ,a!ns =m$ only a privileg$ class comp>$ to ! #cfe1jjj slaves4 ,! popul> army ( ! ,a!nian democracy 0 an ari/ocratic public p[] design$ to keep ! slaves d[n4 ,b we h se5 t a police =ce became also necess>y to ma9ta9 ord] among ! citiz5s4 ,?is public p[] ( corcion exi/s 9 e /ate4 ,x is n compos$ ( arm$ m5 alone1 b has also su* objects z prisons & correction h\ses atta*$ to x1 t 7 unkn[n to g5tilism4 ,x may be v small1 almo/ inf9itesimal1 9 societies ) feebly develop$ class antagonisms & 9 out ( ! way places1 z 0 once ! case 9 c]ta9 regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b x increases 9 ! same ratio 9 :i* ! class antagonisms become m pron\nc$1 & 9 :i* neighbor+ /ates become l>g] & m popul\s4 ,a conspicu\s example is mod]n ,europe1 :]e ! class /ruggles & w>s ( conque/ h nurs$ ! public p[] to su* a size t x ?reat5s to swall[ ! :ole society & ! /ate itself4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 ?is public p[]1 contributions ( ! citiz5s become necess>y--! taxes4 ,^! 7 absolutely unkn[n 9 g5tile society4 ,b to-day we get our full measure ( !m4 ,z civilization makes fur!r progress1 ^! taxes are no long] suffici5t to cov] public exp5ses4 ,! /ate makes drafts on ! future1 contracts loans1 public debts4 ,old ,europe c tell a /ory ( !m4 ,9 possession ( ! public p[] & ( ! "r ( taxation1 ! (ficials 9 _! capacity z /ate organs are n[ exalt$ above society4 ,! free & volunt>y respect t 0 accord$ to ! organs ( g5tilism does n satisfy !m any m1 ev5 if !y might h x4 ,repres5tatives ( a p[] t is divorc$ f society1 !y mu/ en=ce respect by exceptional laws t r5d] !m specially sacr$ & inviolable4#dj ,! l[e/ police employee ( ! civiliz$ /ate has m au?ority ?an all ! organs ( g5tilism comb9$4 ,b ! mightie/ pr9ce & ! greate/ /atesman or g5]al ( civilization may look ) envy on ! spontane\s & undisput$ e/eem t 0 ! privilege ( ! lea/ g5tile sa*em4 ,! "o /&s 9 ! middle ( society1 ! o!r is =c$ to assume a position outside & above x4 ,! /ate is ! result ( ! desire to keep d[n class conflicts4 ,b hav+ aris5 amid ^! conflicts1 x is z a rule ! /ate ( ! mo/ p[]ful economic class t by =ce ( its economic supremacy becomes also ! rul+ political class & ?us acquires new means ( subdu+ & exploit+ ! oppress$ masses4 ,! antique /ate 01 !re=e1 ! /ate ( ! slave own]s = ! purpose ( hold+ ! slaves 9 *eck4 ,! feudal /ate 0 ! organ ( ! nobility = ! oppression ( ! s]fs & dep5d5t f>m]s4 ,! mod]n repres5tative /ate is ! tool ( ! capitali/ exploit]s ( wage labor4 ,at c]ta9 p]iods x occurs exceptionally t ! /ruggl+ classes balance ea* o!r s ne>ly t ! public p[] ga9s a c]ta9 degree ( indep5d5ce by pos+ z ! m$iator betwe5 !m4 ,! absolute mon>*y ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5tury 0 9 su* a position1 balanc+ ! nobles & ! burgh]s aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,s 0 ! ,bonap>tism ( ! fir/1 & /ill m ( ! second1 empire1 play+ ! prolet>iat aga9/ ! b\rgeoisie & vice v]sa4 ,! late/ p]=mance ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* rul] & rul$ appe> equally ridicul\s1 is ! new ,g]man empire ( ,bism>ckian make1 9 :i* capitali/s & labor]s are balanc$ aga9/ "o ano!r & equally *eat$ = ! b5efit ( ! deg5]ate ,prussian cabbage junk]s4#da ,9 mo/ ( ! hi/orical /ates1 ! rights ( ! citiz5s are diff]5tiat$ accord+ to _! weal?4 ,?is is a direct confirmation ( ! fact t ! /ate is organiz$ = ! protection ( ! possess+ aga9/ ! non-possess+ classes4 ,! ,a!nian & ,roman classification by incomes %[s ?is4 ,x is also se5 9 ! m$ieval /ate ( feudalism 9 :i* ! political p[] dep5d$ on ! quantity ( real e/ate4 ,x is aga9 se5 9 ! electoral qualifications ( ! mod]n repres5tative /ate4 ,! political recognition ( ! diff]5ces 9 weal? is by no means ess5tial4 ,on ! contr>y1 x m>ks a l[ /age ( /ate developm5t4 ,! highe/ =m ( ! /ate1 ! democratic republic1 kn[s (ficially no?+ ( prop]ty di/9ctions4#db ,x is t =m ( ! /ate :i* "u mod]n conditions ( society becomes m & m an unavoidable necessity4 ,! la/ decisive /ruggle betwe5 prolet>iat & b\rgeoisie c only be f\ght out "u ?is /ate =m4#dc ,9 su* a /ate1 weal? ex]ts its p[] indirectly1 b all ! m safely4 ,?is is done p>tly 9 ! =m ( direct corruption ( (ficials1 aft] ! classical type ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 ! =m ( an alliance betwe5 gov]nm5t & bank]s :i* is e/abli%$ all ! m easily :5 ! public debt increases & :5 corporations conc5trate 9 _! h&s n only ! means ( transportation1 b also production itself1 us+ ! /ock ex*ange z a c5t]4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! late/ ,fr5* republic are /rik+ examples1 & good old ,switz]l& has contribut$ its %>e to illu/rate ?is po9t4 ,t a democratic republic is n necess>y = ?is frat]nal bond betwe5 /ock ex*ange & gov]nm5t is prov$ by ,engl& & la/1 n lea/1 ,g]many1 :]e x is d\btful :e!r ,bism>ck or ,blei*ro$] 0 m favor$ by ! introduction ( univ]sal suffrage4#dd ,! possess+ class rules directly ?r\gh univ]sal suffrage4 ,= z long z ! oppress$ class1 9 ?is case ! prolet>iat1 is n ripe = its economic emancipation1 j s long w its majority reg>d ! exi/+ ord] ( society z ! only "o possible1 & =m ! tail1 ! extreme left w+1 ( ! capitali/ class4 ,b ! m ! prolet>iat matures t[>d its self-emancipation1 ! m does x con/itute itself z a sep>ate class & elect its own repres5tatives 9 place ( ! capitali/s4 ,univ]sal suffrage is ! gauge ( ! maturity ( ! work+ class4 ,x c & w nev] be any?+ else b t 9 ! mod]n /ate4 ,b t is suffici5t4 ,on ! day :5 ! !rmomet] ( univ]sal suffrage rea*es its boil+ po9t among ! labor]s1 !y z well z ! capitali/s w "k :at to d4 ,! /ate1 !n1 did n exi/ f all et]nity4 ,!re h be5 societies )\t x1 t _h no idea ( any /ate or public p[]4 ,at a c]ta9 /age ( economic developm5t1 :i* 0 ( necessity accompani$ by a division ( society into classes1 ! /ate became ! inevitable result ( ?is division4 ,we are n[ rapidly approa*+ a /age ( evolution 9 production1 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( classes has n only ceas$ to be a necessity1 b becomes a positive fett] on production4 ,h5ce ^! classes mu/ fall z inevitably z !y once arose4 ,! /ate mu/ irrevocably fall ) !m4 ,! society t is to reorganize production on ! basis ( a free & equal association ( ! produc]s1 w transf] ! ma*9]y ( /ate :]e x w !n belong3 into ! ,museum ( ,antiquities by ! side ( ! sp9n+ :eel & ! bronze ax4 99 99 99 99 99 ,civilization is1 z we h se51 t /age ( society1 9 :i* ! division ( labor1 ! result+ ex*ange betwe5 individuals1 & ! production ( commodities comb9+ !m1 rea* _! highe/ developm5t & revolutionize ! :ole society4 ,! production ( all =m] /ages ( society 0 ma9ly collective1 & consumption 0 c>ri$ on by direct division ( products )9 m or less small communes4 ,?is collective production 0 conf9$ )9 ! n>r[e/ limits4 ,b x impli$ ! control ( production & ( ! products by ! produc]s4 ,!y knew :at became ( _! product3 x did n leave _! h&s until x 0 consum$ by !m4 ,z long z production mov$ on ?is basis1 x c\ld n gr[ beyond ! control ( ! produc]s1 & x c\ld n create any /range gho/ly =ces aga9/ !m4 ,"u civilization1 h[ev]1 ?is is ! inevitable rule4 ,into ! simple process ( production1 ! division ( labor 0 gradually int]polat$4 ,x und]m9$ ! communism ( production & consumption1 x made ! appropriation ( products by s+le individuals ! prevail+ rule1 & ?us introduc$ ! ex*ange betwe5 individuals1 9 ! mann] m5tion$ above4 ,gradually1 ! production ( commodities became ! rule4 ,?is mode ( production = ex*ange1 n = home consumption1 necess>ily passes ! products on f h& to h&4 ,! produc] gives 8 product away 9 ex*ange4 ,he does no long] "k :at becomes ( x4 ,) ! adv5t ( money & ( ! trad] :o /eps 9 z a middleman betwe5 ! produc]s1 ! process ( ex*ange becomes /ill m complicat$4 ,! fate ( ! products becomes /ill m unc]ta94 ,! numb] ( m]*ants is great & "o does n "k :at ! o!r is do+4 ,! products n[ pass n only f h& to h&1 b also f m>ket to m>ket4 ,! produc]s h lo/ ! control ( ! aggregate production 9 _! sph]e ( life1 & ! m]*ants h n yet acquir$ ?is control4 ,products & production become ! victims ( *ance4 ,b *ance is only "o pole ( an int]relation1 ! o!r pole ( :i* is call$ necessity4 ,9 nature1 :]e *ance seems to reign also1 we h long ago demon/rat$ ! innate necessity & law t det]m9es ! c\rse ( *ance on e l9e4 ,b :at is true ( nature1 holds also good ( society4 ,:5ev] a social function or a s]ies ( social processes become too p[]ful = ! control ( man1 :5ev] !y gr[ beyond ! grasp ( man & seem to be left to m]e *ance1 !n ! peculi> & innate laws ( su* processes %ape ! c\rse ( *ance ) increas$ elem5t>y necessity4 ,su* laws also control ! vicissitudes ( ! production & ex*ange ( commodities4 ,= ! individual produc] & ex*ang]1 ^! laws are /range1 & (t5 unkn[n1 =ces1 ! nature ( :i* mu/ be labori\sly inve/igat$ & asc]ta9$4 ,^! economic laws ( production are modifi$ by ! diff]5t /ages ( ?is =m ( production4 ,b g5]ally speak+1 ! entire p]iod ( civilization is dom9at$ by ^! laws4 ,to ?is day1 ! product controls ! produc]4 ,to ?is day1 ! aggregate production ( society is manag$1 n on a uni=m plan1 b by bl9d laws1 t rule ) elem5t>y =ce & f9d _! f9al expression 9 ! /orms ( p]iodical comm]cial crises4 ,we h se5 t human labor p[] is enabl$ at a v e>ly /age ( production to produce consid]ably m ?an is ne$$ to ma9ta9 ! produc]4 ,we h f\nd t ?is /age concid$ 9 g5]al ) ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! division ( labor & ( ex*ange betwe5 individuals4 ,n[1 x 0 n long be=e ! great tru? 0 discov]$ t man may himself be a commodity1 & t human labor p[] may be ex*ang$ & exploit$ by trans=m+ a man into a slave4 ,h>dly _h ex*ange betwe5 m5 be5 e/abli%$1 :5 m5 !mselves 7 also ex*ang$4 ,! active asset became a passive liability1 :e!r man want$ x or n4 ,slav]y1 :i* rea*es its highe/ developm5t 9 civilization1 introduc$ ! fir/ great division ( an exploit$ & an exploit+ class into society4 ,?is division cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( civilization4 ,slav]y is ! fir/ =m ( exploitation1 *>act]i/ic ( ! antique _w4 ,!n foll[$ feudalism 9 ! middle ages1 & wage labor 9 rec5t times4 ,^! are ! ?ree great =ms ( s]vitude1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ?ree great epo*s ( civilization4 ,_! inv>iable m>k is ei!r op5 or1 9 mod]n times1 disguis$ slav]y4 ,! /age ( commodity production introduc+ civilization is m>k$ economically by ! introduction ( 7#a7 metal co9s &1 ?us1 ( money z capital1 ( int]e/1 & ( usury2 7#b7 m]*ants z middlem5 betwe5 produc]s2 7#c7 private prop]ty & mortgage2 7#d7 slave labor z ! prevail+ =m ( production4 ,! =m ( ! family correspond+ to civilization & becom+ its pron\nc$ cu/om is monogamy1 ! supremacy ( man ov] woman1 & ! monogam\s family z ! economic unit ( society4 ,! aggregation ( civiliz$ society is ! /ate1 :i* ?r\gh\t all typical p]iods is ! /ate ( ! rul+ class1 & 9 all cases ma9ly a ma*9e = controll+ ! oppress$ & exploit$ class4 ,civilization is fur!rmore *>act]iz$ on "o side by ! p]man5t introduction ( ! contra/ betwe5 city & c\ntry z ! basis ( ! entire division ( social labor2 on ! o!r side by ! introduction ( ! te/am5t by :i* ! prop]ty hold] is enabl$ to dispose ( 8 prop]ty beyond ! h\r ( 8 dea?4 ,?is in/itution is a direct bl[ at ! g5tile con/itution1 & 0 unkn[n 9 ,a!ns until ! "t ( ,solon4 ,9 ,rome x 0 introduc$ v e>ly1 b we d n "k :54#de ,9 ,g]many x 0 orig9at$ by ! prie/s 9 ord] t ! hone/ ,g]man might bequea? 8 prop]ty to ! *ur* )\t any int]f]5ce4 ,) ?is fundam5tal con/itution1 civilization _h accompli%$ ?+s = :i* ! old g5tile society 0 no mat* :atev]4 ,b ^! exploits 7 accompli%$ by play+ on ! mo/ sordid passions & in/9cts ( man1 & by develop+ !m at ! exp5se ( all 8 o!r gifts4 ,b>efac$ covet\sness 0 ! mov+ _s ( civilization f its fir/ dawn to ! pres5t day2 weal?1 & aga9 weal?1 & = ! ?ird "t weal?2 weal?1 n ( society1 b ( ! puny individual1 0 its only & f9al aim4 ,if nev]!less ! advanc$ developm5t ( sci5ce1 & at repeat$ times ! highe/ fl[] ( art1 fell into its lap1 ?is 0 only due to ! fact t )\t !m ! highe/ emolum5ts ( mod]n weal? w\ld h be5 miss+4 ,exploitation ( "o class by ano!r be+ ! basis ( civilization1 its :ole developm5t involves a cont9ual contradiction4 ,e progress ( production is at ! same "t a retrogression 9 ! condition ( ! oppress$ class1 t is ( ! great majority4 ,e b5efit = "o class is necess>ily an evil = ! o!r1 e new emancipation ( "o class a new oppression = ! o!r4 ,! mo/ dra/ic pro( ( ?is is furni%$ by ! introduction ( ma*9]y1 ! effects ( :i* are well kn[n to-day4 ,& :ile !re is h>dly any di/9ction betwe5 rights & duties among b>b>ians1 z we h se51 civilization makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two pla9 ev5 to ! dulle/ m9d4 ,= n[ "o class has ne>ly all ! rights1 ! o!r class ne>ly all ! duties4 ,b ?is is n admitt$4 ,:at is good = ! rul+ class1 is alleg$ to be good = ! :ole ( society ) :i* ! rul+ class id5tifies itself4 ,! m civilization advances1 ! m x is f\nd to cov] ) ! cloak ( *>ity ! evils necess>ily creat$ by x1 to excuse !m or to d5y _! exi/5ce1 9 %ort to introduce a conv5tional hypocrisy t culm9ates 9 ! decl>ation3 ,! exploitation ( ! oppress$ class is c>ri$ on by ! exploit+ class solely 9 ! int]e/ ( ! exploit$ class itself4 ,& if ! latt] does n recognize ?is1 b ev5 becomes rebelli\s1 x is simply ! wor/ +ratitude to its b5efactors1 ! exploit]s4#df ,& n[1 9 conclusion1 let me add ,morgan's judgm5t ( civilization 7,anci5t ,society1 page #eeb73 ,s9ce ! adv5t ( civilization1 ! outgr[? ( prop]ty has be5 s imm5se1 its =ms s div]sifi$1 its uses s exp&+ & its managem5t s intellig5t 9 ! int]e/ ( its own]s t x has become1 on ! "p ( ! p1 an unmanageable p[]4 ,! human m9d /&s bewild]$ 9 ! pres5ce ( its own creation4 ,! "t w come1 nev]!less1 :5 human intellig5ce w rise to ! ma/]y ov] prop]ty1 & def9e ! relations ( ! /ate to ! prop]ty x protects1 z well z ! obligations & ! limits ( ! rights ( its own]s4 ,! int]e/s ( society are p>am\nt to individual int]e/s1 & ! two mu/ be br\ght into j & h>moni\s relations4 ,a m]e prop]ty c>e] is n ! f9al de/9y ( mank9d1 if progress is to be ! law ( ! future z x has be5 ( ! pa/4 ,! "t :i* has pass$ away s9ce civilization began is b a fragm5t ( ! pa/ duration ( man's exi/5ce2 & b a fragm5t ( ! ages yet to come4 ,! dissolution ( society bids fair to become ! t]m9ation ( a c>e] ( :i* prop]ty is ! end & aim1 because su* a c>e] conta9s ! elem5ts ( self-de/ruction4 ,democracy 9 gov]nm5t1 bro!rhood 9 society1 equality 9 rights & privileges1 & univ]sal education1 =e%ad[ ! next high] plane ( society to :i* exp]i5ce1 intellig5ce & k are /eadily t5d+4 ,x w be a revival1 9 a high] =m1 ( ! lib]ty1 equality & frat]nity ( ! anci5t g5tes4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #cg ,au?or's note4 ,especially on ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica2 see ,bancr(t4 ,among ! ,haidahs ( ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s "s h\seholds ga!r z _m z #gjj memb]s "u "o ro(4 ,among ! ,nootkas :ole tribes liv$ "u "o ro(4 #ch ,au?or's note4 ,! numb] ( slaves 9 ,a!ns 0 #cfe1jjj4 ,9 ,cor9? x 0 #dfj1jjj at ! mo/ fl\ri%+ "t1 & #dgj1jjj 9 ,aeg9a2 9 bo? cases t5 times ! numb] ( free citiz5s4 #ci ,au?or's note4 ,! fir/ hi/orian :o _h at lea/ a vague conception ( ! nature ( ! g5s 0 ,niebuhr1 ?anks to 8 famili>ity ) ! ,di?m>sian families4 ,! same s\rce1 h[ev]1 is also responsible = 8 errors4 #dj ,translator's note4 ,! rec5t dem& = a law decl>+ ! p]son ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,presid5t sacr$ above all o!r repres5tatives ( ! public p[] & mak+ an assault on him an exceptional crime is a v good case 9 po9t4 #da ,translator's note4 ,junk] is a contemptu\s t]m = ! l&-own+ nobility4 #db ,translator's note4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! poll tax is an indirect prop]ty qualification1 z x /rikes ^? :o1 ?r\gh lack ( employm5t1 sickness or invalidity1 are unable to sp>e ! am\nt1 h[ev] small1 ( ?is tax4 ,fur!rmore1 ! laws requir+ a cont9u\s resid5ce 9 ! prec9ct1 ! t[n1 ! c\nty1 & ! ,/ate z a qualification = vot]s h ! effect ( disqualify+ a great numb] ( work+m5 :o are =c$ to *ange _! abode accord+ to _! opportunities = employm5t4 ,& ! educational qualifications :i* especially ! ,s\!rn ,/ates are rigidly en=c+ t5d to disfran*ise ! great mass ( ! negroes1 :o =m ! ma9 body ( ! work+ class 9 ^? ,/ates4 #dc ,translator's note4 ,9 ,belgium1 :]e ! prolet>iat is n[ on ! v]ge ( ga9+ political supremacy1 ! battle cry is3 ,s4 ,u4 et ,r4 ,p4 7,suffrage ,univ]selle et ,repres5tation ,proportionelle74 #dd ,translator's note4 ,suffrage 9 ,g]many1 ?\gh univ]sal = m5 is by no means equal1 b f\nd$ on prop]ty qualifications4 ,9 ,prussia1 e4 g41 a ?ree class sy/em ( vot+ is 9 =ce :i* is be/ illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ figures3 ,9 #ahih !re 7 #f1ddg1bec vot]s2 #c4bf p] c5t belong$ to ! fir/ class1 #aa4ea p] c5t to ! second class1 & #he4ce p] c5t to ! ?ird class4 ,b ! #idg1bah vot]s ( ! fir/ & second classes _h twice z _m votes z ! five & a half millions ( ! ?ird class4 #de ,au?or's note4 ,lassalle's ,sy/em ( ,acquir$ ,rights argues 9 its second "p ma9ly ! proposition t ! ,roman te/am5t is z old z ,rome itself1 & t !re has nev] be5 9 ,roman hi/ory a "t )\t a te/am5t4 ,accord+ to him1 ! te/am5t _h its orig9 9 pre-,roman times 9 ! cult ( ! dep>t$4 ,lassalle1 z a conv9c$ ,hegelian ( ! old s*ool1 d]ives ! provisions ( ! ,roman law1 n f ! social condition ( ! ,romans1 b f ! speculative conception ( w1 & ?us arrives at ?is totally anti-hi/oric conclusion4 ,?is is n to be wond]$ at 9 a book t draws f ! same speculative conception ! conclusion t ! transf] ( prop]ty 0 purely a side issue 9 ,roman inh]itance4 ,lassalle n only believ$ 9 ! illusions ( ,roman juri/s1 especially ( ! e>li] ones1 b he out/ripp$ _! fancy4 #df ,au?or's note4 ,i fir/ int5d$ to place ! brilliant critique ( civilization1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! works ( ,f\ri]1 by ! side ( ,morgan's & ( my own4 ,unluckily ,i _c sp>e ! "t4 ,i only wi% to rem>k t ,f\ri] already consid]s monogamy & private prop]ty 9 l& ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( civilization1 & t he calls !m a w> ( ! ri* aga9/ ! poor4 ,we also f9d ) him ! deep p]ception t ! individual families 7les familles incoh]5tes7 are ! economic units ( all faulty societies divid$ by oppos+ int]e/s4