Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Philosophy / The origin of the family, private property, and the state / Braille

The origin of the family, private property, and the state ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 2 — contracted English braille (EBAE-compatible subset). Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 1 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

331,934 braille cells · 350 embossed pages at 40×25 · 690 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠀⠁⠀⠙⠊⠋⠋⠻⠢⠞⠀⠉⠕⠝⠙⠊⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠁⠍⠕⠝⠛⠀⠠⠊⠕⠝⠊⠁⠝⠎⠂⠀⠘⠱⠀
⠗⠑⠏⠗⠑⠎⠢⠞⠁⠞⠊⠧⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠀⠠⠁⠮⠝⠎⠲⠀⠠⠮⠀⠛⠊⠗⠇⠎⠀⠇⠑⠜⠝⠫⠀
⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠞⠕⠀⠎⠏⠔⠂⠀⠺⠑⠁⠧⠑⠀⠯⠀⠎⠑⠺⠂⠀⠁⠞⠀⠮⠀⠍⠕⠌⠀⠁⠀⠀
⠇⠊⠞⠞⠇⠑⠀⠗⠑⠁⠙⠬⠀⠯⠀⠺⠗⠊⠞⠬⠲⠀⠠⠮⠽⠀⠶⠀⠏⠗⠁⠉⠞⠊⠉⠁⠇⠇⠽⠀
⠩⠥⠞⠀⠔⠀⠯⠀⠸⠓⠀⠕⠝⠇⠽⠀⠀⠮⠀⠉⠕⠍⠏⠁⠝⠽⠀⠷⠀⠕⠮⠗⠀⠺⠕⠍⠢⠲⠀⠀
⠠⠮⠀⠺⠕⠍⠢⠄⠎⠀⠗⠕⠕⠍⠀⠿⠍⠫⠀⠁⠀⠎⠑⠏⠜⠁⠞⠑⠀⠐⠏⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀
⠓⠳⠎⠑⠂⠀⠕⠝⠀⠮⠀⠥⠏⠏⠻⠀⠋⠇⠕⠕⠗⠀⠀⠕⠗⠀⠔⠀⠁⠀⠗⠑⠜⠀
⠃⠥⠊⠇⠙⠬⠂⠀⠱⠻⠑⠀⠍⠢⠂⠀⠑⠎⠏⠑⠉⠊⠁⠇⠇⠽⠀⠌⠗⠁⠝⠛⠻⠎⠂⠀⠙⠊⠙⠀
⠝⠀⠑⠁⠎⠊⠇⠽⠀⠀⠑⠝⠞⠻⠀⠯⠀⠱⠊⠮⠗⠀⠮⠀⠺⠕⠍⠢⠀⠗⠑⠞⠗⠑⠁⠞⠫⠀⠱⠢
⠀⠍⠁⠇⠑⠀⠧⠊⠎⠊⠞⠕⠗⠎⠀⠉⠁⠍⠑⠲⠀⠠⠮⠀⠀⠺⠕⠍⠢⠀⠙⠊⠙⠀⠝⠀
⠇⠑⠁⠧⠑⠀⠮⠀⠓⠳⠎⠑⠀⠾⠳⠞⠀⠃⠑⠬⠀⠁⠉⠉⠕⠍⠏⠁⠝⠊⠫⠀⠃⠽⠀⠁⠀
⠋⠑⠍⠁⠇⠑⠀⠀⠎⠇⠁⠧⠑⠲⠀⠠⠁⠞⠀⠓⠕⠍⠑⠀⠮⠽⠀⠶⠀⠌⠗⠊⠉⠞⠇⠽⠀
⠛⠥⠜⠙⠫⠲⠀⠠⠁⠗⠊⠌⠕⠏⠓⠁⠝⠑⠎⠀⠎⠏⠑⠁⠅⠎⠀⠷⠀⠀⠠⠍⠕⠇⠕⠎⠎⠊⠁⠝
⠀⠙⠕⠛⠎⠀⠞⠀⠶⠀⠅⠑⠏⠞⠀⠞⠕⠀⠋⠗⠊⠛⠓⠞⠢⠀⠷⠋⠀⠁⠙⠥⠇⠞⠻⠻⠎⠲⠀
⠠⠯⠀⠁⠞⠀⠇⠑⠁⠌⠀⠀⠔⠀⠮⠀⠠⠁⠎⠊⠁⠞⠊⠉⠀⠞⠪⠝⠎⠂⠀⠑⠥⠝⠥⠡⠎⠀⠶⠀
⠅⠑⠏⠞⠀⠿⠀⠛⠥⠜⠙⠬⠀⠺⠕⠍⠢⠲⠀⠠⠑⠧⠢⠀⠁⠞⠀⠀⠠⠓⠻⠕⠙⠕⠞⠥⠎⠄⠀
⠐⠞⠀⠘⠮⠀⠑⠥⠝⠥⠡⠎⠀⠶⠀⠍⠁⠝⠥⠋⠁⠉⠞⠥⠗⠫⠀⠿⠀⠮⠀⠞⠗⠁⠙⠑⠂⠀⠯⠀
⠁⠉⠉⠕⠗⠙⠬⠀⠞⠕⠀⠠⠺⠁⠡⠎⠍⠥⠹⠀⠝⠀⠿⠀⠃⠜⠃⠜⠊⠁⠝⠎⠀⠁⠇⠕⠝⠑⠲⠀
⠠⠃⠽⠀⠠⠑⠥⠗⠊⠏⠊⠙⠑⠎⠀⠺⠕⠍⠁⠝⠀⠊⠎⠀⠀⠙⠑⠎⠊⠛⠝⠁⠞⠫⠀⠵⠀
⠕⠊⠅⠥⠗⠑⠍⠁⠂⠀⠁⠀⠝⠑⠥⠞⠻⠀⠎⠊⠛⠝⠊⠋⠽⠬⠀⠁⠝⠀⠕⠃⠚⠑⠉⠞⠀⠿⠀⠀
⠓⠳⠎⠑⠅⠑⠑⠏⠬⠂⠀⠯⠀⠃⠑⠎⠊⠙⠑⠀⠮⠀⠃⠥⠎⠔⠑⠎⠎⠀⠷⠀⠃⠗⠑⠫⠬⠀
⠡⠊⠇⠙⠗⠢⠀⠩⠑⠀⠎⠻⠧⠫⠀⠞⠕⠀⠀⠮⠀⠠⠁⠮⠝⠊⠁⠝⠀⠿⠀⠝⠕⠹⠬⠀⠃⠀⠦⠀
⠡⠊⠑⠋⠀⠓⠳⠎⠑⠀⠍⠁⠊⠙⠲⠀⠠⠮⠀⠍⠁⠝⠀⠸⠓⠀⠦⠀⠀⠛⠽⠍⠝⠁⠌⠊⠉⠀
⠑⠭⠻⠉⠊⠎⠑⠎⠂⠀⠦⠀⠏⠥⠃⠇⠊⠉⠀⠍⠑⠑⠞⠬⠎⠂⠀⠋⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠮⠀⠺⠕⠍⠢⠀
⠶⠀⠀⠑⠭⠉⠇⠥⠙⠫⠲⠀⠠⠃⠑⠎⠊⠙⠑⠎⠂⠀⠮⠀⠍⠁⠝⠀⠧⠀⠷⠞⠢⠀⠸⠓⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.