,,essays on ! ,mat]iali/ic ,conception ( ,hi/ory by ,,antonio ,,labriola ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome translat$ by ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,*icago ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company ,,co-,,op]ative ,,copyright #aijh ,,by ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company ,,*icago ,,john ,f4 ,,higg9s ,,pr9t] ,,& ,,b9d] ,illu/ration3 ,logo #cgf-chb ,,monroe ,,/reet ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,on ! t5? ( ,m>*1 #ahif1 ! same ye> t ! la/ despair+ revolt ( ! small produc] aga9/ capitalism 9 ,am]ica 0 to end 9 ! ov]:elm+ defeat ( ,bryan1 an ,italian s*ol> publi%$ 9 ! city ( ,rome ! rem>kable "w :i* is n[ = ! fir/ "t (f]$ to ,am]ican read]s4 ,to publi% ?is book 9 ,am]ica at t "t w\ld h be5 an impossibility4 ,! ,am]ican sociali/ movem5t 0 !n h>dly m ?an an association ( immigrants :o _h br\ght _! socialism ) !m f ,europe4 ,today x numb]s at lea/ half a million adh]5ts1 & its plat=m is an embodim5t ( ! ideas fir/ adequately /at$ 9 ! ,communi/ ,manife/o ( #ahdh1 & n[ fir/ adequately expla9$ & elaborat$ 9 ?is rem>kable "w ( ,labriola4 ,! c5tral & fundam5tal proposition ( socialism is n any s*eme = recon/ruct+ society1 on a cut-&-dri$ programme1 nor aga9 is x any p>ticul> ma!matical =mula %[+ to :at ext5t ! labor] is robb$ by ! pres5t sy/em ( ! fruits ( 8 labor2 x is precisely ?is ,hi/orical ,mat]ialism1 :i* ,labriola has s admirably expla9$ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,"s idea ( ! place accord$ to ?is book by ,european sociali/s may be ga!r$ f ! preface to ! ,fr5* edition by ,g4 ,sorel1 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t sociali/s ( ,france4 ,he says3 ,! publication ( ?is book m>ks a date 9 ! hi/ory ( socialism4 ,! "w ( ,labriola has its place res]v$ 9 our libr>ies by ! side ( ! classic works ( ,m>x & ,engels4 ,x con/itutes an illum9ation & a me?odical developm5t ( a !ory :i* ! ma/]s ( ! new sociali/ ?\ght h nev] yet treat$ 9 a didactic =m4 ,x is !re=e an indisp5sable book = :oev] wi%es to und]/& some?+ ( prolet>ian ideas4 ,m ?an ! works ( ,m>x & ,engels x is address$ to t public :i* is unacqua9t$ ) sociali/ preconceptions4 ,9 ^! pages ! hi/orian w f9d sub/antial & valuable sugge/ion = ! /udy ( ! orig9 & trans=mation ( in/itutions4 ,! economic developm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has rea*$ a po9t :]e ! gr[? ( ! ,sociali/ ,p>ty mu/ h5ce=? g =w>d ) />tl+ rapidity4 ,t ! publication ( ?is volume may h "s effect 9 cl>ify+ ! ideas ( ^? :o discuss ! pr9ciples ( t p>ty1 :e!r ) voice or p51 is ! hope ( ! ,,translator4 ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,mat]iali/ic ,,conception ,,( ,,hi/ory ,i4 ,9 ,memory ( ! ,communi/ ,manife/o #g ,,ii4 ,hi/orical ,mat]ialism #ic ,,essays on ! ,mat]iali/ic ,conception ( ,hi/ory ,,"p ,i ,,9 ,,memory ,,( ,,! ,,communi/ ,,manife/o4 ,i4 ,9 ?ree ye>s we c celebrate our jubilee4 ,! memorable date ( ! publication ( ! ,communi/ ,manife/o 7,febru>y1 #ahdh7 m>ks our fir/ unque/ion$ entrance into hi/ory4 ,to t date are ref]r$ all our judgm5ts & all our congratulations on ! progress made by ! prolet>iat 9 ^! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,t date m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! new era4 ,?is is aris+1 or1 r1 is sep>at+ itself f ! pres5t era1 & is develop+ by a process peculi> to itself & ?us 9 a way t is necess>y & inevitable1 :atev] may be ! vicissitudes & ! successive phases :i* _c yet be =ese54 ,all ^? 9 our ranks :o h a desire or an occasion to possess a bett] und]/&+ ( _! own "w %\ld br+ to m9d ! causes & ! mov+ =ces :i* det]m9$ ! g5esis ( ! ,manife/o1 ! circum/ances "u :i* x appe>$ on ! eve ( ! ,revolution :i* bur/ =? f ,p>is to ,vi5na1 f ,pal]mo to ,b]l94 ,only 9 ?is way w x be possible = u to f9d 9 ! pres5t social =m ! explanation ( ! t5d5cy t[>d socialism1 ?us %[+ by its pres5t necessity ! inevitability ( its triumph4 ,is n t 9 fact ! vital "p ( ! ,manife/o1 its ess5ce & its di/9ctive "*8 ,we surely %\ld be tak+ a false road if we reg>d$ z ! ess5tial "p ! measures advis$ & propos$ at ! end ( ! second *apt] = ! cont+5cy ( a revolution>y success on ! "p ( ! prolet>iat1--or aga9 ! indications ( political relation%ip to ! o!r revolution>y p>ties ( t epo* :i* are f\nd 9 ! f\r? *apt]4 ,^! indications & ^! measures1 al?\gh !y des]v$ to be tak5 into consid]ation at ! mom5t & "u ! circum/ances :]e !y 7 =mulat$ & sugge/$1 & al?\gh !y may be v important = =m+ a precise e/imate ( ! political action ( ! ,g]man communi/s 9 ! revolution>y p]iod f #ahdh to #ahej1 h5ce=? no long] =m = u a mass ( practical judgm5ts = or aga9/ :i* we %\ld take sides 9 ea* cont+5cy4 ,! political p>ties :i* s9ce ! ,int]national h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 9 ! "n ( ! prolet>iat1 & tak+ x cle>ly = _! base1 h felt1 & feel1 9 proportion z !y are born & develop1 ! imp]i\s necessity ( adopt+ & con=m+ _! programme & _! action to circum/ances always diff]5t & multi=m4 ,b n "o ( ^! p>ties feels ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat s ne> t x exp]i5ces ! ne$ or desire or ev5 ! temptation to exam9e anew & pass judgm5t ^u ! measures propos$ 9 ! ,manife/o4 ,!re are really no hi/oric exp]i5ces b ^? t hi/ory makes itself4 ,x is z impossible to =esee !m z to plan !m be=eh& or make !m to ord]4 ,t is :at happ5$ at ! mom5t ( ! ,commune1 :i* 0 & :i* /ill rema9s up to ?is day ! only exp]i5ce 7al?\gh p>tial & confus$ because x 0 sudd5 & ( %ort duration7 ( ! action ( ! prolet>iat 9 ga9+ control ( political p[]4 ,?is exp]i5ce1 too1 0 nei!r desir$ nor s\ght =1 b impos$ by circum/ances4 ,x 0 h]oically c>ri$ ?r\gh & x has become a salut>y lesson = u to-day4 ,x might easily happ5 t :]e ! sociali/ movem5t is /ill 9 its beg9n+s1 appeal may be made1 = lack ( p]sonal direct exp]i5ce--z (t5 happ5s 9 ,italy--to ! au?ority ( a text f ! ,manife/o z if x 7 a precept1 b ^! passages are 9 reality ( no importance4 ,aga91 we mu/ n1 z ,i believe1 seek = ?is vital "p1 ?is ess5ce1 ?is di/9ctive "*1 9 :at ! ,manife/o says ( ! o!r =ms ( socialism ( :i* x speaks "u ! "n ( lit]ature4 ,! entire ?ird *apt] may d\btless s]ve = def9+ cle>ly by way ( exclusion & anti!sis1 by brief b vigor\s *>act]izations1 ! diff]5ces :i* really exi/ betwe5 ! communism commonly *>act]iz$ to-day z sci5tific1--an expression sometimes us$ 9 a mi/ak5 & contradictory way1--t is to say1 betwe5 ! communism :i* has ! prolet>iat = its subject & ! prolet>ian revolution = its !me1 & ! o!r =ms ( socialism2 reaction>y1 b\rgeois1 semi-b\rgeois1 petit-b\rgeois1 utopian1 etc4 ,all ^! =ms except "o#a h re-appe>$ & r5ew$ !mselves m ?an once4 ,!y are reappe>+ "u a new =m ev5 to-day 9 ! c\ntries :]e ! mod]n prolet>ian movem5t is ( rec5t bir?4 ,= ^! c\ntries & "u ^! circum/ances ! ,manife/o has ex]cis$ & /ill ex]cises ! function ( contempor>y criticism & ( a lit]>y :ip4 ,& 9 ! c\ntries :]e ^! =ms h already be5 !oretically & practically outgr[n1 z 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria1 or survive only z an individual op9ion among a few1 z 9 ,france & ,engl&1 )\t speak+ ( o!r nations1 ! ,manife/o f ?is po9t ( view has play$ its "p4 ,x ?us m]ely records z a matt] ( hi/ory some?+ no long] necess>y to ?9k (1 s9ce we h to deal ) ! political action ( ! prolet>iat :i* already is be=e u 9 its gradual & normal c\rse4 ,t 01 to anticipate1 ! attitude ( m9d ( ^? :o wrote x4 ,by ! =ce ( _! ?\ght & ) "s scanty data ( exp]i5ce !y _h anticipat$ ! ev5ts :i* h occurr$ & !y cont5t$ !mselves ) decl>+ ! elim9ation & ! condemnation ( :at !y _h outgr[n4 ,critical communism--t is its true "n1 & !re is none m exact = ?is doctr9e--did n take its /& ) ! feudali/s 9 regrett+ ! old society = ! sake ( criticis+ by contra/ ! contempor>y society3--x _h an eye only to ! future4 ,nei!r did x associate itself ) ! petty b\rgeois 9 ! desire ( sav+ :at _c be sav$3--z1 = example1 small proprietor%ip1 or ! tranquil life ( ! small proprietor :om ! bewild]+ action ( ! mod]n /ate1 ! necess>y & natural organ ( pres5t society1 de/roys & ov]turns1 because by its con/ant revolutions x c>ries 9 itself ! necessity = o!r revolutions new & m fundam5tal4 ,nei!r did x translate into metaphysical :imsicalities1 into a sickly s5tim5talism1 or into a religi\s contemplation1 ! real contra/s ( ! mat]ial int]e/s ( e day life3 on ! contr>y1 x expos$ ^? contra/s 9 all _! prosaic reality4 ,x did n con/ruct ! society ( ! future ^u a plan h>moni\sly conceiv$ 9 ea* ( its p>ts4 ,x has no ^w ( eulogy & exaltation1 ( invocation & ( regret1 = ! two goddesses ( philosophic my?ology1 ju/ice & equality1 ^? two goddesses :o cut s sad a figure 9 ! practical affairs ( ev]yday life1 :5 we obs]ve t ! hi/ory ( s _m c5turies malici\sly amuses itself by ne>ly always contradict+ _! infallible sugge/ions4 ,once m ^! communi/s1 :ile decl>+ on ! /r5g? ( facts :i* c>ry conviction t ! mission ( ! prolet>ians is to be ! grave digg]s ( ! b\rgeoisie1 /ill recognize ! latt] z ! au?or ( a social =m :i* repres5ts ext5sively & int5sively an important /age ( progress1 & :i* alone c furni% ! field = ! new /ruggles :i* already give promise ( a happy issue = ! prolet>iat4 ,nev] 0 fun]al oration s magnific5t4 ,!re is 9 ^! praises address$ to ! b\rgeoisie a c]ta9 tragical humor1--!y h be5 comp>$ to di?yrambics4 ,! negative & anti!tical def9itions ( o!r =ms ( socialism !n curr5t1 :i* h (t5 re-appe>$ s9ce1 ev5 up to ! pres5t "t1 al?\gh !y are fundam5tally beyond criticism bo? 9 _! =m & _! aim1 nev]!less1 d n pret5d to be & are n ! real hi/ory ( socialism2 !y furni% nei!r its outl9es nor its plan = him :o w\ld write x4 ,hi/ory 9 reality does n re/ ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 ! true & ! false1 ! j & ! unju/ & /ill less ^u ! m ab/ract anti!sis betwe5 ! possible & ! real z if ! ?+s 7 on "o side & on ano!r side 7 _! %ad[s & _! reflections 9 ideas4 ,hi/ory is all ( a piece1 & x re/s ^u ! process ( =mation & trans=mation ( society2 & t evid5tly 9 a fa%ion altoge!r objective & indep5d5t ( our approval or disapproval4 ,x is a dynamic ( a special class to speak l ! positivi/s :o are s da9ty ) expressions ( ?is sort b are (t5 dom9at$ by ! new phrases :i* !y h put out4 ,! diff]5t sociali/ =ms ( ?\ght & action :i* h appe>$ & disappe>$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies1 s diff]5t 9 _! causes1 _! aspects1 & _! effects1 are all to be /udi$ & expla9$ by ! specific & complex conditions ( ! social life 9 :i* !y 7 produc$4 ,^u a close exam9ation x is se5 t !y d n =m "o s+le :ole ( cont9u\s process because ! s]ies is frequ5tly int]rupt$ by *anges 9 ! social fabric & by ! disappe>ance & break+ (f ( ! tradition4 ,x is only s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution t socialism pres5ts a c]ta9 unity ( process1 :i* appe>s m evid5t s9ce #ahcj ) ! def9ite political supremacy ( ! capitali/ class 9 ,france & ,engl& & :i* f9ally becomes obvi\s1 we might say ev5 palpable1 s9ce ! rise ( ! ,int]national4 ,^u ?is road ! ,manife/o /&s l a colossal guide po/ be>+ a d\ble inscription3 on "o side ! fir/ sket* ( ! new doctr9e :i* has n[ made ! circle ( ! _w2 on ! o!r1 ! def9ition ( its relations to ! =ms :i* x excludes1 )\t giv+1 h[ev]1 any hi/oric acc\nt ( !m4 ,! vital "p1 ! ess5ce1 ! di/9ctive "* ( ?is "w are all conta9$ 9 ! new conception ( hi/ory :i* p]meates x & :i* 9 x is p>tially expla9$ & develop$4 ,by ! aid ( ?is conception communism1 ceas+ to be a hope1 an aspiration1 a remembrance1 a conjecture1 an exp$i5t1 f\nd = ! fir/ "t its adequate expression 9 ! realization ( its v necessity1 t is to say1 9 ! realization t x is ! outcome & ! solution ( ! /ruggles ( exi/+ classes4 ,^! /ruggles h v>i$ accord+ to times & places & out ( !m hi/ory has develop$2 b1 !y are all r$uc$ 9 our days to ! s+le /ruggle betwe5 ! capitali/ b\rgeoisie & ! work+m5 inevitably =c$ into ! ranks ( ! prolet>iat4 ,! ,manife/o gives ! g5esis ( ?is /ruggle2 x details its evolution>y rhy?m1 & pr$icts its f9al result4 ,9 t conception ( hi/ory is embodi$ ! :ole doctr9e ( sci5tific communism4 ,f t mom5t ! !oretical adv]s>ies ( socialism h no long] _h to discuss ! ab/ract possibility ( ! democratic socialization ( ! means ( production2#b z if x 7 possible 9 ?is "q to re/ _! judgm5t ^u inductions bas$ ^u ! g5]al & common aptitudes ( :at !y *>act]ize z human nature4 ,!nce=?1 ! "q 0 to recognize1 or n to recognize1 9 ! c\rse ( human ev5ts ! necessity :i* /&s ov] & above our sympa?y & our subjective ass5t4 ,is or is n society 9 ! c\ntries mo/ advanc$ 9 civilization organiz$ 9 su* a way t x w pass into communism by ! laws inh]5t 9 its own future1 once conc$+ its pres5t economic /ructure & ! friction :i* x necess>ily produces )9 itself1 & :i* w end by break+ & dissolv+ x8 ,t is ! subject ( all discussion s9ce ! appe>ance ( ?is !ory & !nce foll[s also ! rule ( conduct :i* imposes itself ^u ! action ( ! sociali/ p>ties :e!r !y be compos$ ( prolet>ians alone or :e!r !y h 9 _! ranks m5 :o h come out f ! o!r classes & :o jo9 z volunte]s ! army ( ! prolet>iat4 ,t is :y we volunt>ily accept ! epi!t ( sci5tific1 provid$ we d n ?us confuse ourselves ) ! positivi/s1 sometimes emb>rass+ gue/s1 :o assume to !mselves a monopoly ( sci5ce2 we d n seek to ma9ta9 an ab/ract & g5]ic !sis l lawy]s or sophi/s1 & we d n plume ourselves on demon/rat+ ! reasonabl5ess ( our aims4 ,our int5tions are no?+ less ?an ! !oretical expression & ! practical explanation ( ! data (f]$ u by ! int]pretation ( ! process :i* is be+ accompli%$ among u & ab\t u & :i* has its :ole exi/5ce 9 ! objective relations ( social life ( :i* we are ! subject & ! object1 ! cause & ! effect4 ,our aims are rational1 n because !y are f\nd$ on argum5ts drawn f ! reason+ ( reason1 b because !y are d]iv$ f ! objective /udy ( ?+s1 t is to say1 f ! explanation ( _! process1 :i* is n1 & :i* _c be1 a result ( our w b :i* on ! contr>y triumphs ov] our w & subdues x4 ,n "o ( ! previ\s or subsequ5t works ( ! au?ors ( ! ,manife/o !mselves1 al?\gh !y h a mu* m consid]able sci5tific lean+1 c replace ! ,manife/o or h ! same specific efficacy4 ,x gives u 9 its classic simplicity ! true expression ( ?is situation2 ! mod]n prolet>iat exi/s1 takes its /&1 gr[s & develops 9 contempor>y hi/ory z ! concrete subject1 ! positive =ce ^: necess>ily revolution>y action mu/ f9d 9 communism its necess>y outcome4 ,& t is :y ?is "w :ile giv+ a !oretical base to its pr$iction & express+ x 9 brief1 rapid & concise =mulae1 =ms a /oreh\se1 or r an inexhau/ible m9e ( embryonic ?\ghts :i* ! read] may f]tilize & multiply indef9itely2 x pres]ves all ! orig9al & orig9at+ =ce ( ! ?+ :i* is b lately born & :i* has n yet left ! field ( its production4 ,?is obs]vation is int5d$ especially = ^? :o apply+ a le>n$ ignorance1 :5 !y are n humbugs1 *>latans1 or amiable dilettanti1 give to ! doctr9e ( critical communism precursors1 patrons1 allies & ma/]s ( e class )\t any respect = common s5se & ! mo/ vulg> *ronology4 ,or aga91 !y try to br+ back our mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory into ! !ory ( univ]sal evolution :i* to ! m9ds ( _m is b a new metaphor ( a new metaphysics4 ,or aga9 !y seek 9 ?is doctr9e a d]ivative ( ,d>w9ism :i* is an analog\s !ory only 9 a c]ta9 po9t ( view & 9 a v broad s5se2 or aga9 !y h ! condesc5sion to favor u ) ! alliance or ! patronage ( t positive philosophy :i* ext5ds f ,comte1 t deg5]ate & reaction>y disciple ( ! g5ial ,sa9t-,simon1 to ,sp5c]1 t qu9tess5ce ( an>*ical capitalism1 :i* is to say t !y wi% to give u = allies our mo/ op5 adv]s>ies4 ,x is to its orig9 t ?is "w owes its f]tiliz+ p[]1 its classic /r5g?1 & ! fact t x has giv5 9 s few pages ! syn!sis ( s _m s]ies & gr\ps ( ideas4#c ,x is ! "w ( two ,g]mans1 b x is n ei!r 9 its =m or its basis ! expression ( p]sonal op9ion4 ,x conta9s no trace ( ! imprecations1 or ! anxieties1 or ! bitt]ness famili> to all political refuges & to all ^? :o h volunt>ily ab&on$ _! c\ntry to brea! else:]e fre] air4 ,nei!r d we f9d 9 x ! direct reproduction ( ! conditions ( _! own c\ntry1 !n 9 a deplorable political /ate & :i* c\ld n be comp>$ to ^? ( ,france & ,engl& socially & economically1 except z reg>ds c]ta9 portions ( _! t]ritory4 ,!y br\ght to _! "w1 on ! contr>y1 ! philosophic ?\ght :i* alone _h plac$ & ma9ta9$ _! c\ntry ^u ! level ( contempor>y hi/ory3--?is philosophic ?\ght :i* 9 _! h&s 0 und]go+ t important trans=mation :i* p]mitt$ mat]ialism1 already r5ew$ by ,feu]ba* comb9$ ) dialectics1 to embrace & und]/& ! movem5t ( hi/ory 9 its mo/ secret & until !n unexplor$ causes1--unexplor$ because hidd5 & difficult to obs]ve4 ,bo? 7 communi/s & revolutioni/s1 b !y 7 s nei!r by in/9ct1 by impulse nor by passion4 ,!y _h elaborat$ an entirely new criticism ( economic sci5ce & !y _h und]/ood ! connection & ! hi/oric mean+ ( ! prolet>ian movem5t on bo? sides ( ! ,*annel1 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&1 be=e !y 7 call$ to give 9 ! ,manife/o ! programme & ! doctr9e ( ! ,communi/ ,league4 ,?is _h its c5t] 9 ,london & num]\s bran*es on ! cont95t2 x _h beh9d x a life & developm5t ( its own4 ,engels _h already publi%$ a critical essay 9 :i* pass+ ov] all subjective & "o-sid$ corrections he br\ght out = ! fir/ "t 9 an objective fa%ion ! criticism ( political economy & ( ! anti!ses inh]5t 9 ! data & ! concepts ( t economy itself1 & he _h become celebrat$ by ! publication ( a book on ! condition ( ! ,engli% work+ class :i* 0 ! fir/ attempt to repres5t ! movem5ts ( ! work+ class z ! result ( ! work+s ( ! =ces & means ( production4#d ,m>x1 9 ! few ye>s prec$+1 _h become kn[n z a radical publici/ 9 ,g]many1 ,p>is & ,brussels4 ,he _h conceiv$ ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory4 ,he _h made a !oretically victori\s criticism ( ! hypo!ses ( ,pr\dhon & ! d$uctions f 8 doctr9e1 & _h giv5 ! fir/ precise explanation ( ! orig9 ( surplus value z a consequ5ce ( ! pur*ase & ! use ( labor p[]1 t is to say ! fir/ g]m ( ! conceptions :i* 7 lat] demon/rat$ & expla9$ 9 _! connection & _! details 9 ,capital4 ,bo? m5 7 9 t\* ) ! revolutioni/s ( ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ,europe1 notably ,france1 ,belgium & ,engl&2 _! ,manife/o 0 n ! expression ( _! p]sonal !ory1 b ! doctr9e ( a p>ty ^: _s1 aim & activity already =m$ ! ,int]national ,work+m5's ,association4 ,^! are ! beg9n+s ( mod]n socialism4 ,we f9d !re ! l9e :i* sep>ates x f all ! re/4 ,! ,communi/ ,league grew out ( ! ,league ( ! ,j2 ! latt] 9 its turn _h be5 =m$ ) a cle> consci\sness ( its prolet>ian aims ?r\gh a gradual specialization ( ! g5]ic gr\p ( ! refugees1 ! exiles4 ,z a type1 be>+ )9 itself 9 an embryonic design ! =m ( all ! lat] sociali/ & prolet>ian movem5ts1 x _h trav]s$ ! diff]5t phases ( conspiracy & ( equalit>ian socialism4 ,x 0 metaphysical ) ,gru5 & utopian ) ,weitl+4 ,hav+ its pr9cipal seat at ,london x 0 int]e/$ 9 ! ,*>ti/ movem5t & _h _h "s influ5ce ov] x4 ,?is movem5t %[$ by its disord]$ "*1 because x 0 nei!r ! fruit ( a prem$itat$ exp]i5ce1 nor ! embodim5t ( a conspiracy or ( a sect1 h[ pa9ful & difficult 0 ! =mation ( a prolet>ian political p>ty4 ,! sociali/ t5d5cy 0 n manife/$ 9 ,*>tism until ! movem5t 0 ne> its end & 0 ne>ly f9i%$ 7?\gh ,jones & ,horn] c nev] be =gott574 ,! ,league ev]y:]e c>ri$ an odor ( revolution1 bo? because ! ?+ 0 9 ! air & because its in/9ct & me?od ( proc$ure t5d$ t way3 & z long z ! revolution 0 bur/+ =? effectively1 x provid$ itself1 ?anks to ! new doctr9e ( ! ,manife/o1 ) an in/rum5t ( ori5tation :i* 0 at ! same "t a weapon = combat4 ,9 fact1 already int]national1 bo? by ! quality & diff]5ces ( orig9 ( its memb]s1 & /ill m by ! result ( ! in/9ct & devotion ( all1 x took its place 9 ! g5]al movem5t ( political life z ! cle> & def9ite precursor ( all t c to-day be call$ mod]n socialism1 if by mod]n we mean n ! simple fact ( extr9sic *ronology b an index ( ! int]nal or organic process ( society4 ,a long int]ruption f #aheb to #ahfd :i* 0 ! p]iod ( political reaction & at ! same "t t ( ! disappe>ance1 ! disp]sion & ! absorption ( ! old sociali/ s*ools1 sep>ates ! ,int]national ( ! ,arbeit]bildungsv]e9 ( ,london1 f ! ,int]national prop]ly s call$1 :i*1 f #ahfd to #ahgc1 /rove to put unity into ! /ruggle ( ! prolet>iat ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! action ( ! prolet>iat _h o!r int]ruptions especially 9 ,france1 & ) ! exception ( ,g]many1 f ! dissolution ( ! ,int]national ( glori\s memory up to ! new ,int]national :i* lives to-day ?r\gh o!r means & :i* is develop+ 9 o!r ways1 bo? ( !m adapt$ to ! political situation 9 :i* we live1 & bas$ ^u rip] exp]i5ce4 ,b j z ! survivors ( ^? :o 9 ,decemb]1 #ahdg1 discuss$ & accept$ ! new doctr9e1 h re-appe>$ on ! public sc5e 9 ! great ,int]national1 & lat] aga9 9 ! new ,int]national1 ! ,manife/o itself has also re-appe>$ little by little & has made ! t\r ( ! _w 9 all ! languages ( ! civiliz$ c\ntries1 some?+ :i* x promis$ to d b c\ld n d at ! "t ( its fir/ appe>ance4 ,!re 0 our real po9t ( dep>ture2 !re 7 our real precursors4 ,!y m>*$ be=e all ! o!rs1 e>ly 9 ! day1 ) a /ep rapid b sure1 ov] ?is exact road :i* we 7 to trav]se & :i* we are trav]s+ 9 reality4 ,x is n prop] to give ! "n ( our precursors to ^? :o foll[$ ways :i* !y lat] _h to ab&on1 or to ^? :o1 to speak )\t metaphor1 =mulat$ doctr9es & />t$ movem5ts1 d\btless explicable by ! times & circum/ances ( _! bir?1 b :i* 7 lat] outgr[n by ! doctr9e ( critical communism1 :i* is ! !ory ( ! prolet>ian revolution4 ,?is does n mean t ^! doctr9es & ^! attempts 7 accid5tal1 useless & sup]flu\s ph5om5a4 ,!re is no?+ irrational 9 ! hi/oric c\rse ( ?+s because no?+ comes into exi/5ce )\t reason1 & ?us !re is no?+ sup]flu\s4 ,we _c ev5 to-day arrive at a p]fect und]/&+ ( critical communism )\t m5tally retrac+ ^! doctr9es & foll[+ ! processes ( _! appe>ance & disappe>ance4 ,9 fact ^! doctr9es h n only pass$1 !y h be5 intr9sically outgr[n bo? by reason ( ! *ange 9 ! conditions ( society & by reason ( ! m exact und]/&+ ( ! laws ^u :i* re/ its =mation & its process4 ,! mom5t at :i* !y ent] into ! pa/1 t is to say1 t at :i* !y are intr9sically outgr[n1 is precisely t ( ! appe>ance ( ! ,manife/o4 ,z ! fir/ index ( ! g5esis ( mod]n socialism1 ?is writ+1 :i* gives only ! mo/ g5]al & ! mo/ easily accessible features ( its tea*+1 be>s )9 itself traces ( ! hi/oric field )9 :i* x is born1 :i* 0 t ( ,france1 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,its field = propag&a & diffusion has s9ce become wid] & wid]1 & x is h5ce=? z va/ z ! civiliz$ _w4 ,9 all c\ntries 9 :i* ! t5d5cy to communism has develop$ ?r\gh antagonisms "u aspects diff]5t b e day m evid5t betwe5 ! b\rgeoisie & ! prolet>iat1 ! process ( its fir/ =mation is :olly or p>tly repeat$ ov] & ov]4 ,! prolet>ian p>ties :i* are =m$ little by little h trav]s$ anew ! /ages ( =mation :i* _! precursors trav]s$ at fir/2 b ?is process has become f c\ntry to c\ntry & f ye> to ye> always m rapid by reason ( ! great] evid5ce1 ! press+ necessity & en]gy ( ! antagonisms1 & because x is easi] to assimilate a doctr9e & a t5d5cy ?an to create bo? = ! fir/ "t4 ,our co-work]s ( #ej ye>s ago 7 also f ?is po9t ( view int]national1 s9ce by _! example !y />t$ ! prolet>iat ( ! diff]5t nations ^u ! g5]al m>* :i* labor mu/ accompli%4 ,b ! p]fect !oretical k ( socialism to-day1 z be=e1 & z x always w be1 lies 9 ! und]/&+ ( its hi/oric necessity1 t is to say1 9 ! consci\sness ( ! mann] ( its g5esis2 & ?is is precisely reflect$1 z 9 a limit$ field ( obs]vation & 9 a ha/y example1 9 ! =mation ( ! ,manife/o4 ,x 0 int5d$ = a weapon ( w> & ?us x be>s ^u its own ext]ior ! traces ( its orig94 ,x conta9s m sub/antial decl>ations ?an demon/rations4 ,! demon/ration re/s entirely 9 ! imp]ative =ce ( its necessity4 ,b we may retrace ! process ( ?is =mation & to retrace x is to und]/& truly ! doctr9e ( ! ,manife/o4 ,!re is an analysis :i* :ile sep>at+ 9 !ory ! factors ( an organism de/roys !m 9 s f> z !y are elem5ts contribut+ to ! unity ( ! :ole4 ,b !re is ano!r analysis1 & ?is alone p]mits u to und]/& hi/ory1 :i* only di/+ui%es & sep>ates ! elem5ts to f9d aga9 9 !m ! objective necessity ( _! co-op]ation t[>d ! total result4 ,x is n[ a curr5t op9ion t mod]n socialism is a normal & ?us an inevitable product ( hi/ory4 ,its political action1 :i* may 9 future involve delays & set-backs b nev] h5ce=? a total absorption1 began ) ! ,int]national4 ,nev]!less ! ,manife/o prec$es x4 ,its tea*+ is ( prime importance 9 ! light :i* x ?r[s on ! prolet>ian movem5t1 :i* movem5t inde$ _h its bir? & developm5t indep5d5tly ( any doctr9e4 ,x is also m ?an ?is light4 ,critical communism dates f ! mom5t :5 ! prolet>ian movem5t is n m]ely a result ( social conditions1 b :5 x has already /r5g? en\gh to und]/& t ^! conditions c be *ang$ & to disc]n :at means c modify !m & 9 :at direction4 ,x 0 n en\gh to say t socialism 0 a result ( hi/ory4 ,x 0 also necess>y to und]/& ! intr9sic causes ( ?is outcome & to :at all its activity t5d$4 ,?is affirmation1 t ! prolet>iat is a necess>y result ( mod]n society1 has = its mission to succe$ ! b\rgeoisie1 & to succe$ x z ! produc+ =ce ( a new social ord] 9 :i* class antagonisms %all disappe>1 makes ( ! ,manife/o a *>act]i/ic epo* 9 ! g5]al c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,x is a revolution--b n 9 ! s5se ( an apocalypse or a promis$ mill5nium4 ,x is ! sci5tific & reflect$ revelation ( ! way :i* our civil society is trav]s+ 7if ! %ade ( ,f\ri] w p>don me674 ,! ,manife/o ?us gives u ! inside hi/ory ( its orig9 & !reby ju/ifies its doctr9e & at ! same "t expla9s its s+ul> effect & its wond]ful efficacy4 ,)\t los+ ourselves 9 details1 "h are ! s]ies & gr\ps ( elem5ts :i*1 reunit$ & comb9$ 9 ?is rapid & exact syn!sis1 give u ! clue to all ! lat] developm5t ( sci5tific socialism4 ,! imm$iate1 direct & appreciable mat]ial is giv5 by ,france & ,engl& :i* _h already _h s9ce #ahcj a work+-class movem5t :i* sometimes resembles & sometimes diff]5tiates itself f ! o!r revolution>y movem5ts & :i* ext5d$ f in/9ctive revolt to ! practical aims ( ! political p>ties 7,*>tism & ,social ,democracy = example7 & gave bir? to diff]5t tempor>y & p]i%able =ms ( communism & semi-communism l t to :i* ! "n ( socialism 0 !n giv54 ,to recognize 9 ^! movem5ts no long] ! fugitive ph5om5on ( meteoric di/urbances b a new social fact1 !re 0 ne$ ( a !ory :i* %\ld expla9 !m1--& a !ory :i* %\ld n be a simple complem5t ( ! democratic tradition nor ! subjective correction ( ! disadvantages1 !nce=? recogniz$1 ( ! economy ( competition3 al?\gh _m 7 !n conc]n$ ) ?is4 ,?is new !ory 0 ! p]sonal "w ( ,m>x & ,engels4 ,!y c>ri$ ov] ! conception ( hi/orical progress ?r\gh ! process ( anti!ses f ! ab/ract =m1 :i* ! ,hegelian dialectic _h already describ$ 9 its mo/ g5]al features1 to ! concrete explanation ( ! class /ruggle2 & 9 ?is hi/oric movem5t :]e x _h be5 suppos$ t we obs]v$ ! passage f "o =m ( ideas to ano!r =m !y saw = ! fir/ "t ! transition f "o =m ( social anatomy to ano!r1 t is f "o =m ( economic production to ano!r =m4 ,?is hi/oric conception1 :i* gave a !oretic =m to ?is necessity ( ! new social revolution m or less explicit 9 ! in/9ctive consci\sness ( ! prolet>iat & 9 its passionate & spontane\s movem5ts1 recogniz+ ! intr9sic & imm95t necessity ( ! revolution1 *ang$ ! concept ( x4 ,t :i* ! sects ( conspirators _h reg>d$ z belong+ to ! doma9 ( ! w & capable ( be+ con/ruct$ at pleasure1 became a simple process :i* might be favor$1 su/a9$ & assi/$4 ,! revolution became ! object ( a policy ! conditions ( :i* are giv5 by ! complex situation ( society2 x !re=e became a result :i* ! prolet>iat mu/ atta9 ?r\gh /ruggles & v>i\s means ( organization :i* ! old tactics ( revolts _h n yet imag9$4 ,& ?is because ! prolet>iat is n an accessory & auxili>y means1 an excresc5ce1 an evil1 :i* c be elim9at$ f ! society 9 :i* we are liv+ b because x is its sub/ratum1 its ess5tial condition1 its inevitable effect & 9 turn ! cause :i* pres]ves & ma9ta9s society itself2 & ?us x _c emancipate itself )\t at ! same "t emancipat+ e "o1 t is to say1 revolutioniz+ completely ! =m ( production4 ,j z ! ,league ( ! ,j _h become ,! ,communi/ ,league by /ripp+ itself ( ! =ms ( symbolism & conspiracy & adopt+ little by little ! means ( propag&a & ( political action f & aft] ! *eck att5d+ ! insurrection ( ,b>bes & ,blanqui 7#ahci71 s likewise ! new doctr9e1 :i* ! ,league accept$ & made its own1 def9itely ab&on$ ! ideas :i* inspir$ ! action ( conspiracies1 & conceiv$ z ! outcome & objective result ( a process1 t :i* ! conspirators believ$ to be ! result ( a pre-det]m9$ plan or ! emanation f _! h]oism4 ,at t po9t beg9s a new asc5d+ l9e 9 ! ord] ( facts & ano!r connection ( concepts & ( doctr9es4 ,! communism ( conspiracy1 ! ,blanquism ( t "t1 c>ries u up ?r\gh ,buon>otti & also ?r\gh ,baz>d & ! ,c>bon>i to ! conspiracy ( ,baboeuf1 a true h]o ( anci5t trag$y :o hurl$ himself aga9/ fate because !re 0 no connection betwe5 8 aim & ! economic condition ( ! mom5t1 & he 0 z yet incapable ( br++ ^u ! political sc5e a prolet>iat hav+ a broad class consci\sness4 ,f ,baboeuf & c]ta9 less kn[n elem5ts ( ! ,jacob9 p]iod1 pa/ ,boissel & ,fau*et we asc5d to ! intuitive ,morelly & to ! orig9al & v]satile ,mably & if y please to ! *aotic ,te/am5t ( ! cure ,mesli]1 an in/9ctive & viol5t rebellion ( good s5se aga9/ ! savage oppression endur$ by ! unhappy peasant4 ,^! precursors ( ! socialism ( viol5ce1 prote/ & conspiracy 7 all equalit>ians2 z 7 also mo/ ( ! conspirators4 ,?us by a s+ul> b inevitable error !y took = a weapon ( combat1 int]pret+ x & g5]aliz+ x1 t same doctr9e ( equality :i* develop+ z a natural "r p>allel to ! =mation ( ! economic !ory1 _h become an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ! b\rgeoisie :i* 0 w9n+ /ep by /ep its pres5t position to trans=m ! society ( privilege into t ( lib]alism1 free ex*ange & ! civil code4#e ,foll[+ ?is imm$iate d$uction :i* at bottom 0 a simple illusion1 t all m5 be+ equal 9 nature %\ld also be equal 9 _! enjoym5ts1 x 0 ?\ght t ! appeal to reason c>ri$ ) x all ! elem5ts ( propag&a & p]suasion1 & t ! rapid1 imm$iate & viol5t tak+ possession ( ! ext]ior in/rum5ts ( political p[] 0 ! only means to set to "r ^? :o resi/$4 ,b :5ce come & h[ p]si/ all ^! inequalities :i* appe> s irrational 9 ! light ( a concept ( ju/ice s simple & s elem5t>y8 ,! ,manife/o 0 ! cle> negation ( ! pr9ciple ( equality und]/ood s naively & s clumsily4 ,:ile proclaim+ z inevitable ! abolition ( classes 9 ! future =m ( collective production1 x expla9s to u ! necessity1 ! bir? & ! developm5t ( ^! v classes z a fact :i* is n an exception1 or a d]ogation ( an ab/ract pr9ciple1 b ! v process ( hi/ory4 ,ev5 z ! mod]n prolet>iat involves ! b\rgeoisie1 s ! latt] _c exi/ )\t ! =m]4 ,& bo? are ! result ( a process ( =mation :i* re/s altoge!r ^u ! new mode ( production ( ! objects necess>y to life1 t is to say1 :i* re/s altoge!r ^u ! mann] ( economic production4 ,! b\rgeois society grew out ( ! corporative & feudal society & x grew out ( x ?r\gh /ruggle & revolution 9 ord] to take possession ( ! in/rum5ts & means ( production :i* all culm9ate 9 ! =mation1 ! developm5t & ! multiplication ( capital4 ,to describe ! orig9 & ! progress ( ! b\rgeoisie 9 its diff]5t phases1 to expla9 its successes 9 ! colossal developm5t ( te*nique & 9 ! conque/ ( ! _w m>ket1 & to po9t out ! political trans=mations :i* foll[$ x1 :i* are ! expression1 ! def5se & ! result ( ^! conque/s is1 at ! same "t1 to write ! hi/ory ( ! prolet>iat4 ,! latt] 9 its pres5t condition is inh]5t 9 ! epo* ( b\rgeois society & x has _h1 x has1 & w h z _m phases z t society itself up to ! "t ( its ext9ction4 ,! anti!sis ( ri* & poor1 ( happy & unhappy1 ( oppressors & oppress$ is n some?+ accid5tal :i* c easily be put on "o side z 0 believ$ by ! en?usia/s ( ju/ice4 ,/ill fur!r x is a fact ( necess>y correlation1 once grant$ ! direct+ pr9ciple ( ! pres5t =m ( production :i* makes ! wagework] a necessity4 ,?is necessity is d\ble4 ,capital c only take possession ( production by conv]t+ labor]s into prolet>ians & x _c cont9ue to live1 to be fruitful1 to accumulate1 to multiply itself & to trans=m itself except on ! condition ( pay+ wages to ^? :om x has made prolet>ians4 ,! latt]1 on _! side1 c only live & reproduce _! k9d on ! condition ( sell+ !mselves z labor p[]1 ! use ( :i* is left to ! discretion1 t is to say1 to ! good pleasure ( ! possessors ( capital4 ,! h>mony betwe5 capital & labor is :olly conta9$ 9 ?is fact t labor is ! liv+ =ce by :i* ! prolet>ians cont9ually put 9 motion & reproduce by add+ to x ! labor accumulat$ 9 ! capital4 ,?is connection result+ f a developm5t :i* is ! :ole inn] ess5ce ( mod]n hi/ory1 if x gives ! key to compreh5d ! true reason ( ! new class /ruggle ( :i* ! communi/ conception has become ! expression1 is ( su* a nature t no s5tim5tal prote/1 no argum5t bas$ on ju/ice c resolve x & dis5tangle x4 ,x is = ^! reasons :i* ,i h expla9$ "h z simply z possible t equalit>ian communism rema9$ vanqui%$4 ,its practical p[]lessness bl5d$ ) its !oretical inability to acc\nt = ! causes ( ! wrongs or ( ! inequalities :i* x desir$1 bravely or /upidly1 to de/roy or elim9ate at a bl[4 ,to und]/& hi/ory became !nce=? ! pr9cipal task ( ! !ori/s ( communism4 ,h[ c\ld a *]i%$ ideal be /ill oppos$ to ! h>d reality ( hi/ory8 ,communism is n ! natural & necess>y /ate ( human life 9 all times & 9 all places & ! :ole c\rse ( hi/oric =mations _c be consid]$ z a s]ies ( deviations & w&]+s4 ,"o does n rea* communism nor return to x by ,sp>tan abnegation or ,*ri/ian resignation4 ,x c be1 /ill m x mu/ be & x w be ! consequ5ce ( ! dissolution ( our capitali/ society4 ,b ! dissolution _c be inoculat$ into x artificially nor import$ f )\t4 ,x w dissolve by its own weight z ,ma*iavelli w\ld say4 ,x w disappe> z a =m ( production :i* eng5d]s ( itself & 9 itself ! con/ant & increas+ rebellion ( its productive =ces aga9/ ! conditions 7juridical & political7 ( production & x cont9ues to live only by augm5t+ 7?r\gh competition :i* eng5d]s crises1 & by a bewild]+ ext5sion ( its sph]e ( action7 ! intr9sic conditions ( its inevitable dea?4 ,! dea? ( a social =m l t :i* comes f natural dea? 9 any o!r bran* ( sci5ce becomes a physiological case4 ,! ,manife/o did n make1 & x 0 n its "p to make ! picture ( a future society4 ,x told h[ our pres5t society w dissolve by ! progressive dynamics ( its =ces4 ,to make ?is und]/ood x 0 necess>y above all to expla9 ! developm5t ( ! b\rgeoisie & ?is 0 done 9 rapid sket*es1 a model philosophy ( hi/ory1 :i* c be ret\*$1 complet$ & develop$1 b :i* _c be correct$4#f ,sa9t-,simon & ,f\ri]1 al?\gh nei!r _! ideas nor ! g5]al tr5d ( _! developm5t 7 accept$1 f\nd _! ju/ification4 ,ideali/s bo?1 !y _h by _! h]oic vision transc5d$ ! lib]al epo* :i* 9 _! horizon _h its culm9at+ po9t at ! epo* ( ! ,fr5* revolution4 ,! =m] 9 8 int]pretation ( hi/ory sub/itut$ social physics = economic law & politics1 & 9 spite ( _m ideali/ic & positivi/ic unc]ta9ties1 he almo/ discov]$ ! g5esis ( ! ?ird e/ate4 ,! o!r1 ignorant ( details :i* 7 /ill unkn[n or neglect$1 9 ! exub]ance ( 8 undiscipl9$ _s imag9$ a great *a9 ( hi/oric epo*s vaguely di/+ui%$ by c]ta9 indications ( ! direct+ pr9ciple ( ! =ms ( production & di/ribution4 ,he !reupon propos$ to himself to con/ruct a society 9 :i* ! exi/+ anti!ses %\ld disappe>4 ,f all ^! anti!ses he discov]$ by a fla% ( g5ius & he1 m ?an any o!r1 develop$ ! vici\s circle ( production2 he !re unconsci\sly rea*$ ! position ( ,sismondi1 :o at ! same epo*1 b ) o!r int5tions & along diff]5t roads1 /udy+ crises & d5\nc+ ! disadvantages ( ! l>ge scale indu/ry & ( unbridl$ competition1 ann\nc$ ! collapse ( ! newly e/abli%$ economic sci5ce4 ,f ! summit ( 8 s]5e m$itation on ! future _w ( ! h>monians he look$ d[n ) a s]5e contempt ^u ! mis]y ( civilization & unmov$ wrote ! satire ( hi/ory4 ,ignorant bo?1 because ideali/s1 ( ! bitt] /ruggle :i* ! prolet>iat is call$ ^u to ma9ta9 be=e putt+ an end to ! epo* ( exploitation & ( anti!ses1 !y arriv$ ?r\gh a subjective necessity at _! conclusions1 9 ! "o case s*eme-mak+1 9 ! o!r utopianism4 ,b z by div9ation !y =esaw "s ( ! direct pr9ciples ( a society )\t anti!ses4 ,! =m] rea*$ a cle> conception ( ! te*nical gov]nm5t ( society 9 :i* %\ld disappe> ! dom9ation ( man ov] man1 & ! o!r div9$1 =esaw & prophesi$ along ) ! extravagances ( 8 luxuriant imag9ation a great numb] ( ! important traits ( ! psy*ology & p$agogy ( t future society 9 :i* accord+ to ! expression ( ! ,manife/o1 ! free developm5t ( ea* is ! condition ( ! free developm5t ( all4 ,sa9t-,simonism _h already disappe>$ :5 ! ,manife/o appe>$4 ,f\ri]ism1 on ! contr>y1 0 fl\ri%+ 9 ,france & 9 consequ5ce ( its nature n z a p>ty b z a s*ool4 ,:5 ! s*ool attempt$ to realize its utopia by means ( ! law1 ! ,p>isian prolet>ians _h already be5 beat5 9 ^? days ( ,june by t b\rgeoisie :i* ?r\gh ?is victory 0 prep>+ a ma/] = itself3 x 0 a milit>y adv5tur] ^: p[] la/$ tw5ty ye>s4 ,x is n 9 ! "n ( a s*ool1 b z ! promise1 ! ?reat1 & ! desire ( a p>ty t ! new doctr9e ( critical communism pres5t$ itself4 ,its au?ors & its adh]5ts did n fe$ ^u ! utopian manufacture ( ! future b _! m9ds 7 full ( ! exp]i5ce & ! necessity ( ! pres5t4 ,!y unit$ ) ! prolet>ians :om in/9ct1 n z yet =tifi$ by exp]i5ce1 impell$ to ov]?r[1 at ,p>is & 9 ,engl&1 ! rule ( ! b\rgeois class ) a rapidity ( movem5t n guid$ by well-consid]$ tactics4 ,^! communi/s dissem9at$ _! revolution>y ideas 9 ,g]many3 !y 7 ! def5d]s ( ! ,june m>tyrs1 & !y _h 9 ! ,neue ,rhe9is*e ,zeitung a political organ1 extracts f :i*1 reproduc$ occasionally aft] s _m ye>s1 /ill c>ry au?ority4#g ,aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! hi/oric situations :i* 9 #ahdh _h pu%$ ! prolet>ians to ! front ( ! political /age1 ! doctr9es ( ! ,manife/o no long] f\nd ei!r a f\ndation or a field = diffusion4 ,_m ye>s 7 requir$ be=e x circulat$ aga9 & t because _m ye>s 7 requir$ be=e ! prolet>iat c\ld re-appe> by o!r roads & "u o!r me?ods z a political =ce ^u ! sc5e1 mak+ ( ?is doctr9e its intellectual organ & direct+ its c\rse by x4 ,b f ! day :5 ! doctr9e appe>$ x made its anticipat$ criticism ( t socialismus vulg>is :i* 0 fl\ri%+ 9 ,europe & especially 9 ,france f ! c\p d',etat to ! ,int]national2 ! latt] moreov] 9 its %ort p]iod ( life _h n "t to vanqui% & elim9ate x4 ,?is vulg> socialism f\nd its intellectual food 7:5 no?+ ev5 m incoh]5t & *aotic 0 at h&7 9 ! doctr9e & especially 9 ! p>adoxes ( ,pr\dhon :o _h already be5 vanqui%$ !oretically by ,m>x#h b :o 0 n vanqui%$ practically until ! "t ( ! ,commune :5 8 disciples1 & x 0 a salut>y lesson 9 affairs1 7 =c$ to act 9 opposition to _! own doctr9es & ^? ( _! ma/]4 ,f ! "t ( its appe>ance ?is new communi/ doctr9e c>ri$ an impli$ criticism ( all =ms ( ,/ate socialism f ,l\is ,blanc to ,lassalle4 ,?is ,/ate socialism1 al?\gh m+l$ ) revolution>y doctr9es1 0 !n summ$ up 9 ! empty dream1 9 ! abracadabra1 ( ! ,"r to ,"w4 ,?is is an insidi\s =mula if x implies a dem& address$ to a gov]nm5t ev5 ( revolution>y b\rgeois4 ,x is an economic absurdity if by x is meant to suppress ! unemploym5t :i* ensues ^u ! v>iations ( wages1 t is to say ^u ! conditions ( competition4 ,x may be a tool = politicians1 if x s]ves z an exp$i5t to calm a %apeless mass ( unorganiz$ prolet>ians4 ,?is is v evid5t = any "o :o conceives cle>ly ! c\rse ( a victori\s prolet>ian revolution :i* _c proce$ to ! socialization ( ! means ( production by tak+ possession ( !m1 t is to say1 :i* _c arrive at ! economic =m 9 :i* !re is nei!r m]*&ise nor wage labor & 9 :i* ! "r to "w & ! duty ( work+ are "o & ! same1 m+l$ 9 ! common necessity ( labor = all4 ,! mirage ( ! "r to "w end$ 9 ! trag$y ( ,june4 ,! p>liam5t>y discussion ( :i* x 0 ! object 9 ! sequel 0 no?+ b a p>ody4 ,lam>t9e1 t te>ful rhetorician1 t great man = all prop] occasions1 _h pron\nc$ ! la/1 or ! next to ! la/ ( 8 celebrat$ phrases1 ,cata/rophes are ! exp]i5ces ( nations1 & t suffic$ = ! irony ( hi/ory4 ,! brevity & simplicity ( ! ,manife/o 7 :olly =eign to ! ins9uat+ rhetoric ( fai? or cre$4 ,x 0 ( ! utmo/ inclusiv5ess by virtue ( ! _m ideas :i* x = ! fir/ "t r$uc$ to a sy/em & x 0 a s]ies ( g]ms capable ( an imm5se developm5t4 ,b x 0 n1 & x did n pret5d to be a code ( socialism1 a cate*ism ( critical communism1 or ! h&book ( ! prolet>ian revolution4 ,we may leave its qu9tess5ce to ! illu/ri\s ,dr4 ,s*aeffle1 to :om also we will+ly leave ! fam\s phrase1 ,! social "q is a "q ( ! /oma*4 ,! v5tre ( ,dr4 ,s*aeffle has = long ye>s cut a f9e en\gh figure 9 ! _w to ! great advantage ( ! dilettanti 9 socialism & to ! delight ( ! politicians4 ,critical communism1 9 reality1 sc>cely begun ) ! ,manife/o x ne$$ to develop & x has develop$ effectively4 ,! sum total ( ! tea*+s cu/om>ily designat$ by ! "n ( ,m>xism did n arrive at maturity be=e ! ye>s #ahfj-ahgj4 ,x is c]ta9ly a long /ep f ! little "w ,wage ,labor & ,capital#i 9 :i* is se5 = ! fir/ "t 9 precise t]ms h[ f ! pur*ase & ! use ( ! labor-commodity is obta9$ a product sup]ior to ! co/ ( production1 ?is be+ ! clue to ! "q ( surplus value--x is a long /ep f ?is to ! complex & multiple developm5ts ( ,capital4 ,?is book goes exhau/ively into ! g5esis ( ! b\rgeois epo* 9 all its inn] economic /ructure1 & intellectually x transc5ds t epo* because x expla9s its c\rse1 its p>ticul> laws & ! anti!ses :i* x organically produces & :i* organically dissolve x4 ,x is a long /ep also f ! prolet>ian movem5t :i* succumb$ 9 #ahdh to ! pres5t prolet>ian movem5t :i* ?r\gh great difficulties aft] hav+ re-appe>$ on ! political sc5e has develop$ ) cont9uity & delib]ation4 ,until a few ye>s ago ?is regul>ity ( ! =w>d m>* ( ! prolet>iat 0 obs]v$ & admir$ only 9 ,g]many4 ,! social democracy !re _h normally increas$ z ^u its own field 7f ! ,work+m5's ,conf]5ce ( ,nuremburg1 #ahfh1 to our day74 ,b s9ce !n ! same ph5om5on has ass]t$ itself 9 o!r c\ntries1 "u v>i\s =ms4 ,9 ?is broad developm5t ( ,m>xism & 9 ?is increase ( ! prolet>ian movem5t 9 ! limit$ =ms ( political action1 has !re n be51 z "s ass]t1 an alt]ation f ! militant "* ( ! orig9al =m ( critical communism8 ,has !re n be5 a pass+ f revolution to ! self-/yl$ evolution8 ,has !re n be5 an acquiesc5ce ( ! revolution>y _s 9 ! exig5cies ( ! re=m movem5t8 ,^! reflections & ^! objections h aris5 & arise cont9ually bo? among ! mo/ en?usia/ic & mo/ passionate ( ! sociali/s & among ! adv]s>ies ( socialism ^: int]e/ x is to give an appe>ance ( uni=mity to ! special defeats1 *ecks & delays1 s z to affirm t communism has no future4 ,:oev] comp>es ! pres5t prolet>ian movem5t & its v>i$ & complicat$ c\rse ) ! impression left by ! ,manife/o :5 "o reads x )\t be+ provid$ ) k f o!r s\rces1 may easily believe t !re 0 some?+ juv5ile & premature 9 ! confid5t boldness ( ^? communi/s ( fifty ye>s ago4 ,!re is 9 !m ! s\nd z ( a battle cry & an e*o ( ! vibrant eloqu5ce ( "s ( ! orators ( ,*>tism2 !re is ! decl>ation ( a new '#ic ) no room left = a new ,!rmidor4 ,& ,!rmidor has re-appe>$ sev]al times s9ce 9 v>i\s =ms1 m or less explicit or disguis$1 & _! au?ors h be5 s9ce #ahdh ,fr5* ex-radicals1 or ,italian ex-patriots1 or ,g]man bureaucrats1 ador]s ( ! god ,/ate & practically slaves ( ! god ,mammon1 ,engli% p>liam5t>ians brok5 by ! artifices ( ! art ( gov]nm5t1 or ev5 politicians "u ! guise ( an>*i/s4 ,_m p believe t ! con/ellation ( ,!rmidor is de/9$ nev] to disappe> f ! heav5 ( hi/ory1 or to speak 9 a m prosaic fa%ion1 t lib]alism1 t is to say a society :]e m5 are equal only 9 law1 m>ks ! extreme limit ( human evolution beyond :i* no?+ rema9s b a return backw>d4 ,t is ! op9ion ( all ^? :o see 9 ! progressive ext5sion ( ! b\rgeois =m ov] ! :ole _w ! reason & ! end ( all progress4 ,:e!r !y are optimi/s or pessimi/s "h are1 = !m1 ! columns ( ,h]cules ( ! human race4 ,(t5 x happ5s t ?is s5tim5t 9 its pessimi/ic =m op]ates unconsci\sly ^u "s ( ^?1 :o ) o!rs unclassifi$1 g to swell ! ranks ( an>*ism4 ,!re are o!rs :o g fur!r & :o !orize ^u ! objective improbabilities ( ! ass]tions ( critical communism4 ,t affirmation ( ! ,manife/o t ! r$uction ( all class /ruggles to a s+le "o c>ries )9 itself ! necessity ( ! prolet>ian revolution1 w\ld seem to !m intr9sically false4 ,t doctr9e w\ld be )\t f\ndation because x assumes to draw a !oretical d$uction & a practical rule ( conduct f ! prevision ( a fact :i*1 accord+ to ^! adv]s>ies1 w\ld be a simple !oretical po9t :i* might be displac$ & set ahead indef9itely4 ,! assum$ inevitable collision betwe5 ! productive =ces & ! =m ( production w\ld nev] take place because x is r$uc$1 z !y claim1 to an inf9ite numb] ( p>ticul> cases ( friction1 because x multiplies itself into ! p>tial collisions ( economic competition1 & because x meets ) *ecks & h9drances 9 ! exp$i5ts & attacks ( ! gov]nm5tal art4 ,9 o!r words1 our pres5t society1 in/ead ( break+ up & dissolv+ w\ld 9 a cont9u\s fa%ion repair ! evils :i* x produc$4 ,e prolet>ian movem5t :i* is n repress$ by viol5ce z 0 t ( ,june1 #ahdh1 & t ( ,may1 #ahga1 w\ld p]i% ( sl[ exhau/ion z happ5$ ) ,*>tism :i* end$ 9 trade unionism1 ! w> horse ( ?is fa%ion ( argu+1 ! honor & glory ( ! economi/s & ( ! vulg> sociologi/s4 ,e mod]n prolet>ian movem5t w\ld be reg>d$ z meteoric & n organic1 x w\ld be a di/urbance & n a process1 & accord+ to ^! critics1 9 spite ( ourselves1 we %\ld be /ill utopians4 ,! hi/oric =eca/ :i* is f\nd 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,manife/o & :i* critical communism has s9ce develop$ by a broad & detail$ analysis ( ! actual _w1 has c]ta9ly tak5 on by reason ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* x 0 produc$ a w>like appe>ance & a v aggressive =m4 ,b x did n imply1 any m ?an x implies n[1 ei!r a *ronological datum or a prophetic picture ( ! social organization l ^? 9 ! apocalypses & ! anci5t prophesies4 ,! h]oic ,fa!r ,dolc9o did n re-appe> ) ! prophetic w> cry ( ,joa*9o del ,fiore4 ,we did n celebrate anew at ,mu5/] ! resurrection ( ! ,k+dom ( ,j]usalem4 ,!re 7 no m ,taborites nor mill5>ians4 ,nor 0 !re ano!r ,f\ri] wait+ 9 8 h\se at a fix$ h\r ye> aft] ye> = ! c&idate ( humanity4 ,nor aga91 0 !re an initiator ( a new life1 beg9n+ ) artificial means to create ! fir/ nucleus ( an association propos+ to make man ov]1 z 0 ! case ) ,bell]1 ,ow51 ,cabet1 & ! ent]prise ( ! ,f\ri]ites 9 ,texas1 :i* 0 ! tomb ( utopianism1 m>k$ by a s+ul> epitaph3 ! dumbness :i* succe$$ ! fi]y eloqu5ce ( ,consid]ant4 ,nei!r is !re "h a sect :i* retires mode/ly & timidly f ! _w 9 ord] to celebrate 9 a clos$ circle ! p]fect idea ( communism z 9 ! sociali/ colonies ( ,am]ica4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! doctr9e ( critical communism1 x is society z a :ole :i* at a mom5t ( its g5]al process discov]s ! cause ( its de/9$ c\rse & at a critical po9t ass]ts itself to proclaim ! laws ( its movem5t4 ,! =esight indicat$ by ! ,manife/o 0 n *ronological1 x 0 n a prophecy nor a promise1 b a morphological prevision4 ,b5ea? ! noise ( ! passions ov] :i* our daily conv]sation ext5ds itself1 beyond ! visible movem5ts ( ! p]sons :o =m$ ! mat]ial at :i* ! hi/orians /op1 beyond ! juridical & political app>el ( our civil society1 f> en\gh f ! mean+s :i* religion & art give to life1 !re rema9s1 gr[s & develops ! elem5t>y /ructure ( society :i* supports all ! re/4 ,! anatomical /udy ( ?is und]ly+ /ructure is economics4 ,& z human society has sev]al times *ang$1 p>tially or entirely1 9 its mo/ visible ext]ior =m1 or 9 its ideological1 religi\s or arti/ic manife/ations1 we mu/ fir/ f9d ! cause & ! reason ( ^! *anges1 ! only ones :i* hi/orians relate1 9 ! trans=mations m hidd51 & at fir/ less visible1 ( ! economic processus ( ?is /ructure4 ,we mu/ set ourselves to ! /udy ( ! diff]5ces :i* exi/ betwe5 ! v>i\s =ms ( production :5 we h to deal ) hi/oric epo*s cle>ly di/9ct & prop]ly designat$2 & :5 we h to expla9 ! succession ( ^! =ms1 ! replac+ ( "o by ! o!r1 we mu/ /udy ! causes ( erosion1 & ( ! de/ruction ( ! =m :i* disappe>s2 & f9ally :5 we wi% to und]/& ! hi/oric fact det]m9$ & concrete1 we mu/ /udy ! frictions & ! contra/s :i* take _! rise f ! diff]5t curr5ts1 t is to say1 ! classes1 _! subdivisions & _! int]sections :i* *>act]ize a giv5 society4 ,:5 ! ,manife/o decl>$ t all hi/ory up to ! pres5t "t has be5 no?+ b ! hi/ory ( class /ruggles & t ^! are ! cause ( all revolutions z also ( all reactions1 x did two ?+s at ! same "t1 x gave to communism ! elem5ts ( a new doctr9e & to ! communi/s ! guid+ ?read to discov] 9 ! confus$ ev5ts ( political life ! conditions ( ! und]ly+ economic movem5t4 ,9 ^! la/ fifty ye>s ! g5]ic =esight ( a new hi/oric era has become = sociali/s ! delicate art ( und]/&+ 9 e case :at x is exp$i5t to d1 because ?is new era is 9 itself 9 cont9ual =mation4 ,communism has become an art because ! prolet>ians h become1 or are on ! po9t ( becom+1 a political p>ty4 ,! revolution>y _s is embodi$ to-day 9 ! prolet>ian organization4 ,! desir$ union ( communi/s & prolet>ians is h5ce=? an accompli%$ fact4#aj ,^! la/ fifty ye>s h be5 ! ev] /rong] pro( ( ! ev] gr[+ revolt ( ! produc+ =ces aga9/ ! =ms ( production4 ,we utopians h no o!r answ] to (f] ?an ?is lesson f ev5ts to ^? :o /ill speak ( meteoric di/urbances :i*1 z !y w\ld h x1 w disappe> little by little & w all resolve !mselves into ! calm ( ?is f9al epo* ( civilization4 ,& ?is lesson suffices4 ,elev5 ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,manife/o1 ,m>x =mulat$ 9 cle> & precise fa%ion ! direct+ pr9ciples ( ! mat]iali/ic int]pretation ( hi/ory 9 ! preface to a book :i* is ! =]unn] ( ,capital4#aa ,! fir/ "w :i* ,i und]took = ! purpose ( solv+ ! d\bts :i* p]plex$ me 0 a critical re-exam9ation ( ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,law4 ,! introduction to ?is "w appe>$ 9 ! ,g]man-,fr5* ,ye> ,books1 publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahdd4 ,my inve/igation end$ 9 ! conviction t legal relations & =ms ( gov]nm5t _c be expla9$ ei!r by !mselves or by ! s-call$ g5]al developm5t ( ! human m9d1 b on ! contr>y1 h _! roots 9 ! conditions ( man's physical exi/5ce1 ^: totality ,hegel1 foll[+ ! ,engli% & ,fr5* writ]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 summ$ up "u ! "n ( civil society2 & t ! anatomy ( civil society mu/ be s\ght 9 political economy4 ,! /udy ( ! latt] :i* ,i began at ,p>is 0 cont9u$ at ,brussels :i!r ,i _h betak5 myself 9 consequ5ce ( an ord] ( ,guizot expell+ me f ,france4 ,! g5]al result :i* ,i arriv$ at & :i*1 once obta9$1 s]v$ z a guide = my subsequ5t /udies1 c be briefly =mulat$ z foll[s3 ,9 mak+ _! livelihood toge!r m5 ent] into c]ta9 necess>y involunt>y relations ) ea* o!r1 indu/rial relations :i* correspond to :atev] /age society has rea*$ 9 ! developm5t ( its mat]ial productive =ces4 ,! totality ( ^! indu/rial relations con/itutes ! economic /ructure ( society1 ! real basis ^u :i* ! legal & political sup]/ructure is built1 & to :i* def9ite =ms ( social consci\sness correspond4 ,! me?od ( produc+ ! mat]ial livelihood det]m9es ! social1 political & intellectual life process 9 g5]al4 ,x is n m5's consci\sness :i* det]m9es _! life2 on ! contr>y1 x is _! social life :i* det]m9es _! consci\sness4 ,at a c]ta9 /age ( _! developm5t ! mat]ial productive =ces ( society come into conflict ) ! old conditions ( production or1 to use a legal expression1 ) ! old prop]ty relations "u :i* ^! =ces h hi!rto be5 ex]t$4 ,f =ms ( developm5t ( ! productive =ces ^! relations turn into fett]s ( production4 ,!n beg9s an epo* ( social revolution4 ,) ! *ange ( ! economic basis ! :ole va/ sup]/ructure und]goes soon] or lat] a revolution4 ,9 consid]+ su* revolutions "o mu/ con/antly di/+ui% betwe5 ! indu/rial revolution1 to be c>efully posit$ sci5tifically1 :i* takes place 9 ! economic conditions ( production1 & ! legal1 political1 religi\s1 arti/ic or philosophical1 9 %ort ideological1 =ms :]e9 m5 become consci\s ( ?is conflict & fight x out4 ,z little z we judge an individual by :at he himself ?9ks he is1 j z little c we judge su* a revolution>y epo* by its own consci\sness4 ,we mu/ r expla9 ?is consci\sness out ( ! antagonisms ( m5's indu/rial life1 out ( ! conflict exi/+ betwe5 ! =ces ( social production & ! relations ( social production4 ,a =m ( society nev] breaks d[n until all ! productive =ces are develop$ = :i* x af=ds room4 ,new & high] relations ( production are nev] e/abli%$1 until ! mat]ial conditions ( life to support !m h be5 prep>$ 9 ! lap ( ! old society itself4 ,!re=e mank9d always sets = itself only su* tasks z x is able to p]=m2 = ^u close exam9ation x w always be f\nd t ! task itself only arises :]e ! mat]ial conditions = its solution are already at h& or are at lea/ 9 process ( gr[?4 ,we may 9 broad outl9es *>act]ize ! ,asiatic1 ! antique1 ! feudal & ! mod]n capitali/ me?ods ( production z progressive epo*s 9 ! economic evolution ( society4 ,! indu/rial relations aris+ out ( ! capitali/ic me?od ( production con/itute ! la/ ( ! antagoni/ic =ms ( social production2 antagoni/ic n 9 ! s5se ( an individual antagonism1 b ( an antagonism gr[+ out ( ! social conditions ( individuals4 ,b ! productive =ces :i* are develop$ 9 ! lap ( capitali/ic society create at ! same "t ! mat]ial conditions ne$$ = ! abolition ( ?is antagonism4 ,! capitali/ =m ( society !re=e1 br+s to a close ?is prelude to ! hi/ory ( human society4 ,m>x _h "s ye>s be=e left ! political ar5a & he did n return to x until lat] ) ! ,int]national4 ,! reaction _h triumph$ 9 ,italy1 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y & ,g]many ov] ! patriotic1 lib]al or democratic revolution4 ,! b\rgeoisie on its side _h ov]come ! prolet>ians ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,! indisp5sable conditions = ! developm5t ( a democratic & prolet>ian movem5t sudd5ly disappe>$4 ,! battalion small 9 numb]s inde$ ( ! ,manife/o communi/s :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! revolution & :o _h p>ticipat$ 9 all ! acts ( resi/ance & popul> rebellion aga9/ reaction saw its activity cru%$ by ! memorable process ( ,cologne4 ,! survivors ( ! movem5t tri$ to make a new />t at ,london1 b soon ,m>x1 ,engels & o!rs sep>at$ !mselves f ! revolution>ies & retir$ f ! movem5t4 ,! crisis 0 pass$4 ,a long p]iod ( repose foll[$4 ,?is 0 %[n by ! sl[ disappe>ance ( ! ,*>ti/ movem5t1 t is to say1 ! prolet>ian movem5t ( ! c\ntry :i* 0 ! sp9al column ( ! capitali/ sy/em4 ,hi/ory _h = ! mom5t discr$it$ ! illusions ( ! revolution>ies4 ,be=e giv+ himself almo/ entirely to ! long incubation ( ! already discov]$ elem5ts ( ! critique ( political economy1 ,m>x illu/rat$ 9 sev]al works ! hi/ory ( ! revolution>y p]iod f #ahdh to #ahej & especially ! class /ruggles 9 ,france1 %[+ ?us t if ! revolution 9 ! =ms :i* x _h tak5 on at t mom5t _h n succe$$1 ! revolution>y !ory ( hi/ory 0 n contradict$ = all t4#ab ,! sugge/ions giv5 9 ! ,manife/o f\nd "h _! complete developm5t4 ,lat] ! #ah? ,brumaire ( ,l\is ,bonap>te#ac 0 ! fir/ attempt to apply ! new conception ( hi/ory to a s]ies ( facts conta9$ )9 precise limits ( "t4 ,x is extremely difficult to rise f ! app>5t movem5t to ! real movem5t ( hi/ory & to discov] _! intimate connection4 ,!re are inde$ great difficulties 9 ris+ f ! ph5om5a ( passion1 oratory1 ,p>liam5ts1 elections & ! l to ! inn] social ge>+ to discov] 9 ! latt] ! diff]5t int]e/s ( ! l>ge & small b\rgeois1 ( ! peasants1 ! artisans1 ! labor]s1 ! prie/s1 ! soldi]s1 ! bank]s1 ! usur]s & ! mob4 ,all ^! int]e/s act consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 jo/l+ ea* o!r1 elim9at+ ea* o!r1 comb9+ & fus+1 9 ! discordant life ( civiliz$ man4 ,! crisis 0 pass$ & ?is 0 precisely true 9 ! c\ntries :i* con/itut$ ! hi/oric field f :i* critical communism proce$$4 ,all t ! critical communi/s c\ld d 0 to und]/& ! reaction 9 its hidd5 economic causes because1 = ! mom5t1 to und]/& ! reaction 0 to cont9ue ! "w ( ! revolution4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ "u o!r conditions & o!r =ms #bj ye>s lat] :5 ,m>x1 9 ! "n ( ! ,int]national made 9 ! ,civil ,w> 9 ,france an apology = ! ,commune :i* 0 at ! same "t its objective criticism4 ,! h]oic resignation ) :i* ,m>x aft] #ahej ab&on$ political life 0 %[n aga9 :5 he retir$ f ! ,int]national aft] ! congress at ! ,hague 9 #ahgb4 ,^! two facts h _! value = biography because !y give glimpses ( 8 p]sonal "*4 ,) him1 9 fact1 ideas1 temp]am5t1 policy & ?\ght 7 "o & ! same4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! facts h a mu* great] be>+ = u4 ,critical communism does n manufacture revolutions1 x does n prep>e insurrections1 x does n furni% arms = revolts4 ,x m+les itself ) ! prolet>ian movem5t1 b x sees & supports t movem5t 9 ! full intellig5ce ( ! connection :i* x has1 :i* x c h1 & :i* x mu/ h1 ) all ! relations ( social life z a :ole4 ,9 a ^w x is n a sem9>y 9 :i* sup]ior (fic]s ( ! prolet>ian revolution are tra9$1 b x is nei!r m nor less ?an ! consci\sness ( ?is revolution & especially ! consci\sness ( its difficulties4 ,! prolet>ian movem5t has gr[n 9 a colossal fa%ion dur+ ^! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,9 ! mid/ ( numb]less difficulties1 ?r\gh ga9s & losses1 x has little by little tak5 on a political =m4 ,its me?ods h be5 elaborat$ & gradually appli$4 ,all ?is is n ! "w ( ! magic action ( ! doctr9e scatt]$ by ! p]suasive virtue ( writt5 & spok5 propag&a4 ,f _! fir/ beg9n+s ! communi/s _h ?is feel+ t !y 7 ! extreme left ( e prolet>ian movem5t1 b 9 proportion z ! latt] develop$ & specializ$ x became _! necessity & duty to assi/1 7?r\gh ! elaboration ( programmes1 & ?r\gh _! p>ticipation 9 ! political action ( ! p>ties7 9 ! v>i\s cont+5cies ( ! economic developm5t & ( ! political situation gr[+ out ( x4 ,9 ! fifty ye>s :i* sep>ate u f ! publication ( ! ,manife/o ! specialization & ! complexity ( ! prolet>ian movem5t h become su* t !re is h5ce=? no m9d capable ( embrac+ x 9 its complet5ess1 ( und]/&+ x 9 its details & grasp+ its real causes & exact relations4 ,! s+le ,int]national1 f #ahfd to #ahgc1 necess>ily disappe>$ aft] x _h fulfill$ its task4 ,! prelim9>y equalization ( ! g5]al t5d5cies & ( ! ideas common & indisp5sable to all ! prolet>iat1 & no "o c assume or w assume to re-con/itute any?+ l x4 ,two causes1 notably1 contribut$ 9 a high degree to ?is specialization1 ?is complexity ( ! prolet>ian movem5t4 ,9 _m c\ntries ! b\rgeoisie felt ! ne$ ( putt+ an end 9 ! int]e/ ( its own def5se to "s ( ! abuses :i* _h aris5 9 consequ5ce ( ! introduction ( ! indu/rial sy/em4 ,!nce arose labor legislation1 or z x has be5 pomp\sly call$ social legislation4 ,?is same b\rgeoisie 9 its own int]e/ or1 "u ! pressure ( circum/ances has be5 oblig$1 9 _m c\ntries to increase ! g5]ic conditions ( lib]ty1 & notably to ext5d ! "r ( suffrage4 ,^! two circum/ances h drawn ! prolet>iat into ! circle ( daily political life4 ,!y h consid]ably increas$ its *ance = action & ! agility & suppl5ess ?us acquir$ p]mit x to /ruggle ) ! b\rgeoisie 9 elective assembles4 ,& z ! processus ( ?+s det]m9es ! processus ( ideas1 ?is practical multi=m developm5t ( ! prolet>iat is accompani$ by a gradual developm5t ( ! doctr9es ( critical communism1 z well 9 ! mann] ( und]/&+ hi/ory or contempor>y life z 9 ! m9ute description ( ! mo/ inf9itesimal p>ts ( economics3 9 a ^w1 x has become a sci5ce4 ,h we n !re1 "s ask1 a deviation f ! simple & imp]ative doctr9e ( ! ,manife/o8 ,o!rs aga9 say1 h we n lo/ 9 int5sity & precision :at we h ga9$ 9 ext5sion & complexity8 ,^! que/ions1 9 my op9ion1 arise f an inexact conception ( ! pres5t prolet>ian movem5t & an optical illusion z to ! degree ( en]gy & revolution>y valor ( ! =m] movem5ts4 ,:atev] be ! concessions t ! b\rgeoisie c make 9 ! pres5t economic ord] ev5 if x be a v great r$uction 9 ! h\rs ( labor1 x always rema9s true t ! necessity = exploitation ^u :i* ! :ole pres5t social ord] re/s imposes limits beyond :i* capital z a private in/rum5t ( production has no m reason = exi/5ce4 ,if a concession to-day c allay "o =m ( discont5t 9 ! prolet>iat1 ! concession itself c d no?+ less ?an to give rise to ! ne$ ( new & ev] increas+ concessions4 ,! ne$ ( labor legislation arose 9 ,engl& be=e ! ,*>ti/ movem5t & x develop$ aft]w>ds along ) x4 ,x _h its fir/ successes 9 ! p]iod :i* imm$iately foll[$ ! fall ( ,*>tism4 ,! pr9ciples & ! reasons ( ?is movem5t 9 _! causes & _! effects 7 /udi$ 9 a critical mann] by ,m>x 9 ,capital & !y aft]w>ds pass$1 ?r\gh ! ,int]national1 into ! programmes ( ! diff]5t sociali/ p>ties4 ,f9ally ?is :ole process1 conc5trat+ itself into ! dem& = eight h\rs1 became ) ! #a/ ( ,may an int]national m>%all+ ( ! prolet>iat1 & a means = e/imat+ its progress4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! political /ruggle 9 :i* ! prolet>iat takes "p democratizes its habits2 /ill m a real democracy takes bir? :i*1 ) "t1 w no long] be able to adapt itself to ! pres5t political =m4 ,be+ ! organ ( a society bas$ on exploitation x is con/itut$ z a bureaucratic hi]>*y1 z a judicial bureaucracy & a mutual aid society ( ! capitali/s = ! def5se ( _! special privileges1 ! p]petual income f ! public debt1 ! r5t ( l& & ! int]e/ on capital 9 all its =ms4 ,consequ5tly ! two facts1 :i* accord+ to ! discont5t$ & ! hyp]critical seem to make u deviate inf9itely f ! l9es laid d[n by communism1 become1 on ! contr>y1 new means & new conditions :i* confirm ^! l9es4 ,! app>5t deviations f ! revolution are1 at bottom1 ! v ?+ :i* is ha/5+ x4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ n exagg]ate ! significance ( ! revolution>y fai? ( ! communi/s ( fifty ye>s ago4 ,giv5 ! political situation ( ,europe1 if !y _h a fai?1 x 0 t !y 7 precursors1 & ?is !y h be52 !y hop$ t ! political conditions ( ,italy1 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1 ,g]many & ,pol& might approximate to mod]n =ms1 & ?is has happ5$ lat]1 9 "p1 & ?r\gh o!r means2 if !y _h a hope1 x 0 t ! prolet>ian movem5t ( ,france & ,engl& might cont9ue to develop4 ,! reaction :i* int]v5$ upset _m ?+s & /opp$ m ?an "o developm5t :i* _h already begun4 ,x upset also ! old revolution>y tactic1 & 9 ^! la/ ye>s a new tactic has aris54 ,!re9 lies all ! *ange4#ad ,! ,manife/o 0 design$ = no?+ else ?an ! fir/ guid+ ?read to a sci5ce & a practice :i* no?+ b exp]i5ce & "t c\ld develop4 ,x gives only ! s*eme & ! rhy?m ( ! g5]al m>* ( ! prolet>ian movem5t4 ,x is p]fectly evid5t t ! communi/s 7 influ5c$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! two movem5ts :i* !y _h be=e _! eyes1 t ( ,france1 & especially ! ,*>ti/ movem5t :i* ! manife/ation ( ,april #aj? 0 soon to /rike ) p>alysis4 ,b ?is s*eme does n fix 9 any inv>iable fa%ion a tactic ( w>1 :i* inde$ _h already be5 made frequ5tly4 ,! revolutioni/s _h (t5 inde$ expla9$ 9 ! =m ( cate*ism :at ought to be a simple consequ5ce ( ! developm5t ( ev5ts4 ,?is s*eme became m va/ & complex ) ! developm5t & ext5sion ( ! b\rgeois sy/em4 ,! rhy?m ( ! movem5t has become m v>i$ & sl[] because ! labor+ mass has ent]$ on ! sc5e z a di/9ct1 political p>ty1 :i* fact *anges ! mann] & ! measure ( _! action & consequ5tly _! movem5t4 ,j z 9 view ( ! improvem5t ( mod]n weapons ! tactic ( /reet riots has become inopportune1 & j z ! complexity ( ! mod]n /ate %[s ! insuffici5cy ( a sudd5 capture ( a municipal gov]nm5t to impose ^u a :ole p ! w & ! ideas ( a m9ority1 no matt] h[ c\rage\s & progressive1 ev5 s1 on its side1 ! mass ( ! prolet>ians no long] holds to ! ^w ( comm& ( a few lead]s1 nor does x regulate its movem5ts by ! in/ructions ( capta9s :o might ^u ! ru9s ( "o gov]nm5t raise up ano!r4 ,! labor+ mass :]e x has develop$ politically has made & is mak+ its own democratic education4 ,x is *oos+ its repres5tatives & submitt+ _! action to its criticism4 ,x exam9es & makes its own ! ideas & ! propositions :i* ^! repres5tatives submit to x4 ,x already kn[s1 or x beg9s to und]/& accord+ to ! situation 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries1 t ! conque/ ( ! political p[] _c & %\ld n be made by o!rs 9 its "n1 & especially t x _c be ! consequ5ce ( a s+le bl[4 ,9 a ^w x kn[s1 or x is beg9n+ to und]/& t ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat :i* %all h = its task ! socialization ( ! means ( production _c be ! "w ( a mass l$ by a few & t x mu/ be1 & t x w be1 ! "w ( ! prolet>ians !mselves :5 !y h become 9 !mselves & ?r\gh long practice a political organization4 ,! developm5t & ! ext5sion ( ! b\rgeois sy/em h be5 rapid & colossal 9 ^! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,x already invades sacr$ & anci5t ,russia & x is creat+1 n only 9 ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia & 9 ,india1 b ev5 9 ,japan1 new c5t]s ( mod]n production1 ?us complicat+ ! conditions ( competition & ! entanglem5ts ( ! _w m>ket4 ,! consequ5ces ( political *anges h be5 produc$1 or w n be long to wait =4 ,equally rapid & colossal has be5 ! progress ( ! prolet>iat4 ,its political education takes ea* day a new /ep t[>d ! conque/ ( political p[]4 ,! rebellion ( ! productive =ces aga9/ ! =m ( production1 ! /ruggle ( liv+ labor aga9/ accumulat$ labor1 becomes e day m evid5t4 ,! b\rgeois sy/em is h5ce=? ^u ! def5sive & x reveals its decad5ce by ?is s+ul> contradiction2 ! peaceful _w ( indu/ry has become a colossal camp 9 :i* milit>ism develops4 ,! peaceful p]iod ( indu/ry has become by ! irony ( ?+s ! p]iod ( ! cont9u\s inv5tion ( new eng9es ( w>4 ,socialism has =c$ itself into ! situation4 ,^? semi-sociali/s1 ev5 ^? *>latans :o encumb] ) _! pres5ce ! press & ! meet+s ( our p>ty & :o (t5 are a nuisance to u1 are a tribute :i* vanity & ambitions ( e sort r5d] 9 _! fa%ion to ! new p[] :i* rises on ! horizon4 ,9 spite ( ! =ese5 antidote :i* sci5tific socialism is1 ! tru? ( :i* _m p h n come to und]/&1 !re is a gr\p ( quacks on ! social "q1 all hav+ "s p>ticul> specific to elim9ate su* or su* a social evil3 l& nationalization1 monopoly ( gra9s 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate1 democratic taxes1 /atization ( mortgages1 g5]al /rike1 etc4 ,b social democracy elim9ates all ^! fantasies because ! consci\sness ( _! situation leads ! prolet>ians :5 once !y h become famili> ) ! political ar5a to und]/& socialism 9 an integral fa%ion4 ,!y come to und]/& t !y %\ld look = only "o ?+1 ! abolition ( wage labor2 t !re is b "o =m ( society :i* r5d]s possible & ev5 necess>y ! elim9ation ( classes1--! association :i* does n produce commodities1 & t ?is =m ( society is no long] ! ,/ate1 b its opposite1 t is to say1 ! te*nical & p$agogical adm9i/ration ( human society1 ! self-gov]nm5t ( labor4 ,beh9d ! ,jacob9s are ! gigantic h]oes ( #agic & _! c>icatures ( #ahdh4 ,social democracy6 ,b is n t1 say "s1 an evid5t att5uation ( ! communi/ doctr9e z x is =mulat$ 9 ! ,manife/o 9 t]ms s r++ & s decisive8 ,?is is n ! mom5t to recall t ! phrase social democracy has _h 9 ,france _m significations f #ahcg to #ahdh1 all ( :i* 7 bas$ ^u a vague s5tim5talism4 ,nei!r is x necess>y to expla9 h[ ! ,g]mans h be5 able 9 ?is nom5clature to sum up all ! ri* & va/ developm5t ( _! socialism f ! episode ( ,lassalle n[ pass$ ov] & trans=m$ up to our own days4 ,x is c]ta9 t social democracy c signify1 has signifi$ & signifies _m ?+s :i* h n be51 are n1 & nev] w be1 ei!r critical communism or ! consci\s m>* t[>d ! prolet>ian revolution4 ,x is also c]ta9 t contempor>y socialism ev5 9 ! c\ntries :]e its developm5t is mo/ advanc$1 c>ries ) x a great deal ( dross :i* x ?r[s (f little by little along ! road4 ,x is c]ta9 also1 9 f9e1 t ?is broad designation ( social democracy s]ves z an escut*eon & a buckl] to _m intrud]s4 ,b "h we ne$ to fix our att5tion only ^u c]ta9 po9ts ( capital importance4 ,we mu/ insi/ ^u ! second t]m ( ! expression 9 ord] to avoid any equivocation4 ,democratic 0 ! con/itution ( ! ,communi/ ,league2 democratic 0 its fa%ion ( welcom+ & discuss+ ea* new tea*+2 democratic 0 its int]v5tion 9 ! revolution ( #ahdh & its p>ticipation 9 ! rebelli\s resi/ance aga9/ ! invasion ( reaction2 democratic f9ally 0 ! v way 9 :i* ! ,league 0 dissolv$4 ,9 ?is fir/ type ( our pres5t p>ties1 9 ?is fir/ cell s to speak1 ( our complex organism1 ela/ic & highly develop$1 !re 0 n only ! consci\sness ( ! mission to be accompli%$ z precursor1 b !re 0 already ! =m & ! me?od ( association :i* alone are suitable = ! fir/ initiators ( ! prolet>ian revolution4 ,x 0 no long] a sect2 t =m 0 already1 9 fact1 outgr[n4 ,! imm$iate & fanta/ic dom9ation ( ! individual 0 elim9at$1 :at pr$om9at$ 0 a discipl9e :i* _h its s\rce 9 ! exp]i5ce ( necessity & 9 ! precise doctr9e :i* mu/ proce$ f ! reflex consci\sness ( ?is necessity4 ,x 0 ! same ) ! ,int]national1 :i* appe>$ au?orit>ian only to ^? :o c\ld n make _! own au?ority prevail 9 x4 ,x mu/ be ! same1 & x is s1 9 ! work+ class p>ties & :]e ?is "* is n or _c yet be m>k$1 ! prolet>ian agitation /ill elem5t>y & confus$ simply eng5d]s illusions & is only a pretext = intrigues1 & :5 x is n s1 !n we h a passov] :]e m5 ( und]/&+ t\* elb[s ) ! madman & ! spy2 z = example ! society ( ,! ,int]national ,bro!rs :i* atta*$ itself l a p>asite to ! ,int]national & discr$it$ x2 or aga9 ! co-op]ative :i* deg5]ates into a bus9ess & sells itself to capitali/s2 ! labor p>ty :i* rema9s outside politics & :i* /udies ! v>iations ( ! m>ket to introduce its tactic ( /rikes into ! s9uosities ( competition2 or aga9 a gr\p ( malcont5ts1 = ! mo/ "p social outca/s & little b\rgeois1 :o give !mselves up to speculations on socialism consid]$ z "o ( ! phases ( political fa%ion4 ,social democracy has met all ^! imp$im5ta ^u its way & x has be5 oblig$ to relieve itself ( !m z x w h to d aga9 f "o "t to ano!r4 ,! art ( p]suasion does n always suffice4 ,(t5] x 0 necess>y & x is necess>y to resign ourselves & wait until ! h>d s*ool ( disillusion s]ves to in/ruct1 :i* x does bett] ?an reason+s c d4 ,all ^! intr9sic difficulties ( ! prolet>ian movem5t1 :i* ! wily b\rgeoisie (t5] ?an n /irs up ( itself & :i* x makes ! mo/ (1 =m a consid]able "p ( ! int]nal hi/ory ( socialism dur+ ^! la/ ye>s4 ,socialism has n f\nd imp$im5ts m]ely 9 ! g5]al conditions ( economic competition & 9 ! resi/ance ( ! political p[]1 b also 9 ! v conditions ( ! prolet>ian mass & 9 ! me*anism sometimes obscure al?\gh inevitable ( its sl[1 v>i$1 complex movem5ts1 (t5 antagoni/ic & contradictory4 ,t prev5ts _m p f see+ ! increas+ r$uction ( all class /ruggles to ! s+le /ruggle betwe5 ! capitali/s & ! prolet>ianiz$ work]s4 ,ev5 z ! ,manife/o did n write1 z ! utopians did1 ! e?ics & ! psy*ology ( ! future society1 j s x did n give ! me*anism ( t =mation & ( ! developm5t 9 :i* we f9d ourselves4 ,x is surely en\gh t ^! few pione]s h op5$ ! road4 ,we mu/ walk ^u x to arrive at und]/&+ & exp]i5ce4 ,moreov] man is di/9ctively ! exp]im5tal animal2 t is :y he has a hi/ory1 or r t is :y he makes 8 own hi/ory4 ,^u ?is road ( contempor>y socialism :i* con/itutes its developm5t because x is its exp]i5ce1 we h met ! mass ( ! peasants4 ,socialism :i* at fir/ kept itself practically & !oretically to ! /udy & exp]i5ce ( ! antagonisms betwe5 capitali/s & prolet>ians 9 ! circle ( indu/rial production prop]ly s call$1 has turn$ its activity t[>d t mass 9 :i* peasant /upidity blossoms4 ,to capture ! peasants is ! "q ( ! h\r1 al?\gh ! qu9tess5tial ,s*aeffle long ago mobiliz$ ! anti-collectivi/ bra9s ( ! peasants = ! def5se ( ! exi/+ ord]4 ,! elim9ation & ! capture ( dome/ic indu/ry by capital1 ! passage m & m rapid ( agr>ian indu/ry into ! capitali/ =m1 ! disappe>ance ( small proprietor%ip1 or its less5+ ?r\gh mortgages1 ! disappe>ance ( ! communal doma9es1 usury1 taxes & milit>ism1 all ?is is beg9n+ to "w miracles ev5 9 ^? bra9s assum$ to be props ( ! exi/+ ord]4 ,! ,g]mans h be5 ! pione]s 9 ?is field4 ,!y 7 br\ght to x by ! v fact ( _! imm5se expansion2 f ! cities !y h gone to ! smalle/ c5t]s & !y ?us arrive inevitably at ! fronti]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,_! attempts w be long & difficult2 ?is fact expla9s1 excuses1 & w excuse1 ! errors :i* h be5 & w be committ$4#ae ,z long z ! peasant %all n be ga9$ ov] we %all always h beh9d u ?is peasant /upidity :i* unconsci\sly repeats1 & t because x is /upid1 ! errors ( ! #ah? ,brumaire & ! #b;d ( ,decemb]4 ,! developm5t ( mod]n society 9 ,russia w probably proce$ on p>allel l9es ) ?is conque/ ( ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,:5 t c\ntry %all h ent]$ into ! lib]al era ) all its imp]fections & all its disadvantages1 ) all ! purely mod]n =ms ( exploitation & ( prolet>ization1 b also ) ! comp5sations & ! advantages ( ! political developm5t ( ! prolet>iat1 social democracy w no long] h to fe> ! ?reat ( un=ese5 p]ils f )\t1 & x w at ! same "t h triumph$ ov] ! int]nal p]ils by ! capture ( ! peasants4 ,! example ( ,italy is in/ructive4 ,?is c\ntry aft] hav+ op5$ ! capitali/ era dropp$ out = sev]al c5turies f ! curr5t hi/ory4 ,x is a typical case ( decad5ce :i* c be /udi$ 9 a precise fa%ion f orig9al docum5ts 9 all its phases4 ,x p>tly return$ into hi/ory at ! "t ( ! ,napoleonic dom9ation4 ,x reconqu]$ its unity & became a mod]n /ate aft] ! p]iod ( ! reaction & conspiracies1 & "u circum/ances kn[n to all1 & ,italy has end$ by hav+ all ! vices ( p>liam5t>ism1 ( milit>ism & ( f9ance )\t hav+ at ! same "t ! =ms ( mod]n production & ! result+ capacity = competition on equal t]ms4 ,x _c compete ) c\ntries :]e indu/ry is m advanc$ by reason ( ! absolute lack ( coal & sc>city ( iron1 ! lack ( te*nical ability1--& x is wait+1 or hop+ n[1 t ! application ( electricity may p]mit x to rega9 ! "t lo/4 ,x is ?is :i* gave ! impulse to diff]5t attempts f ,biella to ,s*io4 ,a mod]n /ate 9 a society almo/ exclusively agricultural & 9 a c\ntry :]e agriculture is 9 great "p backw>d1 x is t :i* gives bir? to ?is g5]al s5tim5t ( univ]sal discont5t4 ,!nce come ! incoh]5ce & ! inconsi/5cy ( ! p>ties1 ! rapid oscillations f demagogy to dictator%ip1 ! mob1 ! multitude1 ! inf9ite army ( ! p>asites ( politics1 ! mak]s ( fanta/ic projects4 ,?is s+ul> social spectacle ( a developm5t prev5t$1 ret>d$1 emb>rass$ & ?us unc]ta91 is br\ght out 9 bold relief by a p5etrat+ _s :i*1 if x is n always ! fruit & ! expression ( a mod]n1 broad & real culture nev]!less be>s )9 itself z ! relic ( an excell5t civilization ! m>k ( great c]ebral ref9em5t4 ,italy has n be5 = reasons easy to guess a suitable field = ! indig5\s =mation ( sociali/ ideas & t5d5cies4 ,! ,italian ,philippe ,buon>oti1 at fir/ ! fri5d ( ! y\ng] ,robespi]re1 become ! companion ( ,babeuf & lat] attempt$ to re-e/abli% ,babeufism 9 ,france1 aft] #ahcj4 ,socialism made its fir/ appe>ance 9 ,italy at ! "t ( ! ,int]national1 9 ! confus$ & incoh]5t =m ( ,bakun9ism2 x 0 n1 moreov]1 a labor movem5t1 b x 0 ! "w ( ! small b\rgeois & in/9ctive revolutioni/s4#af ,9 ^! la/ ye>s socialism has fix$ itself 9 a =m :i* almo/ reproduces ! g5]al type ( social democracy4#ag ,n[ 9 ,italy ! fir/ sign ( life :i* ! prolet>iat gave is 9 ! %ape ( ! ris+ ( ! ,sicilian peasants foll[$ by o!r revolts ( ! same k9d on ! cont95t to :i* o!rs w p]haps succe$ 9 ! future4 ,is x n v significant8 ,aft] ?is incursion into ! hi/ory ( contempor>y socialism we gladly return to our precursors ( fifty ye>s ago1 :o put on record 9 ! ,manife/o h[ !y took possession ( an advance po/ on ! road ( progress4 ,& t is true n m]ely ( ! !oriz]s1 t is to say1 ,m>x & ,engels4 ,bo? ( ^! m5 w\ld h ex]cis$1 "u o!r circum/ances & at all times ei!r by tongue or p51 a consid]able influ5ce ov] politics & sci5ce su* 0 ! =ce & orig9ality ( _! m9ds & ! ext5t ( _! k ev5 if !y _h nev] met on _! way ! ,communi/ ,league4 ,b ,i am ref]r+ to all ! unkn[n accord+ to ! exclusive & va9 j>gon ( b\rgeois lit]ature3--( ! %oemak]1 ,bau]1 ! tailors1 ,lessn] & ,ecc>ius1 ! m9iature pa9t]1 ,pfa5d]1 ! wat*mak]1 ,moll1#ah ( ,lo*n]1 etc41 & _m o!rs :o 7 ! fir/ consci\s initiators ( our movem5t4 ,! motto1 ,work+m5 ( all c\ntries1 unite1 rema9s z _! monum5t4 ,! passage ( socialism f utopia to sci5ce m>ks ! result ( _! "w4 ,! survival ( _! in/9ct & ( _! fir/ impulse 9 ! "w ( to-day is ! ineffaceable title :i* ^! precursors h acquir$ to ! gratitude ( all sociali/s4 ,z an ,italian1 ,i return s mu* ! m will+ly to ^! beg9n+s ( mod]n socialism because = me1 at lea/1 ?is rec5t w>n+ ( ,engels' is n )\t importance4 ,?us ! discov]y t ev]y:]e & always political conditions & ev5ts f9d _! explanation 9 economic conditions w\ld n h be5 made by ,m>x 9 #ahde1 b r by ,loria 9 #ahhf4 ,he has at lea/ succe$$ 9 impress+ ?is belief ^u 8 compatriots1 & s9ce 8 book has appe>$ 9 ,fr5* ev5 ^u "s ,fr5*m5 & he may n[ g on inflat$ ) pride & vanity z if he _h discov]$ an epo*-mak+ hi/oric !ory until ! ,italian sociali/s h "t to despoil ! illu/ri\s ,mr4 ,loria ( ! peacock fea!rs :i* he has /ol54#ai ,i w\ld will+ly close "h1 b m rema9s to be said4 ,on all sides & f all camps prote/s arise & objections are urg$ aga9/ hi/orical mat]ialism4 ,& "s times ^! voices are swell$ "h & !re by newly conv]t$ sociali/s1 sociali/s :o are philosophical1 sociali/s :o are s5tim5tal & sometimes hy/]ical4 ,!n reappe>s1 z a w>n+1 ! "q ( ! belly4 ,o!rs devote !mselves to ex]cise ( logical gymna/ics ) ab/ract categories ( egoism & altruism2 = o!rs aga9 ! inevitable /ruggle = exi/5ce always turns up at ! "r mom5t4 ,morality6 ,b x is high "t t we und]/& ! lesson ( ?is morality ( ! b\rgeois epo* 9 ! fable ( ! bees by ,m&eville1 :o 0 contempor>y ) ! fir/ projection ( classic economics4 ,& has n ! politics ( ?is morality be5 expla9$ 9 classic phrases t c nev] be =gott5 by ! fir/ great political writ] ( ! capitali/ epo* ,ma*iavelli1 :o did n inv5t ,ma*iavellism1 b :o 0 its secret>y & fai?ful & dilig5t editor4 ,& z = ! logical t\rney betwe5 egoism & altruism1 has x n be5 9 full view f ! "t ( ! ,rev]5d ,mal?us up to t empty1 prolix & tiresome reason]1 ! indisp5sable ,sp5c]8 ,/ruggle = exi/5ce6 ,b c\ld y wi% to obs]ve1 /udy & und]/& a /ruggle m important = u ?an ! "o :i* has its bir? & is tak+ on gigantic proportions 9 ! prolet>ian agitation8 ,p]haps y w\ld r$uce ! explanation ( ?is /ruggle :i* is develop+ & work+ 9 ! sup]natural doma9 ( society1 :i* man himself has creat$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 ?r\gh 8 labor1 ?r\gh improv$ processes & ?r\gh social in/itutions1 & :i* man himself c *ange ?r\gh o!r =ms ( labor1 processes & in/itutions1--y w\ld p]haps r$uce x to ! simple explanation ( ! m g5]al /ruggle 9 :i* plant & animals1 & m5 !mselves 9 s f> z !y are animals1 are cont5d+ 9 ! bosom ( nature4 ,b let u return to our subject4 ,critical communism has nev] refus$1 & x does n refuse1 to welcome ! multiple & valuable sugge/ions1 ideological1 e?ical1 psy*ologic & p$agogic :i* may come f ! k & f ! /udy ( all =ms ( communism f ,phales ( ,*alc$on d[n to ,cabet4#bj ,m ?an ?is1 x is by ! /udy & ! k ( ^! =ms t ! consci\sness ( ! sep>at5ess ( sci5tific socialism f all ! re/ becomes develop$ & fix$4 ,& 9 mak+ ?is /udy :o is !re :o w refuse to recognize t ,?omas ,m 0 a h]oic s\l & a great writ] on socialism8 ,:o w n f9d 9 8 he>t a l>ge tribute ( admiration = ,rob]t ,ow5 :o fir/ gave to ! e?ics ( communism ?is indisputable pr9ciple1 t ! "* & ! morals ( m5 are ! necess>y result ( ! conditions 9 :i* !y live & ( ! circum/ances :i* surr\nd !m8 ,& ! p>tisans ( critical communism believe x is _! duty1 trav]s+ hi/ory 9 ?\ght1 to claim fell[%ip ) all ! oppress$1 :atev] may h be5 _! de/9y1 :i* 0 t ( rema9+ oppress$ & ( op5+ ! way aft] an ephem]al success = ! rule ( new oppressors4 ,b ! p>tisans ( critical communism diff]5tiate !mselves cle>ly on "o po9t f all o!r =ms or mann]s ( communism1 or ( socialism1 anci5t1 mod]n or contemporane\s1 & ?is po9t is ( capital importance4 ,!y _c admit t ! ideologies ( ! pa/ h rema9$ )\t effect & t ! pa/ attempts ( ! prolet>iat h be5 always ov]come by pure *ance1 by pure accid5t1 by ! effect ( a caprice ( circum/ances4 ,all ^! ideologies al?\gh !y reflect$ 9 fact ! s5tim5t directly due to social anti!ses1 t is to say1 ! real class /ruggles1 ) a l(ty s5se ( ju/ice & a pr(\nd devotion to an ideal1 nev]!less all reveal ignorance ( ! true causes & ( ! effective nature ( ! anti!ses aga9/ :i* !y hurl$ !mselves by an act ( revolt spontane\s & (t5 h]oic4 ,!nce _! utopian "*4 ,we c moreov] expla9 :y ! oppressive conditions ( o!r epo*s al?\gh !y 7 m b>b>\s & cruel did n br+ t accumulation ( en]gy1 t conc5tration ( =ce1 or t cont9uity ( resi/ance :i* is se5 to be realiz+ itself & develop+ 9 ! prolet>iat ( our "t4 ,x is ! *ange ( society 9 its economic /ructure2 x is ! =mation ( ! prolet>iat 9 ! bosom ( ! great indu/ry & ( ! mod]n /ate4 ,x is ! appe>ance ( ! prolet>iat ^u ! political sc5e1--x is ! new ?+s1 9 f9e1 :i* h eng5d]$ ! ne$ ( new ideas4 ,?us critical communism is nei!r moraliz]1 nor prea*]1 nor h]ald1 nor utopian--x already holds ! ?+ itself 9 its h&s & into ! ?+ itself x has put its e?ics & its idealism4 ,?is ori5tation :i* seems h>% to ! s5tim5tali/s because x is too true1 too reali/ic & too real1 p]mits u to retrace ! hi/ory ( ! prolet>iat & ( ! o!r oppress$ classes :i* prec$$ x4 ,we see _! diff]5t phases2 we take acc\nt ( ! failures ( ,*>tism1 ( ! ,conspiracy ( ,equals & we explore /ill fur!r back to attempts at relief1 to acts ( resi/ance1 & to w>s1--to ! fam\s peasants' w> 9 ,g]many1 to ! ,jacqu]ie & to ,fa!r ,dolc9o4 ,9 all ^! facts & 9 all ^! ev5ts we discov] =ms & ph5om5a relat+ to ! future ( ! b\rgeoisie 9 proportion z x te>s to pieces1 ov]?r[s1 triumphs ov] & issues f ! feudal sy/em4 ,we c d ! same ) ! class /ruggles ( ! anci5t _w b ) less cle>ness4 ,?is hi/ory ( ! prolet>iat & ( ! o!r oppress$ classes1 ( ! vicissitudes ( _! /ruggles & _! revolts1 is already a suffici5t guide to assi/ u 9 und]/&+ :y ! ideologies ( ! communism ( o!r epo*s 7 premature4 ,if ! b\rgeoisie has n yet arriv$ ev]y:]e at ! f9al /age ( its evolution1 x surely has arriv$ 9 c]ta9 c\ntries at its accompli%m5t4 ,9 fact1 9 ! mo/ advanc$ c\ntries x is subject+ ! v>i\s old] =ms ( production1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 to ! action & to ! law ( capital4 ,& ?us x simplifies1 or x t5ds to simplify1 ! diff]5t class /ruggles ( =m] times1 :i* !n obscur$ ea* o!r by _! multiplicity1 into ?is s+le /ruggle betwe5 capital :i* is conv]t+ into m]*&ise all ! products ( human labor indisp5sable to life & ! mass ( prolet>ians :i* sells its labor p[]1--n[ also become simple m]*&ise4 ,! secret ( hi/ory is simplifi$4 ,x is all prosaic4 ,& j z ! pres5t class /ruggle is ! simplification ( all o!r1 s likewise1 ! communism ( ! ,manife/o simplifies into rigid & g5]al !oretical =mulas ! ideologic1 e?ic1 psy*ologic & p$agogic sugge/ion ( ! o!r =ms ( communism n by d5y+ b by exalt+ !m4 ,all is prosaic & communism itself p>takes ( ?is "*1 x is n[ a sci5ce4 ,?us !re are 9 ! ,manife/o nei!r rhetoric nor prote/ations4 ,x does n lam5t ov] paup]ism to elim9ate x4 ,x %$s te>s ov] no?+4 ,! te>s are trans=m$ ( !mselves into a spontane\s revolution>y =ce4 ,e?ics & idealism consi/ h5ce=? 9 ?is1 to put ! ?\ght ( sci5ce at ! s]vice ( ! prolet>iat4 ,if ?is e?ics does n appe> moral en\gh = ! s5tim5tali/s1 usually hy/]ical & silly1 let !m g & borr[ altruism f its high prie/ ,sp5c] :o w give a vague & insipid def9ition ( x1 su* z w satisfy !m4 ,b1 aga91 %\ld ! economic factor s]ve alone to expla9 ! :ole ( hi/ory6 ,hi/oric factors6 ,b t is an expression ( empirici/s or ideologi/s :o repeat ,h]d]4 ,society is a complex :ole or an organism accord+ to ! expression ( "s :o wa/e _! "t 9 discussions ov] ! value & ! analogical use ( ?is expression4 ,?is complexus has =m$ itself & has *ang$ sev]al times4 ,:at is ! explanation ( ?is *ange8 ,ev5 long be=e ,feu]ba* gave a f9al bl[ to ! !ological explanation ( hi/ory 7man makes religion & n religion man7 ! old ,balzac#ba _h made a satire ( x by mak+ m5 ! puppets ( ,god4 ,& _h n ,vico already recogniz$ t ,provid5ce does n act 9 hi/ory f )\t8 ,& ?is same ,vico1 a c5tury be=e ,morgan1 _h he n r$uc$ hi/ory to a process :i* man himself makes ?r\gh successive exp]im5tation consi/+ 9 ! inv5tion ( language1 religion1 cu/oms & laws8 ,_h n ,less+ affirm$ t hi/ory is an education ( ! human race8 ,_h n ,r\sseau se5 t ideas are born f ne$s8 ,_h n ,sa9t ,simon guess$ :5 he did n lose himself 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 organic & inorganic epo*s ! real g5esis ( ! ,?ird ,e/ate1 & did n 8 ideas translat$ into prose make ( ,augu/9 ,?i]ry a recon/ructor ( hi/orical rese>*8 ,9 ! fir/ fifty ye>s ( ?is c5tury & notably 9 ! p]iod f #ahcj to #ahej ! class /ruggles :i* ! anci5t hi/orians & ^? ( ,italy dur+ ! ,r5aissance _h describ$ s cle>ly1 in/ruct$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ^! /ruggles 9 ! n>r[ doma9 ( _! own urban republic _h gr[n & _h rea*$ on bo? sides ( ! ,*annel great] proportions & an evid5ce always m palpable4 ,born 9 ! mid/ ( ! great indu/ry1 illum9at$ by ! recollection & by ! /udy ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution !y h become intuitively in/ructive because !y f\nd ) m or less cle>ness & consci\sness _! actual & sugge/$ expression 9 ! programmes ( ! political p>ties3 free ex*ange or t>iffs on gra9 9 ,engl&1 & s on4 ,! conception ( hi/ory *ang$ to ! obs]v] 9 ,france1 on ! "r w+ z on ! left w+ ( ! lit]>y p>ties1 f ,guizot to ,l\is ,blanc & to ! mode/ ,cabet4 ,sociology 0 ! ne$ ( ! "t & if x s\ght 9 va9 its !oretic expression 9 ,augu/e ,comte1 a belat$ s*ola/ic1 x f\nd its arti/ 9 ,balzac :o 0 ! actual inv5tor ( class psy*ology4 ,to put into ! classes & into _! frictions ! real subject ( hi/ory & ! movem5t ( ?is 9 _! movem5t1--?is is :at 0 !n on ! po9t ( be+ /udi$ & discov]$1 & x 0 necess>y to fix a !ory ( ?is 9 precise t]ms4 ,man has made 8 hi/ory n by a metaphorical evolution nor ) a view ( walk+ on a l9e ( preconceiv$ progress4 ,he has made x by creat+ 8 own conditions1 t is to say1 by creat+ ?r\gh 8 labor an artificial environm5t1 by develop+ successively 8 te*nical aptitudes & by accumulat+ & trans=m+ ! products ( 8 activity 9 ?is new environm5t4 ,we h b "o s+le hi/ory & we _c comp>e real hi/ory1 :i* is actually made1 ) ano!r :i* is simply possible4 ,:]e %all we f9d ! laws ( ?is =mation & ( ?is developm5t8 ,! v anci5t =mations are n evid5t at fir/ sight4 ,b b\rgeois society because x is born rec5tly & has n yet rea*$ its full developm5t1 ev5 9 all p>ts ( ,europe1 be>s )9 itself ! embryonic traces ( its orig9 & its processus1 & x puts !m 9 full evid5ce 9 c\ntries :]e x is 9 process ( bir? be=e our eyes1 z = example1 9 ,japan4 ,9 s f> z x is society :i* trans=ms all ! products ( human labor into commodities by means ( capital1 society :i* assumes ! prolet>iat or creates x & :i* be>s )9 itself ! anxiety1 ! tr\ble & ! unc]ta9ty ( cont9u\s innovations1 x is born 9 det]m9$ times accord+ to cle> me?ods :i* c be indicat$ al?\gh !y may be v>i$4 ,9 fact 9 diff]5t c\ntries x has diff]5t modes ( developm5t4 ,9 ,italy1 = example1 x beg9s be=e all ! o!rs & !n /ops4 ,9 ,engl& x is ! product ( ?ree c5turies ( economic expropriation ( ! old =ms ( production1 or ( ! old proprietor%ip1 to speak ! language ( ! juri/s4 ,9 "o c\ntry x elaborates itself little by little comb9+ itself ) pre-exi/+ =ces1 z 0 ! case 9 ,g]many1 & x und]goes _! influ5ces ?r\gh adaptation2 9 ano!r c\ntry x breaks its envelope & cru%es out resi/ance viol5tly1 z happ5$ 9 ,france1 :]e ! great revolution gives u ! mo/ int5se & ! mo/ bewild]+ example ( hi/oric action t is kn[n1 & ?us =ms ! greate/ s*ool ( sociology4 ,z ,i h already indicat$ ?is =mation ( mod]n or b\rgeois hi/ory has be5 summ$ up 9 rapid & ma/]ly /rokes 9 ! ,manife/o1 :i* has giv5 its g5]al anatomical pr(ile ) its successive aspects1 ! trade guild1 comm]ce1 manufacture & ! great indu/ry & has also indicat$ "s ( ! organs & appliances ( a d]iv$ & complex "*1 law1 political =ms1 etc4 ,! elem5ts ( ! !ory :i* 0 to expla9 hi/ory by ! pr9ciple ( ! class /ruggle 7 already implicitly conta9$ 9 x4 ,?is same b\rgeois society :i* revolutioniz$ ! e>li] =ms ( production _h ?r[n light ^u itself & its processus 9 creat+ ! doctr9e ( its /ructure1 economics4 ,9 fact x has n develop$ 9 ! unconsci\sness :i* *>act]iz$ primitive societies b 9 ! full light ( ! mod]n _w beg9n+ ) ! ,r5aissance4 ,economics1 z is kn[n1 0 born by fragm5ts1 & its orig9 0 associat$ ) t ( ! fir/ b\rgeoisie1 :i* 0 t ( comm]ce & ! great geographical discov]ies1 t is to say1 x 0 contempor>y ) ! fir/ & second phases ( m]cantilism4 ,& x 0 born to answ] special que/ions3 = example1 is int]e/ legitimate8 ,is x advantage\s = /ates & = nations to accumulate money8 ,x cont9u$ to gr[1 x occupi$ itself ) ! mo/ complex sides ( ! problem ( weal?2 x develop$ 9 ! passage f m]cantilism to manufacture & !n m rapidly & m resolutely 9 ! passage f ! latt] to ! great indu/ry4 ,x 0 ! intellectual s\l ( ! b\rgeoisie :i* 0 conqu]+ society4 ,x _h already z discipl9e almo/ def9$ its g5]al l9es on ! eve ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 x 0 ! sign ( ! rebellion aga9/ ! old =ms ( feudalism1 ! guild1 privilege1 limitations ( labor1 t is to say x 0 ! sign ( lib]ty4 ,! !ory ( natural "r :i* develop$ f ! precursors ( ,grotius to ,r\sseau1 ,kant1 & ! ,con/itution ( #ic1 0 no?+ else ?an a duplicate & ! ideological complem5t ( economics1 to ! ext5t t (t5 ! ?+ & its complem5t are conf\nd$ 9 "o 9 ! m9d & 9 ! po/ulates ( writ]s2 ( ?is we h a typical example 9 ! ,physiocrats4 ,9 s f> z x 0 a doctr9e x sep>at$1 di/+ui%$ & analyz$ ! elem5ts & ! =ms ( ! processus ( production1 ( circulation & ( di/ribution & r$uc$ !m all into categories3 money1 money capital1 int]e/1 pr(it1 l& r5t1 wages1 etc4 ,x m>*$1 sure ( itself1 accumulat+ its analyses f ,petty to ,ric>do4 ,! sole mi/ress ( ! field1 x met only r>e objections4 ,x />t$ f two hypo!ses :i* x did n take ! tr\ble to ju/ify s9ce !y appe>$ s evid5t2 namely1 t ! social ord] :i* x illu/rat$ 0 ! natural ord]1 & t private prop]ty 9 ! means ( production 0 "o & ! same ?+ ) human lib]ty2 all ( :i* made wage labor & ! inf]iority ( ! wage labor]s into necess>y conditions4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 x did n recognize ! hi/oric "* ( ! =ms :i* x /udi$4 ,! anti!ses :i* x met on its way 9 its attempt at sy/ematization1 aft] sev]al va9 attempts x tri$ to elim9ate logically z 0 ! case ) ,ric>do 9 8 /ruggle aga9/ ! income f l& r5ts4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is m>k$ by viol5t crises & by ^? fir/ labor movem5ts :i* h _! imm$iate orig9 9 ! di/ress att5d+ lock\ts4 ,! ideal ( ! natural ord] is ov]?r[n4 ,weal? has eng5d]$ pov]ty4 ,! great indu/ry 9 *ang+ all social relations has increas$ vices1 maladies & subjection4 ,x has1 9 a ^w1 caus$ deg5]ation4 ,progress has eng5d]$ retrogression4 ,:at mu/ be done t progress may eng5d] no?+ else b progress1 t is to say1 prosp]ity1 heal?1 security1 education & intellectual developm5t equal = all8 ,) ?is "q ,ow5 is :olly conc]n$ & he %>es ) ,f\ri] & ,sa9t ,simon ?is *>act]i/ic t he no long] appeals to self-sacrifice & to religion1 & t he wi%es to resolve & surm\nt ! social anti!ses )\t dim9i%+ ! te*nical & indu/rial en]gy ( man1 b r to increase ?is4 ,x is by ?is road t ,ow5 became a communi/ & he is ! fir/ :o became s 9 ! environm5t creat$ by mod]n indu/ry4 ,! anti!sis re/s entirely on ! contradiction betwe5 ! mode ( production & ! mode ( di/ribution4 ,?is anti!sis mu/1 !n1 be suppress$ 9 a society :i* produces collectively4 ,ow5 becomes utopian4 ,?is p]fect society mu/ ne$s be realiz$ exp]im5tally & to ?is he devotes himself ) a h]oic con/ancy & unequall$ self-sacrifice br++ a ma!matical precision ev5 into 8 ?\ghts ( its details4 ,! anti!sis betwe5 production & di/ribution once discov]$1 !re arose 9 ,engl& f ,?ompson to ,bray a s]ies ( writ]s ( a socialism :i* is n /rictly utopian1 b :i* %\ld be qualifi$ z "o-sid$ = its object is to correct ! manife/ vices ( society by z _m appropriate rem$ies4#bb ,9 fact ! fir/ /age ( all ^? :o are on ! road t[>d socialism is ! discov]y ( ! contradiction betwe5 production & di/ribution4 ,!n1 ^! +5u\s que/ions imm$iately arise3 ,:y n aboli% pov]ty8 ,:y n elim9ate lock\ts8 ,:y n suppress ! middle man8 ,:y n favor ! direct ex*ange ( products 9 consid]ation ( ! labor t !y conta98 ,:y n give ! work] ! entire product ( 8 labor1 etc48 ,^! dem&s r$uce ! ?+s1 t5aci\s & resi/ant1 ( real life1 into z _m reason+s1 & !y h = _! object to combat ! capitali/ sy/em z if x 7 a ma*9e f :i* "o c take away or to :i* "o c add pieces1 :eels & ge>+s4 ,! p>tisans ( critical communism h brok5 def9itely ) all ^! t5d5cies4 ,!y h be5 ! successors & ! cont9u]s ( classical economics4#bc ,:at is ! doctr9e ( ! /ructure ( pres5t society8 ,no "o c combat ?is /ructure 9 practice1 9 politics or 9 revolution )\t fir/ tak+ an exact acc\nt ( its elem5ts & its relations & mak+ a fundam5tal /udy ( ! doctr9e :i* expla9s x4 ,^! =ms1 ^! elem5ts & ^! relations arise 9 c]ta9 hi/oric conditions b !y con/itute a sy/em & a necessity4 ,h[ c x be hop$ to de/roy su* a sy/em by an act ( logical negation & h[ elim9ate x by reason+8 ,elim9ate paup]ism8 ,b x is a necess>y condition ( capitalism4 ,give ! work] ! entire product ( 8 labor8 ,b :at w\ld become ( ! pr(it ( capital1 & :]e & h[ c\ld ! money exp5d$ 9 ! pur*ase ( commodities be increas$ if among all ! commodities :i* x meets & ) :i* x makes ex*anges !re 7 n a p>ticul> "o :i* returns to ! buy] m ?an x co/s him2 & is n ?is commodity precisely ! labor p[] ( ! wage work]8 ,! economic sy/em is n a tissue ( reason+s b x is a sum & a complexus ( facts :i* eng5d]s a complex tissue ( relations4 ,x is a fooli% ?+ to assume t ?is sy/em ( facts :i* ! rul+ class has e/abli%$ ) great pa9s ?r\gh ! c5turies by viol5ce1 by sagacity1 by tal5t & by sci5ce w confess itself vanqui%$1 w de/roy itself to give way to ! dem&s ( ! poor & to ! reason+s ( _! advocates4 ,h[ dem& ! suppression ( pov]ty )\t dem&+ ! ov]?r[ ( all ! re/8 ,to dem& ( ?is society t x %all *ange its law :i* con/itutes its def5se is to dem& an absurd ?+4 ,to dem& ( ?is ,/ate t x %all cease to be ! buckl] & ! def5se ( ?is society & ( ?is law is plung+ into absurdities4#bd ,! "o-sid$ socialism :i* )\t be+ cle>ly utopian />ts f ! hypo!sis t society admits ( c]ta9 errata )\t revolution1 t is to say )\t a fundam5tal *ange 9 ! g5]al elem5t>y /ructure ( society itself1 is a m]e piece ( +5uity4 ,?is contradiction ) ! rigid laws ( ! process ( ?+s is %[n 9 all its evid5ce 9 ,pr\dhon1 :o1 reproduc+ )\t kn[+ x1 or copy+ directly1 "s ( ! "o-sid$ ,engli% sociali/s1 wi%$ to arre/ & *ange hi/ory1 arm$ ) a def9ition & a syllogism4 ,! p>tisans ( critical communism recogniz$ t hi/ory has ! "r to foll[ its c\rse4 ,! b\rgeois phase c be outgr[n & x w be4 ,b z long z x exi/s x has its laws4 ,! relativity ( ^! consi/s 9 ! fact t !y gr[ & develop 9 c]ta9 det]m9$ conditions1 b _! relativity is n simply ! opposite ( necessity1 a m]e appe>ance1 a soap-bubble4 ,^! laws may disappe> & !y w disappe> by ! v fact ( ! *ange ( society1 b !y d n yield to ! arbitr>y sugge/ion :i* dem&s a *ange1 proclaims a re=m1 or =mulates a programme4 ,communism makes common cause ) ! prolet>iat because 9 ?is resides ! revolution>y =ce :i*1 bur/s1 breaks1 %akes & dissolves ! pres5t social =m & creates 9 x1 little by little1 new conditions2 or to be m exact1 ! v fact ( its movem5t %[s to u t ^! new conditions are already born4 ,! !ory ( ! class /ruggle 0 f\nd4 ,x 0 se5 to appe> bo? 9 ! orig9s ( ! b\rgeoisie 7^: intr9sic processus 0 already illu/rat$ by ! sci5ce ( economics71 & 9 ?is new appe>ance ( ! prolet>iat4 ,! relativity ( economic laws 0 discov]$1 b at ! same "t _! relative necessity 0 und]/ood4 ,h]e9 lies ! :ole me?od & ju/ification ( ! new mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory4 ,^? deceive !mselves :o1 call+ x ! economic int]pretation ( hi/ory1 ?9k !y und]/& x completely4 ,t designation is bett] suit$1 & is only suit$1 to c]ta9 analytic attempts1#be :i*1 tak+ sep>ately & 9 a di/9ct fa%ion on ! "o side ! economic =ms & categories1 & on ! o!r1 = example1 law1 legislation1 politics1 cu/oms1--proce$ to /udy ! reciprocal influ5ces ( ! diff]5t sides ( life consid]$ 9 an ab/ract fa%ion4 ,q diff]5t is our position4 ,ours is ! organic conception ( hi/ory4 ,! totality ( ! unity ( social life is ! subject matt] pres5t to our m9ds4 ,x is economics itself :i* dissolves 9 ! c\rse ( "o process1 to reappe> 9 z _m morphological /ages1 9 ea* ( :i* x s]ves z a sub/ructure = all ! re/4 ,f9ally1 x is n our me?od to ext5d ! s-call$ economic factor isolat$ 9 an ab/ract fa%ion ov] all ! re/1 z our adv]s>ies imag9e1 b x is1 be=e ev]y?+ else1 to =m an hi/oric conception ( economics & to expla9 ! o!r *anges by means ( its *anges4 ,!re9 lies our answ] to all ! criticisms :i* come to u f all ! doma9s ( le>n$ ignorance1 n except+ ! sociali/s :o are insuffici5tly gr\nd$ & :o are s5tim5tal or hy/]ical4 ,& we expla9 our position ?us z ,m>x has done 9 8 ,capital1 n ! fir/ book ( critical communism1 b ! la/ great book ( b\rgeois economics4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! ,manife/o 0 writt5 ! hi/oric horizon did n g beyond ! classic _w1 ! sc>cely /udi$ ,g]man antiquities & ! ,biblical tradition :i* _h only lately be5 r$uc$ to ! prosaic conditions ( all pr(ane hi/ory4 ,our hi/oric horizon is n[ q ano!r ?+1 s9ce x ext5ds to ! ,aryan antiquities & to ! anci5t deposits ( ,egypt & ,mesopotamia :i* prec$e all ! ,semitic traditions4 ,& x ext5ds /ill fur!r back into prehi/ory1 t is to say1 into1 unwritt5 hi/ory4 ,morgan has giv5 u a k ( anci5t society1 t is to say a pre-political society1 & ! key to und]/& h[ f x came all ! lat] =ms m>k$ by monogamy1 ! developm5t ( ! pat]nal family1 ! appe>ance ( prop]ty1 fir/ ( ! g5s1 !n ( ! family1 la/ly individual1 & by ! successive e/abli%m5t ( ! alliances betwe5 g5tes :i* are ! orig9 ( ! ,/ate4 ,all ?is is illu/rat$ by ! k ( ! process ( te*nique 9 ! discov]y & 9 ! use ( ! means & in/rum5ts ( labor & by ! und]/&+ ( ! effect ( ?is process ^u ! social complexus1 urg+ x 9 c]ta9 directions & mak+ x trav]se c]ta9 /ages4 ,^! discov]ies may /ill be correct$ at c]ta9 po9ts1 notably by ! /udy ( ! diff]5t specific fa%ions accord+ to :i* 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w ! passage f b>b>ism to civilization has be5 effect$4 ,b1 h5ce=?1 "o fact is indisputable1 namely1 t we h be=e our eyes ! g5]al embryog5ic record ( human developm5t f primitive communism to ^? complex =mations z at ,a!ns or at ,rome ) _! con/itutions ( citiz5s arrang$ 9 classes accord+ to c5sus :i* n long ago con/itut$ ! columns ( ,h]cules = rese>* into writt5 tradition4 ,! classes :i* ! ,manife/o assum$ h be5 lat] resolv$ into _! process ( =mation & 9 ?is c already be recogniz$ ! plexus ( reasons & ( diff]5t economic causes = ! categories ( ! economic sci5ce ( our b\rgeois epo*4 ,! dream ( ,f\ri] to f9d a place = an epo* ( civilization 9 ! s]ies ( a long & va/ process has be5 realiz$4 ,a sci5tific solution has be5 f\nd = ! problem ( ! orig9 ( inequality among m5 :i* ,r\sseau _h tri$ to solve by argum5ts ( an orig9al dialectic1 rely+ h[ev] ^u too few real data4 ,at two po9ts1 ! extreme po9ts = u1 ! human process is palpable4 ,"o ( ^! is ! orig9 ( ! b\rgeoisie1 s rec5t & 9 ! full light ( ! sci5ce ( economics2 ! o!r is ! anci5t =mation ( ! society divid$ into classes1 :i* m>ks ! passage f high] b>b>ism to civilization 7! epo* ( ! ,/ate7 to use expressions employ$ by ,morgan4 ,all t is f\nd betwe5 ^! two epo*s is :at has1 up to ?is "t1 =m$ ! subject matt] ( ! *ronicl]s1 ! hi/orians prop]ly s-call$1 ! juri/s1 ! !ologians & ! philosoph]s4 ,to trav]se & reanimate all ?is doma9 ) ! new hi/oric conception is n an easy ?+4 ,we mu/ n be ov]-ha/y 9 tabulat+ x4 ,at ! v beg9n+ we mu/ und]/& ! economics relative to ea* epo*1#bf 9 ord] to expla9 specifically ! classes :i* develop 9 x1 avoid+ hypo!tical & unc]ta9 data & tak+ c>e n to c>ry ov] our own conditions into ea* epo*4 ,= t1 skill$ f+]s are ne$$4 ,?us1 = example1 :at ! ,manife/o says ( ! fir/ orig9 ( ! b\rgeoisie proce$+ f ! s]fs ( ! ,middle ,ages incorporat$ little by little into ! cities is n a g5]al tru?4 ,?is mode ( orig9 is peculi> to ,g]many & to ! o!r c\ntries :i* reproduce its process4 ,x is n ! case ei!r 9 ,italy1 nor 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 nor 9 ,spa91 :i* 7 ! fields ^u :i* began ! fir/ hi/ory ( ! b\rgeoisie1 t is to say1 ( mod]n civilization4 ,9 ?is fir/ phase are f\nd all ! premises ( ! :ole capitali/ society z ,m>x in=m$ u 9 a note to ! fir/ volume ( ,capital4#bg ,?is fir/ phase :i* rea*es its p]fect =m 9 ! ,italian municipalities =ms ! pre-hi/oric backgr\nd = t capitali/ accumulation :i* ,m>x has expla9$ ) s _m *>act]i/ic details 9 ! evolution ( ,engl&4 ,b ,i w /op !re4 ,! prolet>ians c h 9 view no?+ b ! future4 ,t ) :i* all sci5tific sociali/s are prim>ily conc]n$ is ! pres5t 9 :i* are spontane\sly develop$ & 9 :i* are rip5+ ! conditions ( ! future4 ,! k ( ! pa/ is practically ( use & ( int]e/ only 9 s f> z x ?r[s light ^u & expla9s ! pres5t4 ,= ! mom5t x is en\gh to say t ! p>tisans ( critical communism fifty ye>s ago conceiv$ ! elem5ts ( ! new & def9ite philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,soon ?is fa%ion ( see+ w impose itself because x w be impossible to ?9k ! contr>y2 & ?is discov]y w h ! fate ( ,columbus' egg4 ,& p]haps be=e an army ( sci5ti/s has made an application ( ?is conception to ! cont9u\s n>ration ( ! :ole hi/ory1 ! success ( ! prolet>iat w h become su* t ! b\rgeois epo* w appe> to all z some?+ t mu/ be left beh9d because x w ne>ly be s 9 reality4 ,to und]/& is to leave beh9d 7,hegel74 ,:51 fifty ye>s ago1 ! ,manife/o made ( ! prolet>ians1 ( ! un=tunates :o excit$ pity1 ! pr$e/9$ grave-digg]s ( ! b\rgeoisie1 ! circumf]5ce ( ?is burial place mu/ h appe>$ v small to ! imag9ation ( ! writ]s :o sc>cely conceal$ 9 ! gravity ( _! /yle ! idealism ( _! intellectual passion4 ,! probable circumf]5ce 9 _! imag9ation !n embrac$ only ,france & ,engl&1 & x w\ld sc>cely h t\*$ ! fronti]s ( o!r c\ntries1 = in/ance1 ,g]many4 ,to-day ! circumf]5ce appe>s to u imm5se by reason ( ! rapid & colossal ext5sion ( ! b\rgeois =m ( production :i* by inevitable reaction enl>ges1 makes univ]sal & multiplies ! movem5t ( ! prolet>iat & imm5sely exp&s ! sc5e ^u :i* is project$ ! picture ( ! com+ communism4 ,! burial place ext5ds z f> z ! eye c rea*4 ,! m productive =ces ?is magician calls =?1 ! m he excites & prep>es =ces t mu/ rebel aga9/ himself4 ,all ^? :o 7 communi/s ideological1 religi\s & utopian1 or ev5 prophetic & apocalyptic 9 ! pa/ h always believ$ t ! reign ( ju/ice1 equality & happ9ess 0 de/9$ to h ! _w = its !atre4 ,to-day ! _w is invad$ by civilization & ev]y:]e is develop+ t society :i* lives ^u class antagonisms & class dom9ation1 ! =m ( b\rgeois production4 7,japan may s]ve u = an example47 ,! coexi/5ce ( ! two nations 9 "o & ! same /ate1 :i* ! div9e ,plato _h already describ$1 is p]petuat$4 ,! e>? w n be won ov] to communism to-morr[4 ,b z ! conf9es ( ! b\rgeois _w enl>ge1 m num]\s are ^? :o ent] into x1 ab&on+ & leav+ beh9d ! l[] =ms ( production1--& ?us ! attempt ( communism ga9s 9 firmness & precision2 especially because 9 ! doma9 & /ruggle ( competition1 ! deviations due to conque/ & colonization are dim9i%+4 ,! prolet>ian ,int]national1 :ile embryonic 9 ! ,communi/ ,league ( fifty ye>s ago1 h5ce=? becomes ,int]oceanic & x affirms on ! fir/ ( e ,may t ! prolet>ians ( ! :ole _w are really & actively unit$4 ,! future grave-digg]s ( ! b\rgeoisie & _! desc5dants to _m g5]ations w ev] rememb] ! date ( ! ,communi/ ,manife/o4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,i ref] to t =m :i* ! ,manife/o designates ironically "u ! "n ( ,g]man or ',true' ,socialism4 ,?is p>agraph1 :i* is un9telligible = ^? :o are n well v]s$ 9 ! ,g]man philosophy ( t epo*1 notably 9 c]ta9 ( its t5d5cies m>k$ by acute deg5]acy1 has1 ) good reason1 be5 suppress$ 9 ! ,spani% translation4 #b ,x is bett] to use ! expression democratic socialization ( ! means ( production ?an t ( collective prop]ty because ! latt] implies a c]ta9 !oretical error 9 t1 to beg9 )1 x sub/itutes = ! real economic fact a juridical expression & moreov] 9 ! m9d ( m ?an "o x is confus$ ) ! increase ( monopolies1 ) ! increas+ /atization ( public utilities & ) all ! o!r fantasmagoria ( ! ev] recurr+ ,/ate socialism1 ! :ole effect ( :i* is to increase ! economic means ( oppression 9 ! h&s ( ! oppress+ class4 #c ,tw5ty-five octavo pages 9 ! orig9al edition 7,london1 ,febru>y1 #ahdh7 = a copy ( :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! special k9dness ( ,engels4 ,i %\ld say "h 9 pass+ t ,i h resi/$ ! temptation to affix any bibliographical notes1 ref]5ces & citations1 = ,i %\ld !n h be5 mak+ a "w ( s*ol>%ip1 or a book1 r ?an a simple essay4 ,i hope ! read] w take my ^w = x t !re are 9 ?is essay no allusions1 or /atem5ts ( fact or op9ion1 :i* ,i c\ld n sub/antiate ) au?orities4 #d ,! ,umrisse zu e9] ,kritik d] ,national-oekonomie appe>$ 9 ! ,g]man-,fr5* ,ye> ,book1 ,p>is1 #ahdd1 pp4 #he-aad2 & 8 book on ,! ,condition ( ! ,work+ ,class 9 ,engl& at ,leipzig 9 #ahde4 #e ,9 ^! la/ ye>s _m juri/s h ?\ght !y f\nd 9 ! re-adju/m5t ( ! civil ,code a practical means = ameliorat+ ! condition ( ! prolet>iat4 ,b :y h !y n ask$ ! pope to become ! head ( ! free ?\ght league8 ,! mo/ delightful ( ^! is t ,italian au?or :o occupy+ himself ) ! class /ruggle asks t by ! side ( ! code :i* e/abli%es ! rights ( capital ano!r be elaborat$ :i* %\ld gu>antee ! rights ( labor4 #f ,?is developm5t has be5 giv5 9 ,m>x's ,capital :i* c be consid]$ z a philosophy ( hi/ory4 #g ,x 0 n until aft] ! publication ( ! ,italian edition ( ?is essay t ,i _h at my disposal = "s mon?s a complete collection ( ! ,neue ,rhe9is*e ,zeitung = :i* ,i owe he>ty ?anks to ! ,p>tei-,ar*iv ( ,b]l94 ,! impression d]iv$ f ?is read+ surpasses expectation4 ,x is desirable ei!r t ?is j\rnal :i* n[ has become v r>e1 be repr9t$ entire or t ! mo/ important articles & lett]s 9 x be reproduc$4 #h ,mis]e de la ,philosophie1 by ,k>l ,m>x1 ,p>is & ,brussels1 #ahdg2 new edition1 ,p>is1 ,gi>d & ,bri]e1 #ahif4 #i ,?is is made up ( articles :i* appe>$ 9 #ahdi 9 ! ,neue ,rhe9is*e ,zeitung & :i* reproduc$ ! lectures giv5 by ,m>x to ! ,g]man ,work+m5's ,circle ( ,brussels 9 #ahdg4 ,x has s9ce be5 publi%$ z a propag&a leaflet4 #aj ,see ,*apt] ,,ii4 ( ! ,manife/o4 #aa ,zur ,kritik d] politis*5 ,oekonomie1 ,b]l91 #ahei1 pp4 ,,iv4-,,vi4 ( ! preface4 7,in/ead ( retranslat+ ?is extract f ! ,fr5* ,i h avail$ myself ( ! assi/ance ( ,comrade ,hit*1 :o has translat$ direct f ! ,g]man ( ,m>x4 ,c4 ,h4 ,k47 #ab ,^! articles :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,neue ,rhe9is*e ,politis*okonomis*e ,review1 ,hamburg1 #ahej1 h rec5tly be5 br\ght toge!r into a pamphlet by ,engels 7,b]l91 #ahie7 "u ! title ( ,die ,klass5kampfe 9 ,frankrei* #ahdh bis #ahej4 ,! little "w has a preface by ,engels4 #ac ,appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,new ,york 9 #aheb 9 a review4 ,sev]al editions h s9ce be5 made 9 ,g]many4 ,a ,fr5* translation appe>$ 9 #ahia publi%$ by ,delory1 ,lille4 #ad ,9 ! preface to ! ,class ,/ruggle 9 ,france 9 #ahdh-ej & else:]e ,engels treat$ fundam5tally ! objective developm5t ( ! new revolution>y tactic4 7,x is well to rememb] t ! fir/ ,italian edition ( ?is essay appe>$ ,june #ah?1 & ! second1 ,octob] #ae1 #ahie47 #ae ,9 my op9ion ?is is ! case 9 ,france4 ,! rec5t discussions ( ! agr>ian programme submitt$ to ! delib]ations ( ! social democracy 9 ,g]many confirm ! reasons :i* ,i h indicat$4 #af ,x 0 o!rwise 9 ,g]many4 ,aft] #ahcj socialism 0 import$ !re & became a curr5t lit]ature2 x und]w5t philosophical alt]ations ( :i* ,gru5 0 ! typical repres5tative4 ,b already be=e ! new doctr9e socialism _h receiv$ a *>act]i/ic impr9t :i* 0 prolet>ian1 ?anks to ! propag&a & ! writ+s ( ,weitl+4 ,z ,m>x said 9 #ahdd 9 ! ,p>is ,vorwa]ts1 x 0 ! giant 9 ! cradle4 #ag ,x is :at _m p call ,m>xism4 ,m>xism is & rema9s a doctr9e4 ,p>ties c draw nei!r _! "n nor _! ju/ification f a doctr9e4 ,i am no ,m>xi/ said--guess :o8 ,m>x himself4 #ah ,x is he :o e/abli%$ ! fir/ relations betwe5 ,m>x & ! ,league & :o s]v$ z int]m$i>y 9 ! publication ( ! ,manife/o4 ,he fell 9 ! insurrection ( #ahdi at ,murg4 #ai ,m>x's ,capital1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,hamburg1 #ahid1 pp4 xix-xx4 ,! date ( #ahde ref]s pr9cipally to ! book ,die heilige ,familie1 ,frank=t1 #ahde1 :i* 0 produc$ 9 collaboration by ,m>x & ,engels4 ,?is book is indisp5sable to an und]/&+ ( ! !oretical orig9 ( hi/orical mat]ialism4 #bj ,i /op ) ,cabet :o liv$ at ! epo* ( ! ,manife/o4 ,i d n ?9k ,i ought to g z f> z ! sporadic =ms ( ,bellamy & ,h]tzka4 #ba ,! ,balzac ( ! #ag? c5tury4 #bb ,x is ^! writ]s :om ,m5g] ?\ght he _h discov]$ z ! au?ors ( sci5tific socialism4 #bc ,x is = ?is reason t c]ta9 critics1 ,wies] = example1 propose to ab&on ,ric>do's !ory ( value because x leads to socialism4 #bd ,?us !re arises notably 9 ,france ! illusion ( a social mon>*y :i*1 succe$+ ! lib]al epo*1 %\ld solve h>moni\sly :at is call$ ! social "q4 ,?is absurdity reproduces itself 9 inf9ite v>ieties ( socialism ( ! pulpit & ,/ate socialism4 ,to ! diff]5t =ms ( ideological & religi\s utopianism is jo9$ a new =m ( bureaucratic & fiscal utopianism1 ! ,utopia ( ! idiots4 #be ,= example 9 ! essays ( ,?4 ,rog]s4 #bf ,:o w\ld h ?\ght a few ye>s ago ( ! discov]y & ! au!ntic int]pretation ( an anci5t ,babylonian law8 #bg ,note #ahi1 p4 #gdj1 ( ! #crd ,g]man edition4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,hi/orical ,,mat]ialism4 ,i4 ,?is class ( /udies1 l _m o!rs1 b ?is m ?an any o!r1 is confront$ ) a great difficulty1 inde$ an irksome h9drance1 9 t vice ( m9ds educat$ by lit]>y me?ods alone :i* is ord9>ily call$ v]balism4 ,?is bad habit creeps into & spreads itself ?r\gh all doma9s ( k2 b 9 /udies :i* relate to ! s-call$ moral _w1 t is to say1 to ! hi/orico-social complexus1 x v (t5 happ5s t ! cult & ! dom9ion ( words succe$ 9 corrupt+ & blott+ out ! real & liv+ s5se ( ?+s4 ,9 ! field :]e a long obs]vation1 repeat$ exp]i5ces1 ! c]ta9 use ( improv$ in/rum5ts1 ! g5]al or p>tial application ( ! calculus h result$ 9 putt+ ! m9d into a con/ant & me?odical relation ) ?+s & _! v>iations1 z 9 ! natural sci5ces prop]ly s-call$1--!re ! my? & sup]/ition ( words are left beh9d & vanqui%$2 !re ! que/ions ( t]m9ology no long] h m ?an ! second>y value ( pure conv5tion4 ,9 ! /udy ( human relations & actions1 on ! contr>y1 ! passions1 ! int]e/s1 ! prejudices ( s*ool1 sect1 class & religion1 ! lit]>y abuse ( ! traditional means ( repres5t+ ?\ght1 & s*ola/icism1 ev] vanqui%$ & always reborn1 conceal ! actual ?+s1 or trans=m !m involunt>ily into t]ms1 into words1 into ab/ract & conv5tional fa%ions ( spee*4 ,we mu/1 fir/ ( all1 take acc\nt ( ?is difficulty :5 we use ! expression or ! =mula mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory4 ,_m h imag9$1 d imag9e1 & w imag9e t x is possible & conv5i5t to p5etrate into ! s5se ( ! phrase by ! simple analysis ( ! words :i* compose x in/ead ( arriv+ at x f ! context ( an explanation1 f ! g5etic /udy ( ! =mation ( ! doctr9e1#bh or f ! polemical writ+s 9 :i* its p>tisans refute ! objections ( its oppon5ts4 ,v]balism t5ds always to %ut itself up 9 purely =mal def9itions2 x gives rise 9 ! m9ds to ?is errone\s belief1 t x is an easy ?+ to r$uce into t]ms & into simple & palpable expressions ! agitat$ & imm5se complexus ( nature & hi/ory & t x is easy to picture ! multi=m & complicat$ int]lac+s ( causes & effects2 9 cle>] t]ms1 x oblit]ates ! mean+ ( ! problems because x sees 9 !m no?+ b que/ions ( nom5clature4 ,if1 moreov]1 x !n happ5s t v]balism f9ds a support 9 c]ta9 !oretical hypo!ses1 = example1 t matt] indicates some?+ :i* is bel[ or oppos$ to ano!r high] or nobl] ?+ :i* is call$ _s2 or if x happ5s to be at "o ) t lit]>y habit :i* opposes ! ^w mat]ialism1 und]/ood 9 a disp>ag+ s5se1 to all t1 9 a ^w1 is call$ idealism1 t is to say1 to ! sum total ( ! anti-egoi/ic incl9ations & acts2 !n our emb>rassm5t is extreme6 ,!n we are told t 9 ?is doctr9e x is attempt$ to expla9 ! :ole ( man by ! m]e calculation ( 8 mat]ial int]e/s & t no value :atev] is all[$ to any ideal int]e/4 ,! inexp]i5ce1 ! incapacity & ! ha/e ( c]ta9 p>tisans & propag&i/s ( ?is doctr9e h also be5 a cause ( ^! confusions4 ,9 _! eag]ness to expla9 to o!rs :at !y !mselves only half und]/&1 at a "t :5 ! doctr9e itself is only 9 its beg9n+s & /ill has ne$ ( _m developm5ts1 !y h believ$ !y c\ld apply x1 su* z x 01 to :atev] hi/oric fact !y 7 consid]+1 & !y h almo/ r$uc$ x to tatt]s1 expos+ x ?us to ! easy criticism & ! ridicule ( p on ! wat* = sci5tific novelties1 & o!r idle p]sons ( ! same type4 ,s9ce x has be5 my privilege 9 ^! fir/ pages simply to rebut ^! prejudices 79 a prelim9>y fa%ion7 & unmask ! int5tions & ! t5d5cies und]ly+ !m1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! mean+ ( ?is doctr9e ought1 be=e all else1 to be drawn f ! position :i* x takes & occupies ) reg>d to ! doctr9es aga9/ :i* x is 9 reality oppos$1 & p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ! ideologies ( e sort2--t ! pro( ( its value consi/s exclusively 9 ! m suitable & m appropriate explanation ( ! succession ( human ev5ts :i* is d]iv$ f x2--t ?is doctr9e does n imply a subjective pref]5ce = a c]ta9 quality or a c]ta9 sum ( human int]e/s oppos$ by free *oice to o!r int]e/s1 b t x m]ely affirms ! objective co-ord9ation & subord9ation ( all int]e/s 9 ! developm5t ( all society2 & ?is x affirms1 ?anks to t g5etic processus :i* consi/s 9 go+ f ! conditions to ! condition$1 f ! elem5ts ( =mation to ! ?+s =m$4 ,let ! v]bali/s reason z !y l ov] ! value ( ! ^w matt] 9 s f> z x implies or recalls a metaphysical conception1 or 9 s f> z x is ! expression ( ! la/ hypo!tical sub/ratum ( exp]i5ce4 ,we are n "h 9 ! doma9 ( physics1 *emi/ry or biology2 we are only se>*+ = ! explicit conditions ( human association 9 s f> z x is no long] simply animal4 ,x is n = u to support our inductions or our d$uctions ^u ! data ( biology1 b1 on ! contr>y1 to recognize be=e all else ! peculi>ities ( human association1 :i* =m & develop ?r\gh ! succession & ! gr[+ p]fection ( ! activity ( man himself 9 giv5 & v>iable conditions1 & to f9d ! relations ( co-ord9ation & subord9ation ( ! ne$s :i* are ! sub/ratum ( w & action4 ,x is n propos$ to discov] an int5tion nor to =mulate a criticism2 x is m]ely ! necessity aris+ f ! facts t mu/ be put 9 evid5ce4 ,& z m51 n by free *oice1 b because !y c\ld n act o!rwise1 satisfy fir/ c]ta9 elem5t>y ne$s1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 give rise to o!rs 9 _! upw>d developm5t1 & z = ! satisfaction ( _! ne$s1 :atev] !y may be1 !y inv5t & employ c]ta9 means & c]ta9 tools & associate !mselves 9 c]ta9 def9ite fa%ions1 ! mat]ialism ( hi/orical int]pretation is no?+ else ?an an attempt to recon/ruct by ?\ght ) me?od ! g5esis & ! complexity ( ! social life :i* develops ?r\gh ! ages4 ,! novelty ( ?is doctr9e does n diff] f t ( all ! o!r doctr9es :i* aft] _m excursions ?r\gh ! doma9s ( ! imag9ation h f9ally arriv$1 v pa9fully1 at rea*+ ! prose ( reality & halt+ !re4 ,,ii4 ,!re is a c]ta9 aff9ity1 app>5tly at lea/1 betwe5 t =mal vice ( v]balism & ano!r defect ( ! m9d1 ^: orig9s may1 h[ev]1 be v>i$4 ,9 consid]ation ( "s ( its mo/ common & popul> effects ,i w call x phraseology1 al?\gh ?is ^w is n an exact expression ( ! ?+ & does n set =? its orig94 ,= long c5turies m5 h writt5 on hi/ory1 h expla9$ x1 h illu/rat$ x4 ,! mo/ v>i$ int]e/s1 f ! int]e/s m imm$iately practical to ! int]e/s purely ae/hetic1 h mov$ diff]5t writ]s to conceive & to execute ?is type ( composition4 ,^! diff]5t types h always tak5 bir? 9 diff]5t c\ntries long aft] ! orig9s ( civilization1 ( ! developm5t ( ! /ate & ( ! passage f ! primitive communi/ society to ! society :i* re/s ^u class diff]5ces & class antagonisms4 ,! hi/orians1 ev5 if !y h be5 z artless z ,h]odotus1 7 always born & =m$ 9 a society hav+ no?+ +5u\s 9 x1 b v complicat$ & complex1 & at a "t :5 ! reasons = ?is complication & complexity 7 unkn[n & _! orig9s =gott54 ,?is complexity1 ) all ! contra/s :i* x be>s )9 itself & :i* x reveals lat] & makes bur/ =? 9 its v>i\s vicissitudes1 /ood =? be=e ! n>rators z some?+ my/]i\s & call+ = an explanation1 & if ! hi/orian wi%$ to give "s sequ5ce & a c]ta9 connection to ! ?+s n>rat$1 he 0 oblig$ to add c]ta9 g5]al views to ! simple n>ration4 ,f ! jeal\sy ( ! gods ( ,fa!r ,h]odotus to ! environm5t ( ,m4 ,tame1 an inf9ite numb] ( concepts s]v+ z means ( explanation & z complem5ts to ! ?+s relat$ h be5 impos$ ^u ! n>rators by ! natural voices ( _! imm$iate ?\ght4 ,class t5d5cies1 religi\s ideas1 popul> prejudices1 influ5ces or imitations ( a curr5t philosophy1 excursions ( imag9ation & a desire to give an arti/ic appe>ance to facts kn[n only 9 a fragm5t>y fa%ion1 all ^! causes & o!r analog\s causes h contribut$ to =m ! sub/ratum ( ! m or less artless !ory ( ev5ts :i* is implicitly at ! bottom ( ! n>ration1 or :i* s]ves at lea/ to flavor & adorn x4 ,:e!r m5 speak ( *ance or ( de/9y1 :e!r !y appeal to ! provid5tial direction ( human ev5ts1 or adh]e to ! ^w & concept ( *ance1 ! only div9ity left 9 ! rigid & (t5 co>se conception ( ,ma*iavelli1 or :e!r !y speak1 z is frequ5t en\gh at ! pres5t "t1 ( ! logic ( ev5ts1 all ^! conceptions 7 & are effects & results ( +5u\s ?\ght1 ( imm$iate ?\ght1 ( ?\ght :i* _c ju/ify to itself its c\rse1 & its products1 ei!r by ! pa?s ( criticism or by ! me?ods ( exp]i5ce4 ,to fill up ) conv5tional causes 7e4 g41 *ance7 or ) a /atem5t ( !oretical plausibility 7e4 g41 ! inevitable c\rse ( ev5ts :i* sometimes is confus$ 9 ! m9d ) ! notion ( progress7 ! gaps ( our k z to ! fa%ion 9 :i* ?+s h be5 actually produc$ by _! own necessity )\t c>e = our free w & our cons5t1 t is ! motive & ! result ( ?is popul> philosophy1 lat5t or explicit1 9 ! *ronicl]s1 :i* by reason ( its sup]ficial "* dissolves z soon z sci5tific criticism appe>s4 ,9 all ^! concepts & all ^! imag9+s :i* 9 ! light ( criticism appe> z simple provisional devices & effects ( an unripe ?\ght1 b :i* (t5 seem to cultur$ p ! non plus ultra ( intellig5ce1--9 all ^! a great "p ( ! human processus is reveal$ & reflect$2 &1 consequ5tly1 we %\ld n consid] !m z gratuit\s inv5tions nor z products ( a mom5t>y illusion4 ,!y are a "p & a mom5t 9 ! developm5t ( :at we call ! human m9d4 ,if lat] x is obs]v$ t ^! concepts & ^! imag9+s are m+l$ & conf\nd$ 9 ! accept$ op9ions ( cultur$ p1 or ( ^? :o pass = su*1 !y make up an imm5se mass ( prejudices & !y con/itute an imp$im5t :i* ignorance opposes to ! cle> & complete vision ( ! real ?+s4 ,^! prejudices turn up aga9 z etymological d]ivations 9 ! language ( pr(essional politicians1 ( s-call$ publici/s & j\rnali/s ( e k9d1 & (f] ! support ( rhetoric to self-/yl$ public op9ion4 ,to oppose & !n to replace ?is mirage ( uncritical conceptions1 ^! idols ( ! imag9ation1 ^! effects ( lit]>y artifice1 ?is conv5tionalism by ! real subjects1 or ! =ces :i* are positively act+--t is to say1 m5 9 _! v>i\s & div]sifi$ social relations1--?is is ! revolution>y ent]prise & ! sci5tific aim ( ! new doctr9e :i* r5d]s objective & ,i might say naturalizes ! explanation ( ! hi/orical processus4 ,a c]ta9 def9ite nation1 t is to say1 n a c]ta9 mass ( individuals1 b a plexus ( m5 organiz$ 9 su* & su* a fa%ion by natural relations ( consangu9ity1 or foll[+ su* or su* an artificial or cu/om>y ord] ( relation%ip & aff9ity1 or by reason ( p]man5t proximity2--?is nation1 on a c]ta9 circumscrib$ & limit$ t]ritory1 hav+ su* & su* f]tility1 productive 9 su* & su* a mann] acquir$ ?r\gh c]ta9 def9ite =ms by cont9u\s labor2--?is nation1 ?us di/ribut$ ov] ?is t]ritory & ?us divid$ & articulat$ by ! effect ( a def9ite division ( labor :i* is sc>cely beg9n+ to give bir? to or :i* has already develop$ & rip5$ su* & su* a division ( classes1 or :i* has already dis9tegrat$ or trans=m$ a :ole s]ies ( classes2--?is nation :i* possesses su* & su* in/rum5ts f ! fl9t /one to ! electric light & f ! b[ & arr[ to ! repeat+ rifle1 :i* produces accord+ to a c]ta9 fa%ion & %>es its products1 con=mably to its way ( produc+2--?is nation1 :i* by all ^! relations con/itutes a society 9 :i* ei!r by habits ( mutual accommodation or by explicit conv5tions1 or by acts ( viol5ce suff]$ & endur$1 has already giv5 bir?1 or is on ! po9t ( giv+ bir? to legal-political relations :i* result 9 ! =mation ( ! /ate2--?is nation1 :i* by ! organization ( ! /ate1 :i* is only a means = fix+1 def5d+ & p]petuat+ inequalities1 by reason ( ! antagonisms :i* x be>s )9 itself1 r5d]s cont9u\sly un/able ! organization itself1 :5ce result ! political movem5ts & revolutions1 & !re=e ! reasons = progress & retrogression3--!re is ! sum ( :at is at ! bottom ( all hi/ory4 ,& !re is ! victory ( reali/ic prose ov] all ! fanta/ic & ideological comb9ations4 ,c]ta9ly x requires "s resignation to see ?+s z !y are1 pass+ beyond ! phantoms :i* = c5turies h prev5t$ "r vision4 ,b ?is revelation ( reali/ic doctr9e 0 n & is n design$ to be ! rebellion ( ! mat]ial man aga9/ ! ideal man4 ,x has be5 & is1 on ! contr>y1 ! discov]y ( ! pr9ciples & ! motives :i* are real & :i* belong to all human developm5t1 includ+ all t we call ! ideal 9 positive conditions1 det]m9$ by facts :i* c>ry 9 !mselves ! reasons & ! law & ! rhy?m ( _! own developm5t4 ,,iii4 ,b x w\ld be a complete error to believe t ! writ]s :o n>rate1 expla91 or illu/rate h !mselves inv5t$ & giv5 life to ?is enorm\s mass ( unripe concepts1 imag9+s1 & explanations :i*1 ?anks to ! =ce ( prejudice1 conceal$ = c5turies ! real tru?4 ,x may happ51 & x c]ta9ly does happ51 t "s ( ^! concepts are ! fruit & ! product ( p]sonal views1 or ( lit]>y curr5ts =m$ 9 ! n>r[ pr(essional circle ( ! univ]sities & academies4 ,! p 9 ?is case are absolutely ignorant ( !m4 ,b ! important fact is t hi/ory itself has put on ^! veils2 t is to say1 t ! v actors & work]s ( ! hi/oric ev5ts--great masses ( p1 direct+ & ord]+ classes1 ma/]s ( /ate1 sects or p>ties1 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se ( ! ^w1 if we make exception = an occasional mom5t ( lucid int]val--nev] _h up to ! end ( ! pa/ c5tury a consci\sness ( _! own "w1 unless x be ?r\gh "s ideological envelope :i* prev5t$ any sight ( ! real causes4 ,already at ! di/ant epo* :5 b>b>ism 0 pass+ ov] into civilization1 t is to say1 :5 ! fir/ discov]ies ( agriculture1 ! /able e/abli%m5t ( a population ^u a def9ite t]ritory1 ! fir/ division ( labor 9 society1 ! fir/ alliances ( diff]5t g5tes1 gave ! conditions 9 :i* develop$ prop]ty & ! /ate1 or at lea/ ! city1--ev5 !n1 at ! epo* ( all ! fir/ social revolutions1 m5 ideally trans=m$ _! "w1 see+ 9 x ! miracul\s acts ( gods & h]oes4 ,s mu* s t1 :ile act+ z !y c\ld & z !y mu/1 grant$ ! necessity & ! fact ( _! relative economic developm5t1 !y conceiv$ an explanation ( _! own "w z if x did n belong to !m4 ,?is ideological envelope ( human works has *ang$ s9ce !n m ?an once 9 =m1 9 appe>ance1 9 comb9ations & 9 relations 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies1 f ! imm$iate production ( ! +5u\s my?s up to ! complicat$ !ological sy/ems & to ,! ,city ( ,god ( ,/4 ,augu/9e--f ! sup]/iti\s cr$ulity 9 miracles d[n to ! bewild]+ miracles ( ! metaphysicians1 t is to say1 d[n to ! ,idea :i* = ! decad5ts ( ,hegelianism eng5d]s ( itself1 9 itself1 by its own disaggregation ! mo/ incongru\s v>iations ( social life 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,n[1 precisely because ! visual angle ( ideological int]pretation has n be5 f9ally outgr[n until v lately1 & because x is only 9 our days t a sum total ( ! real & really act+ relations has be5 cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! +5u\s reflections ( my? & ! m artificial reflections ( religion & metaphysics1 our doctr9e /ates a new problem & c>ries )9 itself grave difficulties = :oev] wi%es to fit x = provid+ a specific explanation ( ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,! problem consi/s 9 ?is3 t our doctr9e necessitates a new criticism ( ! s\rces ( hi/ory4 ,& ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood z speak+ exclusively ( ! criticism ( docum5ts 9 ! prop] & ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 because z = ?is we may cont5t ourselves ) :at is deliv]$ to u ready made by ! critics1 ! s*ol>s1 & ! pr(essional philologi/s4 ,b ,i w\ld speak ( t imm$iate s\rce :i* is beh9d ! s call$ docum5ts prop]ly & :i*1 be=e express+ itself & fix+ itself 9 ^!1 resides 9 ! _s & 9 ! =m ( ! consci\sness 9 :i* ! actors acc\nt$ to !mselves = ! motives ( _! own "w4 ,?is _s1 t is to say1 ?is consci\sness1 is (t5 inadequate to ! causes :i* we are n[ 9 a position to discov]1 f :i* x foll[s t ! actors seem to u envelop$1 z x 71 9 a circle ( illusions4 ,to /rip ! hi/oric facts f ^! envelopes :i* clo! ! v facts :ile !y are develop+--?is is to make a new criticism ( ! s\rces 9 ! reali/ic s5se ( ! ^w & n 9 ! =mal docum5t>y s5se4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 to make react ^u ! k ( pa/ conditions ! consci\sness ( :i* we are n[ capable1 & !reby to recon/ruct !m anew4 ,b ?is revision ( ! mo/ direct s\rces1 if x m>ks ! extreme limit ( ! hi/oric self-consci\sness :i* may be rea*$1 may be an occasion = fall+ into a s]i\s error4 ,z we place ourselves at a po9t ( view :i* is beyond ! ideological views to :i* ! actors 9 hi/ory 7 indebt$ = a consci\sness ( _! "w & 9 :i* !y (t5 f\nd bo? ! motives & ! ju/ification ( _! action1 we may falsely believe t ^! ideological views 7 a pure appe>ance1 a simple artifice1 a pure illusion 9 ! vulg> s5se ( ! ^w4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 l ! o!r great re=m]s1 8 contempor>ies1 nev] knew1 z we "k to-day1 t ! ,re=mation 0 b an episode 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,?ird ,e/ate1 & an economic revolt ( ! ,g]man nation aga9/ ! exploitation ( ! ,papal c\rt4 ,he 0 :at he 01 z an agitator & a politician1 because he 0 :olly tak5 up ) ! belief :i* made him see 9 ! class movem5t :i* gave an impulse to ! agitation a return to true ,*ri/ianity & a div9e necessity 9 ! vulg> c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! /udy ( remote effects1 t is to say1 ! increas+ /r5g? ( ! b\rgeoisie ( ! cities aga9/ ! feudal lords1 ! increase ( ! t]ritorial dom9ion ( ! pr9ces at ! exp5se ( ! int]-t]ritorial & sup]-t]ritorial p[] ( ! emp]or & ! pope1 ! viol5t repression ( ! movem5t ( ! peasants & ! m prop]ly prolet>ian movem5t ( ! ,anabapti/s p]mit u n[ to recon/ruct ! au!ntic hi/ory ( ! economic causes ( ! ,re=mation1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! f9al proportions :i* x took1 :i* is ! be/ ( pro(s4 ,b t does n mean t we are privileg$ to deta* ! fact arriv$ at f ! mode ( its realization & to analyze ! circum/antial integrality by a po/hum\s analysis altoge!r subjective & simplifi$4 ,! inn] causes1 or1 z w\ld be said n[1 ! pr(ane & prosaic motives ( ! ,re=mation1 appe> to u cle>ly 9 ,france1 :]e x 0 n victori\s2 cle>ly aga9 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 :]e1 ap>t f ! diff]5ces ( nationality1 ! contra/s ( economic int]e/s are %[n /rik+ly 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ ,spa92 v cle>ly aga9 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! religi\s r5ovation realiz$1 ?anks to political viol5ce1 plac$ 9 full light ! passage to ^? conditions :i* are = our mod]n b\rgeoisie ! =]unn]s ( capitalism4 ,po/ factum1 & aft] ! t>dy realization ( un=ese5 consequ5ces1 ! hi/ory ( ! real movem5ts :i* 7 ! inn] causes ( ! ,re=mation1 9 great "p unkn[n to ! actors !mselves1 w appe> 9 full light4 ,b t ! fact came ab\t precisely z x did come ab\t1 t x took on c]ta9 det]m9$ =ms1 t x clo!d itself 9 c]ta9 ve/m5ts1 t x pa9t$ itself 9 c]ta9 colors1 t x put 9 movem5t c]ta9 passions1 t x display$ a special degree ( fanaticism1--9 ^! consi/ its specific "*1 :i* no analytic ability c make o!rwise ?an z x 04 ,only ! love ( p>adox insep>able f ! zeal ( ! passionate popul>iz]s ( a new doctr9e c h br\ght "s to believe t to write hi/ory x 0 suffici5t to put on record m]ely ! economic mom5t 7(t5 /ill unkn[n & (t5 unkn[able71 & !reupon to ca/ to ! e>? all ! re/ z a useless burd5 ) :i* m5 _h caprici\sly load$ !mselves1 z a sup]fluity1 a m]e trifle1 or ev51 z x 71 some?+ n exi/5t4 ,f ! fact t hi/ory mu/ be tak5 9 its entirety & t 9 x ! k]nel & ! husk are b "o1 z ,goe! said ( all ?+s1 ?ree consequ5ces foll[3-- ,fir/1 x is evid5t t 9 ! doma9 ( hi/orico-social det]m9ism1 ! l9k+ ( causes to effects1 ( conditions to ! ?+s condition$1 ( antec$5ts to consequ5ts1 is nev] evid5t at fir/ sight 9 ! subjective det]m9ism ( individual psy*ology4 ,9 ?is la/ doma9 x 0 a relatively easy ?+ = ab/ract & =mal philosophy to discov]1 pass+ above all ! baubles ( fatalism & free w1 ! evid5ce ( ! motive 9 e volition1 because1 9 f9e1 !re is no wi% )\t its det]m9+ motive4 ,b b5ea? ! motives & ! wi% !re is ! g5esis ( bo?1 & to recon/ruct ?is g5esis we mu/ leave ! clos$ field ( consci\sness to arrive at ! analysis ( ! simple necessities1 :i*1 on ! "o side1 are d]iv$ f social conditions1 & on ! o!r side are lo/ 9 ! obscure backgr\nd ( organic dispositions1 9 ance/ry & 9 atavism4 ,x is n o!rwise ) hi/orical det]m9ism1 :]e1 9 ! same way1 we beg9 ) motives religi\s1 political1 ae/hetic1 passionate1 etc41 b :]e we mu/ subsequ5tly discov] ! causes ( ^! motives 9 ! mat]ial conditions und]ly+ !m4 ,n[ ! /udy ( ^! conditions %\ld be s specifi$ t we may p]ceive indubitably n only :at are ! causes1 b aga9 by :at m$iations !y arrive at t =m :i* reveals !m to ! consci\sness z motives ^: orig9 is (t5 oblit]at$4 ,& !nce foll[s indubitably ?is second consequ5ce t 9 our doctr9e we h n to re-translate into economic categories all ! complex manife/ations ( hi/ory1 b only to expla9 9 ! la/ analysis 7,engels7 all ! hi/oric facts by means ( ! und]ly+ economic /ructure 7,m>x71 :i* necessitates analysis & r$uction & !n int]l9k+ & con/ruction4 ,x results f ?is1 9 ! ?ird place1 t1 pass+ f ! und]ly+ economic /ructure to ! picturesque :ole ( a giv5 hi/ory1 we ne$ ! aid ( t complexus ( notions & k :i* may be call$1 = lack ( a bett] t]m1 social psy*ology4 ,i d n mean by t to allude to ! fanta/ic exi/5ce ( a social psy*e nor to ! concept ( an assum$ collective _s :i* by its own laws1 indep5d5t ( ! consci\sness ( individuals & ( _! mat]ial & def9able relations1 realizes itself & %[s itself 9 social life4 ,t is pure my/icism4 ,nei!r d ,i wi% to allude to ^? attempts at g5]alization :i* fill up treatises on social psy*ology & ! g5]al idea ( :i* is to transport & apply to a subject :i* is call$ social consci\sness ! kn[n categories & =ms ( individual psy*ology4 ,nor aga9 d ,i wi% to allude to t mass ( semi-organic & semi-psy*ological d5om9ations by ! aid ( :i* "s attribute to ! social be+1 z ,s*aeffle does1 a bra91 a sp9al column1 s5sibility1 s5tim5t1 consci5ce1 w1 etc4 ,b ,i wi% to speak ( m mode/ & m prosaic ?+s1 t is to say1 ( ^? concrete & precise /ates ( m9d :i* make u "k z !y really 7 ! plebeians ( ,rome at a c]ta9 epo*1 ! artisans ( ,flor5ce at ! mom5t :5 ! movem5t ( ! ,ciompi bur/ =?1 or ^? peasants ( ,france )9 :om 0 eng5d]$1 to foll[ ,ta9e's expression1 ! spontane\s an>*y ( #aghi1 ^? peasants :o f9ally became free labor]s & small proprietors1 or1 aspir+ to prop]ty1 trans=m$ !mselves rapidly f victors ov] ! =eign] into automatic in/rum5ts ( reaction4 ,?is social psy*ology1 :i* no "o c r$uce to ab/ract canons because1 9 mo/ cases1 x is m]ely descriptive1 ?is is :at ! *ronicl]s1 ! orators1 ! arti/s1 ! romanc]s & ! ideologi/s ( e sort h se5 & up to n[ h conceiv$ z ! exclusive object ( _! /udies4 ,9 ?is1 psy*ology1 :i* is ! specific consci\sness ( m5 9 giv5 social conditions1 ! agitators1 orators & propag&i/s tru/ to-day1 & to x !y appeal4 ,we "k t x is ! fruit1 ! outcome1 ! effect ( c]ta9 social conditions actually det]m9$2--?is class1 9 ?is situation1 det]m9$ by ! functions :i* x fulfills1 by ! subjection 9 :i* x is held1 by ! dom9ion :i* x ex]cises2--& f9ally1 ^! classes1 ^! functions1 ?is subjection & ?is dom9ion involve su* & su* a det]m9$ =m ( production & di/ribution ( ! imm$iate means ( life1 t is to say1 a det]m9$ economic /ructure4 ,?is social psy*ology1 by its nature always circum/antial1 is n ! expression ( ! ab/ract & g5]ic process ( ! self-/yl$ human intellect4 ,x is always a specifi$ =mation f specifi$ conditions4 ,we hold ?is pr9ciple to be indisputable1 t x is n ! =ms ( consci\sness :i* det]m9e ! human be+1 b x is ! mann] ( be+ :i* det]m9es ! consci\sness 7,m>x74 ,b ^! =ms ( consci\sness1 ev5 z !y are det]m9$ by ! conditions ( life1 con/itute 9 !mselves also a "p ( hi/ory4 ,?is does n consi/ only 9 ! economic anatomy1 b 9 all t comb9ation :i* clo!s & cov]s t anatomy ev5 up to ! multicolor$ reflections ( ! imag9ation4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is no fact 9 hi/ory :i* does n recall by its orig9 ! conditions ( ! und]ly+ economic /ructure1 b !re is no fact 9 hi/ory :i* is n prec$$1 accompani$ & foll[$ by det]m9$ =ms ( consci\sness1 :e!r x be sup]/iti\s or exp]im5tal1 +5u\s or reflective1 impulsive or self-controll$1 fanta/ic or reason+4 ,,iv4 ,i 0 say+ a mom5t ago t our doctr9e makes hi/ory objective & 9 a c]ta9 s5se naturalizes x1 go+ f ! explanation ( ! data1 evid5t at fir/ sight1 ( ! p]sonalities act+ ) design1 & ( ! auxili>y conceptions ( ! action1 to ! causes & ! motives ( ! w & ! action1 9 ord] to f9d !reupon ! co-ord9ation ( ^! causes & ( ^! motives 9 ! pre-elem5t>y processus ( ! production ( ! imm$iate means ( exi/5ce4 ,n[ ?is t]m naturaliz+ has l$ m ?an "o m9d into confus+ ?is ord] ( problems ) ano!r ord] ( problems1 t is to say1 into ext5d+ to hi/ory ! laws & ! mann]s ( ?9k+ :i* h already appe>$ suitable to ! /udy & explanation ( ! mat]ial _w 9 g5]al & ( ! animal _w 9 p>ticul>4 ,& because ,d>w9ism succe$$ 9 c>ry+1 ?anks to ! pr9ciple ( ! trans=mation ( species1 ! la/ citadel ( ! metaphysical fixity ( ?+s1 & 9 disc]n+1 9 ! organisms1 phases1 z x 71 & mom5ts ( a real & prop] natural hi/ory1 x has be5 imag9$ t x 0 a commonplace & simple ent]prise to borr[ = an explanation ( ! future & ! hi/ory ( human life ! concepts1 ! pr9ciples & ! me?ods ( exam9ation to :i* t animal life is subject$ :i* 9 consequ5ce ( ! imm$iate conditions ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is unfold+ to topographical environm5ts n modifi$ by ! action ( labor4 ,d>w9ism1 political & social1 has1 l an epidemic1 = _m ye>s invad$ ! m9d ( m ?an "o ?9k]1 & _m m ( ! advocates & declaim]s ( sociology1 & x has be5 reflect$ z a fa%ionable habit & a phraseological curr5t ev5 9 ! daily language ( ! politicians4 ,x seems at fir/ sight t !re is some?+ imm$iately evid5t & in/9ctively plausible 9 ?is fa%ion ( reason+1 :i* x may be said is pr9cipally di/+ui%$ by its abuse ( analogy & by its ha/e 9 draw+ conclusions4 ,man is )\t d\bt an animal1 & he is l9k$ by connections ( desc5t & aff9ity to o!r animals4 ,he has no privileges ( orig9 or ( elem5t>y /ructure1 & 8 organism is m]ely "o p>ticul> case ( g5]al physiology4 ,8 fir/ imm$iate field 0 t ( simple nature n modifi$ by "w1 & f !nce are d]iv$ ! imp]i\s & inevitable conditions ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ) ! consequ5t =ms ( adaptation4 ,!nce are born races 9 ! true & au!ntic s5se ( ! ^w2 t is to say1 9 s f> z !y are imm$iate det]m9ations ( black1 :ite1 yell[1 woolly-hair$1 /raight-hair$1 etc41 & n second>y hi/orico-social =mations1 t is to say1 peoples & nations4 ,!nce are born ! primitive in/9cts ( sociability & 9 life 9 promiscuity arise ! fir/ rudim5ts ( sexual selection4 ,b if we c recon/ruct 9 imag9ation ! primitive savage1 by comb9+ our conjectures1 x is n giv5 u to h an empirical intuition ( him1 j z x is n giv5 u to det]m9e ! g5esis ( t hiatus1 t is to say1 t break 9 cont9uity1 ?anks to :i* human life is f\nd deta*$ f animal life to rise1 9 ! sequel1 to an ev] high] level4 ,all m5 :o live at ?is mom5t on ! e>?'s surface & all ^? :o1 hav+ liv$ 9 ! pa/1 7 ! objects ( any tru/wor?y obs]vation1 are f\nd1 & 7 f\nd1 already suffici5tly remov$ f ! mom5t :5 purely animal life _h ceas$4 ,a c]ta9 social life ) cu/oms & in/itutions1 ev5 if x be ( ! mo/ elem5t>y =m t we "k1 t is to say1 ( ! ,au/ralian tribes1 divid$ into classes & practis+ ! m>riage ( all ! m5 ( "o class ) all ! wom5 ( ano!r class1 sep>ates human life by a great int]val f animal life4 ,if we consid] ! mat]nal g5s1 ( :i* ! classic type1 ! ,iroquois type1 has1 ?anks to ,morgan's "w1 revolutioniz$ prehi/oric sci5ce1 :ile giv+ u at ! same "t ! key to ! orig9s ( hi/ory prop]ly s call$1 we h a =m ( society already mu* advanc$ by ! complexity ( its relations4 ,at t /age ( social life :i*1 accord+ to our k1 seems v elem5t>y1 t is to say1 9 ! ,au/ralian society1 n only does a v complicat$ language diff]5tiate m5 f all o!r animals 7& language is a condition & an in/rum5t1 a cause & an effect ( sociability71 b ! specialization ( human life1 ap>t f ! discov]y ( fire1 is manife/$ by ! use ( _m o!r artificial means by :i* ! ne$s ( life are satisfi$4 ,a c]ta9 t]ritory acquir$ = ! common use ( a tribe1 a c]ta9 art ( hunt+--! use ( c]ta9 in/rum5ts ( def5se & attack & ! possession ( c]ta9 ut5sils = pres]v+ ! ?+s acquir$--& !n ! ornam5tation ( ! body1 etc41 all ?is means t at bottom ?is life re/s ^u an artificial1 al?\gh v elem5t>y1 basis1 ^u :i* m5 endeavor to fix !mselves & adapt !mselves1--^u a basis :i* is aft] all ! condition ( all fur!r progress4 ,accord+ z ?is artificial basis is m or less =m$1 ! m5 :o h produc$ x & :o live 9 x are consid]$ m or less savage or b>b>\s4 ,?is fir/ =mation con/itutes :at we may call pre-hi/ory4 ,hi/ory1 accord+ to ! lit]>y use ( ! ^w1 namely1 t "p ( ! human processus ^: traditions are fix$ 9 ! memory1 beg9s at a mom5t :5 ! artificial basis has be5 =m$ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,= example1 ! canalization ( ,mesopotamia gives u ! anci5t pre-,semitic ,babylonian /ate1 :ile ! extremely anci5t ,egyptian civilization re/s ^u ! application ( ! ,nile to agriculture4 ,^u ?is artificial basis1 :i* appe>s 9 ! extreme horizon ( kn[n hi/ory1 liv$1 z n[1 n %apeless masses ( individuals1 b organiz$ gr\ps ^: organization 0 fix$ by a c]ta9 di/ribution ( tasks1 t is to say1 ( labor & by consecutive me?ods ( co-ord9ation & subord9ation4 ,^! relations1 ^! connections1 ^! ways ( liv+ 7 n & are n ! result ( ! cry/allization ( cu/oms "u ! imm$iate action ( ! animal /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,:at is m1 !y presuppose ! discov]y ( c]ta9 in/rum5ts1 &1 = example1 ! dome/ication ( c]ta9 animals1 ! work+ ( m9]als & ev5 ( iron1 ! introduction ( slav]y1 etc41 in/rum5ts & me?ods ( economy :i* h fir/ diff]5tiat$ communities f ea* o!r & h subsequ5tly diff]5tiat$ ! compon5t p>ts ( ^! communities !mselves4 ,9 o!r words1 ! works ( m5 9 s f> z !y live toge!r react ^u ! m5 !mselves4 ,_! discov]ies1 & _! inv5tions1 by creat+ artificial ways ( liv+1 h produc$ n only habits & cu/oms 7clo?+1 cook+ ( food1 etc471 b relations & bonds ( coexi/5ce proportion$ & adapt$ to ! mode ( production & reproduction ( ! means ( imm$iate life4 ,at ! dawn ( traditional hi/ory economics is already op]at+4 ,m5 are work+ to live1 on a f\ndation :i* has be5 9 great "p modifi$ by _! "w & ) tools :i* are completely _! "w4 ,& f t mom5t !y h /ruggl$ among !mselves to conqu] ea* f ! o!r a sup]ior position 9 ! use ( ^! artificial means2 t is to say1 !y h /ruggl$ among !mselves :e!r z s]fs & ma/]s1 subjects & lords1 conqu]$ & conqu]ors1 exploit$ & exploit]s1 bo? :]e !y h progress$ & :]e !y h retrograd$ & :]e !y h halt$ 9 a =m :i* !y h n be5 capable ( outgr[+1 b nev] h !y return$ to ! animal life by ! complete loss ( _! artificial f\ndation4 ,hi/orical sci5ce has1 !n1 z its fir/ & pr9cipal object ! det]m9ation & ! inve/igation ( ?is artificial f\ndation1 its orig91 its composition1 its *anges & its trans=mations4 ,to say t all ?is is only a "p & a prolongation ( nature1 is to say a ?+ :i* by its too ab/ract & too g5]ic "* has no long] any mean+4 ,! human race1 9 fact1 lives only 9 e>?ly conditions1 & we _c suppose x to be transplant$ else:]e4 ,"u ^! conditions x has f\nd f its v fir/ beg9n+s d[n to ! pres5t day ! imm$iate means necess>y = ! developm5t ( labor1 t is to say1 = its mat]ial progress z = its inn] =mation4 ,^! natural conditions 7 & !y are always indisp5sable to ! sporadic agriculture ( ! nomads1 :o sometimes cultivat$ ! e>? m]ely = ! pa/urage ( animals1 z well z = ! ref9$ products ( int5sive mod]n horticulture4 ,^! e>?ly conditions1 precisely z !y h furni%$ ! diff]5t sorts ( /ones suit$ = ! fabrication ( ! fir/ weapons1 furni% n[ also1 ) coal1 ! elem5ts ( ! great indu/ry2 precisely z !y gave ! fir/ labor]s osi]s & will[s to plait1 !y give n[ all ! mat]ials necess>y to ! complicat$ te*nique ( electricity4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! natural mat]ials !mselves :i* h progress$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is only m5 :o progress1 ?r\gh discov]+ little by little 9 nature ! conditions :i* p]mit !m to produce 9 m & m complex =ms1 ?anks to ! labor accumulat$ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,?is progress does n consi/ m]ely 9 ! sort ( progress ) :i* subjective psy*ology is conc]n$ t is to say1 ! inn] modifications :i* w\ld be ! prop] & direct developm5t ( ! intellect1 ! reason+ & ! ?\ght4 ,moreov]1 ?is inn] progress is b a second>y & d]iv$ product1 9 proportion z !re is already a progress realiz$ 9 ! artificial f\ndation :i* is ! sum ( ! social relations result+ f ! =ms & ! di/ributions ( labor4 ,x is1 !n1 a mean+less affirmation to say t all ?is is b a simple prolongation ( nature1 unless "o wi%es to employ ?is ^w 9 s g5]ic a s5se t x no long] indicates any?+ precise & di/9ct2 t :i* is n realiz$ by ! "w ( man4 ,hi/ory is ! "w ( man 9 s f> z man c create & improve 8 in/rum5ts ( labor1 & ) ^! in/rum5ts c create an artificial environm5t ^: complicat$ effects react lat] ^u himself1 & :i* by its pres5t /ate & its successive modifications is ! occasion & ! condition ( 8 developm5t4 ,!re are1 !n1 no reasons = c>ry+ back t "w ( man :i* is hi/ory to ! simple /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,if ?is /ruggle modifies & improves ! organs ( animals1 & if 9 giv5 circum/ances & me?ods x produces & develops new organs1 x /ill does n produce t cont9u\s1 p]fect$ & traditional movem5t :i* is ! human processus4 ,our doctr9e mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ,d>w9ism1 & x ne$ n invoke anew ! conception ( a my?ical1 my/ical or metaphorical =m ( fatalism4 ,if x is true 9 effect t hi/ory re/s1 be=e all else1 ^u ! developm5t ( te*nique1 t is to say1 if x is true t ! successive discov]y ( tools gives rise to ! successive di/ributions ( labor1 & !re) to ! inequalities ^: sum total1 m or less /able1 =ms ! social organism1 x is equally true t ! discov]y ( ^! in/rum5ts is at once ! cause & ! effect ( ^! conditions & ( ^? =ms ( ! inn] life to :i*1 isolat+ !m by psy*ological ab/raction1 we give ! "n ( imag9ation1 intellect1 reason1 ?\ght1 etc4 ,by produc+ successively ! diff]5t social environm5t1 t is to say1 ! successive artificial f\ndations1 man has produc$ himself1 & 9 ?is consi/s ! s]i\s k]nel1 ! concrete reason1 ! positive f\ndation ( t :i* by v>i\s fanta/ic comb9ations & by a v>i$ logical ar*itecture has sugge/$ to ! ideologi/s ! notion ( ! progress ( ! human m9d4 ,nev]!less1 ?is expression ( naturaliz+ hi/ory1 :i*1 und]/ood 9 too broad & too g5]ic a s5se1 may be ! occasion ( ! equivocations ( :i* we h spok51 :5 x is1 on ! contr>y1 employ$ ) prop] precaution & 9 a t5tative fa%ion1 sums up briefly ! criticism ( all ! ideological views :i*1 9 ! int]pretation ( hi/ory1 />t f ?is hypo!sis1 t human "w or activity are "o & ! same ) free w1 free *oice & volunt>y designs4 ,x 0 easy & conv5i5t = ! !ologians to c>ry back ! c\rse ( human ev5ts to a preconceiv$ plan or design1 because !y pass$ directly f ! facts ( exp]i5ce to an assum$ m9d :i* rul$ ! univ]se4 ,! juri/s1 :o fir/ _h occasion to discov] 9 ! in/itutions :i* =m$ ! object ( _! /udies a c]ta9 guid+ ?read ?r\gh ! =ms :i* manife/ly succe$$ ea* o!r1 c>ri$ ov]1 z !y /ill c>ry ov] z *e]fully1 ! reason+ faculty :i* is _! own quality1 to s]ve z an explanation = ! :ole va/ social fabric1 h[ev] complicat$4 ,! m5 ( politics1 :o naturally take _! po9t ( dep>ture 9 ?is datum ( exp]i5ce1 t ! (fic]s ( ! /ate1 :e!r by ! acquiesc5ce ( ! subject masses or pr(it+ by ! anti!ses ( int]e/s ( ! diff]5t social gr\ps1 may set aims = !mselves & realize !m volunt>ily & 9 a delib]ate fa%ion1--^! m5 are br\ght to see 9 ! succession ( human ev5ts only a v>iation ( ^! designs1 ^! projects & ^! int5tions4 ,n[ our conception1 :ile revolutioniz+ 9 _! f\ndations ! hypo!ses ( ! !ologians1 ! juri/s & ! politicians1 t]m9ates 9 ?is affirmation1 t human labor & activity 9 g5]al are n always "o & ! same ?+ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory ) ! w :i* acts ) design1 ) preconceiv$ plans & ) its free *oice ( means2 t is to say1 t !y are n "o & ! same ?+ ) ! reason+ faculty4 ,all t has happ5$ 9 hi/ory is ! "w ( man1 b x 0 n1 & is n1 ) r>e exceptions1 ! result ( a critical *oice or ( a reason+ desire4 ,moreov]1 x 0 & is ?r\gh necessity t1 det]m9$ by ext]nal ne$s & occasions1 ?is activity eng5d]s an exp]i5ce & a developm5t ( int]nal & ext]nal organs4 ,among ^! organs we mu/ include intellig5ce & reason :i* also are ! result & consequ5ce ( repeat$ & accumulat$ exp]i5ce4 ,! integral =mation ( man 9 8 hi/orical developm5t is h5ce=? no long] a hypo!tical datum nor a simple conjecture4 ,x is an intuitive & palpable tru?4 ,! conditions ( ! processus :i* eng5d]s a /ep ( progress are h5ce=? r$ucible into a s]ies ( explanations2 & up to a c]ta9 po9t we h "u our eyes ! s*$ule ( all hi/orical developm5ts1 morphologically conceiv$4 ,?is doctr9e is ! cle> & def9ite negation ( all ideology1 because x is ! explicit negation ( e =m ( rationalism1 und]/&+ by ?is ^w ?is concept1 t ?+s 9 _! exi/5ce & _! developm5t answ] to a norm1 an ideal1 a measure1 an end1 9 an implicit or explicit fa%ion4 ,! :ole c\rse ( human ev5ts is a sum1 a succession ( s]ies ( conditions :i* m5 h made & laid d[n = !mselves ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce accumulat$ 9 _! *ang+ social life1 b x repres5ts nei!r ! t5d5cy to realize a pr$et]m9$ end nor ! deviation ( a fir/ pr9ciple f p]fection & felicity4 ,progress itself implies m]ely t empirical & circum/antial notion ( a ?+ :i* is at pres5t def9$ 9 our m9d1 because1 ?anks to ! developm5t ?us f> realiz$1 we are 9 a position to e/imate ! pa/ & to =esee1 at lea/ 9 a c]ta9 s5se & 9 a c]ta9 measure1 ! future4 ,v4 ,9 ?is fa%ion a s]i\s ambiguity is dissolv$ & ! errors c>ri$ ) x are remov$4 ,reasonable & well f\nd$ is ! t5d5cy ( ^? :o aim to subord9ate ! sum total ( human ev5ts 9 _! c\rse to ! rigor\s conception ( det]m9ism4 ,!re is1 on ! contr>y1 no reason = confus+ ?is d]iv$1 reflex & complex det]m9ism ) ! det]m9ism ( ! imm$iate /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* is produc$ & develop$ on a field n modifi$ by ! cont9u$ action ( labor4 ,legitimate & well f\nd$1 9 an absolute fa%ion1 is ! hi/orical explanation :i* proce$s 9 its c\rse f ! volitions :i* h volunt>ily regulat$ ! diff]5t phases ( life1 to ! motives & objective causes ( e *oice1 discov]$ 9 ! conditions ( environm5t1 t]ritory1 accessible means ( exi/5ce & conditions ( exp]i5ce4 ,b !re is1 on ! contr>y1 no f\ndation = t op9ion :i* t5ds to ! negation ( e volition by consequ5ce ( a !oretical view :i* w\ld sub/itute automatism = volunt>ism4 ,!re is no?+ 9 x1 z a matt] ( fact1 b a pure & simple conceit4 ,:]ev] ! means ( production h develop$1 to a c]ta9 po9t1 :]ev] ! artificial f\ndation has acquir$ a c]ta9 consi/5cy1 & :]ev] ! social diff]5tiations & _! result+ anti!ses h creat$ ! ne$1 ! possibility & ! conditions ( an organization m or less /able or un/able1 !re1 always & necess>ily1 appe> prem$itat$ designs1 political views1 plans ( conduct1 sy/ems ( law & f9ally maxims & g5]al & ab/ract pr9ciples4 ,9 ! circle ( ^! products1 & ( ^! d]iv$ & complex developm5ts ( ! second degree1 spr+ up also ! sci5ces & arts1 philosophy & le>n+1 & hi/ory z a lit]>y fa%ion ( production4 ,?is circle is :at ! rationali/s & ! ideologi/s1 ignorant ( its real f\ndations1 h call$1 & call1 9 an exclusive fa%ion1 civilization4 ,&1 9 fact1 x has happ5$1 & x happ5s1 t "s m51 & especially pr(essional sci5ti/s1 lay or cl]ical1 h f\nd1 & f9d1 ! means ( intellectual livelihood 9 ! clos$ circle ( ! reflex & second>y products ( civilization1 & t !y h be5 able & are able consequ5tly to submit all ! re/ to ! subjective view :i* !y h elaborat$ "u ^! conditions2 t is1 ! orig9 & explanation ( all ! ideologies4 ,our doctr9e has def9itely outgr[n ! visual angle ( ideology4 ,! prem$itat$ designs1 ! political views1 sci5ces1 sy/ems ( law1 etc41 in/ead ( be+ ! means & ! in/rum5t ( ! explanation ( hi/ory1 are precisely :at require to be expla9$1 because !y are d]iv$ f det]m9$ conditions & situations4 ,b t does n mean t !y are pure appe>ances1 soap bubbles4 ,if !y are ?+s :i* h be5 develop$ & d]iv$1 t does n imply t !y are n real ?+s2 & t is s true t !y h be51 = c5turies1 to ! unsci5tific consci\sness1 & to ! sci5tific consci\sness /ill on ! way t[>ds its =mation1 ! only ones :i* really exi/$4 ,b t is n all4 ,our doctr9e1 l o!rs1 may lead to rev]ie & (f] an occasion & a !me = a new inv]t$ ideology4 ,x 0 born on ! battlefield ( communism4 ,x assumes ! appe>ance ( ! mod]n prolet>iat on ! political /age1 & x assumes t alignm5t ^u ! orig9s ( our pres5t society :i* has p]mitt$ u to recon/ruct 9 a critical mann] ! :ole g5esis ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,x is a doctr9e revolution>y f two po9ts ( view2 because x has f\nd ! reasons & ! me?ods ( developm5t ( ! prolet>ian revolution :i* is 9 ! mak+1 & because x proposes to f9d ! causes & ! conditions ( developm5t ( all o!r social revolutions :i* h tak5 place 9 ! pa/1 9 ! class antagonisms :i* arriv$ at a c]ta9 critical po9t1 by reason ( ! contradiction betwe5 ! =ms ( production & ! developm5t ( ! produc+ =ces4 ,& ?is is n all4 ,9 ! light ( ?is doctr9e :at is ess5tial 9 hi/ory is summ$ up 9 ^! critical mom5ts1 & x ab&ons1 mom5t>ily at lea/1 :at unites ^! diff]5t mom5ts to ! le>n$ m9i/rations ( ! pr(essional n>rators4 ,z a revolution>y doctr9e x is1 be=e all else1 ! intellectual consci\sness ( ! actual prolet>ian movem5t 9 :i*1 accord+ to our ass]tion1 ! future ( communism is prep>+ long be=eh&2 s mu* s t ! op5 adv]s>ies ( socialism reject x z an op9ion1 :i*1 "u a sci5tific mask1 is only work+ out ano!r utopia4 ,?us x may happ51 & t has already result$1 t ! imag9ation ( p unfamili> ) ! difficulties ( hi/oric rese>*1 & ! zeal ( fanatics1 f9d a /imulus & an opportunity ev5 9 hi/oric mat]ialism = =m+ a new ideology & draw+ f x a new philosophy ( sy/ematic hi/ory1 t is to say1 hi/ory conceiv$ z s*emes or t5d5cies & designs4 ,& no precaution c suffice4 ,our intellect is r>ely cont5t$ ) purely critical rese>*2 x is always attempt+ to conv]t into an elem5t ( p$antry & into a new s*ola/icism e discov]y ( ?\ght4 ,9 a ^w1 ev5 ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory may be conv]t$ into a =m ( argum5tation = a !sis & s]ve to make new fa%ions ) ! anci5t prejudices l t ( a hi/ory bas$ on syllogisms1 demon/rations & d$uctions4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is1 & especially to avoid ! reappe>ance 9 an indirect & disguis$ fa%ion ( any =m :atev] ( f9ality1 x is necess>y to resolve positively ^u two ?+s3 ,fir/1 t all kn[n hi/oric conditions are circum/anc$1 &1 second1 t progress has ?us f> be5 circumscrib$ by v>i\s ob/acles & t = ?is reason x has always be5 p>tial & limit$4 ,only a "p1 &1 until rec5t times1 only a small "p ( ! human race1 has trav]s$ completely all ! /ages ( ! processus by ! effect ( :i* ! mo/ advanc$ nations h arriv$ at mod]n civil society1 ) ! advanc$ te*nical =ms f\nd$ ^u ! discov]ies ( sci5ce & ) all ! consequ5ces1 political1 intellectual1 moral1 etc41 :i* correspond to ?is developm5t4 ,by ! side ( ! ,engli%1--to take ! mo/ /rik+ example--:o1 transport+ ,european mann]s ) !m to ,new ,holl&1 h creat$ !re a c5t] ( production :i* already holds a notable place 9 ! competition ( ! _w's m>ket1 !re /ill live1 l fossils ( prehi/oric times1 ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 capable only ( disappe>+1 b incapable ( adapt+ !mselves to a civilization :i* 0 n import$ among !m1 b next to !m4 ,9 ,am]ica1 & especially 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! s]ies ( ev5ts :i* h br\ght on ! developm5t ( mod]n society began ) ! importation f ,europe ( dome/ic animals & agricultural tools1 ! use ( :i* 9 anci5t times gave bir? to ! sl[ mov+ civilization ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 b ?is movem5t rema9$ entirely inside ! circle ( ^? desc5d$ f ! conqu]ors & coloni/s1 :ile ! aborig9es are lo/ 9 ! mass ?r\gh ! int]m+l+ ( races or p]i% & disappe> completely4 ,we/]n ,asia & ,egypt1 :i* already 9 v anci5t times1 z ! fir/ cradle ( all our civilization1 gave bir? to ! great semi-political =mations :i* m>k$ ! fir/ phases ( c]ta9 & positive hi/ory1 h appe>$ to u = c5turies z cry/allizations ( social =ms incapable ( mov+ on ( !mselves to new phases ( developm5t4 ,^u !m is ! age-long weight ( ! b>b>ic camp--! dom9ion ( ! ,turk4 ,into ?is /iff5$ mass is introduc$ by secret ways a mod]n adm9i/ration1 & 9 ! "n ( bus9ess int]e/s ! railroads & ! telegraphs pu% 91--bold outpo/s ( ! conqu]+ ,european bank4 ,all ?is /iff5$ mass has no hope ( resum+ life1 heat & motion except by ! ru9 ( ! ,turki% dom9ion1 = :i* are be+ sub/itut$ 9 ! diff]5t me?ods ( direct & indirect conque/ ! dom9ion & ! protectorate ( ! ,european b\rgeoisie4 ,t a process ( trans=mation ( backw>d nations or ( nations arre/$ 9 _! m>*1 c be realiz$ & ha/5$ "u ext]nal influ5ces1 ,india /&s z a pro(4 ,?is c\ntry1 ) its own life /ill surviv+1 re-ent]s vigor\sly "u ! action ( ,engl& into ! circulation ( int]national activity ev5 ) its intellectual products4 ,^! are n ! only contra/s 9 ! hi/oric physiognomy ( our contempor>ies4 ,& :ile 9 ,japan1 by an acute & spontane\s ph5om5on ( imitation1 !re has develop$1 9 less ?an ?irty ye>s1 a c]ta9 assimilation ( we/]n civilization :i* is already mov+ normally ! c\ntry's own en]gies1 ! =cible law ( ,russian conque/ is dragg+ into ! circle ( mod]n indu/ry1 & ev5 into great indu/ry1 c]ta9 notable portions ( ! c\ntry beyond ! ,caspian1 z an outpo/ ( ! approa*+ acquisition to ! sph]e ( capitalism ( ,c5tral ,asia & ,upp] ,asia4 ,! gigantic mass ( ,*9a appe>$ to u b a few ye>s ago z motionless 9 ! h]$it>y organization ( its in/itutions1 s sl[ is e movem5t !re1 :ile = e?nic & geographical reasons almo/ all ,africa rema9$ imp5etrable1 &1 x seem$1 ev5 up to ! la/ attempts at conque/ & colonization1 t x 0 de/9$ to (f] only its bord]s to ! process ( civilization1 z if we 7 /ill 9 ! times n ev5 ( ! ,portuguese1 b ( ! ,greeks & ,c>?ag9ians4 ,^! diff]5tiations ( m5 on ! track ( writt5 & unwritt5 hi/ory seem to u easily explicable :5 !y c be ref]r$ to ! natural & imm$iate conditions :i* impose limits ^u ! developm5t ( labor4 ,?is is ! case ) ,am]ica1 :i* up to ! arrival ( ! ,europeans _h b "o c]eal1 maize1 & b "o dome/ic animal = labor1 ! llama1 & we c rejoice t ! ,europeans import$ ) !mselves & _! tools ! ox1 ! ass & ! horse1 corn1 cotton1 sug>cane1 c(fee & f9ally ! v9e & ! orange tree1 creat+ !re a new _w ( t glori\s society :i* produces m]*&ise & :i* ) an extraord9>y swiftness ( movem5t has already trav]s$ ! two phases ( ! blacke/ slav]y & ! mo/ democratic wage sy/em4 ,b :]e !re is a real halt & ev5 an atte/$ retrogression1 z 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 9 ,egypt1 9 ! ,balkan ,p59sula & 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1--& ?is arre/ _c be attribut$ to ! *ange ( natural conditions1--we f9d ! problem be=e u :i* is await+ its solution f ! direct & explicit /udy ( ! social /ructure /udi$ 9 ! int]nal modes ( its developm5t1 z 9 ! int]lac+s & complications ( ! diff]5t nations ^u t field :i* is ord9>ily call$ ! sc5e ( hi/oric /ruggles4 ,?is same civiliz$ ,europe1 :i* by ! cont9uity ( its tradition1 pres5ts ! mo/ complete diagram ( its processus1 s mu* s t ^u ?is model h be5 conceiv$ & con/ruct$1 ?us f>1 all ! sy/ems ( hi/orical philosophy1 ?is ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe1 :i* produc$ ! epo* ( ! b\rgeoisie & has s\ght & is seek+ to impose t =m ( society ^u ! :ole _w by diff]5t modes ( conque/1 direct or indirect1--?is ,europe is n completely uni=m 9 ! degree ( its developm5t1 & its v>i\s agglom]ations1 national1 local & political1 appe> di/urb$1 z x 71 ov] a decid$ly slop+ ladd]4 ,^u ^! diff]5ces dep5d ! conditions ( relative sup]iority & inf]iority ( "o c\ntry to ano!r & ! reasons1 m or less advantage\s or disadvantage\s1 = economic ex*ange2 & !reon h dep5d$1 & /ill dep5d1 n only ! frictions & ! /ruggles1 ! treaties & ! w>s1 b also ev]y?+ t ) m or less precision ! political writ]s h be5 able to relate to u s9ce ! ,r5aissance1 & c]ta9ly ) increas+ evid5ce1 f ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ,colb]t to our own "t4 ,?is ,europe 9 itself is highly v>iegat$4 ,"h is ! consummate fl[] ( indu/rial & capitali/ production1 namely1 ,engl&1 :ile at o!r po9ts survives ! artisan1 vigor\s or rickety1 at ,p>is & at ,naples1 to grasp ! fact 9 its extreme po9ts4 ,"h ! l& is almo/ indu/rializ$1 z 9 ,engl&2 & else:]e vegetates1 9 v>i\s traditional =ms1 ! /upid peasant1 z 9 ,italy & 9 ,au/ria1 & 9 ! latt] c\ntry m ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,9 "o c\ntry ! political life ( ! /ate--suit$ to ! prosaic consci\sness ( a b\rgeoisie :i* kn[s its bus9ess because x has conqu]$ ! space t x occupies--is ex]t$ 9 ! sure/ & mo/ op5 fa%ion ( an explicit class dom9ation 7x w be und]/ood t ,i am speak+ ( ,france74 ,else:]e1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,g]many1 ! old feudal cu/oms1 ! hypocrisy ( ,prote/antism & ! c[>dice ( a b\rgeoisie :i* exploits favorable economic circum/ances )\t br++ to !m ei!r intellig5ce or revolution>y c\rage1 /r5g!n ! exi/+ /ate by pres]v+ ! ly+ appe>ances ( an e?ical mission to be accompli%$4 7,) h[ _m unpalatable sauces ?is /ate e?ics1 ,prussian into ! b>ga91 has be5 s]v$ up by ! heavy & p$antic ,g]man pr(essors67 ,"h & !re mod]n capitali/ production is edg+ its way into c\ntries :i* f o!r po9ts ( view d n ent] into our movem5t & especially into its political side1 z is ! case ) unhappy ,pol&2 or aga9 ?is =m only p5etrates indirectly1 z 9 ! ,slavonic c\ntries4 ,b n[ comes ! %>pe/ contra/1 :i* seems de/9$ to put "u our eyes1 z 9 an epitome1 all ! phrases1 ev5 ! mo/ extreme1 ( our hi/ory4 ,russia c\ld n h advanc$1 z x is n[ advanc+1 t[>d ! great indu/ry1 )\t draw+ f ,we/]n ,europe1 & especially f our *>m+ ,fr5* ,*auv9ism1 t money :i* %e w\ld 9 va9 h s\ght )9 h] own bord]s1 t is to say1 f ! conditions ( h] obese t]ritorial mass1 :]e vegetate 9 anci5t economic =ms fifty million peasants4 ,russia1 9 ord] to become an economic mod]n society rip5+ ! conditions ( a correspond+ political revolution1 & prep>+ ! means :i* w facilitate ! addition ( a l>ge "p ( ,asia to ! capitali/ movem5t1 has be5 l$ to de/roy ! la/ relics ( agr>ian communism 7:e!r its orig9s be primitive or second>y7 :i* _h be5 pres]v$ )9 h]self up to ?is po9t 9 su* *>act]i/ic =ms & on s l>ge a scale4 ,russia mu/ capitalize h]self1 & to ?is end %e mu/1 to />t )1 conv]t l& into m]*&ise capable ( produc+ m]*&ise1 & at ! same "t trans=m into mis]able prolet>ians ! excommuni/s ( ! l&4 ,&1 on ! contr>y1 9 ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe we f9d ourselves at ! opposite po9t ( ! s]ies ( developm5t :i* has sc>cely begun 9 ,russia4 ,"h1 ) u1 :]e ! b\rgeoisie1 ) v>i$ =tunes & triumph+ ov] su* a v>iety ( difficulties1 has already trav]s$ s _m /ages ( its developm5t1 x is n ! recollection ( primitive or second>y communism1 :i* sc>cely survives ?r\gh le>n$ comb9ations 9 ! heads ( s*ol>s1 b ! v =m ( b\rgeois production1 :i* eng5d]s 9 ! prolet>ians ! t5d5cy to socialism1 :i* pres5ts itself 9 its g5]al outl9es z an indication ( a new phase ( hi/ory & n z ! repetition ( :at is inevitably p]i%+ 9 ! ,slavonic c\ntries "u our eyes4 ,:o c\ld fail to see 9 ^! illu/rations1 :i* ,i h n s\ght out1 b :i* h come almo/ by *ance1 & :i* c be indef9itely prolong$ 9 a volume ( economic-political geography ( ! pres5t _w1 ! evid5t pro( ( ! mann] 9 :i* hi/oric conditions are all circum/anc$ 9 ! =ms ( _! developm5t8 ,n only races & peoples1 nations & /ates1 b p>ts ( nations & v>i\s regions ( /ates1 ev5 ord]s & classes1 are f\nd1 z x 71 ^u s _m r\nds ( a v long ladd]1 or1 r1 ^u ! v>i\s po9ts ( a complicat$ & sl[ly develop+ curve4 ,hi/oric "t has n m>*$ uni=mly = all m54 ,! simple succession ( g5]ations has nev] be5 ! index ( ! con/ancy & int5sity ( ! processus4 ,"t z an ab/ract measure ( *ronology & ! g5]ations :i* succe$ "o ano!r 9 approximate p]iods give no crit]ion & furni% no indication ( law or ( process4 ,! developm5ts ?us f> h be5 v>i$ because ! ?+s accompli%$ 9 "o & ! same unit ( "t 7 v>i$4 ,betwe5 ^! v>i$ =ms ( developm5t !re is an aff9ity or r a simil>ity ( movem5ts1 t is1 an analogy ( type1 or aga9 an id5tity ( =m2 ?us ! advance =ms may by simple contact or by viol5ce accel]ate ! developm5t ( backw>d =ms4 ,b ! important ?+ is to compreh5d t progress1 our notion ( :i* is n m]ely empirical1 b always circum/anc$ & ?us limit$1 is n susp5d$ ov] ! c\rse ( human ev5ts l a de/9y or a fate1 nor l a comm&m5t4 ,& = ?is reason our doctr9e _c s]ve to repres5t ! :ole hi/ory ( ! human race 9 a unifi$ p]spective :i* repeats1 mutatis mut&is1 ! hi/oric philosophy f !sis to conclusion1 f ,/4 ,augu/9e to ,hegel1 or1 bett]1 f ! prophet ,daniel to ,m4 ,de ,r\gemont4 ,our doctr9e does n pret5d to be ! intellectual vision ( a great plan or ( a design1 b x is m]ely a me?od ( rese>* & ( conception4 ,x is n by accid5t t ,m>x spoke ( 8 discov]y z a guid+ ?read1 & x is precisely = ?is reason t x is analog\s to ,d>w9ism1 :i* also is a me?od1 & is n & _c be a mod]n repetition ( ! con/ruct$ or con/ructive natural philosophy z us$ by ,%ell+ & 8 s*ool4 ,! fir/ to discov] 9 ! notion ( progress an indication ( some?+ circum/antial & relative 0 ! g5ial ,sa9t ,simon1 :o oppos$ 8 way ( see+ to ! doctr9e ( ! eighte5? c5tury repres5t$ by ! p>ty ( ,condorcet4 ,to t doctr9e1 :i* may be call$ unit>y1 equalit>ian1 =mal1 because x reg>ds ! human race z develop+ ^u "o l9e ( process1 ,sa9t ,simon opposes ! conception ( ! faculties & ( ! aptitudes :i* sub/itute !mselves & comp5sate = ea* o!r1 & ?us he rema9s an ideologi/4 ,to p5etrate ! true reasons = ! relativity ( progress ano!r ?+ 0 necess>y4 ,x 0 necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to r5\nce ^? prejudices :i* are involv$ 9 ! belief t ! ob/acles to ! uni=mity ( human developm5t re/ exclusively ^u natural & imm$iate causes4 ,^! natural ob/acles are ei!r suffici5tly problematical1 z is ! case ) races1 no "o ( :i* %[s ! privilege ( bir? 9 its hi/ory1 or !y are1 z is ! case 9 geographical diff]5ces1 insuffici5t to expla9 ! developm5t ( ! completely diff]5t hi/orico-social conditions on "o & ! same geographical field4 ,& z ! hi/oric movem5t dates precisely f ! "t :5 ! natural ob/acles h already be5 9 great "p ei!r vanqui%$ or notably circumscrib$1 ?anks to ! creation ( an artificial field ^u :i* x has be5 giv5 to m5 to develop !mselves fur!r1 x is evid5t t ! successive ob/acles to ! uni=mity ( progress mu/ be s\ght 9 ! prop] & intr9sic conditions ( ! social /ructure itself4 ,?is /ructure has ?us f> />t$ 9 =ms ( political organization1 ! object ( :i* is to try to hold 9 equilibrium ! economic inequalities2 consequ5tly ?is organization1 z ,i h said m ?an once1 is con/antly un/able4 ,f ! po9t :]e !re is a kn[n hi/ory2 x is ! hi/ory ( society t5d+ to =m ! /ate1 or hav+ already con/ruct$ x completely4 ,& ! /ate is ?is /ruggle1 )9 & )\t1 because x is1 above all1 ! organ & ! in/rum5t ( a l>g] or small] "p ( society aga9/ all ! re/ ( society itself1 9 s f> z ! latt] re/s ^u ! economic dom9ation ( man ov] man 9 a m or less direct & explicit fa%ion1 accord+ z ! diff]5t degree ( ! developm5t ( production1 ( its natural means & its artificial in/rum5ts1 requires ei!r *attel slav]y1 or ! s]fdom ( ! soil1 or ! free wage sy/em4 ,?is society ( anti!ses1 :i* =ms a /ate1 is always1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t =ms & v>i\s modes1 ! opposition ( ! city to ! c\ntry1 ( ! artisan to ! peasant1 ( ! prolet>ian to ! employ]1 ( ! capitali/ to ! labor]1 & s on ad inf9itum1 & x always ends1 ) v>i\s complications & v>i\s me?ods1 9 an hi]>*y1 :e!r x be 9 a fix$ scaffold+ ( privilege1 z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 or :e!r1 "u ! disguis$ =ms ( suppos$ equal rights = all1 x be produc$ by ! automatic action ( economic competition1 z 9 our "t4 ,to ?is economic hi]>*y corresponds1 accord+ to v>i\s modes1 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 9 diff]5t times1 9 diff]5t places1 :at ,i may call almo/ a hi]>*y ( s\ls1 ( intellects1 ( m9ds4 ,t is to say1 t culture1 :i*1 = ! ideali/s1 con/itutes ! sum ( progress1 has be5 & is by ! necessities ( ! case v unequally di/ribut$4 ,! great] portion ( mank9d1 by ! quality ( _! occupations1 are compos$ ( individuals :o are dis9tegrat$1 brok5 into fragm5ts & r5d]$ incapable ( a complete & normal developm5t4 ,to ! economics ( classes & to ! hi]>*y ( social positions corresponds ! psy*ology ( classes4 ,! relativity ( progress is !n = u ! inevitable consequ5ce ( class di/9ctions4 ,^! di/9ctions con/itute ! ob/acles :i* expla9 ! possibility ( relative retrogression1 up to ! po9t ( deg5]acy & ( ! dissolution ( an entire society4 ,! ma*9es1 :i* m>k ! triumph ( sci5ce1 become1 by reason ( ! anti!tic conditions ( ! social plexus1 in/rum5ts :i* impov]i% millions & millions ( artisans & free peasants4 ,! progress ( te*nique1 :i* fills ! t[ns ) m]*&ise1 makes m mis]able & abject ! condition ( ! peasants1 & 9 ! cities !mselves x fur!r humbles ! condition ( ! humble4 ,all ! progress ( sci5ce has s]v$ ?us f> to diff]5tiate a class ( sci5ti/s & to keep ev] fur!r f culture ! masses :o1 atta*$ to _! ceaseless daily toil1 are ?us fe$+ ! :ole ( society4 ,progress has be5 & is1 up to ! pres5t "t1 p>tial & "o-sid$4 ,! m9orities :i* %>e 9 x call ?is human progress2 & ! pr\d evolutioni/s call ?is human nature :i* is develop+4 ,all ?is p>tial progress1 :i* has ?us f> develop$ ^u ! oppression ( man by man1 has its f\ndation 9 ! conditions ( opposition1 by :i* economic di/9ctions h eng5d]$ all ! social di/9ctions2 f ! relative lib]ty ( ! few is born ! s]vitude ( ! great] numb]1 & law has be5 ! protector ( inju/ice4 ,progress1 ?us se5 & cle>ly appreciat$1 appe>s to u z ! moral & intellectual epitome ( all human mis]ies & ( all mat]ial inequalities4 ,to discov] ?is inevitable relativity x 0 necess>y t communism1 born at fir/ z an in/9ctive movem5t 9 ! s\l ( ! oppress$1 %\ld become a sci5ce & a political p>ty4 ,x 0 !n necess>y t our doctr9e %\ld give ! measure ( value = all pa/ hi/ory1 by discov]+ 9 e =m ( social organization1 anti!tical 9 its orig9 & organization1 z !y h all be5 up to ?is "t1 ! innate incapacity = produc+ ! conditions ( a univ]sal & uni=m human progress1 t is to say1 by discov]+ ! fett]s :i* turn ea* b5efit into an injury4 ,,vi4 ,!re is "o "q :i* we _c evade3 ,:at has giv5 bir? to ! belief 9 hi/oric factors8 ,t is an expression famili> to _m & (t5 f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( _m s*ol>s1 sci5ti/s & philosoph]s1 & ( ^? comm5tators :o1 by _! reason+s or by _! comb9ations1 add a little to simple hi/oric n>ration & utilize ?is op9ion z an hypo!sis to f9d a />t+ po9t 9 ! imm5se mass ( human facts1 :i*1 at fir/ sight & aft] fir/ exam9ation1 appe> s confus$ & irr$ucible4 ,?is belief1 ?is curr5t op9ion1 has become = reason+ hi/orians1 or ev5 = rationali/s1 a semi-doctr9e1 :i* has rec5tly be5 urg$ sev]al times1 z a decisive argum5t1 aga9/ ! unit>y !ory ( ! mat]iali/ic conception4 ,& inde$1 ?is belief is s deeply root$ & ?is op9ion s widespread1 ( hi/ory be+ only intelligible z ! juncture & ! meet+ ( v>i\s factors1 t1 9 consequ5ce1 _m ( ^? :o speak ( social mat]ialism1 :e!r !y be its p>tisans or adv]s>ies1 believe t !y save !mselves f emb>rassm5t by affirm+ t ?is :ole doctr9e consi/s 9 ! fact t x attributes ! prepond]ance or ! decisive action to ! economic factor4 ,x is v important to take acc\nt ( ! fa%ion 9 :i* ?is belief1 ?is op9ion1 or ?is semi-doctr9e takes its rise1 because real & fruitful criticism consi/s pr9cipally 9 kn[+ & und]/&+ ! motive ( :at we decl>e an error4 ,x does n suffice to reject an op9ion by *>act]iz+ x z false doctr9e4 ,error always arises f "s ill-und]/ood side ( an incomplete exp]i5ce1 or f "s subjective imp]fection4 ,x does n suffice to reject ! error2 we mu/ ov]come x1 expla9 x & outgr[ x4 ,e hi/orian1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 "w1 p]=ms1 s to speak1 an act ( elim9ation4 ,fir/1 he makes erasures1 z x 71 9 a cont9u\s s]ies ( ev5ts2 !n he disp5ses ) num]\s & v>i$ suppositions & prec$5ts2 m ?an ?is1 he te>s up & decomposes a complicat$ tissue4 ,?us1 to beg9 )1 he mu/ fix a po9t1 a l9e1 a b\nd>y1 z he *ooses2 he mu/ say1 = example3 ,i wi% to relate ! beg9n+ ( ! w> betwe5 ! ,greeks & ! ,p]sians1 or to inquire h[ ,l\is ,,xvi4 0 br\ght to conv5e ! ,/ates ,g5]al4 ,! n>rator f9ds himself1 9 a ^w1 confront$ ) a complexus ( accompli%$ facts & ( facts on ! po9t ( be+ produc$1 :i* 9 _! totality pres5t a c]ta9 aspect4 ,^u ! attitude :i* he takes dep5ds ! =m & ! /yle ( e n>ration1 because to compose x he mu/ take 8 po9t ( dep>ture f ?+s already accompli%$1 9 ord] to see h5ce=? h[ !y h cont9u$ to develop4 ,yet into ?is complexus he mu/ introduce a c]ta9 degree ( analysis1 resolv+ x into gr\ps & into aspects ( facts1 or into concurr5t elem5ts1 :i* aft]w>ds appe> at a c]ta9 mom5t z indep5d5t categories4 ,x is ! /ate 9 a c]ta9 =m & ) c]ta9 p[]s2 x is ! laws1 :i* det]m9e1 by :at !y comm& or :at !y prohibit1 c]ta9 relations2 x is ! mann]s & cu/oms :i* reveal to u t5d5cies1 ne$s1 ways ( ?9k+1 ( believ+1 ( imag9+2 altoge!r x is a multitude ( m5 liv+ & work+ toge!r1 ) a c]ta9 di/ribution ( tasks & occupations2 he obs]ves !n ! ?\ghts1 ! ideas1 ! incl9ations1 ! passions1 ! desires1 ! aspirations :i* arise & develop f ?is v>i$ mode ( coexi/5ce & f its frictions4 ,let a *ange be produc$1 & x w %[ itself 9 "o ( ! sides or "o ( ! aspects ( ! empirical complexus1 or 9 all ( ^! )9 a long] or a %ort] "t2 = example1 ! /ate ext5ds its b\nd>ies1 or *anges its int]nal limits z reg>ds society by increas+ or dim9i%+ its p[]s & its attributes1 or by *ang+ ! mode ( action ( "o or ! o!r2 or1 aga91 ! law modifies its dispositions1 or x expresses & affirms itself ?r\gh new organs2 or1 aga91 f9ally1 beh9d ! *ange ( ext]ior & daily habits1 we discov] a *ange 9 ! s5tim5ts1 ! ?\ghts & ! incl9ations ( ! m5 v>i\sly di/ribut$ 9 ! diff]5t social classes1 :o m+le1 *ange1 replace ea* o!r1 disappe> or reappe>4 ,all ?is may be suffici5tly und]/ood1 9 its ext]ior =ms & outl9es1 ?r\gh ! usual end[m5ts ( normal intellig5ce :i* is n yet aid$1 correct$ or complet$ by sci5ce /rictly s-call$4 ,assembl+ )9 precise limits a conception ( su* facts is ! true & prop] object ( n>ration1 :i* is s mu* ! cle>]1 m vivid & m exact1 z x takes ! =m ( a monograph2 witness ,?ucydides 9 ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,society already evolv$ 9 a c]ta9 fa%ion1 society already arriv$ at a c]ta9 degree ( developm5t1 society already s complicat$ t x conceals ! economic sub/ructure :i* supports all ! re/1 has n reveal$ itself to ! simple n>rators1 except 9 ^! visible facts1 9 ^! mo/ app>5t results1 & 9 ^! mo/ significant symptoms :i* are ! political =ms1 ! legal dispositions & ! p>tisan passions4 ,! n>rator1 bo? because he lacks any !oretical doctr9e reg>d+ ! true s\rces ( ! hi/oric movem5t1 & by ! v attitude :i* he takes on ! subject ( ! ?+s :i* he unites accord+ to ! appe>ances :i* !y h come to assume1 _c r$uce !m to unity1 unless x be z a result ( a s+le1 imm$iate intuition1 & if he is an arti/1 ?is intuition takes on a color 9 8 m9d & trans=ms itself !re into dramatic action4 ,8 task is f9i%$ if he succe$s 9 mass+ a c]ta9 numb] ( facts & ev5ts 9 c]ta9 limits & conf9es ov] :i* ! obs]v] may look z on a cle> p]spective2 9 ! same way1 purely descriptive geography has accompli%$ its task1 if x sums up 9 a vivid & cle> design a conc\rse ( physical causes :i* det]m9e ! imm$iate aspect ( ! ,gulf ( ,naples1 = example1 )\t go+ back to its g5esis4 ,x is 9 ?is ne$ ( graphic n>ration t arises ! fir/ intuitive1 palpable1 &1 ,i might almo/ say1 ae/hetic & arti/ic occasion = all ^? ab/ractions & ^? g5]alizations1 :i* are f9ally summ$ up 9 ! semi-doctr9e ( ! s-call$ factors4 ,"h are two notable m51 ! ,grac*i1 :o wi%$ to put an end to ! process ( appropriation ( ! public l& & to prev5t ! agglom]ation ( ! latifundium1 :i* 0 dim9i%+ or caus+ to completely disappe> ! class ( small proprietors1 t is to say1 ( ! free m51 :o are ! f\ndation & ! condition ( ! democratic life ( ! anci5t city4 ,:at 7 ! causes ( _! failure8 ,_! aim is cle>1 _! _s1 _! orig91 _! "*1 _! h]oism are manife/4 ,!y h aga9/ !m o!r m5 ) o!r int]e/s & ) o!r designs4 ,! /ruggle appe>s to ! m9d at fir/ m]ely z a /ruggle ( int5tions & passions1 :i* unfolds & comes to an end by ! aid ( means :i* are p]mitt$ by ! political =m ( ! /ate & by ! use or abuse or ! public p[]s4 ,"h is ! situation3 ! city rul+ 9 diff]5t mann]s ov] o!r cities or ov] t]ritories :i* h lo/ all "* ( autonomy2 )9 ?is city a v decid$ diff]5tiation betwe5 ri* & poor2 & fac+ ! comp>atively small gr\p ( ! oppressors & ! all-p[]ful1 /&s ! imm5se mass ( ! prolet>ians1 :o are on ! po9t ( los+ or :o h already lo/ ! consci\sness & ! political /r5g? ( a body ( citiz5s1 ! mass :i* !re=e suff]s itself to be deceiv$ & corrupt$1 & :i* w soon decay till x is b a s]vile accessory to its ari/ocratic exploit]s4 ,!re is ! mat]ial ( ! n>rator1 & he _c take acc\nt ( ! fact o!rwise ?an 9 ! imm$iate conditions ( ! fact itself4 ,! complete :ole is directly se5 & =ms ! /age on :i* ! ev5ts unfold1 b if ! n>ration is to h solidity1 vividness & p]spective !re mu/ be po9ts ( dep>ture & ways ( int]pretation4 ,9 ?is consi/s ! fir/ orig9 ( ^? ab/ractions1 :i* little by little take away f ! diff]5t p>ts ( a giv5 social complexus _! quality ( simple sides or aspects ( a :ole1 & x is _! ensu+ g5]alization :i* little by little leads to ! doctr9e ( factors4 ,^! factors1 to express x 9 ano!r way1 arise 9 ! m9d z a sequ5ce ( ! ab/raction & g5]alization ( ! imm$iate aspects ( ! app>5t movem5t1 & !y h an equal value ) t ( all o!r empirical concepts4 ,:atev] be ! doma9 ( k 9 :i* !y arise1 !y p]si/ until !y are r$uc$ & elim9at$ by a new exp]i5ce1 or until !y are absorb$ by a conception m g5]al1 g5etic1 evolution>y or dialectic4 ,0 x n necess>y t 9 ! empirical analysis & 9 ! imm$iate /udy ( ! causes & ! effects ( c]ta9 def9ite ph5om5a1 = example ! ph5om5a ( heat1 ! m9d %\ld fir/ /op at ?is presumption & ?is p]suasion1 t x c\ld & %\ld attribute !m to a subject1 :i* if x 0 nev] = any physici/ a true & sub/antial entity1 0 c]ta9ly consid]$ z a def9ite & specific =ce1 namely1 heat4 ,n[ we see t at a giv5 mom5t1 z a result ( new exp]i5ces1 ?is heat is resolv$ 9 giv5 conditions into a c]ta9 quantity ( motion4 ,/ill fur!r1 our ?\ght is n[ on ! way t[>d resolv+ all ^! physical factors into ! flux ( "o univ]sal en]gy1 9 :i* ! hypo!ses ( ! atoms1 9 ! ext5t to :i* x is necess>y1 loses all residue ( metaphysical survival4 ,0 x n inevitable1 z a fir/ /ep ( k 9 :at conc]ns ! problem ( life1 to sp5d a consid]able "t 9 ! sep>ate /udy ( ! organs & to r$uce !m to sy/ems8 ,)\t ?is anatomy1 :i* seems too mat]ial & too gross1 no progress 9 ^! /udies w\ld h be5 possible2 & nev]!less1 above ! unkn[n g5esis & co-ord9ation ( su* an analytic multiplicity1 !re 7 evolv+1 unc]ta9 & vague1 ! g5]ic conceptions ( life1 s\l1 etc4 ,9 ^! m5tal creations h long be5 se5 t biological unity :i* has f9ally f\nd its object 9 ! c]ta9 beg9n+ ( ! cell & 9 its processus ( imman5t multiplication4 ,m difficult c]ta9ly 0 ! way :i* ! ?\ght _h to trav]se to recon/ruct ! g5esis ( all ! facts ( psy*ic life1 f ! mo/ elem5t>y successions up to ! mo/ complex d]iv$ products4 ,n only = reasons ( !oretical difficulties1 b 9 consequ5ce ( popul> prejudices1 ! unity & cont9uity ( psy*ic ph5om5a appe>$1 up to ! "t ( ,h]b>t1 z sep>at$ & divid$ into s _m factors1 faculties ( ! s\l4 ,! int]pretation ( ! hi/orico-social processus met ! same difficulties2 x also 0 oblig$ to /op at fir/ 9 ! provisional view ( factors4 ,& t be+ s1 x is easy = u n[ to f9d aga9 ! fir/ orig9 ( t op9ion 9 ! necessity t ! hi/orians h ( f9d+ 9 ! facts t !y relate ) m or less arti/ic tal5t & 9 diff]5t pr(essional views1 c]ta9 po9ts ( imm$iate ori5tation1 su* z may be (f]$ by ! /udy ( ! app>5t movem5t ( human ev5ts4 ,b 9 ?is app>5t movem5t1 !re are ! elem5ts ( a m exact view4 ,^! concurr5t factors1 :i* ab/ract ?\ght conceives & !n isolates1 h nev] be5 se5 act+ ea* = itself4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y act 9 su* a mann] t x gives bir? to ! concept ( reciprocal action4 ,moreov]1 ^! factors !mselves arise at a giv5 mom5t1 & x is n until lat] t !y acquir$ t physiognomy :i* !y h 9 ! p>ticul> n>ration4 ,?is ,/ate1 x is well kn[n1 arose at a giv5 mom5t4 ,z = e rule ( law1 x may ei!r be rememb]$ or conjectur$ t x w5t into effect "u su* or su* circum/ances4 ,z = _m cu/oms1 x may be rememb]$ t !y 7 introduc$ at a giv5 mom5t2 & ! simple/ comp>isons ( ! facts 9 diff]5t times or diff]5t places w\ld %[ h[ society1 z a :ole1 & 9 its "* ( be+ an aggregation ( diff]5t classes1 _h tak5 & took cont9u\sly v>i\s =ms4 ,! reciprocal action ( ! diff]5t factors1 )\t :i* n ev5 ! simple/ n>ration w\ld be possible1 l ! m or less exact in=mation ^u ! orig9s & ! v>iations ( ! factors !mselves1 call$ = rese>* & ?\ght m ?an did ! con/ructive n>ration ( ^? great hi/orians :o are real arti/s4 ,&1 9 effect1 ! problems :i* arise spontane\sly f ! data ( hi/ory1 comb9$ ) o!r !oretical elem5ts1 gave bir? to ! diff]5t s-call$ practical discipl9es1 :i* 9 a m or less rapid fa%ion & ) v>y+ success1 h develop$ f ! anci5ts up to our days1 f e?ics to ! philosophy ( law1 f politics to sociology1 f law to economics4 ,n[ ) ! rise & =mation ( s _m discipl9es1 ?r\gh ! inevitable division ( labor1 po9ts ( view h be5 multipli$ out ( all proportion4 ,x is c]ta9 t = ! fir/ & imm$iate analysis ( ! multiple aspects ( ! social complexus1 a long labor ( p>tial ab/raction 0 necess>y3 :i* has always inevitably result$ 9 "o-sid$ views4 ,?is c be %[n1 9 a cle>] & m evid5t mann] ?an = any o!r doma91 9 t ( law & its v>i\s g5]alizations1 includ+ ! philosophy ( law4 ,by reason ( ^! ab/ractions1 :i* are inevitable 9 p>ticul> & empirical analysis1 & by ! effect ( ! division ( labor1 ! diff]5t sides & diff]5t manife/ations ( ! social complexus 71 f "t to "t1 fix$ & /ratifi$ 9 g5]al conceptions & categories4 ,! works1 ! effects1 ! emanations1 ! effusions ( human activity1--law1 economic =ms1 pr9ciples ( conduct1 etc41--71 s to speak1 translat$ & trans=m$ into laws1 into imp]atives & into pr9ciples :i* rema9$ plac$ above man himself4 ,& f "t to "t x has be5 necess>y to discov] anew ?is simple tru?3 t ! only p]man5t & sure fact1 t is to say1 ! only datum f :i* dep>ts & to :i* returns e practical detail ( discipl9e1 is m5 gr\p$ 9 a det]m9$ social =m by means ( det]m9$ connections4 ,! diff]5t analytical discipl9es1 :i* illu/rate ! facts t develop 9 hi/ory1 h f9ally giv5 rise to ! ne$ ( a common & g5]al social sci5ce1 :i* r5d]s possible ! unification ( ! hi/oric processus1 & ! mat]iali/ic doctr9e m>ks precisely ! f9al t]m1 ! apex ( ?is unification4 ,b t has n be51 nor ev] w be1 lo/ "t :i* is exp5d$ 9 ! prelim9>y & lat]al analysis ( complex facts4 ,to ! me?odical division ( labor we owe precise le>n+1 t is to say1 ! mass ( k pass$ into ! sieve1 sy/ematiz$1 )\t :i* social hi/ory w\ld always be w&]+ 9 a purely ab/ract doma91 9 que/ions ( =m & t]m9ology4 ,! sep>ate /udy ( ! hi/orico-social factors has s]v$1 l any o!r empirical /udy :i* does n transc5d ! app>5t movem5t ( ?+s1 to improve ! in/rum5t ( obs]vation & to p]mit u to f9d aga9 9 ! facts !mselves1 :i* h be5 artificially ab/ract$1 ! key/ones :i* b9d !m into ! social complexus4 ,! diff]5t discipl9es :i* are consid]$ z isolat$ & indep5d5t 9 ! hypo!ses ( ! concurr5t factors 9 ! =mation ( hi/ory1 bo? by reason ( ! degree ( developm5t :i* !y h rea*$1 ! mat]ials :i* !y h ga!r$1 & ! me?ods :i* !y h elaborat$1 h to-day become q indisp5sable = u1 if "o desires to recon/ruct any portion out ( pa/ times4 ,:]e w\ld our hi/oric sci5ce be )\t ! "o-sid$ness ( philology1 :i* is ! fundam5tal in/rum5t ( all rese>*1 & :]e %\ld we h f\nd ! guid+ ?read ( a hi/ory ( juridical in/itutions1 :i* returns aga9 f itself to s _m o!r facts & to s _m o!r comb9ations1 )\t ! ob/9ate fai? ( ! ,romani/s 9 ! univ]sal excell5ce ( ! ,roman law1 :i* eng5d]$ ) g5]aliz$ law & ) ! philosophy ( law s _m problems :i* s]ve z po9ts ( dep>ture = sociology8 ,x is ?us1 aft] all1 t ! hi/oric factors1 ( :i* s _m speak1 & :i* are m5tion$ 9 s _m works1 indicate some?+ :i* is mu* less ?an ! tru?1 b mu* m ?an simple error1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( a blund]1 ( an illusion4 ,!y are ! necess>y product ( a k :i* is 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t & =mation4 ,!y arise f ! necessity ( f9d+ a po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! confus$ spectacle :i* human ev5ts pres5t to him :o wi%es to n>rate !m2 & !y s]ve !nce=?1 s to speak1 z a title1 category or index to t inevitable division ( labor1 by ! ext5sion ( :i* ! hi/orico-social mat]ial has1 up to ?is "t1 be5 !oretically elaborat$4 ,9 ?is doma9 ( k1 z well z 9 t ( ! natural sci5ces1 ! unity ( real pr9ciple & ! unity ( =mal treatm5t are nev] f\nd at ! fir/ />t1 b only aft] a long & tr\bl\s road4 ,s t aga9 f ?is po9t ( view ! analogy affirm$ by ,engels betwe5 ! discov]y ( hi/orical mat]ialism & t ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy appe>s to u excell5t4 ,! provisional ori5tation1 accord+ to ! conv5i5t sy/em ( :at are call$ factors1 may1 "u giv5 circum/ances1 be useful also to u :o pr(ess an altoge!r unit>y pr9ciple ( hi/oric int]pretation1 if we d n wi% simply to re/ 9 ! doma9 ( !ory1 b wi% to illu/rate1 ?r\gh p]sonal rese>*1 a def9ite p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,z 9 t case we mu/ proce$ to direct & detail$ rese>*1 we mu/ fir/ ( all foll[ ! gr\ps ( facts t seem pre-em95t1 indep5d5t1 or deta*$ 9 ! aspects ( imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,we %\ld n imag9e1 9 fact1 t ! unit>y pr9ciple s well e/abli%$1 at :i* we h arriv$ 9 ! g5]al conception ( hi/ory1 may1 l a talisman1 act always & at fir/ sight1 z an infallible me?od ( resolv+ into simple elem5ts ! imm5se area & ! complicat$ ge>+ ( society4 ,! und]ly+ economic /ructure1 :i* det]m9es all ! re/1 is n a simple me*anism :5ce em]ge1 z imm$iate1 automatic & me*anical effects1 in/itutions1 laws1 cu/oms1 ?\ghts1 s5tim5ts1 ideologies4 ,f ?is sub/ructure to all ! re/1 ! process ( d]ivation & ( m$iation is v complicat$1 (t5 subtile1 tortu\s & n always legible4 ,! social organization is1 z we already "k1 con/antly un/able1 al?\gh t does n seem evid5t to e "o1 except at ! "t :5 ! in/ability ent]s ^u t acute p]iod :i* is call$ a revolution4 ,?is in/ability1 ) ! con/ant /ruggles 9 ! bosom ( t same organiz$ society1 excludes ! possibility = m5 com+ to an agreem5t :i* might involve a new />t at liv+ an animal life4 ,x is ! antagonisms :i* are ! pr9cipal cause ( progress 7,m>x74 ,b x is equally true1 not)/&+1 t 9 ?is un/able organization1 9 :i* is giv5 to u ! inevitable =m ( dom9ation & subjection1 intellig5ce is always develop$ n only unequally1 b q imp]fectly1 incongru\sly & p>tially4 ,!re has be5 & !re is /ill 9 society :at we may call a hi]>*y ( intellig5ce1 s5tim5ts & conceptions4 ,to suppose t m51 always & 9 all cases1 h _h an approximately cle> consci\sness ( _! own situation1 & ( :at 0 ! mo/ rational ?+ to d1 is to suppose ! improbable &1 inde$1 ! unreal4 ,=ms ( law1 political acts & attempts at social organization 71 & !y /ill are1 sometimes =tunate1 sometimes mi/ak51 t is to say1 disproportionate & unsuitable4 ,hi/ory is full ( errors2 & ?is means t if all 0 necess>y1 grant$ ! relative intellig5ce ( ^? :o h to solve a difficulty or to f9d a solution = a giv5 problem1 etc41 if ev]y?+ 9 x has a suffici5t reason1 yet ev]y?+ 9 x 0 n reasonable1 9 ! s5se :i* ! optimi/s give to ?is ^w4 ,to /ate x m fully1 ! det]m9$ causes ( all *anges1 t is to say ! modifi$ economic conditions1 h end$ & end by caus+ to be f\nd1 sometimes ?r\gh tortu\s ways1 ! suitable =ms ( law1 ! appropriate political ord]s & ! m or less p]fect means ( social adju/m5t4 ,b x mu/ n be ?\ght t ! in/9ctive wisdom ( ! reason+ animal has be5 manife/$1 or is manife/$1 def9itely & simply1 9 ! complete & cle> und]/&+ ( all situations1 & t we h left only ! v simple task ( foll[+ ! d$uctive road f ! economic situation to all ! re/4 ,ignorance--:i*1 9 its turn1 may be expla9$--is an important reason = ! mann] 9 :i* hi/ory is made2 &1 to ignorance we mu/ add ! bruti%ness :i* is nev] completely subdu$ & all ! passions1 & all ! inju/ices1 & ! v>i\s =ms ( corruption1 :i* 7 & are ! necess>y product ( a society organiz$ 9 su* a way1 t ! dom9ation ( man ov] man 9 x is inevitable1 & t f ?is dom9ation falsehood1 hypocrisy1 presumption & bas5ess 7 & are insep>able4 ,we may1 )\t be+ utopians1 b simply because we are critical communi/s1 =esee1 z we d 9 fact =esee1 ! com+ ( a society :i*1 develop+ f ! pres5t society & f its v contra/s by ! laws inh]5t 9 its hi/oric developm5t1 w end 9 an association )\t class antagonisms2 :i* w h = its consequ5ce t regulat$ production w elim9ate f life ! elem5t ( *ance :i*1 ?us f>1 has be5 reveal$ 9 hi/ory z a multi=m cause ( accid5ts & incid5ts4 ,b t is ! future1 & x is nei!r ! pres5t nor ! pa/4 ,if we propose to ourselves1 on ! contr>y1 to p5etrate into ! hi/oric ev5ts :i* h develop$ up to our own times1 by tak+1 z we d1 = a guid+ ?read ! v>iations ( ! =ms ( ! und]ly+ economic /ructure up to ! simple/ datum 9 ! v>iations ( ! tool ( production1 we mu/ become fully consci\s ( ! difficulty ( ! problem :i* we are sett+ ourselves3 because "h we h n m]ely to op5 our eyes & behold1 b to make a supreme ef=t ( ?\ght1 ) ! aim ( triumph+ ov] ! multi=m spectacle ( imm$iate exp]i5ce to r$uce its elem5ts into a g5etic s]ies4 ,t is :y ,i said t1 9 p>ticul> inve/igations1 we mu/ ourselves />t f ^? gr\ps ( app>5tly isolat$ facts1 & f ?is het]og5e\s mass1 9 a ^w1 f t empirical /udy1 :5ce arose ! belief 9 factors1 :i* aft]w>ds became a semi-doctr9e4 ,x is useless to attempt at c\nt]balanc+ ^! ess5tial difficulties by ! metaphorical hypo!sis1 (t5 equivocal1 & aft] all ( a purely analogical value1 ( ! s-call$ social organism4 ,x 0 necess>y too t ! m9d %\ld pass ?r\gh ev5 ?is hypo!sis1 :i* s %ortly became phraseology pure & simple4 ,x inde$ prep>es ! way = ! compreh5sion ( ! hi/oric movem5t z spr++ f ! laws imman5t 9 society itself1 & !reby excludes ! arbitr>y1 ! transc5d5tal & ! irrational4 ,b ! metaphor has no fur!r application2 & ! p>ticul>1 critical & circum/antial rese>* into hi/oric facts is ! sole s\rce ( t concrete & positive k :i* is necess>y to ! complete developm5t ( economic mat]ialism4 ,,vii4 ,ideas d n fall f heav51 & no?+ comes to u 9 a dream4 ,! *ange 9 ! ways ( ?9k+1 lately produc$ by ! hi/oric doctr9e :i* we are "h exam9+ & comm5t+ ^u1 takes place at fir/ sl[ly & aft]w>ds ) an increas+ rapidity1 precisely 9 t p]iod ( human developm5t1 9 :i* 7 realiz$ ! great politico-economic revolutions1 t is to say1 9 t epo* :i*1 consid]$ 9 its political =ms1 is call$ lib]al1 b :i*1 consid]$ 9 its basis1 by reason ( ! dom9ation ( capital ov] ! prolet>ian mass1 is ! epo* ( an>*ical production4 ,! *ange 9 ideas1 ev5 to ! creation ( new me?ods ( conception1 has reflect$ little by little ! exp]i5ce ( a new life4 ,?is1 9 ! revolutions ( ! la/ two c5turies1 0 little by little despoil$ ( ! my?ical1 religi\s & my/ical envelopes 9 proportion z x acquir$ ! practical & precise consci\sness ( its imm$iate & direct conditions4 ,human ?\ght1 also1 :i* sums up ?is life & !orizes ^u x1 has little by little be5 plund]$ ( its !ological & metaphysical hypo!ses to take refuge f9ally 9 ?is prosaic ass]tion3 9 ! int]pretation ( hi/ory we mu/ limit ourselves to ! objective co-ord9ation ( ! det]m9+ conditions & ( ! det]m9$ effects4 ,! mat]iali/ic conception m>ks ! culm9at+ po9t ( ?is new t5d5cy 9 ! inve/igation ( ! hi/oric-social laws1 9 s f> z x is n a p>ticul> case ( a g5]ic sociology1 or ( a g5]ic philosophy ( ! ,/ate1 ( law1 & ( hi/ory1 b ! solution ( all d\bts & all unc]ta9ties :i* accompany ! o!r =ms ( philosophiz+ ^u human affairs1 & ! beg9n+ ( _! integral int]pretation4 ,x is ?us an easy ?+1 especially 9 ! way x has be5 done by c]ta9 %all[ critics1 to f9d precursors = ,m>x & ,engels1 :o fir/ def9$ ?is doctr9e 9 its fundam5tal po9ts4 ,& :5 did x ev] occur to any ( _! disciples1 ev5 ( ! /ricte/ s*ool1 to repres5t ^! two ?9k]s z miracle-work]s8 ,:at is m1 if we wi% to g on a se>* aft] ! premises ( ! logical creation ( ,m>x & ,engels1 x w n suffice to /op at ^? :o are call$ ! precursors ( socialism1 ,sa9t-,simon = example1 & 8 pr$ecessors1 or ! philosoph]s1 p>ticul>ly ,hegel1 or ! economi/s :o _h laid b>e ! anatomy ( ! society :i* produces commodities2 we mu/ g back to ! v =mation ( mod]n society1 & !n at la/ decl>e triumphantly t ! !ory is a plagi>ism f ! ?+s t x expla9s4 ,! tru? is t ! real precursors ( ! new doctr9e 7 ! facts ( mod]n hi/ory1 :i* has become s transp>5t & s explanatory ( itself s9ce ! accompli%m5t 9 ,engl& ( ! great indu/rial revolution at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & s9ce ! great social upheaval took place 9 ,france4 ,^! ?+s1 mutatis mut&is1 h subsequ5tly be5 reproduc$1 9 v>i\s comb9ations & 9 mild] =ms1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole civiliz$ _w4 ,& :at else is our ?\ght at bottom if n ! consci\s & sy/ematic complem5t ( exp]i5ce1 & :at is ?is la/ if n ! reflection & ! m5tal elaboration ( ! ?+s & ! processes :i* arise & unfold ei!r outside our volition1 or ?r\gh ! "w ( our activity2 & :at is g5ius b ! individualiz$1 d]iv$ & acute =m ( ?\ght1 :i* arises ?r\gh ! sugge/ion ( exp]i5ce1 9 _m m5 ( ! same epo*1 b :i* rema9s 9 mo/ ( !m fragm5t>y1 incomplete1 unc]ta91 wav]+ & p>tial8 ,ideas d n fall f heav52 & :at is m1 l ! o!r products ( human activity1 !y are =m$ 9 giv5 circum/ances1 9 ! precise fullness ( "t1 ?r\gh ! action ( def9ite ne$s1 ?anks to ! repeat$ attempts at _! satisfaction1 & by ! discov]y ( su* & su* o!r means ( pro( :i* are1 z x 71 ! in/rum5ts ( _! production & _! elaboration4 ,ev5 ideas involve a basis ( social conditions2 !y h _! te*nique2 ?\ght also is a =m ( "w4 ,to rob ! "o & ! o!r1 ideas & ?\ght1 ( ! conditions & environm5t ( _! bir? & _! developm5t1 is to disfigure _! nature & _! mean+4 ,to %[ h[ ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory arises precisely 9 giv5 conditions1 n z a p]sonal & t5tative op9ion ( two writ]s1 b z ! new conque/ ( ?\ght by ! inevitable sugge/ion ( a new _w :i* is 9 process ( bir?1 t is to say ! prolet>ian revolution1 t 0 ! object ( my fir/ essay1 ,9 ,memory ( ! ,communi/ ,manife/o4 ,t is1 to repeat1 a new hi/oric situation f\nd its complem5t 9 its appropriate m5tal in/rum5t4 ,to imag9e n[ t ?is intellectual production might h be5 realiz$ at any "t & at any place1 w\ld be to take absurdity = ! rul+ pr9ciple 9 rese>*4 ,to transport ideas arbitr>ily f ! basis & ! hi/oric conditions 9 :i* !y arise to any o!r basis :atev]1 is l tak+ ! irrational = ! basis ( reason+4 ,:y %\ld "o n fancy equally t ! anci5t city1 9 :i* arose ,greek art & sci5ce & ,roman law1 rema9+ all ! :ile an anci5t democratic city1 ) slav]y1 might at ! same "t acquire & develop all ! conditions ( mod]n te*nique8 ,:y n believe t ! trade guild ( ! ,middle ,ages1 rema9+ all ! :ile on its inflexible m\ld1 %\ld take its way to ! conque/ ( ! _w m>ket )\t ! conditions ( unlimit$ competition1 :i* actually began by its de/ruction & negation8 ,:y n imag9e a fief :i*1 rema9+ a fief all ! :ile1 %\ld become a factory produc+ commodities exclusively8 ,:y c\ld n ,mi*el de ,l&o h writt5 ! ,communi/ ,manife/o8 ,:y c\ld we n also believe t ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce c\ld h proce$$ f ! bra9s ( m5 ( no matt] :at o!r "t & place1 t is to say1 be=e det]m9$ conditions _h giv5 rise to det]m9$ ne$s1 & be=e repeat$ & accumulat$ exp]i5ces %\ld h provid$ = ! satisfaction ( ^! ne$s8 ,our doctr9e assumes ! broad1 consci\s & cont9u\s developm5t ( mod]n te*nique1 & ) x t society :i* produces commodities 9 ! antagonisms ( competition1 t society :i* z a fir/ condition & an indisp5sable means = its own p]petuation presupposes capitali/ accumulation 9 ! =m ( private prop]ty2 t society :i* cont9ually produces & reproduces prolet>ians1 & :i* if x is to p]petuate itself1 mu/ incessantly revolutionize its tools1 & ) !m ! ,/ate & its legal ge>+s4 ,?is society1 :i*1 by ! v laws ( its movem5t1 has laid b>e its own anatomy1 produces by its reaction ! mat]iali/ic conception4 ,ev5 z x has produc$ 9 socialism its positive negation1 s x has eng5d]$ 9 ! new hi/oric doctr9e its ideal negation4 ,if hi/ory is ! product1 n arbitr>y1 b necess>y & normal1 ( m5 9 s f> z !y are develop+1 & if !y are develop+ 9 s f> z !y are mak+ social exp]im5ts1 & if !y are exp]im5t+ 9 s f> z !y are mak+ improvem5ts 9 _! labor1 :i* accumulate & pres]ve products & results1 ! phase ( developm5t 9 :i* we live _c be ! la/ & f9al phase1 & ! contra/s :i* are intimately b\nd to x & inh]5t 9 x are ! productive =ces ( new conditions4 ,& ?is is h[ ! p]iod ( ! great economic & political revolutions ( ^! la/ two c5turies has rip5$ 9 ! m9d ^! two concepts3 ! imman5ce & con/ancy ( ! processus 9 hi/oric facts1 & ! mat]iali/ doctr9e1 :i* is at bottom ! objective !ory ( social revolutions4 ,x is beyond d\bt t to reasc5d ?r\gh ! c5turies & recon/ruct 9 our ?\ght ! developm5t ( social ideas to ! ext5t t we f9d _! docum5ts 9 writ]s1 is some?+ always v in/ructive1 & s]v+ especially to add to our critical k ( our concepts z ( our ways ( ?9k+4 ,su* a return ( ! m9d ov] its hi/oric premises1 :5 x does n lead u a/ray into ! empiricism ( a b\ndless erudition1 & does n lead u to set up ha/ily va9 analogies1 s]ves )\t any d\bt to give suppl5ess & a p]suasive =ce to ! =ms ( our sci5tific activity4 ,9 ! sum ( our sci5ce we f9d aga91 9 fact & ?r\gh ! approximative cont9uity ( tradition1 ! excell5ce ( all t has be5 f\nd1 conceiv$ & prov$1 n only 9 mod]n times b ev5 9 anci5t ,greece1 :]e fir/ beg9s precisely & 9 a def9ite fa%ion = ! human race ! ord]ly developm5t ( consci\s1 reflective & me?odical ?\ght4 ,x w\ld be impossible to take a s+le /ep 9 sci5tific rese>* )\t employ+ means long ago f\nd & tri$1 su* = example z logic & ma!matics4 ,to ?9k o!rwise w\ld be to assume t ea* g5]ation mu/ beg9 ov] aga9 all ! "w done s9ce ! *ildhood ( humanity4 ,b x 0 n giv5 ei!r to ! anci5t au?ors 9 ! limit$ circle ( _! urban republics1 nor to ! writ]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 always drift+ betwe5 an imag9>y return to antiquity & ! ne$ ( grasp+ intellectually ! new _w 9 process ( bir?1 to arrive at ! precise analysis ( ! la/ elem5ts f :i* society results1 & :i* ! incomp>able g5ius ( ,ari/otle did n see1 & did n und]/& beyond ! limits )9 :i* passes ! life ( ! typical citiz54 ,! inve/igation ( ! social /ructure1 consid]$ 9 its mann]s ( orig9 & processus1 became active & p5etrat+ & took on multi=m aspects 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 :5 economics took %ape & :5 "u ! diff]5t names ( ,natural ,rights1 ,! ,_s ( ! ,laws1 or ,! ,social ,contract1 x 0 attempt$ to resolve into causes1 into factors & into logical & psy*ological data1 ! multi=m & (t5 obscure spectacle ( a life 9 :i* 0 prep>+ ! greate/ revolution ev] kn[n4 ,^! doctr9es1 :atev] may h be5 ! subjective int5tion & _s ( ! au?ors--z 9 ! contra/+ cases ( ! cons]vative ,hobbes & ! prolet>ian ,r\sseau--7 all revolution>y 9 _! sub/ance & _! effects4 ,"u all ( !m is always f\nd1 z a /imulus & motive1 ! mat]ial & moral ne$s ( a new age1 :i*1 by reason ( hi/oric conditions1 7 ^? ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,?us x 0 necess>y to wage w> 9 ! "n ( lib]ty ^u tradition1 ! ,*ur*1 privileges1 fix$ classes1 t is to say1 ! ord]s & conditions1 & consequ5tly ^u ! ,/ate :i* 0 or appe>$ to be _! au?or1 & !n ^u ! special privileges ( comm]ce1 ! arts1 labor & sci5ce4 ,& man 0 /udi$ 9 an ab/ract fa%ion1 t is to say1 individuals tak5 sep>ately1 emancipat$ & deliv]$ by a logical ab/raction f _! hi/oric connection & f e social necessity3 9 ! m9d ( _m ! concept ( society 0 r$uc$ to atoms1 & x ev5 seem$ natural to ! greate/ numb] to believe t society is only ! sum ( ! individuals compos+ x4 ,! ab/ract categories ( individual psy*ology suffic$ = ! explanation ( all human facts2 & ?is is h[ 9 all ^! sy/ems1 no?+ is spok5 ( b fe>1 self-love1 egoism1 volunt>y ob$i5ce1 t5d5cy t[>d happ9ess1 ! orig9al goodness ( man1 ! fre$om ( contract & ( ! moral consci\sness1 & ( ! moral in/9ct or s5se1 & also _m o!r simil> ab/ract & g5]ic ?+s1 z if !y 7 suffici5t to expla9 hi/ory1 & to create a new hi/ory out ( its fragm5ts4 ,by ! fact t all society 0 ent]+ ^u an acute crisis1 its horror at ! antique1 at :at 0 sup]annuat$1 at :at 0 traditional & _h be5 organiz$ = c5turies1 & ! pres5tim5t ( a r5ovation ( all human life1 f9ally produc$ a total eclipse ( ! ideas ( hi/oric necessity & social necessity1 t is to say1 ( ^? ideas :i*1 b>ely indicat$ by ! anci5t philosoph]s1 & s develop$ 9 our c5tury1 _h at ?is p]iod ( revolution>y rationalism only r>e repres5tatives1 l ,vico1 ,montesquieu1 &1 9 "p1 ,quesnay4 ,9 ?is hi/oric situation1 :i* gave bir? to a lit]ature t 0 nimble1 de/ructive & v popul>1 is f\nd ! reason = :at ,l\is ,blanc ) a c]ta9 emphasis has call$ individualism4 ,lat] "s h ?\ght !y saw 9 ?is ^w ! expression ( a p]man5t fact 9 human nature1 :i* especially might s]ve z a decisive argum5t aga9/ socialism4 ,a s+ul> spectacle1 & a s+ul> contra/6 ,capital1 h[ev] produc$1 t5d$ to ov]come all previ\s =ms ( production1 &1 break+ e bond & b\nd>y1 to become ! direct or indirect ma/] ( society1 z1 9 fact1 x has become 9 ! great] "p ( ! _w2 h5ce x result$1 t ap>t f all =ms ( mod]n mis]y & ! new hi]>*y 9 :i* we live1 !re 0 realiz$ ! mo/ acute anti!sis ( all hi/ory1 t is to say1 ! exi/+ an>*y ( production 9 ! :ole ( society1 & an iron despotism 9 ! mode ( production 9 ea* work%op & ea* factory6 ,& ! ?9k]s1 ! philosoph]s1 ! economi/s & ! popul>iz]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury saw no?+ b lib]ty & equality6 ,all reason$ 9 ! same way2 all />t$ f ! same premises1 :i* br\ght !m to conclude t lib]ty mu/ be obta9$ f a gov]nm5t ( pure adm9i/ration1 or t !y 7 democrats or ev5 communi/s4 ,! approa*+ reign ( lib]ty 0 be=e ! eyes ( all z a c]ta9 ev5t1 provid$ !y c\ld suppress ! bonds & fett]s :i* =c$ ignorance & ! despotism ( *ur* & /ate _h impos$ ^u m51 good by nature4 ,^! fett]s did n appe> to be conditions & b\nd>ies )9 :i* m5 7 f\nd by ! laws ( _! developm5t1 & by ! effect ( ! antagoni/ic & ?us unc]ta9 & tortu\s movem5t ( hi/ory1 b simply ob/acles f :i* ! me?odical use ( reason 0 to deliv] u4 ,9 ?is idealism1 :i* rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t 9 c]ta9 h]oes ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 is ! se$ ( a limitless fai? 9 ! c]ta9 progress ( ! :ole human race4 ,= ! fir/ "t1 ! concept ( humanity appe>$ 9 all its bran*es1 unm+l$ ) religi\s ideas or hypo!ses4 ,! bolde/ ( ^! ideali/s 7 ! extreme mat]iali/s1 because1 d5y+ e religi\s fiction1 !y assign$ ?is e>? z a c]ta9 doma9 to ! necessity ( happ9ess provid$ t reason might op5 ! way4 ,nev] 7 ideas abus$ 9 s inhuman a fa%ion z betwe5 ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5?4 ,! lesson ( ?+s 0 v h>d1 ! sadde/ disillusions arose & a radical upheaval foll[$ 9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,facts1 9 a ^w1 prov$ to be contr>y to all expectations2 & ?is at fir/ produc$ a pr(\nd disc\ragem5t among ! disillusion$1 :i*1 not)/&+1 gave rise to ! desire & ! ne$ ( new inve/igations4 ,we "k t ,sa9t ,simon & ,f\ri]1 9 :om op]at$ precisely at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 9 ! exclusive =ms ( ! ideas ( premature g5ius1 ! reaction aga9/ ! imm$iate results ( ! politico-economic revolution1 arose resolutely1 ! fir/ aga9/ ! juri/s1 & ! second aga9/ ! economi/s4 ,9 fact1 :5 once ! ob/acles to lib]ty1 :i* _h be5 *>act]i/ic ( o!r times1 _h be5 suppress$1 new ob/acles1 grav] & m pa9ful1 _h replac$ !m1 &1 z equal happ9ess = all 0 n realiz$1 society rema9$ 9 its political =m z x _h be5 be=e1 an organization ( inequalities4 ,x mu/ be1 !n1 t society is some?+ autonom\s1 innate1 a complex automaton ( relations & conditions1 :i* defies ! subjective good int5tions ( ea* ( ! memb]s :o compose x1 & :i* escapes f ! illusions & ! designs ( ! ideali/s4 ,x ?us foll[s a c\rse ( its own f :i* we may inf] c]ta9 laws ( process & developm5t1 b does n suff] u to impose laws ^u x4 ,by ?is trans=mation 9 ! m9ds ( m51 ! n9ete5? c5tury h]ald$ itself z ! c5tury ( hi/oric sci5ce & ( sociology4 ,! pr9ciple ( developm5t has1 inde$1 s9ce !n1 invad$ all doma9s ( ?\ght4 ,9 ?is c5tury1 ! gramm> ( hi/ory has be5 discov]$1 & ?us ! key has be5 f\nd to explore ! g5esis ( my?s4 ,! embryonic traces ( pre-hi/ory h be5 s\ght out1 &1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! processes ( political & legal =ms h be5 arrang$ into a s]ies4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury h]ald$ itself z ! c5tury ( sociology 9 ! p]son ( ,sa9t ,simon1 9 :om1 z happ5s ) ! self-taught precursors ( g5ius1 we f9d confus$ toge!r ! g]ms ( s _m contradictory t5d5cies4 ,9 ?is aspect ! mat]iali/ic conception is a result2 b x is a result :i* is ! complem5t ( ! :ole process ( =mation2 & z a result & a complem5t x is also ! simplification ( all hi/oric sci5ce & ( all sociology1 because x takes u back f ?+s d]iv$ & f complex conditions to elem5tal functions4 ,& t is br\ght ab\t by ! direct sugge/ion ( new dynamic exp]i5ce4 ,! laws ( economics1 su* z !y are ( !mselves & _! own inh]5t =ce1 h triumph$ ov] all illusions & h %[n !mselves to be ! direct+ p[] ( social life4 ,! great indu/rial revolution :i* 0 produc$ made x cle> t social classes1 if !y are n a fact ( nature1 are /ill less a consequ5ce ( *ance & ( free w2 !y arise hi/orically & socially 9 a det]m9$ =m ( production4 ,& :o1 9 tru?1 has n se5 ! bir? "u 8 eyes ( new prolet>ians ^u ! economic ru9 ( s _m classes ( small proprietors1 small peasants & artisans2 & :o has n be5 9 a position to discov] ! me?od ( ?is new creation ( a new social /atus1 to :i* s _m m5 7 r$uc$ & 9 :i* !y 7 necess>ily oblig$ to live4 ,:o has n be5 9 a position to discov] t money1 trans=m$ into capital1 _h succe$$1 9 a few ye>s1 9 becom+ ma/] by ! attraction :i* x ex]cises ov] ! labor ( free m51 9 :om ! necessity ( sell+ !mselves freely z wage work]s _h be5 prep>$ long be=e by s _m +5i\s legal processes & by viol5t or indirect expropriation8 ,& :o has n se5 ! new cities rise ar\nd factories & create ar\nd _! circumf]5ce ?is desolat+ pov]ty1 :i* is no long] ! effect ( individual mis=tune1 b ! condition & ! s\rce ( weal?8 ,& 9 ?is new pov]ty 7 num]\s wom5 & *ildr51 aris+ = ! fir/ "t f an unkn[n exi/5ce to take _! place on ! page ( hi/ory z a s9i/] illu/ration ( a society ( equals4 ,& :o did n feel--ev5 if t _h n be5 ann\nc$ 9 ! s-call$ doctr9e ( ! ,rev4 ,mal?us--t ! numb] ( gue/s :i* ?is mode ( economic organization c ent]ta91 if x is sometimes insuffici5t = him :o1 by reason ( ! favorable /ate ( production1 has ne$ ( h&s1 is (t5 also sup]abundant1 & !re=e f9ds no occupation & becomes a s\rce ( dang]8 ,x becomes evid5t1 also1 t ! rapid & viol5t economic trans=mation :i* 0 accompli%$ op5ly 9 ,engl& _h succe$$ !re1 because t c\ntry _h be5 able to build up = itself1 z comp>$ ) ! re/ ( ,europe1 a monopoly till !n unkn[n1 & because to ma9ta9 ?is monopoly an unscrupul\s policy _h be5 r5d]$ necess>y1 & t p]mitt$ all1 = "o happy mom5t1 to translate into prose ! ideological my? ( ! /ate1 :i* 0 to be ! gu>dian & ! preceptor ( ! p4 ,?is imm$iate p]ception ( ^! consequ5ces ( ! new life 0 ! orig9 ( ! pessimism1 m or less romantic1 ( ! laudatores temporis acti f ,de ,mai/re to ,c>lyle4 ,! satire ( lib]alism invad$ m9ds & lit]ature at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!n beg9s t criticism ( society1 :i* is ! fir/ /ep 9 all sociology4 ,x 0 necess>y be=e all else to ov]?r[ ! ideology1 :i* _h accumulat$ & express$ itself 9 s _m doctr9es ( ! ,natural ,"r or ! ,social ,contract4 ,x 0 necess>y to get into contact ) ! facts :i* ! rapid ev5ts ( s int5sive a processus impos$ ^u ! att5tion 9 =ms s new & />tl+4 ,"h appe>s ,ow51 incomp>able at all po9ts ( view1 b especially = ! cle>ness :i* he display$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! causes ( ! new pov]ty1 ev5 ?\gh he 0 b a *ild 9 8 que/ ( ! means = ov]com+ x4 ,x 0 necess>y to arrive at ! objective criticism ( economics1 :i* appe>$ = ! fir/ "t1 9 "o-sid$ & reaction>y =ms1 9 ,sismondi4 ,9 ?is p]iod :]e ! conditions ( a new hi/oric sci5ce 7 rip5+1 arose s _m diff]5t =ms ( socialism1 utopian1 "o-sid$ or completely extravagant1 :i* nev] rea*$ ! prolet>ians1 ei!r because ^! _h no political consci\sness1 or if !y _h any1 x manife/$ itself 9 sudd5 />ts1 z 9 ! ,fr5* conspiracies & riots f #ahcj to #ahdh1 or !y kept on ! political gr\nd ( imm$iate re=ms1 z is ! case ) ! ,*>ti/s4 ,& nev]!less all ?is socialism1 h[ev] ,utopian1 fanta/ic & ideological x may h be51 0 an imm$iate & (t5 salut>y criticism ( economics--a "o-sid$ criticism1 inde$1 :i* lack$ ! sci5tific complem5t ( a g5]al hi/orical conception4 ,all ^! =ms ( criticism1 p>tial1 "o-sid$ & incomplete _h _! culm9ation 9 sci5tific socialism4 ,?is is no long] subjective criticism appli$ to ?+s b ! discov]y ( ! self-criticism :i* is 9 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,! real criticism ( society is society1 itself1 :i*1 by ! anti!tic conditions ( ! contra/s ^u :i* x re/s1 eng5d]s f itself1 )9 itself1 ! contradiction1 & f9ally triumphs ov] ?is by its passage into a new =m4 ,! solution ( ! exi/+ anti!ses is ! prolet>iat1 :i* ! prolet>ians !mselves "k or d n "k4 ,ev5 z _! mis]y has become ! condition ( pres5t society1 s 9 _! mis]y is ! ju/ification ( ! new prolet>ian revolution4 ,x is 9 ?is passage f ! criticism ( subjective ?\ght1 :i* exam9es ?+s outside & imag9es x c correct !m at once1 to ! und]/&+ ( ! self-criticism ex]cis$ by society ov] itself 9 ! imman5ce ( its own processus--x is 9 ?is only t ! dialectic ( hi/ory consi/s1 :i* ,m>x & ,engels1 9 s f> z !y 7 mat]iali/s1 drew f ! idealism ( ,hegel4 ,b on ! f9al reckon+ x matt]s little :e!r ! lit]>y m51 :o knew no o!r mean+ = dialectics ?an t ( an artificial sophi/ry nor :e!r ! doctors & s*ol>s :o are nev] apt to g beyond ! k ( p>ticul> facts c ev] acc\nt !mselves = ^! hidd5 & complicat$ =ms ( ?\ght4 ,b ! great economic trans=mation1 :i* has furni%$ ! mat]ials compos+ mod]n society1 9 :i* ! empire ( capitalism has arriv$ at ! limit ( its complete developm5t1 w\ld n h be5 s imm$iately & s sugge/ively in/ructive1 if x _h n be5 lum9\sly illu/rat$ by ! bewild]+ & cata/rophic movem5t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,?is put 9 evid5ce1 l a trag$y on ! /age1 all ! antagoni/ic =ces ( mod]n society1 because ?is society has develop$ on ! ru9s ( previ\s =ms1 & because1 9 s %ort a "t & ) s ha/y a m>*1 x has trav]s$ ! phases ( its bir? & its e/abli%m5t4 ,! revolution ensu$ f ! ob/acles :i* ! b\rgeoisie _h to ov]come by viol5ce1 s9ce x appe>$ f evid5ce t ! passage f ! old =ms to ! new =ms ( production--or ( prop]ty1 if we borr[ ! language ( juri/s--c\ld n be realiz$ by ! quiet] ways ( successive & gradual re=ms4 ,x br\ght 9 its tra9 ! upheaval1 ! friction & ! int]m+l+ ( all ! old classes ( ! ,anci5t ,regime1 & ! rapid & bewild]+ =mation at ! same "t ( new classes1 9 ! v rapid b v int5sive p]iod ( t5 ye>s1 :i*1 comp>$ ) ! ord9>y hi/ory ( o!r times & o!r c\ntries1 seems to u l c5turies4 ,?is rapid succession ( monum5tal ev5ts br\ght to light ! mo/ *>act]i/ic mom5ts & aspects ( ! new or mod]n society1 & t s mu* ! m cle>ly s9ce ! militant b\rgeoisie _h already creat$ = itself intellectual means & organs :i* _h giv5 x ) ! !ory ( its own "w ! reflex consci\sness ( its movem5t4 ,! viol5t expropriation ( ! great "p ( ! old prop]ty1 t is to say1 ( ! prop]ty cry/alliz$ 9 fiefs1 9 royal & pr9cely doma9s & 9 mortma91 ) ! real & p]sonal rights d]iv$ !refrom1 put at ! disposal ( ! /ate1 :i* by ! necessity ( ?+s _h become an exceptional1 t]rible & all-p[]ful gov]nm5t1 an extraord9>y mass ( economic res\rces2 ?us1 !re 71 on ! "o side1 ! s+ul> policy ( ! assignats :i* f9ally annull$ !mselves1 & on ! o!r side1 ! =mation ( ! new proprietors :o ow$ _! =tune to ! *ances ( gambl+1 to intrigue & to speculation4 ,& :o aga9 w\ld h d>$ !reaft] to swe> ^u ! anci5t1 sacr$ alt> ( prop]ty1 :5 8 rec5t & au!ntic title re/$ 9 s evid5t a mann] ^u ! k ( =tunate circum/ances8 ,if x _h ev] pass$ ?r\gh ! head ( s _m tr\blesome philosoph]s1 beg9n+ ) ! ,sophi/s1 t law is a creation ( man1 useful & conv5i5t1 ?is h]etical proposition might seem !nce=? a simple & intuitive tru? to ! meane/ ( ! begg>s 9 ,p>is4 ,_h n ! prolet>ians ) all ! common p giv5 ! impulse to ! revolution 9 g5]al by ! expect$ movem5ts ( ,april1 #aghi1 & did !y n aft]w>ds f9d !mselves1 z x 71 driv5 anew f ! /age ( hi/ory aft] ! failure ( ! revolt ( ,prairial 9 #agie8 ,_h !y n c>ri$ on _! %\ld]s all ! ard5t def5d]s ( lib]ty & equality8 ,_h !y n held 9 _! h&s ! ,p>is ,commune1 :i* 01 = a "t1 ! impulsive organ ( ! ,assembly & ( all ,france2 _h !y n f9ally ! bitt] disillusion ( hav+ creat$ new ma/]s = !mselves ) _! own h&s8 ,! bewild]+ consci\sness ( ?is disillusion con/itutes ! psy*ological motive1 rapid & imm$iate1 ( ! conspiracy ( ,babeuf1 :i*1 = t v reason1 is a great fact 9 hi/ory1 & be>s 9 itself all ! elem5ts ( objective trag$y4 ,! l& :i* fief & mortma9 _h1 z x 71 b\nd to a body1 to a family1 to a title1 n[1 deliv]$ f its bonds1 _h become a commodity1 to s]ve z a basis & in/rum5t = ! production ( m]*&ise2 s docile a commodity1 t x 0 put into circulation 9 ! =m ( morsels ( pap]4 ,& ar\nd ^! symbols1 multipli$ to su* a degree ov] ! ?+s t !y 7 to repres5t t !y f9i%$ by no long] hav+ any value1 ,bus9ess came =?1 a giant1 aris+1 f all sides1 on ! %\ld]s ( ^? mo/ wret*$ 9 _! pov]ty1 & ?r\gh all ! devi\s ways ( politics2 x 0 especially %ameless 9 its way ( tak+ "p 9 w> & its glori\s successes4 ,ev5 ! rapid progress ( te*nique1 ha/5$ by ! urg5cy ( circum/ances1 gave mat]ial & occasion to ! prosp]ity ( bus9ess4 ,! laws ( b\rgeois economics1 :i* are ^? ( individual production 9 ! antagoni/ic field ( competition1 revolt$ furi\sly1 ?r\gh viol5ce & ruse1 aga9/ ! ideali/ic ef=ts ( a revolution>y gov]nm5t :i*1 /rong 9 its c]ta9ty ( sav+ its c\ntry1 & /rong] /ill 9 its illusion ( f\nd+ = et]nity ! lib]ty ( equals1 believ$ x 0 possible to suppress gambl+ by ! guillot9e1 to elim9ate ,bus9ess by clos+ ! ,/ock ,ex*ange & to assure exi/5ce to ! common p by fix+ ! maximum ( prices = objects ( prime necessity4 ,commodities1 prices & ,bus9ess reass]t$ ) viol5ce _! own lib]ty aga9/ ^? :o wi%$ to prea* to !m & impose e?ics ^u !m4 ,!rmidor1 :atev] may h be5 ! orig9al int5tions ( ! ,!rmidorians1 :e!r vile1 c[>dly1 or misguid$1 01 9 its hidd5 causes z 9 its app>5t effects1 ! triumph ( ,bus9ess ov] democratic idealism4 ,! con/itution ( #agic1 :i* m>ks ! extreme limit t c be rea*$ by ! democratic ideal1 0 nev] put into practice4 ,! grave pressure ( circum/ances1 ! m5ace ( ! =eign]1 ! diff]5t =ms ( int]nal rebellion1 f ! ,girondi/s to ! ,v5dee1 r5d]$ necess>y an exceptional gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 ! ,t]ror1 born ( fe>4 ,9 proportion z dang]s ceas$1 ! ne$ ( ! t]ror ceas$4 ,b ! democracy %att]$ itself aga9/ ! ,bus9ess :i* 0 br++ into exi/5ce ! prop]ty ( new proprietors4 ,! con/itution ( ! ye> ,,iii4 consecrat$ ! pr9ciple ( mod]ate lib]alism1 :5ce proce$s all ! con/itutionalism ( ! ,european cont95t2 b x 01 be=e all else1 ! road lead+ to ! gu>anty ( prop]ty4 ,to *ange ! proprietors :ile pres]v+ prop]ty--t is ! bann]1 ! wat*word1 ! ensign :i* defi$ ?r\gh ! ye>s f ,aug4 #aj1 #agib1 ! viol5t tumults z well z ! bold designs ( ^? :o attempt$ to f\nd society ^u virtue1 equality & ,sp>tan abnegation4 ,b ! ,directory 0 ! footpa? by :i* ! revolution arriv$ at ! d[nfall ( itself z an ideali/ic ef=t2 & ) ! ,directory1 :i* 0 op5 & pr(ess$ corruption1 ?is bann] became a reality2 ! proprietors are *ang$1 b prop]ty is sav$4 ,&1 inde$1 to raise ^u s _m ru9s a /able edifice1 !re 0 ne$ ( real =ce2 & ?is 0 f\nd 9 t /range adv5tur] ( incomp>able g5ius1 ^u :om =tune _h imp]ially smil$1 & he 0 ! only "o :o possess$ ! virtue ( putt+ an end to ?is gigantic fable1 because !re 0 9 him nei!r %ad[ nor trace ( moral scruples4 ,9 ?is furor ( ev5ts /range ?+s happ5$4 ,! citiz5s arm$ = ! def5se ( _! c\ntry1 victori\s beyond its fronti]s ov] surr\nd+ ,europe1 into :i* ) _! conque/ !y c>ri$ ! revolution1 trans=m$ !mselves into a soldi]y to oppress ! lib]ty ( _! c\ntry4 ,! peasants :o1 at a mom5t ( imp]i\s sugge/ion1 produc$ ov] ! feudal e/ates ! an>*y ( #aghi1 n[ hav+ become soldi]s1 or small proprietors1 or small f>m]s1 & hav+ rema9$ = a mom5t ! advance s5t9els ( ! revolution1 fell back into ! sil5t & /olid calm ( _! traditional life1 :i*1 )\t risks & )\t movem5ts1 s]v$ z a sure basis = ! s-call$ social ord]4 ,! petty b\rgeois ( ! cities1 & ! =m] memb]s ( ! guilds rapidly develop$1 9 ! camp ( economic /ruggle1 into free traffick]s 9 manual labor4 ,! fre$om ( trade requir$ t e product become easily m]*antable1 & ?us x triumph$ ov] ! la/ ob/acle1 by en=c+ ! dem& t labor also become = x a free commodity4 ,all *ang$ at ?is mom5t4 ,! /ate1 :i* = c5turies s _m million delud$ ones _h reg>d$ z a sacr$ in/itution or a div9e m&ate1 all[$ its sov]eign to be behead$ by ! prosaic means ( a te*nical ma*9e1 & !reby lo/ its sacr$ "*4 ,! /ate1 also1 0 becom+ a te*nical appliance1 :i* sub/itut$ bureaucracy = hi]>*y4 ,& z ! anci5t titles no long] assur$ _! possessors ! privilege ( ex]cis+ div]se functions1 ?is new /ate c\ld become ! prey ( all ^? :o wi%$ to seize ^u x2 x f\nd itself1 9 a ^w1 put up at auction1 ) ! provision t ! successful aspirants mu/ be ! solid gu>antors ( ! prop]ty ( ! new & ! old proprietors4 ,! new /ate1 :i* _h ne$ ( its ,eighte5? ,brumaire to become an ord]ly bureaucracy1 support$ ^u victori\s milit>ism1 ?is /ate :i* complet$ ! revolution 9 ! act :i* d5i$ x1 c\ld n disp5se ) its scripture1 & x f\nd x 9 ! ,civil ,code1 :i* is ! gold5 book = a society :i* produces & sells commodities4 ,x is n 9 va9 t g5]aliz$ jurisprud5ce _h pres]v$ & annotat$ = c5turies1 9 ! =m ( a sci5tific discipl9e1 ?is ,roman law1 :i* 01 :i* is & ev] %all be1 ! typical & classical =m ( ! law ( e %opkeep+ society1 until communism puts an end to ! possibility ( buy+ & sell+4 ,! b\rgeoisie1 :i*1 by ! concurr5ce ( s _m s+ul> circum/ances effect$ ! revolution ) ! concurr5ce ( s _m o!r classes & semi-classes :i* aft] a %ort lapse ( "t almo/ all disappe>$ f ! political /age1 seem$1 9 ! mom5ts ( ! mo/ viol5t %ocks1 z if mov$ by motives inspir$ by an ideology1 :i* w\ld h absolutely no relation ) ! effects :i* actually sup]v5e & p]petuat$ !mselves4 ,! mean+ ( t is t 9 ! heat ( /ruggle ! bewild]+ *ange ( ! economic sub/ructure appe>$1 z if x 71 disguis$ by ideals & obscure by ! int]lac+s ( s _m int5tions & designs1 :5ce sprung s _m acts ( cruelty & ( unp>allel$ h]oism1 s _m curr5ts ( illusion & h>d facts ( dis5*antm5t4 ,nev] _h s p[]ful a fai? 9 ! ideal ( progress sprung f human brea/s4 ,to deliv] ! human race f sup]/ition1 & ev5 f religion1 to make ( ea* individual a citiz51 or ( e private man a public man2 ^? are its beg9n+s3--& !n on ! l9e ( ?is programme to sum up1 9 ! %ort activity ( a few ye>s1 an evolution :i* appe>s to ! mo/ ideali/ic ( to-day z ! "w ( sev]al c5turies to come--t is ! idealism ( t "t6 ,& :y %\ld x revolt at ! p$agogy ( ! guillot9e8 ,t poetry1 gr& c]ta9ly1 if n joy\s1 left beh9d x a prose t 0 sev]e en\gh4 ,& x 0 ! prose ( ! proprietors :o own$ _! prop]ty to *ance1 x 0 t ( ! high f9ance & ! newly ri* purveyors1 m>%als1 prefects1 j\rnali/s & m]c5>y m5 ( lett]s2 x 0 ! prose ( ! c\rt ( t /range man to :om ! qualities ( milit>y g5ius graft$ ^u ! s\l ( a brig&1 _h1 )\t any d\bt1 conf]r$ ! "r ( treat+ z an ideologi/ :oev] did n admire ! b>e fact :i*1 9 life1 z x 0 ) him1 c be no?+ else ?an ! simple brutality ( success4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution ha/5$ ! c\rse ( hi/ory 9 a l>ge "p ( ,europe4 ,to x atta*es1 on ! ,cont95t1 all t we call lib]alism & mod]n democracy1 except 9 ! case ( ! false imitation ( ,engl&1 & up to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,italian unity1 :i* 0 & w rema9 p]haps ! la/ act ( ! revolution>y b\rgeoisie4 ,?is revolution 0 ! mo/ vivid & mo/ in/ructive example ( ! fa%ion 9 :i* a society trans=ms itself & h[ new economic conditions develop1 & 9 develop+ co-ord9ate ! memb]s ( society into gr\ps & classes4 ,x 0 ! palpable pro( ( ! fa%ion 9 :i* law is f\nd1 :5 x is necess>y = ! expression & ! def5se ( def9ite relations1 & h[ ! /ate is creat$1 & h[ disposal is made ( its means1 its =ces & its organs4 ,"h is se5 h[ ideas arise f ! fields ( social in/itutions1 & h[ *>act]s1 t5d5cies1 s5tim5ts1 volitions1 t is to say1 9 a ^w1 moral =ces1 are produc$ & develop into conditions gov]n$ by circum/ances4 ,9 a ^w1 ! data ( social sci5ce 71 s to speak1 prep>$ by society itself1 & x is no wond] if ! revolution1 :i* 0 prec$$ ideologically by ! mo/ acute =m ( rationali/ic doctr9airism ev] kn[n1 end$ f9ally by leav+ beh9d x ! intellectual ne$ ( an anti-doctr9aire hi/orical & sociological sci5ce1 l t :i* our own c5tury has attempt$ to con/ruct4 ,& "h1 bo? by :at we h se5 & by :at is kn[n g5]ally1 x is useless to recall anew1 h[ ,ow5 =ms "o ( ! same gr\p ) ,sa9t ,simon & ,f\ri]1 & to repeat ?r\gh :at ways sci5tific socialism took its bir?4 ,! important ?+ is 9 ^! two po9ts2 t hi/orical mat]ialism c\ld n arise b f ! !oretical consci\sness ( socialism2 & t x c h5ce=? expla9 its own orig9 ) its own pr9ciples1 :i* is ! greate/ pro( ( its maturity4 ,?us ,i h ju/ifi$ ! phrase at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]3 ideas d n desc5d f heav54 ,,viii4 ,! road trav]s$ ?us f> has enabl$ u to take exact acc\nt ( ! precise & relative value ( ! s-call$ doctr9e ( factors2 we "k also h[ its adh]5ts come to elim9ate objectively ^? provisional concepts1 :i* 7 & are a simple expression ( a ?\ght n fully arriv$ at maturity4 ,&1 nev]!less1 x is necess>y t we speak fur!r ( ?is doctr9e1 9 ord] to expla9 bett] & m 9 detail = :at reasons two ( ! s-call$ factors1 ! /ate & ! law1 h be5 & are /ill consid]$ z ! pr9cipal & exclusive subject ( hi/ory4 ,hi/orians h inde$ = c5turies plac$ 9 ^! =ms ( social life ! ess5ce ( developm5t4 ,moreov]1 !y h p]ceiv$ ?is developm5t only 9 ! modification ( ^! =ms4 ,hi/ory has = c5turies be5 treat$ z a discipl9e relative to ! juridico-political movem5t & ev5 to ! political movem5t pr9cipally4 ,! sub/itution ( society = politics is a rec5t ?+1 & mu* m rec5t /ill is ! r$uction ( society to ! elem5ts ( hi/orical mat]ialism4 ,9 o!r words1 sociology is ( q rec5t inv5tion1 & ! read]1 ,i hope1 w h und]/ood = himself t ,i employ ?is t]m = ! sake ( brevity1 to indicate 9 a g5]al mann] ! sci5ce ( social functions & v>iations1 & t ,i d n hold to ! specific s5se giv5 x by ! ,positivi/s4 ,x is m satisfactory to say t1 up to ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 ! data be>+ ^u usages1 cu/oms1 beliefs1 etc41 or ev5 ^u ! natural conditions1 :i* s]ve z ! f\ndation & connection = social =ms1 7 n m5tion$ 9 political hi/ories unless z objects ( simple curiosity1 or z accessories & complem5ts ( ! n>ration4 ,all ?is _c be a simple accid5t1 & inde$ is n4 ,!re is1 !n1 a d\ble int]e/ 9 tak+ acc\nt ( ! t>dy appe>ance ( social hi/ory1 bo? because our doctr9e ju/ifies yet aga9 by ?is means its reason = exi/5ce1 & because we ?us elim9ate1 9 a def9ite mann]1 ! s-call$ factors4 ,if we make an exception ( c]ta9 critical mom5ts 9 :i* social classes1 by an extreme incapacity = adapt+ !mselves to a condition ( relative equilibrium1 ent] into a crisis ( m or less prolong$ an>*y1 & if we make an exception ( ^? cata/rophes 9 :i* an entire _w disappe>s1 z at ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire ( ! ,we/1 or at ! dissolution ( ! ,califate1 !n x may be said t1 ev] s9ce !re has be5 a writt5 hi/ory1 ! /ate appe>s n only z ! creation ( society b also z its support4 ,! fir/ /ep t *ild-l ?\ght _h made 9 ?is ord] ( consid]ations is 9 ?is /atem5t3 ,t :i* gov]ns is also t :i* creates4 ,if1 moreov]1 we make an exception ( c]ta9 %ort p]iods ( democracy ex]cis$ ) ! vivid consci\sness ( popul> sov]eignty1 z 0 ! case 9 a few ,greek cities1 especially at ,a!ns1 & 9 a few ,italian cities1 & especially ,flor5ce 7! =m] nev]!less 7 compos$ ( free m5 :o 7 proprietors ( slaves1 & ! latt] ( privileg$ citiz5s :o exploit$ =eign]s & peasants7 ! society organiz$ into a /ate 0 always compos$ ( a majority at ! m]cy ( ! m9ority4 ,& ?us ! majority ( m5 has appe>$ 9 hi/ory z a mass su/a9$1 gov]n$1 guid$1 exploit$ & ill treat$1 or at lea/ z a v>iegat$ conglom]ation ( int]e/s1 :i* a few _h to gov]n1 ma9ta9+ 9 equilibrium ! div]g5ces1 ei!r by pressure or by comp5sation4 ,!nce ! necessity ( an art ( gov]nm5t1 & z x is ?is be=e all else :i* /rikes ^? :o are /udy+ collective life1 x 0 natural t politics %\ld appe> z ! au?or ( ! social ord] & z ! sign ( ! cont9uity 9 ! succession ( hi/oric =ms4 ,to say politics is to say activity1 :i*1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 is ex]cis$ 9 a desir$ direction1 until ! mom5t at lea/ :5 calculations da% !mselves aga9/ unkn[n or unexpect$ ob/acles4 ,by tak+ ! /ate z an imp]fect exp]i5ce w\ld sugge/ = ! au?or ( society1 & politics = ! au?or ( ! social ord]1 x result$ t ! n>rators or philosophical hi/orians 7 driv5 to place ! ess5ce ( hi/ory 9 a succession ( =ms1 in/itutions & political ideas4 ,:5ce ! /ate drew its orig91 :]e ! basis ( its p]=mance 0 f\nd1 t matt]$ n1 z t matt]s n 9 curr5t reason+4 ,! problems ( ! g5etic ord] arose1 z is kn[n1 r late4 ,! /ate is & x f9ds its reason = exi/5ce 9 its pres5t necessity2 t is s true t ! imag9ation has n be5 able to adapt itself to ! idea t x has n always exi/$1 & s x has prolong$ its conjectural exi/5ce back to ! fir/ orig9s ( ! human race4 ,! gods or demigods & h]oes 7 its f\nd]s1 9 my?ology at lea/1 j z 9 m$iaeval !ology ! ,pope is ! fir/ & !re=e ! div9e & p]petual s\rce ( all au?ority4 ,ev5 9 our "t1 inexp]i5c$ travel]s & imbecile mission>ies f9d ! /ate :]e !re is1 z among savages & b>b>ians1 no?+ b ! g5s1 or ! tribe ( g5tes1 or ! alliance ( g5tes4 ,two ?+s 7 necess>y t ^! prejudices ( ! judgm5t %\ld be ov]come4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 necess>y to recognize t ! functions ( ! /ate arise1 increase1 dim9i%1 alt] & foll[ ea* o!r ) ! v>iations ( c]ta9 social conditions4 ,9 ! second place1 x 0 necess>y to arrive at a compreh5sion ( ! fact t ! /ate exi/s & ma9ta9s itself 9 t x is organiz$ = ! def5se ( c]ta9 def9ite int]e/s1 ( "o "p ( society aga9/ all ! re/ ( society itself1 :i* mu/ be made 9 su* a way1 9 its entirety1 t ! resi/ance ( ! subjects1 ( ! ill treat$ & ! exploit$1 ei!r is lo/ 9 multiple frictions1 or is temp]$ by ! p>tial advantages1 wret*$ ?\gh !y be1 to ! oppress$ !mselves4 ,politics1 t art s miracul\s & s admir$1 ?us br+s u back to a v simple =mula2 to apply a =ce or a sy/em ( =ces to ! total ( resi/ances4 ,! fir/ /ep1 & ! mo/ difficult1 is tak5 :5 ! /ate has be5 r$uc$ to ! social conditions :5ce x draws its orig94 ,b ^! social conditions !mselves h be5 subsequ5tly def9$ by ! !ory ( classes1 ! g5esis ( :i* is 9 ! mann] ( ! diff]5t occupations1 grant$ ! di/ribution ( labor1 t is to say1 grant$ ! relations :i* co-ord9ate & b9d m5 toge!r 9 a def9ite =m ( production4 ,!nce=? ! concept ( ! /ate has ceas$ to repres5t ! direct cause ( ! hi/oric movem5t z ! presum$ au?or ( society1 because x has be5 se5 t 9 ea* ( its =ms & its v>iations !re is no?+ else ?an ! positive & =c$ organization ( a def9ite class rule1 or ( a def9ite compact betwe5 diff]5t classes4 ,& !n by an ult]ior consequ5ce f ^! premises1 x is f9ally to be recogniz$ t politics1 z ! art ( act+ 9 a desir$ direction1 is a comp>atively small "p ( ! g5]al movem5t ( hi/ory1 & t x is b a feeble "p ( ! =mation & ! developm5t ( ! /ate itself1 9 :i* _m ?+s1 t is to say1 _m relations1 arise & develop by a necess>y compact1 by a tacit cons5t1 or by viol5ce endur$ & tol]at$4 ,! reign ( ! unconsci\s1 if by t we mean :at is n decre$ by free *oice & =e?\ght1 b :at is det]m9$ & accompli%$ by a succession ( habits1 cu/oms1 compacts1 etc41 has become v consid]able 9 ! doma9 ( ! data :i* =m ! object ( ! hi/oric sci5ces2 & politics1 :i* has be5 tak5 z an explanation1 has itself become some?+ to expla94 ,we "k n[ 9 a positive way ! reasons 9 consequ5ce ( :i* hi/ory _h necess>ily to appe> "u a purely political =m4 ,b ?is does n mean t we ought to believe t ! /ate is a simple excresc5ce1 a m]e accessory ( ! social body1 or ( free association1 z s _m ,utopians & s _m ultra-lib]al ?9k]s ( an>*i/ t5d5cies h imag9$4 ,if society has ?us f> culm9at$ 9 ! /ate1 x is because x has _h ne$ ( ?is complem5t ( =ce & au?ority1 because x is at fir/ compos$ ( units :i* are unequal by reason ( economic diff]5tiations4 ,! /ate is some?+ v real1 a sy/em ( =ces :i* ma9ta9 equilibrium & impose x ?r\gh viol5ce & repression4 ,& to exi/ z a sy/em ( =ces x has be5 compell$ to develop & to e/abli% an economic p[]1 :e!r ?is latt] re/s ^u robb]y1 ! result ( w>1 or :e!r x consi/s 9 direct prop]ty 9 ! doma91 or :e!r x is con/itut$ little by little1 ?anks to ! mod]n me?od ( public taxes1 :i* takes on ! con/itutional appe>ance ( a self-impos$ sy/em ( taxation4 ,x is 9 ?is economic p[]1 s consid]able 9 mod]n times1 t its capacity = act+ is f\nd$4 ,x results1 t by reason ( a new division ( labor1 ! functions ( /ate give rise to special ord]s & conditions1 t is to say1 to v p>ticul> classes1 )\t includ+ ! class ( p>asites4 ,! /ate1 :i* is & :i* mu/ be an economic p[] t 9 its def5se ( ! rul+ classes x may be furni%$ ) means to repress1 to gov]n1 to adm9i/] & to make w>1 creates 9 a direct or an indirect mann] an aggregation ( new & p>ticul> int]e/s1 :i* necess>ily react ^u society4 ,?us ! /ate1 by ! fact t x has aris5 & t x ma9ta9s itself z a gu>anty ( ! social anti!ses1 :i* are a consequ5ce ( economic diff]5tiations1 creates ar\nd itself a circle ( p]sons int]e/$ directly 9 its exi/5ce4 ,two consequ5ces foll[ !refrom4 ,z society is n a homog5e\s :ole1 b a body ( specializ$ articulations1 or1 r1 a multi=m complexus ( objects & int]e/s1 x happ5s t sometimes ! directors ( ! /ate seek to isolate !mselves1 & by ?is isolation !y oppose !mselves to ! :ole ( society1 & !n1 9 ! second place1 x happ5s t organs & functions1 creat$ fir/ = ! advantage ( all1 end by no long] s]v+ any int]e/ b ^? ( gr\ps1 & p]mit abuses ( p[] on ! "p ( cot]ies & camorras4 ,!nce arise ari/ocracies & hi]>*ies born f ! use ( ! public p[]1 !nce arise dyna/ies2 9 ! light ( simple logic ^! =mations appe> :olly irrational4 ,f ! fir/ beg9n+s ( writt5 hi/ory ! /ate has increas$ or dim9i%$ its p[]s1 b x has nev] disappe>$1 because ev] s9ce !re h be51 9 ! society ( m5 unequal 9 consequ5ce ( economic diff]5tiation1 reasons = ma9ta9+ & = def5d+1 ?r\gh =ce or conque/1 slav]y1 monopolies1 or ! pr$om9ance ( "o =m ( production1 ) ! dom9ation ( man ov] man4 ,! /ate has become1 z x 71 ! field ( an endless civil w>1 :i* is develop+ always1 ev5 if x does n always %[ itself "u ! />tl+ =m ( ,m>ius & ,sylla1 days ( ,june & w>s ( ,secession4 ,)9 ! /ate1 ! corruption ( man by man has always fl\ri%$1 because1 if !re is no =m ( dom9ation :i* does n meet resi/ance1 !re are no =ms ( resi/ance :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! press+ ne$s ( life1 may n deg5]ate into a passive compact4 ,= ^! reasons1 hi/oric ev5ts1 se5 on ! surface ( ! ord9>y monoton\s n>rative1 appe> l ! repetition ( ! same type1 ) few v>iations1 l a s]ies ( kaleidoscopic pictures4 ,we ne$ n be a/oni%$ if ! ideali/ic ,h]b>t & ! cau/ic or pessimi/ic ,s*op5hau] arriv$ at ?is conclusion1 t !re is no hi/ory1 9 ! s5se ( any actual processus1 :i* is to say 9 common language2 hi/ory is a tiresome song4 ,:5 political hi/ory is once r$uc$ to its qu9tess5ce1 ! /ate rema9s illum9at$ 9 all its prose4 ,!nce=? !re is no m trace ei!r ( !ological div9ation1 nor ( metaphysical transub/antiation1 s mu* 9 vogue among c]ta9 ,g]man philosoph]s1--= :om ! /ate is ! ,idea1 ! ,/ate ,idea :i* is realiz$ 9 hi/ory1 ! /ate is ! full realization ( ! p]sonality1 & o!r /upidities ( ! same sort4 ,! /ate is a real organization ( def5se to gu>antee & p]petuate a mode ( association1 ! f\ndation ( :i* is a =m ( economic production1 or a compact & a transaction betwe5 =ms4 ,to sum up1 ! /ate assumes1 ei!r a sy/em ( prop]ty1 or a compact betwe5 sev]al sy/ems ( prop]ty4 ,!re is ! f\ndation ( all its art1 ! ex]cise ( :i* dem&s t ! /ate itself became an economic p[]1 & t x also dispose ( means & processes to make prop]ty pass f ! h&s ( "s into ! h&s ( o!rs4 ,:51 by ! effect ( an acute & viol5t *ange ( ! =ms ( production1 x is necess>y to resort to an unusual & extraord9>y readju/m5t ( ! relations ( prop]ty 7= example1 ! abolition ( mortma9 & fiefs1 ! abolition ( comm]cial monopolies71 !n ! old political =m is insuffici5t & revolution is necess>y to create a new organ :i* may op]ate ! new economic trans=mation4 ,if we make an exception ( ! v anci5t times :i* are unkn[n to u1 all hi/ory is develop$ 9 ! contacts & ! antagonisms ( ! diff]5t tribes & communities1 & !reaft] ( ! diff]5t nations & diff]5t /ates2 t is to say1 t ! reasons = ! int]nal anti!ses 9 ! circle ( ea* society are always m & m complicat$ ) frictions ) ! outside _w4 ,^! two reasons = antagonism condition ea* o!r reciprocally1 b 9 ways :i* are always v>y+4 ,(t5 x is int]nal di/urbance :i* urges a community or a city to ent] into ext]nal collisions2 at o!r times x is ^! collisions :i* alt] ! int]nal relations4 ,! pr9cipal motive = ! diff]5t relations betwe5 ! diff]5t communities has be5 f ! beg9n+s1 ev5 z x is to-day1 comm]ce 9 ! broad s5se ( ! ^w1 t is to say1 ex*ange1 :e!r x is a matt] ( giv+ up1 z 9 ! poor tribes1 m]ely ! surplus 9 ex*ange = o!r ?+s1 or :e!r x is a matt]1 z to-day1 ( production on a l>ge scale1 :i* is c>ri$ on ) ! exclusive int5tion ( sell+ s z to draw f a sum ( money a l>g] sum ( money4 ,?is enorm\s mass ( ev5ts ext]ior & int]ior1 :i* accumulate & pile ^u ea* o!r 9 hi/ory1 is su* a tr\ble to ! hi/orians :o cont5t !mselves ) explor+ x & summ>iz+ x1 t !y become lo/ 9 ! inf9ite attempts at *ronological gr\ps & bird's-eye views4 ,:oev]1 on ! contr>y1 kn[s ! int]nal developm5t ( ! diff]5t social types 9 _! economic /ructure1 & :o consid]s political ev5ts z ! p>ticul> results ( ! =ces act+ 9 society1 ends by triumph+ ov] ! confusion born out ( ! multiplicity & ! unc]ta9ty ( fir/ impressions1 & in/ead ( a *ronological or syn*ron\s s]ies1 or a view ( ! :ole1 he c arrive at ! concrete s]ies ( a real processus4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ^! reali/ic conditions all ! ideologies f\nd$ on ! e?ical mission ( ! /ate or on any su* conception1 fall to ! gr\nd4 ,! /ate is1 s to speak1 fitt$ into its place1 & x rema9s encas$1 z x 71 9 ! surr\nd+s ( ! social developm5t1 9 its capacity ( a =m result+ f o!r conditions1 & 9 its turn1 by reason ( its exi/5ce1 react+ naturally ^u ! re/4 ,"h arises ano!r "q4 ,w ?is =m ev] be outgr[n8--or c !re be a society )\t a /ate8--or c !re be a society )\t classes8--& if we mu/ be m explicit1 w !re ev] be a =m ( communi/ production ) a di/ribution ( labor & ( tasks su* t !re w be no room 9 x = ! developm5t ( inequalities1 t s\rce ( dom9ation ( man ov] man8 ,x is 9 ! affirmative answ] to ?is "q t sci5tific socialism consi/s1 9 s f> z x affirms ! com+ ( communi/ic production1 n z a po/ulate1 nor z ! aim ( a free volition1 b z ! result ( ! processus imman5t 9 hi/ory4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! premise ( ?is prevision is 9 ! actual conditions ( pres5t capitali/ production4 ,?is1 socializ+ cont9ually ! mode ( production1 has subject$ liv+ labor m & m ) its regulations to ! objective conditions ( ! te*nical process1 x has day aft] day conc5trat$ ! prop]ty 9 ! means ( production m & ev] m into ! h&s ( a few1 :o z /ockhold]s1 or speculators1 are always f\nd to be m & m remov$ f imm$iate labor1 ! direction ( :i* passes ov] to intellig5ce & sci5ce4 ,) ! increas$ consci\sness ( ?is situation among ! prolet>ians1 ^: in/ruction 9 solid>ity comes f ! actual conditions ( _! employm5t1 & ) ! decrease ( ! capacity ( ! hold]s ( capital to pres]ve ! private direction ( productive labor1 a mom5t w come1 :5 9 "o fa%ion or ano!r1 ) ! elim9ation 9 e =m ( private r5t1 int]e/1 pr(it1 ! production w pass ov] to ! collectivi/ association1 t is to say1 w become communi/ic4 ,?us w disappe> all inequalities1 except ^? ( sex1 age1 temp]am5t & capacity1 t is to say1 all ^? inequalities w cease :i* eng5d] economic classes1 or :i* are eng5d]$ by !m1 & ! disappe>ance ( classes w put an end to ! possibility ( ! /ate1 z dom9ation ( man ov] man4 ,! te*nical & p$agogical gov]nm5t ( intellig5ce w =m ! only organization ( society4 ,9 ?is fa%ion1 sci5tific socialism1 9 an ideal fa%ion at lea/1 has triumph$ ov] ! /ate2 & its triumph has giv5 x a complete k bo? ( its mode ( orig9 & ! reasons = its natural disappe>ance4 ,x has und]/ood x precisely because x does n rise up aga9/ x 9 a "o-sid$ & subjective fa%ion1 z did m ?an once1 at diff]5t epo*s1 ! cynics1 ! /oics1 ! epicureans ( all sorts1 ! religi\s sect>ies1 ! vision>y monks1 ! utopians & f9ally1 9 our days1 ! an>*i/s ( e /ripe4 ,/ill m1 in/ead ( ris+ up aga9/ x1 sci5tific socialism is propos+ to %[ h[ ! /ate cont9ually rises up ( itself aga9/ itself1 by creat+ 9 ! means ) :i* x _c disp5se1 z1 = example1 a colossal sy/em ( taxation1 milit>ism1 univ]sal suffrage1 ! developm5t ( education1 etc41 ! conditions ( its own ru94 ,! society :i* has produc$ x w reabsorb x2 t is to say1 t j z society 9 organiz+ a new =m ( production w elim9ate ! antagonisms betwe5 capital & labor1 s1 ) ! disappe>ance ( prolet>ians & ! conditions :i* r5d] prolet>ians possible1 w disappe> all dep5d5ce ( m5 ^u 8 fell[ man 9 any =m ( hi]>*y1 :atev] x may be4 ,! t]ms 9 :i* ! g5esis & ! developm5t ( ! /ate evolve1 f its initial po9t ( appe>ance 9 a p>ticul> community1 :]e economic diff]5tiation is beg9n+1 up to ! mom5t :]e ?is disappe>ance beg9s to =e%ad[ itself1 make x h5ce=? intelligible to u4 ,! ,/ate has be5 r$uc$ till x is b a necess>y complem5t ( c]ta9 def9ite economic =ms1 & ?us ! !ory :i* w\ld h se5 9 x an indep5d5t factor 9 hi/ory is !nce=? =ev] elim9at$4 ,x is h5ce=? relatively easy to take acc\nt ( ! fa%ion 9 :i* law has be5 rais$ up to ! rank ( a decisive factor ( society1 & ?us ( hi/ory1 directly or indirectly4 ,be=e all else1 we mu/ rememb] 9 :at fa%ion arose ?is philosophic conception ( ju/ice g5]aliz$1 :i* is ! pr9cipal f\ndation ( ! !ory :i* ma9ta9s t hi/ory is dom9at$ by ! progress ( indep5d5t legislation4 ,) ! precoci\s dissolution ( ! feudal society 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,italy1 & ) ! bir? ( ! ,communes1 :i* 7 republics ( production gr\p$ 9 trade guilds & m]*ant guilds1 ! ,roman law 0 =c$ into a place ( honor4 ,?is law fl[]$ anew 9 ! ,univ]sities4 ,x ent]$ into a /ruggle ) ! b>b>ic laws & also 9 "p ) ! canon law2 x 0 !n evid5tly a =m ( ?\ght :i* answ]$ bett] to ! ne$s ( ! b\rgeoisie1 :i* 0 beg9n+ to develop4 ,9 fact1 consid]+ ! peculi>ities ( rival laws1 :i* 7 ei!r cu/oms ( b>b>\s nations1 or corporation privileges1 or papal or imp]ial concessions1 ?is law appe>$ z ! univ]sality ( writt5 reason4 ,_h x n arriv$ at ! po9t ( reg>d+ human p]sonality 9 its mo/ ab/ract & human relations1 s9ce a c]ta9 ,titius is capable ( becom+ debtor & cr$itor1 ( sell+ & buy+1 ( mak+ a cession1 a donation1 etc48 ,roman law1 al?\gh elaborat$ 9 its la/ edit+ at ! comm& ( emp]ors by s]vile p>asites1 appe>$ !n1 amid ! decl9e ( m$iaeval in/itutions1 z a revolution>y =ce1 & z su* x con/itut$ a great /ep ( progress4 ,?is law1 s univ]sal t x gave ! means ( ov]?r[+ b>b>ic laws1 0 c]ta9ly a law :i* correspond$ to human nature consid]$ "u its g5]ic relations2 & by its opposition to private laws & privileges x appe>$ z a natural law4 ,we "k1 moreov]1 h[ ?is ideology ( natural law arose4 ,x acquir$ its greate/ di/9ction 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies2 b x _h long be5 prep>$ = by ! jurisprud5ce :i* took = its base ! ,roman law1 :e!r x adopt$ x1 revis$ x1 or correct$ x4 ,to ! =mation ( ! ideology ( natural law ano!r elem5t contribut$1 ! ,greek philosophy ( lat] epo*s4 ,! ,greeks1 :o 7 ! inv5tors ( ^? def9ite arts ( ! m9d :i* are sci5ces1 nev]1 z is kn[n1 drew f _! multiple local laws a discipl9e correspond+ to t :i* we call ! sci5ce ( law4 ,on ! contr>y1 by ! rapid progress ( ab/ract rese>* 9 ! circle ( _! democracies1 !y arriv$ v soon at a logical1 rhetorical & p$agogical discussion on ! nature ( ju/ice1 ! /ate1 ! law1 p5alty2 & 9 _! philosophy we may trace ! rudim5t>y =ms ( all lat] discussions4 ,b x is n until lat]1 t is to say1 9 ! ,hell5i/ic epo*1 :5 ! limits ( ,greek life 7 suffici5tly enl>g$ to be m+l$ ) ^? ( ! civiliz$ _w1 t1 9 ! cosmopolitan environm5t :i* c>ri$ ) x ! ne$ ( se>*+ 9 ea* man = ! g5]ic man1 ! rationalism ( ju/ice arose--( ju/ice or ( natural "r 9 ! =m giv5 x by ! /oic philosophy4 ,! ,greek rationalism :i* _h already furni%$ a c]ta9 =mal elem5t to ! logical codification ( ,roman law reappe>$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ! doctr9e ( natural "r4 ,t ideology1 ^: criticism has s]v$ z an arm & an in/rum5t = giv+ a juridical =m to ! economic organization ( mod]n society1 has _h1 consequ5tly1 v>i\s s\rces4 ,yet1 9 fact1 ?is juridical ideology reflects1 9 ! /ruggle = law & aga9/ law1 ! revolution>y p]iod ( ! b\rgeois _s4 ,&1 al?\gh x takes its doctr9al po9t ( dep>ture 9 a return to ! traditions ( ! anci5t philosophy1 9 ! g5]alization ( ,roman jurisprud5ce1 9 ev]y?+ else1 & 9 all its developm5t1 x is completely new & mod]n4 ,roman law1 al?\gh x 0 g5]aliz$ by s*ola/icism & by mod]n elaboration1 /ill rema9s )9 itself a collection ( special cases :i* h n be5 d$uc$ accord+ to a preconceiv$ sy/em1 nor preorda9$ by ! sy/ematic m9d ( ! legislator4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rationalism ( ! /oics1 _! contempor>ies & _! disciples1 0 a "w ( pure contemplation1 & x produc$ no revolution>y movem5t ar\nd x4 ,! ideology ( natural law1 :i* f9ally took ! "n ( philosophy ( law1 01 on ! contr>y1 sy/ematic1 x />t$ always f g5]al =mulae1 x 0 aggressive & polemic1 & /ill m1 x 0 at w> ) or?odoxy1 ) intol]ance1 ) privilege1 ) con/itut$ bodies2 9 f9e1 x f\ght = ! lib]ties :i* to-day con/itute ! =mal conditions ( mod]n society4 ,x is ) ?is ideology1 :i* 0 a me?od ( /ruggle1 t arose = ! fir/ "t1 9 a typical & decisive =m1 t idea t !re is a law :i* is "o & ! same ) reason4 ,! laws aga9/ :i* ! /ruggle 0 c>ri$ on appe> z deviations1 backw>d /eps1 errors4 ,f ?is fai? 9 rational law arose ! bl9d belief 9 ! p[] ( ! legislator1 :i* grew into fanaticism at ! critical mom5ts ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,!nce ! belief t society z a :ole is to be submitt$ to "o s+le law1 equal = all1 sy/ematic1 logical1 consi/5t4 ,!nce ! conviction t a law gu>antee+ to all a legal equality1 t is to say1 ! privilege ( contract+1 gu>ante$ also lib]ty to all4 ,! triumph ( true law assures ! triumph ( reason1 & ! society :i* is regulat$ by a law equal = all is a p]fect society6 ,x is useless to say t !re 7 illusions at ! bottom ( ^! t5d5cies4 ,we all "k to :at ?is univ]sal lib]ation ( m5 0 to lead4 ,b :at is mo/ important "h is ! fact t ^! p]suasions arose f a conception ( law1 :i* consid]$ x z deta*$ f ! social causes :i* produc$ x4 ,likewise t reason1 to :i* ^! ideologies appeal$1 r$uc$ itself to reliev+ labor1 association1 traffic1 comm]ce1 political =ms & consci5ce f all limits & all ob/acles :i* prev5t$ free competition4 ,i h already %[n 9 ano!r *apt] h[ ! great ,revolution ( ! eighte5? c5tury may s]ve u = exp]i5ce4 ,& if !re is /ill "s "o to-day :o insi/s on speak+ ( a rational law :i* dom9ates hi/ory1 ( a law1 9 %ort1 :i* w\ld be a factor1 in/ead ( be+ a simple fact 9 hi/oric revolution1 t means t he is liv+ out ( our "t & t he has n und]/ood t our lib]al & equalit>ian codification has already1 9 fact1 m>k$ ! end & ! t]m ( t :ole s*ool ( natural law4 ,by diff]5t ways we h arriv$ 9 ?is c5tury at r$uc+ law1 consid]$ previ\sly z a rational ?+1 into a mat]ial ?+1 & ?us into a ?+ correspond+ to def9ite social conditions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! int]e/ 9 hi/ory ga9$ 9 ext5t & 9 dep?1 & x l$ /ud5ts to recognize t to und]/& ! orig9s ( law1 x 0 n suffici5t to /op at ! data ( pure reason1 nor at ! /udy ( ,roman law alone4 ,b>b>ic laws1 ! usages & cu/oms ( nations & societies1 s despis$ by ! rationali/s1 h be5 !oretically re/or$ to honor4 ,t 0 ! only way to arrive1 ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! mo/ anci5t =ms1 at an und]/&+ ( h[ ! mo/ rec5t =ms c\ld h be5 successively produc$4 ,codifi$ ,roman law is a v mod]n =m2 t p]sonality1 :i* x assumes z a univ]sal subject1 is an elaboration ( a v advanc$ epo*1 9 :i* ! cosmopolitanism ( social relations 0 dom9at$ by a milit>y-bureaucratic con/itution4 ,9 ?is environm5t1 9 :i* a writt5 code ( reason _h be5 built up1 !re 0 no long] any trace ( spontaneity or popul> life1 !re 0 no m democracy4 ,?is same law1 be=e arriv+ at ?is cry/allization1 _h aris5 & _h develop$3 & if we /udy x 9 its orig9s & 9 its developm5ts1 & especially if1 9 ?is /udy1 we employ ! comp>ative me?od1 we recognize t1 ^u _m po9ts1 x is analog\s to ! in/itutions ( inf]ior societies & nations4 ,x !re=e becomes evid5t t ! true sci5ce ( law c be no?+ less ?an ! g5etic hi/ory ( ! law itself4 ,b1 :ile ! ,european cont95t _h creat$ 9 ! codification ( civil law ! type & ! textbook ( practical b\rgeois judgm5t1 0 !re n 9 ,engl& ano!r self-orig9at+ =m ( law1 :i* arose & develop$ 9 a purely practical mann]1 f ! v conditions ( ! society :i* produc$ x )\t sy/em1 & )\t ! action ( me?odical rationalism hav+ any "p 9 x8 ,! law1 :i* actually exi/s & is appli$1 is !re=e a mu* simpl] & mu* m mode/ ?+ ?an 0 imag9$ by ! en?usia/s :o s+ ! praises ( writt5 judgm5t1 ( ! empire ( reason4 ,= _! def5se1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t !y 7 ! ideal precursors ( ! great ,revolution4 ,= ideology x 0 necess>y to sub/itute ! hi/ory ( legal in/itutions4 ,! philosophy ( law end$ ) ,hegel2 & if objectors m5tion ! books publi%$ s9ce1 ,i reply t ! works publi%$ by pr(essors are n always ! index ( ! progress ( ?\ght4 ,! philosophy ( law ?us became ! philosophical /udy ( ! hi/ory ( law4 ,& x is n necess>y to repeat "h aga9 h[ hi/oric philosophy end$ 9 economic mat]ialism & 9 :at s5se critical communism is ! rev]sal ( ,hegel4 ,?is revolution1 app>5tly a revolution 9 ideas alone1 is m]ely an intellectual reflection ( ! revolutions :i* h be5 produc$ 9 practical life4 ,9 our c5tury1 legislat+ has become an epidemic2 & reason en?ron$ 9 legal ideology has be5 de?ron$ by p>liam5ts4 ,9 ^! ! anti!ses ( class int]e/s h tak5 on ! =m ( p>ties2 & ! p>ties /ruggle = or aga9/ def9ite laws2 & all law appe>s z a simple fact1 or z a ?+ :i* x is useful or n useful to d4 ,! prolet>iat has aris52 & :]ev] ! /ruggle ( ! labor]s has tak5 def9ite =m1 ! b\rgeois codes h be5 convict$ ( falsehood4 ,writt5 judgm5t has %[n itself p[]less to save ! wage-work]s f ! oscillations ( ! m>ket1 to gu>antee wom5 & *ildr5 aga9/ ! oppressive h\rs ( ! factories1 or to f9d an exp$i5t to solve ! problem ( =c$ idl5ess4 ,! p>tial limitation ( ! h\rs ( labor has1 itself alone1 be5 ! subject & ! occasion ( a gigantic /ruggle4 ,! small & ! l>ge b\rgeoisie1 agr>ians & manufactur]s1 advocates ( ! poor & def5d]s ( accumulat$ weal?1 mon>*i/s & democrats1 sociali/s & reaction>ies1 h bitt]ly cont5d$ ov] extract+ pr(it f ! action ( ! public au?orities & ov] exploit+ ! cont+5cies ( politics & p>liam5t>y intrigue1 to f9d ! gu>anty & ! def5se ( c]ta9 def9ite int]e/s 9 ! int]pretation ( exi/+ law1 or 9 ! creation ( a new law4 ,?is new legislation has m ?an once be5 revis$1 & ! /range/ oscillations may be obs]v$ 9 x2 ext5d+ f ! humanit>ianism :i* def5ds ! poor & ev5 animals1 to ! promulgation ( m>tial law4 ,ju/ice has be5 /ripp$ ( its mask & has become m]ely a pr(ane ?+4 ,! consci\sness ( exp]i5ce has come to u & has giv5 u a =mula z precise z x is mode/2 e rule ( law has be5 & is ! cu/om>y1 au?oritative1 or judicial def5se ( a def9ite int]e/2 ! r$uction ( law to economics is !n almo/ imm$iately accompli%$4 ,if ! mat]iali/ic conception f9ally came to furni% to ^! t5d5cies an explicit & sy/ematic view1 x is because its ori5tation has be5 det]m9$ by ! visual angle ( ! prolet>iat4 ,?is la/ is ! necess>y product & ! indisp5sable condition ( a society 9 :i* all ! p]sons are1 f an ab/ract po9t ( view1 equal be=e ! law1 b :]e ! mat]ial conditions ( developm5t & ! lib]ties ( ea* are unequal4 ,! prolet>ians are ! =ces ?r\gh :i* ! accumulat$ means ( production reproduce !mselves & recon/itute !mselves into new weal?2 b !y !mselves live only by enroll+ !mselves "u ! au?ority ( capital2 & f "o day to ! next !y f9d !mselves out ( "w1 impov]i%$ & exiles4 ,!y are ! army ( social labor1 b _! *iefs are _! ma/]s4 ,!y are ! negation ( ju/ice 9 ! empire ( law1 t is to say1 t !y are ! irrational elem5t 9 ! pret5d$ doma9 ( reason4 ,hi/ory !n has n be5 a processus = arriv+ at ! empire ( reason 9 law2 x has ?us f> be5 no?+ else ?an a s]ies ( *anges 9 ! =m ( subjection & s]vitude4 ,hi/ory !n consi/s entirely 9 ! /ruggle ( int]e/s1 & law is b ! au?oritative expression ( ! int]e/s :i* h triumph$4 ,^! =mulae inde$ d n p]mit u to expla91 by ! imm$iate exam9ation ( ! v>i\s int]e/s :i* are at its base1 e p>ticul> law :i* has appe>$ 9 hi/ory4 ,! facts ( hi/ory are v complicat$2 b ^! g5]al =mulae suffice to indicate ! /yle & ! me?od ( rese>* :i* has be5 sub/itut$ = legal ideology4 ,,ix4 ,"h ,i mu/ give c]ta9 =mulae4 ,grant$ ! conditions ( ! developm5t ( labor & ! in/rum5ts appropriat$ to x1 ! economic /ructure ( society1 t is to say1 ! =m ( production ( ! imm$iate means ( life1 det]m9es1 on an artificial field1 9 ! fir/ place & directly1 all ! re/ ( ! practical activity ( ^? associat$1 & ! v>iation ( ?is activity 9 ! processus :i* we call hi/ory1 t is to say3--! =mation1 ! frictions1 ! /ruggles & ! erosions ( ! classes2--! correspond+ regulations relative to law & morality2--& ! reasons & modes ( subord9ation & subjection ( m5 t[>d m5 & ! correspond+ ex]cise ( dom9ion & au?ority1 9 f9e1 t :i* gives bir? to ! ,/ate & t :i* con/itutes x4 ,x det]m9es1 9 ! second place1 ! t5d5cy & 9 great "p1 9 an indirect fa%ion1 ! objects ( imag9ation & ( ?\ght 9 ! production ( art1 religion & sci5ce4 ,! products ( ! fir/ & ( ! second /age1 9 consequ5ce ( ! int]e/s :i* !y create1 ! habits :i* !y eng5d]1 ! p]sons :om !y gr\p & ^: _s & incl9ations !y specify1 t5d to fix !mselves & isolate !mselves z indep5d5t entities2 & !nce comes t empirical view1 accord+ to :i* diff]5t indep5d5t factors1 hav+ an efficacy & a rhy?mic movem5t ( _! own1 contribute to =m ! hi/oric processus & ! social configurations :i* successively result f x4 ,x is ! social classes1 9 s f> z !y consi/ 9 diff]5tiations ( int]e/s1 :i* unfold 9 def9ite ways & 9 =ms ( opposition 7--:5ce come ! friction1 ! movem5t1 ! process & ! progress--71 :i* h be5 ! factors--if x 0 ev] necess>y to employ ?is expression3--! real1 prop] & positive factors ( hi/ory1 f ! disappe>ance ( primitive communism until to-day4 ,! v>iations ( ! und]ly+ 7economic7 /ructure ( society :i*1 at fir/ sight1 %[ !mselves intuitively 9 ! agitation ( ! passions1 develop consci\sly 9 ! /ruggles aga9/ law & = law1 & become realiz$ 9 ! %ak+ & 9 ! ru9 ( a def9ite political organization1 h 9 reality _! adequate expression only 9 ! *ange 9 ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ! diff]5t social classes4 ,& ^! relations *ange ) ! *ange ( ! relations :i* previ\sly exi/$ betwe5 ! productivity ( labor & ! 7legal-political7 conditions ( co-ord9ation ( ^? :o co-op]ate 9 production4 ,& f9ally1 ^! connections betwe5 ! productivity ( labor & ! co-ord9ation ( ^? :o co-op]ate 9 x are *ang$ ) ! *ang+ ( ! in/rum5ts--9 ! broad s5se ( ! ^w--necess>y to production4 ,! processes & ! progress ( te*nique1 z !y are ! index1 are also ! condition ( all ! o!r processus & ( all progress4 ,society is = u a fact1 :i* we _c solve1 unless x be by t analysis :i* r$uces ! complex =ms to ! simpl] =ms1 ! mod]n =ms to ! old] =ms3 b t is to rema9 always1 nev]!less1 9 a society :i* exi/s4 ,hi/ory is b ! hi/ory ( society--t is to say1 ! hi/ory ( ! v>iations ( human co-op]ation1 f ! primitive horde d[n to ! mod]n ,/ate1 f ! imm$iate /ruggle aga9/ nature1 by ! means ( a few v simple tools1 d[n to ! pres5t economic /ructure1 :i* r$uces itself to ^! two poles2 accumulat$ labor 7capital7 & liv+ labor 7prolet>ians74 ,to resolve ! social complexus into simple individuals1 & to recon/ruct x aft]w>ds by ! acts ( free & volunt>y ?\ght2 to con/ruct1 9 f9e1 society ) its reasons1 is to misund]/& ! objective nature & ! imman5ce ( ! hi/oric processus4 ,revolutions1 9 ! broade/ s5se ( ! ^w1 & 9 ! specific s5se ( ! de/ruction ( a political organization1 m>k ! real & prop] dates ( hi/oric epo*s4 ,se5 f af>1 9 _! elem5ts1 9 _! prep>ation & _! effects1 at long range1 !y may appe> to u z mom5ts ( a con/ant evolution1 ) m9ute v>iations2 b consid]$ 9 !mselves1 !y are def9ite & precise cata/rophes1 & x is only z cata/rophes t !y are hi/oric ev5ts4 ,x4 ,e?ics1 art1 religion1 sci5ce1 are !y !n b products ( economic conditions8--expositions ( ! categories ( ^! v conditions8--effluvia1 ornam5ts1 emanations & mirages ( mat]ial int]e/s8 ,affirmations ( ?is sort1 ann\nc$ ) ?is nudity & crudity1 h already = "s "t pass$ f m\? to m\?1 & !y are a conv5i5t assi/ance to ! adv]s>ies ( mat]ialism1 :o use !m z a bugbe>4 ,! slo?ful1 ^: numb] is great ev5 among ! intellectuals1 will+ly fit !mselves to ?is clumsy acceptance ( su* decl>ations4 ,:at a delight = all c>eless p]sons to possess1 once = all1 summ$ up 9 a few propositions1 ! :ole ( k1 & to be able ) "o s+le key to p5etrate all ! secrets ( life6 ,all ! problems ( e?ics1 ae/hetics1 philology1 critical hi/ory & philosophy r$uc$ to "o s+le problem & fre$ ?us f all difficulties6 ,9 ?is way ! simpletons might r$uce ! :ole ( hi/ory to comm]cial ari?metic2 & f9ally a new & au!ntic int]pretation ( ,dante might give u ! ,div9e ,com$y illu/rat$ ) ! process ( manufactur+ pieces ( clo? :i* ! wily ,flor5t9e m]*ants sold = _! great] pr(it6 ,! tru? is t ! decl>ations :i* involve problems are conv]t$ v easily into vulg> p>adoxes 9 ! heads ( ^? :o are n accu/om$ to triumph ov] ! difficulties ( ?\ght by ! me?odical use ( appropriate means4 ,i %all speak "h1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ( ^! problems1 b1 z x 71 by aphorisms2 & c]ta9ly ,i d n propose to write an encyclop$ia 9 ?is %ort essay4 ,& fir/ ( all1 e?ics4 ,i d n mean sy/ems & cate*isms1 religi\s or philosophic4 ,bo? ( ^! h be5 & are above ! ord9>y & pr(ane c\rse ( human ev5ts 9 mo/ cases1 z ,utopias are above ?+s4 ,nei!r d ,i speak ( ^? =mal analyses ( e?ical relations1 :i* h be5 elaborat$ f ! ,sophi/s d[n to ,h]b>t4 ,?is is sci5ce & n life4 ,& x is =mal sci5ce1 l logic1 geometry & gramm>4 ,! "o :o late/ & ) s mu* pr(undity def9$ ^! e?ical relations 7,h]b>t71 knew well t ideas1 t is to say1 ! =mal po9ts ( view ( ! moral judgm5t1 are 9 !mselves p[]less4 ,!re=e he put into ! circum/ances ( life & into ! p$agogic =mation ( "* ! reality ( e?ics4 ,he might h be5 tak5 = ,ow5 if he _h n be5 a retrograde4 ,i am speak+ ( t e?ics :i* exi/s prosaically & 9 an empirical & curr5t fa%ion1 9 ! incl9ations1 ! habits1 ! cu/oms1 ! c\nsels1 ! judgm5ts & ! appreciations ( ord9>y mortals4 ,i am speak+ ( t e?ics :i* z sugge/ion1 z impulse & z bridle1 appe>s 9 diff]5t degrees ( developm5t1 & m or less unmi/akably1 al?\gh 9 a fragm5t>y fa%ion1 among all m52 by ! v fact ( association because ea* occupies a def9ite position 9 ! association1 !y naturally & necess>ily reflect ^u _! own works & ! works ( o!rs1 & !y conceive obligations & appreciations & all ! fir/ elem5ts ( g5]al precepts4 ,!re is ! factum2 & :at is mo/ important is t ?is factum appe>s to u v>i$ & multiple 9 ! diff]5t conditions ( life1 & v>iable ?r\gh hi/ory4 ,?is factum is ! datum ( rese>*4 ,facts are nei!r true nor false1 z ,ari/otle already knew4 ,sy/ems1 on ! contr>y1 !ologic or rational1 may be true or false because !y aim to compreh5d1 expla9 & complete ! fact1 by br++ t fact to ano!r fact1 or integrat+ x ) ano!r4 ,"s po9ts ( prelim9>y !ory are h5ce=? settl$1 9 all t conc]ns ! int]pretation ( ?is factum4 ,! w does n *oose ( itself1 z 0 suppos$ by ! inv5tors ( free w1 t product ( ! impot5cy ( ! psy*ological analysis n yet arriv$ at maturity4 ,volitions1 9 s f> z !y are facts ( consci\sness1 are p>ticul> expressions ( ! psy*ic me*anism4 ,!y are a result1 fir/ ( necessities1 & !n1 ( all t prec$es !m up to ! v elem5t>y organic impulse4 ,e?ics does n place itself nor does x eng5d] itself4 ,!re is no su* univ]sal f\ndation ( ! e?ical relations v>i$ & v>iable1 z t spiritual entity :i* has be5 call$ ! moral consci5ce1 "o & unique = all m54 ,?is ab/ract entity has be5 elim9at$ by criticism l all o!r su* entities1 t is to say1 l all ! faculties ( ! s\l4 ,:at a beautiful explanation ( ! fact1 9 tru?1 to assume ! g5]alization ( ! fact itself z a means ( explanation4 ,p reason$ ?us3 ! s5sations1 ! p]ceptions1 ! intuitions at a c]ta9 mom5t are f\nd imag9$1 t is to say1 *ang$ 9 _! =m1 !re=e ! imag9ation has trans=m$ !m4 ,to ?is class ( inv5tions belongs ! moral consci5ce1 :i* 0 accept$ z a po/ulate ( ! e?ical e/imates1 :i* are always condition$4 ,! moral consci5ce :i* really exi/s is an empirical fact2 x is an index or a summ>y ( ! relative e?ical =mation ( ea* individual4 ,if !re c be 9 x mat]ial = sci5ce1 ?is _c expla9 ! e?ical relations by means ( ! consci5ce1 b ! v ?+ x ne$s is to und]/& h[ t consci5ce is =m$4 ,if volitions are d]iv$1 & if morality results f ! conditions ( life1 e?ics1 9 its complet5ess1 is b a =mation2 its problem is altoge!r p$agogic4 ,!re is a p$agogy :i* ,i w call individuali/ic & subjective1 :i*1 grant$ ! g5]ic conditions ( human p]fectibility1 con/ructs ab/ract rules by :i* m51 :o are /ill 9 a p]iod ( =mation1 may be l$ to be /rong1 c\rage\s1 tru?ful1 j1 b5evol5t1 & s on ?r\gh ! entire ext5t ( ! c>d9al or second>y virtues4 ,b aga91 c subjective p$agogy con/ruct ( itself a social backgr\nd ^u :i* all ^! beautiful ?+s ought to be realiz$8 ,if x con/ructs x1 x simply elaborates a ,utopia4 ,&1 9 tru?1 ! human race1 9 ! rigid c\rse ( its developm5t1 nev] _h "t nor occasion to g to ! s*ool ( ,plato or ( ,ow51 ( ,pe/alozzi or ,h]b>t4 ,x has done z x has be5 =c$ to d4 ,consid]$ 9 an ab/ract mann]1 all m5 c be educat$ & all are p]fectible2 z a matt] ( fact1 !y h always be5 p]fect$ & in/ruct$ z mu* z & 9 ! measure t !y c\ld1 grant$ ! conditions ( life 9 :i* !y 7 oblig$ to develop4 ,x is "h precisely t ! ^w environm5t is n a metaphor1 & t ! use ( ! ^w compact is n metaphorical4 ,real morality always pres5ts itself z some?+ condition$ & limit$1 :i* ! imag9ation has s\ght to outgr[1 by con/ruct+ ,utopias1 & by creat+ a sup]natural p$agogue1 or a miracul\s r$emption4 ,:y %\ld ! slave h _h ! ways ( see+ & ! passions & ! s5tim5ts ( ! ma/] :om he fe>$8 ,h[ c\ld ! peasant relieve himself ( 8 inv9cible sup]/itions1 to :i* he 0 condemn$ by 8 imm$iate dep5d5ce ^u nature & 8 m$iate dep5d5ce ^u a social me*anism unkn[n to him1 & by 8 bl9d fai? 9 ! prie/1 :o /&s to him z a magician & sorc]]4 ,9 :at fa%ion c\ld ! mod]n prolet>ian ( ! great indu/rial cities1 expos$ cont9u\sly to ! alt]natives ( mis]y or subjection1 h[ c\ld he realize t way ( liv+1 regulat$ & monoton\s1 :i* 0 ! "o suit$ to ! memb]s ( ! trade guilds1 ^: exi/5ce seem$ imb$d$ 9 a provid5tial plan8 ,f :at intuitive elem5ts ( exp]i5ce c\ld ! hog m]*ant ( ,*icago1 :o furni%es ,europe ) s _m products at a *eap rate1 extract ! conditions ( s]5ity & intellectual elevation :i* gave to ! ,a!nian ! qualities ( ! noble & good man1 & to ! ,roman citiz51 ! dignity ( h]oism8 ,:at p[] ( docile ,*ri/ian p]suasion w extract f ! s\ls ( ! mod]n prolet>ians _! natural reasons ( hate aga9/ _! det]m9$ or undet]m9$ oppressors8 ,if !y wi% t ju/ice be done1 !y mu/ appeal to viol5ce2 & be=e ! love ( "o's neighbor z a univ]sal law c appe> possible to !m1 !y mu/ imag9e a life v diff]5t f ! pres5t life1 :i* makes a necessity ( hatr$4 ,9 ?is society ( diff]5tiations1 hatr$1 pride1 hypocrisy1 falsehood1 bas5ess1 inju/ice & all ! cate*ism ( ! c>d9al vices & _! accessories make a sad app5dage to ! morality1 equal = all1 ^u :i* !y con/itute ! satire4 ,e?ics !n r$uces itself = u to ! hi/orical /udy ( ! subjective & objective conditions ( h[ morality develops or meets ob/acles to its developm5t4 ,9 ?is only1 t is to say1 )9 ^! limits1 we c recognize "s value 9 ! affirmation t morality corresponds to ! social situations1 &1 9 ! la/ analysis1 to ! economic conditions4 ,only an idiot c\ld believe t ! individual morality ( ea* "o is proportionate to 8 individual economic situation4 ,t is n only empirically false1 b intr9sically irrational4 ,grant$ ! natural ela/icity ( ! psy*ic me*anism1 & also ! fact t no "o lives s %ut up 9 8 own class t he does n und]go ! influ5ce ( o!r classes1 ( ! common environm5t & ( ! int]lac+ traditions1 x is nev] possible to r$uce ! developm5t ( ea* individual to ! ab/ract & g5]ic type ( 8 class & 8 social /atus4 ,we are deal+ !re ) ! ph5om5a ( ! mass1 ( ^? ph5om5a :i* =m1 or %\ld =m1 ! objects ( moral /ati/ics3 ! discipl9e :i* has ?us f> rema9$ incomplete1 because x has tak5 = ! objects ( its comb9ations gr\ps :i* x creates ( itself by ! addition ( numb]s ( cases 7= example1 adult]ies1 !fts1 homicides7 & n ! gr\ps :i*1 z classes1 conditions1 or situations exi/ really1 t is to say1 socially4 ,to recomm5d morality to m5 :ile assum+ or ignor+ _! conditions1 ?is 0 hi!rto ! object & ! class ( argum5t ( all ! cate*i/s4 ,to recognize t ^! are giv5 by ! social environm5t1 t is :at ! communi/s oppose to ! utopia & ! hypocrisy ( ! prea*]s ( morality4 ,& z !y see 9 morality n a privilege ( ! elect1 nor a gift ( nature1 b a result ( exp]i5ce & education1 !y admit human p]fectibility ?r\gh reasons & argum5ts :i* are1 9 my op9ion1 m moral & m ideal ?an ^? :i* h be5 giv5 by ! ideologi/s4 ,9 o!r words1 man develops1 or produces himself1 n z an entity g5]ically provid$ ) c]ta9 attributes1 :i* repeat !mselves1 or develop !mselves1 accord+ to a rational rhy?m1 b he produces & develops himself z at once cause & effect1 z au?or & consequ5ce1 ( c]ta9 def9ite conditions1 9 :i* are eng5d]$ also def9ite curr5ts ( ideas1 ( op9ions1 ( beliefs1 ( imag9ations1 ( expectations1 ( maxims4 ,!nce arise ideologies ( e sort1 z also ! g5]alization ( morality 9 cate*isms1 9 canons & 9 sy/ems4 ,we mu/ n be surpris$ if ^! ideologies1 once aris51 are aft]w>ds cultivat$ alone by !mselves1 if !y f9ally appe>1 z x 71 deta*$ f ! liv+ field :5ce !y took _! bir?1 nor if !y hold !mselves above man z imp]ative rules & models4 ,! prie/s & ! doctr9aires ( e sort h giv5 !mselves = c5turies to ?is labor ( ab/raction1 & h =c$ !mselves to ma9ta9 ! result+ illusions4 ,n[ t ! positive s\rces ( all ideologies h be5 f\nd 9 ! me*anism ( life itself1 we mu/ expla9 reali/ically _! mode ( g5]ation4 ,& z t is true ( all ideologies1 x is true also &1 9 p>ticul> ( ^? :i* consi/ 9 project+ e?ical e/imates beyond _! natural & direct limits1 mak+ ( !m anticipations ( div9e ann\ncem5ts or presuppositions ( univ]sal sugge/ions ( consci5ce4 ,!re9 lies ! object ( ! special hi/oric problems4 ,we _c always f9d ! tie :i* unites c]ta9 e?ical ideas to practical def9ite conditions4 ,! concrete social psy*ology ( pa/ times (t5 rema9s imp5etrable to u4 ,(t5 ! commone/ ?+s rema9 = u un9telligible1 = example1 ! animals consid]$ z unclean1 or ! orig9 = ! repugnance at m>riage betwe5 p]sons ( remote degrees ( relation%ip4 ,a prud5t c\rse ( /udy leads u to conclude t ! motives ( _m details w rema9 always conceal$4 ,ignorance1 sup]/ition1 s+ul> illusions1 symbolisms1 ^! ) _m o!rs are causes ( t unconsci\s elem5t1 (t5 f\nd 9 cu/oms1 :i* n[ con/itutes = u ! unkn[n & ! unkn[able4 ,! pr9cipal cause ( all difficulty is precisely 9 ! t>dy appe>ance ( :at we call reason1 s t ! traces ( ! proximate motives ( ideas h be5 lo/ or h rema9$ envelop$ 9 ! ideas !mselves4 ,on ! subject ( sci5ce we c be mu* m brief4 ,= a long "t hi/ory has be5 made 9 an artless fa%ion4 ,grant$ & admitt$ t ! diff]5t sci5ces h _! /atem5ts 9 manuals & encyclop$ias1 x seem$ suffici5t to "w out *ronologically ! appe>ance ( ! diff]5t =mulas1 resolv+ ! total ( ! sy/ematic summ>y into ! elem5ts :i* h successively s]v$ to compose x4 ,! g5]al presupposition 0 simple en\gh2 und]nea? ?is *ronology is ! rational conception :i* develops & progresses4 ,?is me?od1 if s x c\ld be call$1 _h )9 itself a c]ta9 disadvantage2 x p]mitt$ u at be/ to und]/& h[1 "o /age ( sci5ce be+ grant$1 ano!r /age ( sci5ce may be d]iv$ f x by reason1 b x did n p]mit u to disc]n by :at condition ( facts m5 7 driv5 to discov] sci5ce = ! fir/ "t1 t is to say1 to r$uce consid]$ exp]i5ce into a new & def9ite =m4 ,! "q 01 !n1 to f9d :y !re is an actual hi/ory ( sci5ce1 to f9d ! orig9 ( ! sci5tific necessity1 & :at unites 9 a g5etic fa%ion t necessity to our necessities 9 ! cont9uity ( ! social processus4 ,! great progress ( mod]n te*nique1 :i* really con/itutes ! intellectual sub/ance ( ! b\rgeois epo*1 has work$1 among o!r miracles1 ?is "o also1 ( reveal+ to u = ! fir/ "t ! practical orig9 ( ! sci5tific attitude4 7,we c nev] =get ! ,flor5t9e ,academy1 :i* produc$ ?is phrase1 :5 ,italy 0 9 ! twilight ( its pa/ gr&eur & :5 mod]n society 0 9 ! dawn ( ! great indu/ry47 ,h5ce=? we are 9 a position to take up ! guid+ ?read ( :at1 by ab/raction1 is call$ ! sci5tific _s2 & no "o is any long] a/oni%$ at f9d+ t ev]y?+ 9 sci5tific discov]ies has come ab\t1 z 0 ! case 9 o!r primitive times1 :5 ! clumsy elem5t>y geometry ( ! ,egyptians arose f ! necessity ( measur+ ! fields expos$ to ! annual inundations ( ! ,nile1 & :5 ! p]iodicity ( ^! inundations sugge/$1 9 ,egypt & 9 ,babylon1 ! discov]y ( ! rudim5ts ( ! a/ronomical movem5ts4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t :5 sci5ce is once creat$ & p>tially rip5$1 z _h already happ5$ 9 ! ,hell5ic p]iod1 ! "w ( ab/raction1 ( d$uction & ( comb9ation cont9ues among sci5ti/s 9 su* a way t x possibly oblit]ates ! consci\sness ( ! social causes ( ! fir/ production ( sci5ce itself4 ,b if we exam9e 9 _! ma9 features ! epo*s ( ! developm5t ( sci5ce1 & if we confront ! p]iods :i* ! ideologi/s w\ld *>act]ize z p]iods ( progress & ( retrogression ( intellig5ce1 we p]ceive cle>ly ! social reason = ! impulses1 sometimes increas+1 sometimes decreas+1 t[>d sci5tific activity4 ,:at ne$ _h ! feudal society ( ,we/]n ,europe = ?is anci5t sci5ce1 :i* ! ,byzant9es pres]v$1 at lea/ mat]ially1 :ile ! ,arabs1 free agriculturi/s1 indu/ri\s artisans1 or skillful m]*ants1 _h succe$$ 9 increas+ x a little4 ,:at is ! ,r5aissance1 if n ! jo9+ ( ! initiatory movem5t ( ! b\rgeoisie to ! traditions ( anci5t le>n+1 :i* _h become usable8 ,:at is all ! accel]at$ movem5t ( sci5tific k1 s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b ! s]ies ( acts accompli%$ by intellig5ce1 ref9$ by exp]i5ce1 to assure human labor1 9 ! =ms ( an improv$ te*nique1 ! dom9ion ov] natural =ces & conditions8 ,!nce arises ! w> aga9/ d>kness1 sup]/ition1 ! ,*ur*1 religion2 !nce arise naturalism1 a!ism1 mat]ialism2 !nce ! in/allation ( ! doma9 ( reason4 ,! b\rgeois epo* is ! epo* ( m9ds 9 full play4 7,vico47 ,x is wor? rememb]+ t ?is gov]nm5t ( ! ,directory1 :i* 0 ! prototype & ! comp5dium ( all lib]al corruption1 0 ! fir/ to introduce 9 ! ,univ]sity & at ! ,academy 9 a =mal & solemn fa%ion ! sci5ce ( free inquiry ) ,lam>k6 ,?is sci5ce1 :i* ! b\rgeois epo* has1 ?r\gh its inh]5t conditions1 /imulat$ & made to gr[ l a giant1 is ! only h]itage ( pa/ c5turies :i* communism accepts & adopts )\t res]ve4 ,x w\ld n be useful to /op "h = ! discussion ( ! s-call$ anti!sis betwe5 sci5ce & philosophy4 ,if we accept ^? fa%ions ( philosophiz+ :i* are conf\nd$ ) my/icism & !ology1 philosophy nev] means a sci5ce or doctr9e sep>ate f its appropriate & p>ticul> ?+s1 b x is simply a degree1 a =m1 a /age ( ?\ght ) relation to ! ?+s :i* ent] into ! doma9 ( exp]i5ce4 ,philosophy is1 !n1 ei!r a g5]ic anticipation ( ! problems :i* sci5ce has /ill to elaborate specifically1 or a summ>y & a conceptual elaboration ( ! results at :i* ! sci5ces h already arriv$4 ,z = ^? :o1 t !y may n appe> beh9d ! times1 talk n[ ( sci5tific philosophy1 if we d n wi% to /op ov] ! humor\s elem5t t !re is 9 t expression1 x w suffice to say t !y are simply fools4 ,i said "s pages back1 9 my /atem5t ( =mulas1 t ! economic /ructure det]m9es 9 ! second place ! direction1 & 9 great "p & indirectly1 ! objects ( imag9ation & ( ?\ght 9 ! production ( art1 ( religion & ( sci5ce4 ,to express ?is o!rwise1 or to g fur!r1 w\ld be to put "o's self volunt>ily on ! road t[>d ! absurd4 ,be=e all else1 9 ?is =mula1 we are oppos+ ! fanta/ic op9ion1 t art1 religion & sci5ce are subjective developm5ts & hi/orical developm5ts ( a pret5d$ arti/ic1 religi\s or sci5tific _s1 :i* w\ld g on manife/+ itself successively ?r\gh its own rhy?m ( evolution1 favor$ or ret>d$ on ?is side or t by mat]ial conditions4 ,by ?is =mula1 x is desir$ to ass]t1 moreov]1 ! necess>y connection1 ?r\gh :i* e fact ( art & ( religion is ! expon5t1 s5tim5tal1 fanta/ic & ?us d]iv$1 ( def9ite social conditions4 ,if ,i say 9 ! second place1 x is to di/+ui% ^! products f ! facts ( legal-political ord] :i* are a true & prop] projection ( economic conditions4 ,& if ,i say 9 great "p & indirectly ! objects ( ^! activities1 x is to indicate two ?+s3 t 9 arti/ic or religi\s production ! m$iation f ! conditions to ! products is v complicat$1 & aga9 t m51 :ile liv+ 9 society1 d n !reby cease to live alone by !mselves 9 nature1 & to receive f x occasion & mat]ial = curiosity & = imag9ation4 ,aft] all1 ?is is all r$uc$ to a m g5]al =mula2 man does n make sev]al hi/ories at ! same "t1 b all ^! alleg$ diff]5t hi/ories 7art1 religion1 etc47 make up "o alone4 ,& x is n possible to take acc\nt ( t cle>ly except at ! *>act]i/ic & significant mom5t ( ! production ( new ?+s1 t is to say 9 ! p]iods :i* ,i w call revolution>y4 ,lat]1 ! acceptance ( ! ?+s t h be5 produc$1 & ! traditional repetition ( a def9ite type1 oblit]at$ ! s5se ( ! orig9s ( ?+s4 ,try1 if y w1 to deta* ! ideology ( ! fables :i* are at ! f\ndation ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 f t mom5t ( hi/oric evolution :]e we f9d ! dawn ( ,aryan civilization 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 t is to say1 f t phase ( ! high] b>b>ism 9 :i* arises1 9 ,greece & else:]e1 ! epic4 ,or try to imag9e ! bir? & ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity else:]e ?an 9 ,roman cosmopolitanism1 & o!rwise ?an by ! "w ( ^? prolet>ians1 ^? slaves1 ^? un=tunates1 ^? desp]ate ones1 :o _h ne$ ( ! r$emption ( ! ,apocalypse & ( ! promise ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,f9d1 if y w1 ! gr\nd = suppos+ t 9 ! beautiful environm5t ( ! ,r5aissance ! romanticism %\ld beg9 to appe>1 :i* sc>cely appe>$ 9 ! decad5t ,torquato ,tasso2 or t "o might attribute to ,ri*>dson or to ,did]ot ! novels ( ,balzac1 9 :om appe>s1 z a contempor>y ( ! fir/ g5]ation ( socialism & sociology1 ! psy*ology ( classes4 ,f> back1 f>!r1 f>!r1 at ! fir/ orig9s ( ! my?ical conceptions1 x is evid5t t ,zeus did n assume ! *>act]s ( fa!r ( gods & m5 until ! p[] ( ! patria pote/as 0 already e/abli%$1 & t s]ies ( processus began :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,zeus ?us ceases to be :at 0 at fir/ ! simple divus 7brilliant7 or ! ,?und]]4 ,& x is to be obs]v$ t at an opposite po9t ( hi/oric evolution1 a great numb] ( ?9k]s ( ! pa/ c5tury r$uc$ to a s+le ab/ract ,god1 :o is a simple reg5t ( ! _w1 all t v>iegat$ image ( ! unkn[n & transc5d5tal type1 develop$ 9 s great a weal? ( my?ological1 ,*ri/ian or pagan creations4 ,man felt himself m at home 9 nature1 ?anks to exp]i5ce1 b felt himself bett] able to p5etrate ! ge>+ ( society1 ! k ( :i* he possess$ 9 "p4 ,! miracul\s dissolv$ 9 8 m9d1 to ! po9t :]e mat]ialism & criticism c\ld aft]w>ds elim9ate t poor remnant ( transc5d5talism1 )\t tak+ up w> aga9/ ! gods4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a hi/ory ( ideas2 b ?is does n consi/ 9 ! vici\s circle ( ideas t expla9 !mselves4 ,x lies 9 ris+ f ?+s to ! idea4 ,!re is a problem2 /ill m1 !re is a multitude ( problems1 s v>i$1 multiple1 multi=m & m+l$ are ! projections :i* m5 h made ( !mselves & ( _! economic-social conditions1 & ?us ( _! hopes & _! fe>s1 ( _! desires & _! deceptions1 9 _! arti/ic & religi\s concepts4 ,! me?od is f\nd1 b ! p>ticul> execution is n easy4 ,we mu/ above all gu>d aga9/ ! s*ola/ic temptation ( arriv+ by d$uction at ! products ( hi/oric activity :i* are display$ 9 art & 9 religion4 ,we mu/ hope t philosoph]s l ,krug1 :o expla9$ ! p5 ) :i* he wrote by a process ( dialectic d$uction1 h rema9$ =ev] buri$ 9 ! notes ( ,hegel's logic4 ,"h ,i mu/ /ate c]ta9 difficulties4 ,be=e attempt+ to r$uce second>y products 7= example1 art & religion7 to ! social conditions :i* !y idealize1 "o mu/ fir/ acquire a long exp]i5ce ( specifi$ social psy*ology1 9 :i* ! trans=mation is realiz$4 ,!re9 consi/s ! ju/ification ( t sum ( relations1 :i* is designat$ 9 ano!r =m ( language1 "u ! "n ( ,egyptian _w1 ,greek consci\sness1 _s ( ! ,r5aissance1 dom9ant ideas1 psy*ology ( nations1 ( society or ( classes4 ,:5 ^! relations are e/abli%$1 & m5 h become accu/om$ to c]ta9 conceptions & c]ta9 modes ( belief or ( imag9ation1 ! ideas transmitt$ by tradition t5d to become cry/alliz$4 ,?us !y appe> z a =ce :i* resi/s new =mations2 & z ?is resi/ance %[s itself ?r\gh ! spok5 ^w1 ?r\gh writ+1 ?r\gh intol]ance1 ?r\gh polemics1 ?r\gh p]secution1 s ! /ruggle betwe5 ! new & ! old social conditions takes on ! =m ( a /ruggle betwe5 ideas4 ,9 ! second place1 ?r\gh ! c5turies ( hi/ory prop]ly s-call$1 & z a consequ5ce ( ! h]$ity ( ! pre-hi/ory ( savag]y & ( ! conditions ( subjection & ^? ( inf]iority 9 :i* ! majority ( m5 7 & are plac$1 result$ acquiesc5ce 9 :at is traditional1 & ! anci5t t5d5cies are p]petuat$ z ob/9ate survivals4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 z ,i h said1 m5 liv+ socially1 d n cease to live also 9 nature4 ,!y are n1 ( c\rse1 b\nd to nature z animals are1 because !y live on an artificial gr\ndwork4 ,e "o und]/&s1 moreov]1 t a h\se is n a cave1 t agriculture is n natural pa/urage1 & t ph>macy is n exorcism4 ,b nature is always ! imm$iate subsoil ( ! artificial gr\ndwork1 & x is ! environm5t :i* conta9s u4 ,! indu/rial arts h put betwe5 u social animals1 & nature1 c]ta9 int]m$i>ies :i* modify1 set aside or remove ! natural influ5ces2 b x has n = all t de/roy$ ! efficacy ( ^!1 & we cont9ually feel _! effects4 ,& ev5 z we are born m5 or wom51 z we die almo/ always 9 spite ( ourselves1 & z we are dom9at$ by ! in/9ct ( g5]ation1 s we also be> 9 our temp]am5t c]ta9 special conditions :i* education 9 ! broad s5se ( ! ^w1 or social compact1 c modify1 x is true1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 b :i* !y c nev] suppress4 ,^! conditions ( temp]am5t1 repeat$ 9 inf9ite cases ?r\gh\t ! c5turies1 con/itute :at is call$ ! race4 ,= all ^! reasons1 our dep5d5ce ^u nature1 al?\gh x has dim9i%$ s9ce prehi/oric times1 cont9ues 9 our social life1 j z ! food :i* ! sight ( nature af=ds to ! curiosity & ! imag9ation cont9ues also 9 our social life4 ,n[ ^! effects ( nature1 & ! s5tim5ts imm$iate or m$iate :i* result f x1 al?\gh !y h be5 p]ceiv$1 s9ce hi/ory began1 only on ! visual angle :i* is giv5 u by ! conditions ( society1 nev] fail to reflect !mselves 9 ! products ( art & ( religion1 & t adds to ! difficulties ( a reali/ic & complete int]pretation ( bo?4 ,,xi4 ,9 employ+ ?is doctr9e z a new pr9ciple ( rese>*1 z a precise means ( def9+ our position1 & z a visual angle1 w x really be possible f9ally to arrive at a new n>rative hi/ory8 ,x is n possible to make an affirmative answ] 9 g5]al to ?is g5]ic dem&4 ,because1 9 fact1 if we assume t ! critical communi/1 ! sociologi/ ( economic mat]ialism1 or z he is commonly call$1 ! ,m>xi/1 has ! necess>y critical prep>ation1 ! habit ( hi/orical /udy1 & also ! gift requir$ = an ord]ly & vivaci\s n>ration1 !re is no reason = affirm+ t he _c write hi/ory1 z h]et(ore ! p>tisans ( all o!r political s*ools h writt5 x4 ,we h ! example ( ,m>x1 & !re is an argum5t f fact :i* admits ( no reply4 ,b he 0 ! fir/ & ! pr9cipal au?or ( ! decisive concepts ( ?is doctr9e1 r$uc+ x at once into an in/rum5t ( political ori5tation1 9 8 "* ( an incomp>able publici/1 dur+ ! revolution>y p]iod ( #ahdh to #ahej4 ,& !n he appli$ x ) ! greate/ precision 9 t essay entitl$ ,eighte5? ,brumaire ( ,l\is ,bonap>te1 ( :i* x may be said today1 at a great di/ance1 & aft] s _m publications1 if we except c]ta9 inf9itesimal details & c]ta9 false =eca/s1 t x w\ld be possible to make nei!r corrections nor important complem5ts4 ,i w n repeat1 s9ce ,i am n writ+ a bibliography1 ! li/ ( ! diff]5t writ+s ( ,m>x or ,engels--( :i* we h s _m attempts f ! ,peasants' ,w> 7#ahej7 d[n to 8 po/hum\s writ+s on ,! ,pres5t ,unity ( ,g]many--:i* are an application ( ! doctr9e1 nor ^? ( _! successors & ( ! popul>iz]s ( sci5tific socialism4 ,ev5 9 ! sociali/ press we may read1 f "t to "t1 valuable attempts at explanation ( c]ta9 political ev5ts1 9 :i* is f\nd1 precisely by reason ( hi/oric mat]ialism1 a cle>ness ( vision :i* w\ld be s\ght 9 va9 among ! writ]s & ! disputants :o h n yet torn away ! fanta/ic veils & ideological envelopes ( hi/ory4 ,"h is n ! place to take up ! def5se ( an ab/ract !sis1 z an advocate w\ld d4 ,x is evid5t1 nev]!less1 9 all ! hi/ories :i* h be5 writt5 up to ! pres5t "t1 t !re is always at bottom1 if n 9 ! explicit int5tions ( ! writ]s1 c]ta9ly 9 _! _s1 a t5d5cy1 a pr9ciple1 a g5]al view ( life2 & s ?is doctr9e1 :i* has enabl$ u to /udy ! social /ructure 9 an objective mann]1 mu/ f9ally direct ) precision ! rese>*es ( hi/ory1 & mu/ end 9 a n>rative complete1 transp>5t & integral4 ,helps are n lack+4 ,economics1 :i*1 z ev]yone sees x today1 _h its bir? & developm5t z ! sci5ce ( b\rgeois production1 aft] be+ puff$ up ) ! illusion ( repres5t+ ! absolute laws ( all =ms ( production1 has ?r\gh ! de> s*ool ( exp]i5ce ent]$ s9ce1 z ev]yone kn[s1 ^u a p]iod ( self-criticism4 ,j z ?is self-criticism gave bir?1 on "o side1 to critical communism1 s on ! o!r side x has giv5 bir?1 ?r\gh ! labor ( ! calme/1 ! wise/ & ! mo/ prud5t ( ! academic tradition1 to ! hi/orical s*ool ( economic ph5om5a4 ,?anks to ?is s*ool1 & ?r\gh ! effect ( ! application ( ! descriptive & comp>ative me?ods1 we are h5ce=? 9 possession ( a va/ sum ( k on ! diff]5t hi/orical =ms ( economics1 f ! mo/ complex facts & ^? be/ specifi$ ?r\gh ess5tial diff]5ces ( types1 d[n to ! special doma9 ( a cloi/] or a trade guild ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! same ?+ has tak5 place ) /ati/ics1 :i*1 by ! indef9ite comb9ation ( its s\rces1 succe$s n[ 9 ?r[+ light1 ) a suffici5t approximation1 ^u ! movem5t ( population 9 pa/ c5turies4 ,^! /udies1 c]ta9ly1 are n made 9 ! int]e/ ( our doctr9e1 & (t5] ?an n !y are made 9 a _s ho/ile to socialism2 some?+ n obs]v$1 we may say 9 pass+1 by ^? fooli% read]s ( pr9t$ pap]s :o s (t5 confuse economic hi/ory1 hi/orical economics1 & hi/orical mat]ialism4 ,b ^! /udies1 ap>t f ! mat]ials :i* !y ga!r1 are rem>kable 9 t !y witness ! progress :i* is 9 c\rse ( mak+ ! int]nal hi/ory :i*1 little by little1 is tak+ ! place ( ! ext]nal hi/ory ) :i*1 = c5turies1 ! m5 ( lett]s & arti/s 7 occupi$4 ,a good "p ( ^! mat]ials t h be5 ga!r$ mu/ always be submitt$ to new corrections1 z = t matt] happ5s 9 e doma9 ( empirical k1 :i* oscillates cont9ually betwe5 :at is held = c]ta9 & :at is simply probable1 & :at mu/1 lat]1 be integrat$ or elim9at$4 ,! d$uctions & ! comb9ations ( ! hi/orians ( economics1 or ( ^? :o relate hi/ory 9 g5]al1 avail+ !mselves ( ! guid+ ?read ( economic ph5om5a1 are n always s plausible or s conclusive1 t "o does n feel ! ne$ ( say+ to !m3 ,all ?is mu/ be tak5 back & work$ ov]4 ,b t :i* is und\bt$ is ! fact t 9 ?is pres5t "t all writ+ ( hi/ory t5ds to become a sci5ce1 or1 bett]1 a social discipl9e2 & :5 t movem5t1 n[ unc]ta9 & multi=m1 %all be accompli%$1 ! ef=ts ( ! s*ol>s & inquir]s w lead inevitably to ! acceptance ( economic mat]ialism4 ,by ?is incid5ce ( ef=ts & ( sci5tific labors1 :i* />t f po9ts s opposite1 ! mat]iali/ic conception ( all hi/ory w end by p5etrat+ m5's m9ds z a def9ite conque/ ( ?\ght2 & ?is w f9ally take away f p>tisans & adv]s>ies ! attempt to speak pro & con z = p>tisan !ses4 ,ap>t f ! direct helps j enum]at$1 our doctr9e has _m indirect helps1 s t x c pr(itably employ ! results ( _m discipl9es1 9 :i* by reason ( ! great] simplicity ( ! relations1 x has be5 possible m easily to make ! application ( ! g5etic me?od4 ,! typical case is furni%$ by glottology1 & 9 a m special fa%ion by ! /udy :i* has = its object ! anci5t languages4 ,! application ( hi/orical mat]ialism is c]ta9ly1 hi!rto1 v f> f t evid5ce & t cle>ness ( processus ( analysis & ( recon/ruction4 ,x w\ld be consequ5tly a va9 attempt to try1 at ?is mom5t1 to write a summ>y ( univ]sal hi/ory1 :i* %\ld propose to develop all ! v>i$ =ms ( production 9 ord] to d$uce f !m aft]w>ds all ! re/ ( human activity1 9 a p>ticul> & circum/antial fa%ion4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 he :o %\ld try to give ?is comp5dium ( a new ,kulturges*i*te w\ld d no?+ b translate into economic phraseology ! po9ts ( g5]al ori5tation :i*1 9 o!r books1 = example1 9 ,hellwald1 give x 9 ,d>w9ian phraseology4 ,x is a long /ep f ! acceptance ( ! pr9ciple to its complete & p>ticul> application to ! :ole ( a va/ prov9ce ( facts1 or to a great succession ( ph5om5a4 ,s ! application ( our doctr9e mu/ be kept = a mom5t to ! exposition & ! /udy ( def9ite p>ts ( hi/ory4 ,! mod]n =ms are cle> to all4 ,! economic developm5ts ( ! b\rgeoisie1 ! manife/ k ( ! diff]5t ob/acles :i* x has _h to ov]come 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! developm5t ( ! diff]5t revolutions1 tak+ ?is ^w 9 its broade/ s5se1 contribute to make our und]/&+ ( x easy4 ,to our eyes ! pre-hi/ory ( ! b\rgeoisie1 at ! mom5t ( ! decl9e ( ! ,middle ,ages1 is equally cle>1 & x w\ld n be difficult to f9d1 = example1 9 ! developm5t ( ! city ( ,flor5ce1 an atte/$ s]ies ( developm5ts1 9 :i* ! economic & /ati/ical movem5t f9ds a p]fect correspond5ce 9 ! political relations & a suffici5t illu/ration 9 ! contempor>y developm5t ( intellig5ce already r$uc$ into prose & /ripp$1 9 great "p1 ( ideological illusions4 ,nor w\ld x be impossible to r$uce1 n[1 "u ! def9ite visual angle ( mat]ialism1 ! :ole ( anci5t ,roman hi/ory4 ,b = t1 & p>ticul>ly1 = ! primitive p]iod1 !re are no direct s\rces2 !y are1 on ! contr>y1 abundant 9 ,greece1 f popul> tradition1 ! epic1 & ! au!ntic juridical inscriptions1 d[n to ! pragmatic /udies ( ! hi/orical social relations4 ,at ,rome1 on ! o!r h&1 ! /ruggles = political rights c>ry ) !m almo/ always ! economic reasons ^u :i* !y re/4 ,?us1 ! decl9e ( def9ite classes1 ! =mation ( new classes1 ! movem5t ( conque/1 ! *ange ( ! laws & ( ! =ms ( political array1 appe> to u ) p]fect cle>ness4 ,?is ,roman hi/ory is h>d & prosaic2 x 0 nev] clad ) ^! ideological complem5ts :i* 7 suit$ to ,greek life4 ,! rigid prose ( conque/1 ( plann$ colonization1 ( in/itutions & ( ! =ms ( law1 conqu]$ & devis$ = solv+ ! problems aris+ f def9ite frictions & contra/s1 makes all ,roman hi/ory a *a9 ( ev5ts :i* foll[ ea* o!r 9 a sequ5ce :i* is grossly evid5t4 ,! true problem consi/s1 inde$1 n 9 sub/itut+ sociology = hi/ory1 z if ! latt] _h be5 an appe>ance :i* conceals beh9d x a secret reality1 b 9 und]/&+ hi/ory z a :ole1 9 all its intuitive manife/ations1 & 9 und]/&+ x ?r\gh ! aid ( economic sociology4 ,x is n a "q ( sep>at+ ! accid5t f ! sub/ance1 ! appe>ance f ! reality1 ! ph5om5on f ! intr9sic k]nel1 or apply+ any o!r =mula us$ by ! p>tisans ( any species ( s*ola/icism1 b ( expla9+ ! connection & ! complexus precisely 9 s f> z x is a connection & a complexus4 ,x is n m]ely a "q ( discov]+ & det]m9+ ! social gr\ndwork1 & !n ( mak+ m5 appe> ^u x l s _m m>ionettes1 ^: ?reads are held & mov$1 no long] by ,provid5ce b by economic categories4 ,^! categories h !mselves develop$ & are develop+1 l all ! re/--because m5 *ange z to ! capacity & ! art ( vanqui%+1 subdu+1 trans=m+ & utiliz+ natural conditions2 because m5 *ange 9 _s & attitude ?r\gh ! reaction ( _! tools ^u !mselves2 because m5 *ange 9 _! respective & co-associat$ relations2 & !re=e z individuals dep5d+ 9 v>i\s degrees ^u "o ano!r4 ,we h1 9 f9e1 to d ) hi/ory1 & n ) its skeleton4 ,we are deal+ ) n>ration & n ) ab/raction1 ) ! expla9+ & treat+ ( ! :ole1 & n m]ely ) resolv+ & analyz+ x2 we h to d1 9 a ^w1 n[1 z always1 ) an art4 ,x may be t ! sociologi/ :o foll[s ! pr9ciples ( economic mat]ialism proposes to keep himself simply to ! analysis1 = example1 ( :at ! classes 7 at ! mom5t :5 ! ,fr5* ,revolution broke out1 & to pass !n to ! classes t result f ! ,revolution & survive x4 ,9 t case ! titles1 ! indications & ! classifications ( ! mat]ials to analyze are def9ite2 !y are1 = example1 ! city & ! c\ntry1 ! artisan & ! labor]1 ! nobles & ! s]fs1 ! l& :i* is fre$ f feudal *>ges1 & ! small proprietors :o came into be+1 comm]ce :i* frees itself f s _m re/rictions1 money :i* accumulates1 indu/ry :i* prosp]s1 etc4 ,!re is no?+ to object to 9 ! *oice ( ?is me?od1 :i*1 because x foll[s ! track ( embryonic orig9s1 0 indisp5sable to ! prep>ation ( hi/orical rese>* accord+ to ! direction ( ! new doctr9e4#bi ,b we "k t ! /udy ( embryonic orig9s does n suffice to make u und]/& animal life1 :i* is n a s*eme1 b is compos$ ( liv+ be+s :i* /ruggle1 & 9 _! /ruggle employ =ces1 in/9cts & passions4 ,& x is ! same1 mutatis mut&is1 ) m5 also1 9 s f> z !y live hi/orically4 ,^! p>ticul> m51 mov$ by c]ta9 passions1 urg$ by c]ta9 circum/ances1 ) su* & su* designs1 su* int5tions1 act+ 9 su* an attempt ) su* an illusion ( _! own1 or ) su* a deception1 ( ano!r1 :o1 m>tyrs ( !mselves or ( o!rs1 ent] on h>% conte/s & reciprocal suppressions ( ea* o!r--!re is ! real hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is true t all hi/ory is b ! unfold+ ( def9ite economic conditions1 x is equally true t x develops only 9 def9ite =ms ( human activity1--:e!r ! latt] be passionate or reflective1 =tunate or unsuccessful1 bl9dly in/9ctive or delib]ately h]oic4 ,to und]/& ! int]lac+s & ! complexus 9 its inn] connection & its out] manife/ations2 to desc5d f ! surface to ! f\ndation1 & !n to return f ! f\ndation to ! surface2 to analyze ! passions & ! int5tions1 9 _! motives1 f ! close/ to ! mo/ remote1 & !n to br+ back ! data ( ! passions & ( ! int5tions & ( _! causes to ! mo/ remote elem5ts ( a def9ite economic situation2 !re is ! difficult art :i* ! mat]iali/ic conception mu/ realize4 ,& z we mu/ n imitate t tea*] :o on ! bank taught 8 pupils to swim by ! def9ition ( swimm+1 ,i beg ! read] to await ! examples :i* ,i %all give 9 o!r essays 9 a real hi/orical n>ration1 work+ ov] into a book :i* = "s "t ,i h already be5 do+ 9 my tea*+4 ,9 ?is way c]ta9 second>y & d]ivative que/ions are once = all cle>$ up4 ,:at1 = example1 is ! mean+ ( ! lives ( ! great m58 ,9 ^! lat] times1 answ]s h be5 giv51 :i*1 9 "o s5se or ano!r1 h an extreme "*4 ,on ! "o side1 !re are ! extreme sociologi/s1 on ! o!r side ! individuali/s :o1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ,c>lyle1 put ! h]oes into ! fir/ rank ( _! hi/ory4 ,accord+ to "s x is suffici5t to %[ :at 7 ! reasons1 = example1 ( ,caes>ism1 & ,caes> matt]s little4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 !re are no objective reasons ( classes & social int]e/s :i* suffice to expla9 any?+2 x is ! great m9ds :i* give ! impulse to ! :ole hi/oric movem5t2 & hi/ory has1 s to speak1 its lords & its mon>*s4 ,! empirici/s ( n>ration extract !mselves f emb>rassm5t 9 a v simple fa%ion1 putt+ toge!r at haz>d m5 & ?+s1 objective necessities ( fact & subjective influ5ces4 ,hi/orical mat]ialism goes beyond ! anti!tical views ( ! sociologi/s & ! individuali/s1 & at ! same "t x elim9ates ! eclecticism ( ! empirical n>rators4 ,fir/ ( all ! factum4 ,let ?is p>ticul> ,caes>1 z ,napoleon 01 be born 9 su* a ye>1 let him foll[ su* a c>e]1 & f9d himself ready = ! ,eighte5? ,brumaire4 ,all ?is is completely accid5tal ) relation to ! g5]al c\rse ( ?+s :i* 0 pu%+ ! new class1 mi/ress ( ! field1 to save f ! ,revolution t :i* appe>$ to x necess>y to save1 & t necessitat$ ! creation ( a bureaucratico-milit>y gov]nm5t4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 necess>y to f9d ! man1 or ! m54 ,b :at actually happ5$ came ab\t 9 ! fa%ion t we "k4 ,x dep5d$ on ?is fact1 t x 0 ,napoleon :o direct$ ! ent]prise & n a pitiable ,monk1 or a ridicul\s ,b\lang]4 ,& f t mom5t ! accid5t ceases to be accid5t1 precisely because x is ?is def9ite p]son :o gives 8 impr9t & physiognomy to ! ev5ts1 det]m9+ ! fa%ion or ! mann] 9 :i* !y h unfold$4 ,! v fact t all hi/ory re/s ^u anti!ses1 contra/s1 /ruggles & w>s1 expla9s ! decisive influ5ce ( c]ta9 m5 9 def9ite occasions4 ,^! m5 are nei!r a negligible accid5t ( ! social me*anism1 nor miracul\s creators ( :at society1 )\t !m1 c\ld h made 9 no o!r fa%ion4 ,x is ! v int]lac+s ( ! anti!tic conditions1 :i* causes ! fact t def9ite individuals1 g5]\s1 h]oic1 =tunate1 mis*iev\s1 are call$ at critical mom5ts to say ! decisive ^w4 ,z long z ! p>ticul> int]e/s ( ! diff]5t social gr\ps are 9 su* a /ate ( t5sion1 t all ! p>ties 9 ! /ruggle reciprocally p>alyze ea* o!r1 !n to make ! political ge>+ move1 !re is ne$ ( ! individual consci\sness ( a def9ite individual4 ,! social anti!ses1 :i* make ( e human community an un/able organization1 give to hi/ory1 especially :5 x is se5 & exam9$ rapidly & 9 its ma9 features1 ! "* ( a drama4 ,?is drama 9 all its relations is repeat$ f community to community1 f nation to nation1 f /ate to /ate1 because ! inn] inequalities concurr+ ) ! ext]nal diff]5tiations1 h produc$ & produce ! :ole movem5t ( w>s1 conque/s1 treaties1 colonizations1 etc4 ,9 ?is drama h always appe>$1 9 ! role ( lead]s ( society1 ! m5 :o are *>act]iz$ z em95t1 z great1 & empiricism has conclud$ f _! pres5ce t !y 7 ! pr9cipal au?ors ( hi/ory4 ,to c>ry back ! explanation ( _! appe>ance to ! g5]al causes & ! common conditions ( ! social /ructure1 is a ?+ :i* h>monizes p]fectly ) ! data ( our doctr9e2 b to try to elim9ate !m1 z c]ta9 affect$ objectivi/s ( sociology w\ld will+ly d1 is pure caprici\sness4 ,& to conclude1 ! p>tisan ( hi/orical mat]ialism :o sets himself ! task ( expla9+1 or relat+1 _c d x ?r\gh s*emes4 ,hi/ory has always receiv$ a def9ite =m1 ) an inf9ite numb] ( accid5ts & v>iations4 ,x has a c]ta9 gr\p+1 x has a c]ta9 p]spective4 ,x is n en\gh to h elim9at$ prev5tively ! hypo!sis ( factors1 because ! n>rator con/antly f9ds himself 9 ! pres5ce ( ?+s :i* seem incongru\s1 indep5d5t1 & self-direct+4 ,to pres5t ! :ole z a :ole1 & to discov] 9 x ! cont9u\s relations ( ! ev5ts :i* bord] on ea* o!r1 !re is ! difficulty4 ,! sum ( ev5ts n>r[ly consecutive & precise gives ! :ole ( hi/ory2 & ?is is equival5t to say+ t x is all t we "k ( our be+1 9 s f> z we are social be+s & n simply natural be+s4 ,,xii4 ,9 ! successive :ole1 & 9 ! cont9u\s necessity ( all hi/orical ev5ts1 is !re1 !n1 "s ask1 any mean+1 any significance8 ,?is "q1 :e!r x comes f ! camp ( ! ideali/s1 or :e!r x comes to u f ! m\? ( ! mo/ circumspect critics1 c]ta9ly1 & 9 all cases1 dem&s our att5tion1 & requires an adequate answ]4 ,9 fact1 if we /op at ! premises1 intuitive or intellectual1 f :i* is d]iv$ ! conception ( progress z an idea :i* incloses & embraces ! total ( ! human processus1 x is se5 t ^! presumptions all re/ ^u ! m5tal ne$1 :i* is 9 u1 ( attribut+ to "o or m s]ies ( ev5ts a c]ta9 s5se & a c]ta9 signification4 ,! conception ( progress1 = :oev] exam9es x c>efully 9 its specific nature1 always implies judgm5ts ( e/imation1 & !re=e1 !re is no "o :o c confuse x ) ! crude & b>e notion ( simple developm5t1 :i* does n conta9 t increm5t ( clue :i* makes u say ( a ?+ t x is progress+4 ,i h already said1 &1 x seems to me1 at suffici5t l5g?1 h[ x is t progress does n exi/ z some?+ imp]ative or regulative ov] ! natural & imm$iate succession ( ! g5]ations ( m54 ,t is z intuitive z is ! actual coexi/5ce ( peoples1 ( nations & ( /ates1 :i* f9d !mselves1 at ! same "t1 9 a diff]5t /age ( developm5t2 s und5iable is ! actual condition ( relative sup]iority & inf]iority ( nation z comp>$ ) nation2 & aga9 s c]ta9 is ! p>tial & relative retrogression :i* has be5 produc$ sev]al times 9 hi/ory1 z ,italy has exemplifi$ = c5turies4 ,/ill m1 if !re is a conv9c+ pro( ( h[ progress mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( imm$iate law1 &1 to use a /rong expression1 ( a physical & inevitable law1 x is precisely ?is fact1--t social developm5t by ! v reasons ( ! processus :i* are inh]5t 9 x1 (t5 leads to retrogression4 ,x is evid5t1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! faculty ( progress+1 l ! possibility ( retrogress+1 does n con/itute1 to beg9 )1 an imm$iate privilege1 or an innate defect ( a race1 nor is ei!r "o ! direct consequ5ce ( geographical conditions4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! primitive c5t]s ( civilization 7 multiple1 ^? c5t]s h be5 remov$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 & f9ally ! means1 ! discov]ies1 ! results & ! impulses ( a def9ite civilization1 already develop$1 are1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 communicable to all m5 indef9itely4 ,9 a ^w1 progress & retrogression are inh]5t 9 ! conditions & ! rhy?m ( social developm5t4 ,n[ !n1 ! fai? 9 ! univ]sality ( progress1 :i* appe>$ ) s mu* viol5ce 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 re/s ^u ?is fir/ positive fact1 t m51 :5 !y d n f9d ob/acles 9 ext]nal conditions1 or d n f9d !m 9 ^? :i* result f _! own "w 9 _! social environm5t1 are all capable ( progress4 ,moreov]1 at ! bottom ( ?is suppos$ or imag9$ unity ( hi/ory1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! processus ( ! diff]5t societies w\ld =m "o s+le s]ies ( progress1 !re is ano!r fact1 :i* has (f]$ motive & occasion = s _m fanta/ic ideologies4 ,if all nations h n progress$ equally1 /ill m1 if "s h /opp$ & h foll[$ a backw>d r\te1 if ! processus ( social developm5t has n always1 9 e place & 9 all times1 ! same rhy?m & ! same int5sity1 x is nev]!less c]ta9 t1 ) ! passage ( ! decisive activity f "o p to ano!r p 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 ! useful products1 already acquir$ by ^? :o 7 9 decad5ce1 h be5 transmitt$ to ^? :o 7 gr[+ & ris+4 ,t is n s true ( ! products ( s5tim5t & imag9ation1 :i* nev]!less are !mselves pres]v$ & p]petuat$ 9 lit]>y tradition1 z ( ! results ( ?\ght1 & especially ( ! discov]y & ( ! production ( te*nical means1 :i*1 once f\nd1 are communicat$ & transmitt$ directly4 ,ne$ we rem9d ! read] t writ+ 0 nev] lo/1 al?\gh ! peoples :o inv5t$ x h disappe>$ f hi/oric cont9uity8 ,ne$ we recall aga9 t we all h 9 our pockets1 engrav$ on our wat*es1 ! ,babylonian dial1 & t we make use ( algebra1 :i* 0 introduc$ by ^? ,arabs1 ^: hi/orical activity has s9ce be5 disp]s$ l ! s&s ( ! des]t8 ,x is useless to multiply ^! examples1 because x is suffici5t to ?9k ( te*nology & ! hi/ory ( discov]ies 9 ! broad s5se ( ! ^w1 = :i* ! almo/ cont9u\s transmission ( ! in/rum5ts ( labor & production is evid5t4 ,& aft] all1 ! provisional summ>ies :i* are call$ univ]sal hi/ories1 al?\gh !y always reveal1 9 _! aim & 9 _! execution1 some?+ =c$ & artificial1 w\ld nev] h be5 attempt$ if human ev5ts _h n (f]$ to ! empiricism ( ! n>rators a c]ta9 ?read1 ev5 ?\gh subtle1 ( cont9uity4 ,take = example ! ,italy ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* is evid5tly 9 decad5ce2 b :ile x is decl9+1 x transmits to ! re/ ( ,europe its intellectual weapons4 ,^! are n all t pass to ! civilization :i* cont9ues1 b ev5 ! _w m>ket e/abli%es itself ^u ! f\ndation ( ^? geographical discov]ies1 & ^? discov]ies 9 ! naval art1 :i* 7 ! "w ( ,italian m]*ants1 travel]s & sailors4 ,x is n only ! me?ods ( ! art ( w> & ! ref9em5ts ( political diplomacy :i* pass$ outside ( ,italy 7?\gh x is only ) ^! t m5 ( lett]s ord9>ily conc]n$ !mselves71 b ev5 ! art ( mak+ money1 :i* _h acquir$ all ! evid5ce ( an elaborate comm]cial discipl9e1 & "o aft] ! o!r ! rudim5ts ( ! sci5ce1 ^u :i* is f\nd$ mod]n te*nique1 & to beg9 ) all ! me?odical irrigation ( fields & ! g5]al laws ( hydraulics4 ,all t is s precisely true1 t an amateur 9 conjectural !ses might come to ! po9t ( ask+ himself ?is "q3 :at w\ld h become ( ,italy1 9 ?is mod]n b\rgeois epo*1 if1 execut+ ! project ( ! ,v5etian ,s5ate 7#aejd7 ( mak+ some?+ :i* w\ld h resembl$ 9 its effects a pi]c+ ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 ! ,italian navy _h f\nd itself 9 a direct /ruggle ) ! ,portuguese 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 at ! v mom5t :5 ! %ift+ ( hi/orical activity f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ocean prep>$ ! decad5ce ( ,italy8 ,b en\gh ( fantasy6 ,a c]ta9 hi/orical cont9uity1 9 ! empirical & circum/antial s5se ( ! transmission & ! successive increase ( ! means ( civilization1 is !n an inconte/able fact4 ,&1 al?\gh ?is fact excludes all idea ( preconceiv$ design1 ( int5tional or hidd5 f9ality1 or pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 & all ! o!r :imsicalities 9 reg>d to :i* !re has be5 su* a deal ( speculation1 x does n exclude1 = all t1 ! idea ( progress1 :i* we c utilize z an e/imation ( ! c\rse ( human developm5t4 ,x is und5iable t progress does n embrace mat]ially ! succession ( g5]ations1 & t its conception implies no?+ categorical1 consid]+ t societies h also be5 9 retrogression1 b t does n prev5t ?is idea f s]v+ z a guid+ ?read & a measure to give a mean+ to ! hi/orical processus4 ,!re is no common gr\nd = critics :o are prud5t1 9 ! use ( specific concepts z 9 ! me?od ( _! application1 & ^? poor extreme evolutioni/s1 :o are sci5ti/s )\t ! gramm> & ! pr9ciple ( sci5ce1 t is to say1 )\t logic4 ,z ,i h said sev]al times1 ideas d n fall f heav51 & ev5 ^? :i*1 at a giv5 mom5t arise f def9ite situations ) ! impetuosity ( fai? & ) a metaphysical g>b1 c>ry always )9 !mselves ! index ( _! correspond5ce ) ! ord] ( ! facts1 ( :i* ! explanation is s\ght or attempt$4 ,! idea ( progress1 z ! unifi] ( hi/ory1 appe>s ) viol5ce & becomes a giant 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 t is to say1 9 ! h]oic p]iod ( ! intellectual & political life ( ! revolution>y b\rgeoisie4 ,j z ?is eng5d]$1 9 ! ord] ( its works1 ! mo/ int5sive p]iod ( hi/ory t is kn[n1 x also produc$ its own ideology 9 ! notion ( progress4 ,?is ideology 9 its sub/ance means t capitalism is ! only =m ( production :i* is capable ( ext5d+ all ov] ! e>? & ( r$uc+ ! :ole human race to conditions :i* resemble ea* o!r ev]y:]e4 ,if mod]n te*nique c be transport$ ev]y:]e1 if all ! human race appe> on a s+le field ( competition & all ! _w z a s+le m>ket1 :at is !re a/oni%+ 9 ! ideology :i*1 reflect+ intellectually ^! conditions ( fact1 rea*es ! affirmation t ! pres5t hi/orical unity has be5 prep>$ by ev]y?+ :i* prec$es x8 ,translat+ ?is concept ( pret5d$ prep>ation into ! altoge!r natural concept ( successive condition1 & !re is op5$ be=e u ! road by :i* ! passage is made f ! ideology ( progress to hi/orical mat]ialism2 & n[ we arrive at ! affirmation ( ,m>x1 t ?is =m ( b\rgeois production is ! la/ antagoni/ic =m ( ! processus ( society4 ,! miracles ( ! b\rgeois epo*1 9 ! unification ( ! social processus1 f9d no p>allel 9 ! pa/4 ,"h are ! :ole ,new ,_w1 ,au/ralia1 ,nor!rn ,africa1 & ,new ,zeal&6 ,& !y all resemble u6 ,& ! reb\nd 9 ! extreme ,ea/ is made ?r\gh imitation1 & 9 ,africa ?r\gh conque/6 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ?is univ]sality & ?is cosmopolitanism1 ! acquisition ( ! ,celts & ! ,ib]ians to ,roman civilization1 & ( ! ,g]mans & t ! ,slavs to ! cycle ( ,roman ,byzant9e ,*ri/ian civilization %r9k into insignificance4 ,?is ev]-gr[+ unification is reflect$ m e day 9 ! political me*anism ( ,europe2 ?is me*anism1 because f\nd$ on ! economic conque/ ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 oscillates h5ce=? ) ! flux & reflux :i* come f ! mo/ di/ant regions4 ,9 ?is mo/ complicat$ m+l+ ( action & reactions ! w> betwe5 ,japan & ,*9a1 made ) me?ods imitat$1 or directly borr[$1 f ,european te*nique1 leaves its traces1 deep & f>-rea*+1 9 ! diplomatic relations ( ,europe1 & /ill cle>] traces 9 ! /ock ex*ange1 :i* is ! fai?ful int]pret] ( ! consci\sness ( our "t4 ,?is ,europe1 mi/ress ( all ! re/ ( ! _w1 has rec5tly se5 ! relations ( ! politics ( ! /ates ( :i* x is compos$ oscillate 9 consequ5ce ( a revolt 9 ! ,transvaal1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! ill success ( ! ,italian armies 9 ,abyss9ia 9 ^! la/ days4#cj ,! c5turies :i* h prep>$ & c>ri$ to its pres5t =m ! economic dom9ation ( b\rgeois production h also develop$ ! t5d5cy to a unification ( hi/ory "u a g5]al view2 & 9 ?is fa%ion we f9d expla9$ & ju/ifi$ ! ideology ( progress1 :i* fills s _m books ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory & ( ,kulturges*i*te4 ,! unity ( social =m1 t is to say1 ! unity ( ! capitali/ic =m ( production1 to :i* ! b\rgeoisie has t5d$ = c5turies1 is reflect$ 9 ! conception ( ! unity ( hi/ory 9 m sugge/ive =ms ?an ! m9d c\ld ev] h receiv$ f ! n>r[ cosmopolitanism ( ! ,roman empire or ! "o-sid$ cosmopolitanism ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,b ?is unification ( ! social life1 by ! work+ ( ! capitali/ =m ( production1 develop$ itself f ! beg9n+1 & cont9ues to develop itself1 n accord+ to preconceiv$ rules1 plans & designs1 b1 on ! contr>y1 by reason ( frictions & /ruggles1 :i* 9 _! sum =m a colossal complication ( anti!ses4 ,w> )\t & w> )94 ,/ruggle incessant among ! nations1 & /ruggles incessant betwe5 ! memb]s ( ea* nation4 ,& ! int]lac+s ( ! de$s & ! action ( s _m emulators1 competitors & adv]s>ies is s complicat$1 t ! co-ord9ation ( ev5ts v (t5 escapes ! att5tion1 & x is a v difficult ?+ to discov] _! intimate connection4 ,! /ruggle :i* actually exi/s among m51 ! /ruggles :i* n[1 ) v>i\s me?ods1 are unfold+ among nations & )9 nations1 h come to make u und]/& bett] 9 ! mid/ ( :at difficulties ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ has unfold$4 ,if ! b\rgeois ideology1 reflect+ ! t5d5cy to capitali/ unification1 has proclaim$ ! progress ( ! human race1 hi/orical mat]ialism1 on ! contr>y1 & )\t proclamation1 has discov]$ t ^! are ! anti!ses :i* h ?us f> be5 ! cause & ! motive ( all hi/orical ev5ts4 ,?us ! movem5t ( hi/ory1 tak5 9 g5]al1 appe>s to u z x 7 oscillat+2--or r1 to use a m appropriate image1 x seems t x is unfold+ on a l9e (t5 int]rupt$1 & at c]ta9 mom5ts x seems to return ^u itself1 sometimes x /ret*es out1 remov+ itself f> f ! po9t ( dep>ture3--9 an actual zigzag4 ,grant$ ! int]nal complication ( e society1 & grant$ ! meet+ ( sev]al societies on ! field ( competition 7f ! +5u\s =ms ( robb]y1 rap9e & piracy to ! ref9$ me?ods ( ! elegant sport ( ! /ock ex*ange7 x is natural t e hi/orical result1 :5 x is measur$ 9 ! "o measure ( individual expectation1 appe>s v (t5 l *ance1 & aft]w>ds1 consid]$ !oretically1 becomes = ! m9d m inextricable ?an ! track ( meteors4 ,speak+ ( ! irony :i* sits z a sov]eign above hi/ory is n a simple phrase2 because1 9 tru?1 if !re is no god ( ,epicurus laugh+ above ov] human affairs1 "h bel[ human affairs are ( !mselves play+ a div9e com$y4 ,w ?is irony ( human de/9ies ev] cease8 ,w t =m ( association ev] be possible :i* gives room = ! possible complete developm5t ( all aptitudes1 9 su* a way t ! ult]ior processus ( hi/ory may become a real & true evolution8 ,&1 to speak l ! amateurs ( high-s\nd+ phrases1 w !re ev] be a humanization ( all m58 ,:5 once 9 ! communism ( production ! anti!ses :i* are n[ ! cause & ! effect ( economic diff]5tiations are elim9at$1 w n all human en]gies acquire a v high degree ( efficacy & int5sity 9 co-op]ative effects1 & at ! same "t w !y n develop ) a great] lib]ty ( self-expression among all individuals8 ,x is 9 ! affirmative answ]s to ^! que/ions t consi/s :at critical communism says1 t is to say =esees1 ( ! future4 ,b x does n say x & x does n =etell x z if x 7 discuss+ an ab/ract possibility1 or l him :o wi%es1 by 8 w1 to give life to a /ate ( ?+s :i* he desires & :i* he dreams4 ,b x says & pr$icts because :at x ann\nces mu/ inevitably happ5 by ! imman5t necessity ( hi/ory1 se5 & /udi$ h5ce=? 9 ! f\ndation ( its economic sub/ructure4 ,x is only 9 an ord] ( ?+s :]e !re w no long] be classes & class antagonisms t social revolutions w cease to be political revolutions4#ca ,to ! old b\rgeois society ) its classes & class antagonisms w succe$ an association 9 :i* ! free developm5t ( ea* is ! condition ( ! free developm5t ( all4#cb ,! relations ( b\rgeois production are ! la/ antagoni/ic =m ( ! social processus ( production--a =m antagoni/ic n 9 ! s5se ( individual antagonism1 b ( ! antagonism :i* proce$s f ! conditions ( ! social life ( individuals2 b ! productive =ces :i* are develop+ 9 ! lap ( b\rgeois society are creat+ at ! same "t ! mat]ial conditions to t]m9ate t antagonism4 ,) ?is social organization ends ! prehi/ory ( ! human race4#cc ,) ! tak+ possession ( ! means ( production on ! "p ( society1 is exclud$ ! production ( commodities1 & ) x ! dom9ance ( ! product ov] ! produc]4 ,! an>*y :i* dom9ates 9 social production w be succe$$ by consci\s organization4 ,! /ruggle = individual exi/5ce w cease4 ,only 9 ?is way man w deta* himself1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 f ! animal _w 9 a def9ite fa%ion1 & w pass f a condition ( animal exi/5ce to conditions ( human exi/5ce4 ,! entire sum ( ! conditions ( life :i* has ?us f> dom9at$ m5 w pass "u ! rule & ! exam9ation ( m5 !mselves1 :o w ?us = ! fir/ "t become ! real ma/]s ( nature1 because !y w be ! ma/]s ( _! own association4 ,! laws ( _! own social activity1 :i* _h be5 outside ( !m l =eign laws impos$ ^u !m1 w be appli$ & ma/]$ by ! m5 !mselves1 ) full k ( _! cause4 ,_! v association1 :i* appe>$ to m5 z if impos$ by nature & hi/ory1 w become _! own & _! free "w4 ,! =eign & objective =ces1 :i* till !n dom9at$ hi/ory1 w pass "u ! c>e ( m54 ,only f t mom5t w m5 make _! own hi/ory ) full und]/&+2 only f t mom5t w ! social causes :i* !y put 9 motion1 be able to arrive1 9 great "p & 9 a proportion ev] increas+1 at ! desir$ effects4 ,x is ! leap ( ! human race f ! reign ( necessity into t ( lib]ty4 ,to accompli% ?is action emancipat+ ! _w1 su* is ! hi/oric mission ( ! mod]n prolet>iat4 ,if ,m>x & ,engels _h be5 phrasemak]s1 if _! _s _h n be5 made prud5t1 ev5 scrupul\s1 by ! daily & m9ute use & application ( sci5tific me?ods1 if ! p]man5t contact ) s _m conspirators & vision>ies _h n giv5 !m a horror ( e ,utopia1 oppos+ x inde$ up to ! po9t ( p$antry1 ^! =mulas might pass = good-natur$ p>adoxes1 :i* criticism ne$ n exam9e4 ,b ^! =mulas are1 z x 71 ! close1 ! effective conclusion ( ! doctr9e ( hi/oric mat]ialism4 ,!y are ! direct result ( ! criticism ( economies & ( hi/orical dialectics4 ,9 ^! =mulas1 :i* may be develop$1 z ,i h _h occasion to %[ else:]e1 is1 summ$ up e =eca/ ( ! future1 :i* is n & is n int5d$ = a romance or a ,utopia4 ,& 9 ^! v =mulas !re is an adequate & conclusive response to ! "q ) :i* ?is *apt] began3 ,is !re 9 ! s]ies ( hi/oric ev5ts a mean+ & a significance8 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,?is g5etic /udy =ms ! subject ( my fir/ essay1 ,9 ,memory ( ! ,communi/ ,manife/o1 :i* is ! indisp5sable preamble to an und]/&+ ( all ! re/4 #bi 7,i allude to ! excell5t "w ( ,k>l ,kautsky1 ,die ,klass5g5saetze von #aghi47 #cj ,! ,italian edition ( ?is ,essay be>s ! date ( ,m>* #aj1 #ahif4 #ca ,m>x1 ,mis]e de la ,philosophie1 ,p>is1 #ahag1 p4 #agh4 #cb ,communi/ ,manife/o1 p4 #af4 #cc ,m>x1 ,zur ,kritik d] politis*5 ,oekonomie1 ,b]l91 #ahei1 p4 #f ,pref4 ,comp>e my fir/ ,essay1 pp4 #dh-ej4