Library / Philosophy / The origin of the family, private property, and the state / Braille
The origin of the family, private property, and the state ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition
Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.
Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt
401,382 braille cells · 426 embossed pages at 40×25 · 690 unrepresentable characters omitted
⠏⠗⠑⠉⠑⠙⠊⠝⠛⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠏⠁⠊⠗⠊⠝⠛⠀⠋⠁⠍⠊⠇⠽⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀ ⠁⠞⠞⠗⠊⠃⠥⠞⠑⠀⠀⠛⠑⠝⠑⠗⠁⠇⠀⠑⠭⠞⠑⠝⠎⠊⠕⠝⠀⠊⠝⠀⠋⠕⠗⠍⠑⠗⠀ ⠞⠊⠍⠑⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠊⠞⠲⠀⠠⠎⠊⠝⠉⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠝⠀⠺⠑⠀⠓⠁⠧⠑⠀⠇⠑⠁⠗⠝⠑⠙ ⠀⠕⠋⠀⠀⠎⠑⠧⠑⠗⠁⠇⠀⠕⠞⠓⠑⠗⠀⠋⠕⠗⠍⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠛⠗⠕⠥⠏⠀ ⠍⠁⠗⠗⠊⠁⠛⠑⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠺⠑⠀⠅⠝⠕⠺⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠠⠍⠕⠗⠛⠁⠝⠀⠺⠑⠝⠞⠀ ⠞⠕⠕⠀⠋⠁⠗⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠗⠑⠎⠏⠑⠉⠞⠲⠀⠠⠃⠥⠞⠀⠊⠞⠀⠺⠁⠎⠀ ⠝⠑⠧⠑⠗⠞⠓⠑⠇⠑⠎⠎⠀⠓⠊⠎⠀⠛⠕⠕⠙⠀⠋⠕⠗⠞⠥⠝⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠀ ⠑⠝⠉⠕⠥⠝⠞⠑⠗⠀⠊⠝⠀⠓⠊⠎⠀⠠⠏⠥⠝⠁⠇⠥⠁⠝⠀⠋⠁⠍⠊⠇⠽⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀ ⠓⠊⠛⠓⠑⠎⠞⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠇⠁⠎⠎⠊⠉⠁⠇⠂⠀⠋⠕⠗⠍⠀⠕⠋⠀⠀⠛⠗⠕⠥⠏⠀ ⠍⠁⠗⠗⠊⠁⠛⠑⠂⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠋⠕⠗⠍⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠛⠁⠧⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀ ⠎⠊⠍⠏⠇⠑⠎⠞⠀⠉⠇⠥⠑⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠀⠞⠗⠁⠝⠎⠊⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠞⠕⠀⠁⠀ ⠓⠊⠛⠓⠑⠗⠀⠎⠞⠁⠛⠑⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠞⠓⠑⠀⠍⠕⠎⠞⠀⠑⠎⠎⠑⠝⠞⠊⠁⠇⠀ ⠉⠕⠝⠞⠗⠊⠃⠥⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠞⠕⠀⠕⠥⠗⠀⠅⠝⠕⠺⠇⠑⠙⠛⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀ ⠛⠗⠕⠥⠏⠀⠍⠁⠗⠗⠊⠁⠛⠑⠀⠀⠺⠑⠀⠕⠺⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠑⠝⠛⠇⠊⠎⠓⠀ ⠍⠊⠎⠎⠊⠕⠝⠁⠗⠽⠂⠀⠠⠇⠕⠗⠊⠍⠑⠗⠀⠠⠋⠊⠎⠕⠝⠂⠀⠺⠓⠕⠀⠎⠞⠥⠙⠊⠑⠙ ⠀⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠋⠕⠗⠍⠀⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠁⠍⠊⠇⠽⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠽⠑⠁⠗⠎⠀⠕⠝⠀ ⠊⠞⠎⠀⠉⠇⠁⠎⠎⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠛⠗⠕⠥⠝⠙⠂⠀⠠⠁⠥⠎⠞⠗⠁⠇⠊⠁⠲⠀⠠⠓⠑⠀ ⠋⠕⠥⠝⠙⠀⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠇⠕⠺⠑⠎⠞⠀⠎⠞⠁⠛⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠙⠑⠧⠑⠇⠕⠏⠍⠑⠝⠞⠀ ⠁⠍⠕⠝⠛⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠠⠏⠁⠏⠥⠁⠝⠎⠀⠝⠑⠁⠗⠀⠠⠍⠕⠥⠝⠞⠀⠠⠛⠁⠍⠃⠊⠑⠗⠀ ⠊⠝⠀⠀⠠⠎⠕⠥⠞⠓⠀⠠⠁⠥⠎⠞⠗⠁⠇⠊⠁⠲⠀⠠⠓⠑⠗⠑⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠺⠓⠕⠇⠑⠀ ⠞⠗⠊⠃⠑⠀⠊⠎⠀⠙⠊⠧⠊⠙⠑⠙⠀⠊⠝⠞⠕⠀⠞⠺⠕⠀⠛⠗⠑⠁⠞⠀⠉⠇⠁⠎⠎⠑⠎⠂ ⠀⠀⠠⠅⠗⠕⠅⠊⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠠⠅⠥⠍⠊⠞⠑⠲⠼⠁⠋⠀⠠⠎⠑⠭⠥⠁⠇⠀ ⠊⠝⠞⠑⠗⠉⠕⠥⠗⠎⠑⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠊⠝⠀⠑⠁⠉⠓⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠎⠑⠀⠉⠇⠁⠎⠎⠑⠎ ⠀⠊⠎⠀⠀⠎⠞⠗⠊⠉⠞⠇⠽⠀⠏⠗⠕⠓⠊⠃⠊⠞⠑⠙⠲⠀⠠⠃⠥⠞⠀⠑⠧⠑⠗⠽⠀⠍⠁⠝ ⠀⠕⠋⠀⠕⠝⠑⠀⠉⠇⠁⠎⠎⠀⠊⠎⠀⠃⠽⠀⠃⠊⠗⠞⠓⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠓⠥⠎⠃⠁⠝⠙⠀⠀
These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.