Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Philosophy / Essays on the Materialistic Conception of History / Braille

Essays on the Materialistic Conception of History ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 2 — contracted English braille (EBAE-compatible subset). Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 1 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

297,561 braille cells · 315 embossed pages at 40×25 · 253 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠝⠪⠀⠉⠁⠏⠁⠃⠇⠑⠂⠀⠯⠀⠮⠗⠑⠃⠽⠀⠞⠕⠀⠗⠑⠉⠕⠝⠌⠗⠥⠉⠞⠀⠮⠍⠀
⠁⠝⠑⠺⠲⠀⠀⠀⠠⠃⠀⠹⠊⠎⠀⠗⠑⠧⠊⠎⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠍⠕⠌⠀⠙⠊⠗⠑⠉⠞⠀
⠎⠳⠗⠉⠑⠎⠂⠀⠊⠋⠀⠭⠀⠍⠜⠅⠎⠀⠮⠀⠑⠭⠞⠗⠑⠍⠑⠀⠇⠊⠍⠊⠞⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀
⠓⠊⠌⠕⠗⠊⠉⠀⠎⠑⠇⠋⠤⠉⠕⠝⠎⠉⠊⠳⠎⠝⠑⠎⠎⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠃⠑⠀
⠗⠑⠁⠡⠫⠂⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠃⠑⠀⠁⠝⠀⠕⠉⠉⠁⠎⠊⠕⠝⠀⠿⠀⠋⠁⠇⠇⠬⠀⠊⠝⠞⠕⠀⠁
⠀⠎⠻⠊⠳⠎⠀⠑⠗⠗⠕⠗⠲⠀⠠⠵⠀⠺⠑⠀⠏⠇⠁⠉⠑⠀⠕⠥⠗⠎⠑⠇⠧⠑⠎⠀⠁⠞⠀⠁
⠀⠏⠕⠔⠞⠀⠷⠀⠧⠊⠑⠺⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠊⠎⠀⠃⠑⠽⠕⠝⠙⠀⠮⠀⠊⠙⠑⠕⠇⠕⠛⠊⠉⠁⠇
⠀⠧⠊⠑⠺⠎⠀⠞⠕⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀⠮⠀⠁⠉⠞⠕⠗⠎⠀⠔⠀⠓⠊⠌⠕⠗⠽⠀⠶⠀
⠊⠝⠙⠑⠃⠞⠫⠀⠿⠀⠁⠀⠉⠕⠝⠎⠉⠊⠳⠎⠝⠑⠎⠎⠀⠷⠀⠸⠮⠀⠐⠺⠀⠯⠀⠔⠀⠱⠊⠡
⠀⠮⠽⠀⠷⠞⠢⠀⠋⠳⠝⠙⠀⠃⠕⠹⠀⠮⠀⠍⠕⠞⠊⠧⠑⠎⠀⠯⠀⠮⠀
⠚⠥⠌⠊⠋⠊⠉⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠸⠮⠀⠁⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠺⠑⠀⠍⠁⠽⠀⠋⠁⠇⠎⠑⠇⠽
⠀⠃⠑⠇⠊⠑⠧⠑⠀⠞⠀⠘⠮⠀⠊⠙⠑⠕⠇⠕⠛⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠧⠊⠑⠺⠎⠀⠶⠀⠁⠀⠏⠥⠗⠑
⠀⠁⠏⠏⠑⠜⠁⠝⠉⠑⠂⠀⠁⠀⠎⠊⠍⠏⠇⠑⠀⠁⠗⠞⠊⠋⠊⠉⠑⠂⠀⠁⠀⠏⠥⠗⠑⠀
⠊⠇⠇⠥⠎⠊⠕⠝⠀⠔⠀⠮⠀⠧⠥⠇⠛⠜⠀⠎⠢⠎⠑⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠘⠺⠲⠀⠠⠍⠜⠞⠔⠀
⠠⠇⠥⠮⠗⠂⠀⠇⠀⠮⠀⠕⠮⠗⠀⠛⠗⠑⠁⠞⠀⠗⠑⠿⠍⠻⠎⠂⠀⠦⠀
⠉⠕⠝⠞⠑⠍⠏⠕⠗⠜⠊⠑⠎⠂⠀⠝⠑⠧⠻⠀⠅⠝⠑⠺⠂⠀⠵⠀⠺⠑⠀⠐⠅⠀
⠞⠕⠤⠙⠁⠽⠂⠀⠞⠀⠮⠀⠠⠗⠑⠿⠍⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠴⠀⠃⠀⠁⠝⠀⠑⠏⠊⠎⠕⠙⠑⠀⠔⠀
⠮⠀⠙⠑⠧⠑⠇⠕⠏⠍⠢⠞⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠠⠹⠊⠗⠙⠀⠠⠑⠌⠁⠞⠑⠂⠀⠯⠀⠁⠝⠀
⠑⠉⠕⠝⠕⠍⠊⠉⠀⠗⠑⠧⠕⠇⠞⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠠⠛⠻⠍⠁⠝⠀⠝⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠁⠛⠁⠔⠌⠀
⠮⠀⠑⠭⠏⠇⠕⠊⠞⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠷⠀⠮⠀⠠⠏⠁⠏⠁⠇⠀⠉⠳⠗⠞⠲⠀⠠⠓⠑⠀⠴⠀
⠱⠁⠞⠀⠓⠑⠀⠴⠂⠀⠵⠀⠁⠝⠀⠁⠛⠊⠞⠁⠞⠕⠗⠀⠯⠀⠁⠀⠏⠕⠇⠊⠞⠊⠉⠊⠁⠝⠂⠀
⠃⠑⠉⠁⠥⠎⠑⠀⠓⠑⠀⠴⠀⠱⠕⠇⠇⠽⠀⠞⠁⠅⠢⠀⠥⠏⠀⠾⠀⠮⠀⠃⠑⠇⠊⠑⠋⠀
⠱⠊⠡⠀⠍⠁⠙⠑⠀⠓⠊⠍⠀⠎⠑⠑⠀⠔⠀⠮⠀⠉⠇⠁⠎⠎⠀⠍⠕⠧⠑⠍⠢⠞⠀⠱⠊⠡⠀
⠛⠁⠧⠑⠀⠁⠝⠀⠊⠍⠏⠥⠇⠎⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠮⠀⠁⠛⠊⠞⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠁⠀⠗⠑⠞⠥⠗⠝⠀
⠞⠕⠀⠞⠗⠥⠑⠀⠠⠡⠗⠊⠌⠊⠁⠝⠊⠞⠽⠀⠯⠀⠁⠀⠙⠊⠧⠔⠑⠀⠝⠑⠉⠑⠎⠎⠊⠞⠽⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.