Skip to content

Library / Biology / Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13, March 29, 1879 / Braille

Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13, March 29, 1879 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

260,439 braille cells · 271 embossed pages at 40×25 · 762 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠼⠃⠚⠁⠀⠀⠀⠠⠇⠊⠛⠓⠞⠂⠀⠁⠇⠃⠕⠤⠉⠁⠗⠃⠕⠝⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠃⠚⠁⠀⠀⠀⠠⠍⠁⠛⠝⠑⠞⠊⠎⠍⠂⠀⠉⠥⠗⠊⠕⠥⠎⠀⠋⠁⠉⠞⠎⠀⠊⠝⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠙⠀⠀⠀⠠⠍⠕⠞⠕⠗⠂⠀⠠⠛⠁⠗⠽⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠔⠔⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠋⠀⠀⠀⠠⠝⠁⠞⠥⠗⠁⠇⠀⠎⠉⠊⠑⠝⠉⠑⠂⠀⠉⠓⠁⠗⠍⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠃⠚⠚⠀⠀⠀⠠⠝⠑⠥⠞⠗⠁⠇⠀⠇⠊⠝⠑⠂⠀⠠⠛⠁⠗⠽⠄⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠋⠀⠀⠀⠠⠝⠕⠞⠑⠎⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠟⠥⠑⠗⠊⠑⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠃⠚⠉⠀⠀⠀⠠⠏⠁⠞⠑⠝⠞⠀⠇⠁⠺⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠃⠀⠀⠀⠠⠏⠁⠞⠑⠝⠞⠎⠂⠀⠠⠁⠍⠑⠗⠊⠉⠁⠝⠂⠀⠗⠑⠉⠑⠝⠞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠙⠀⠀⠀⠠⠏⠑⠝⠂⠀⠎⠞⠑⠝⠉⠊⠇⠂⠀⠝⠑⠺⠔⠔⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠑⠀⠀⠀⠠⠏⠑⠕⠏⠇⠑⠂⠀⠁⠀⠎⠞⠗⠁⠝⠛⠑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠑⠀⠀⠀⠠⠏⠓⠕⠎⠏⠓⠕⠗⠑⠎⠉⠑⠝⠉⠑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠊⠀⠀⠀⠠⠏⠇⠁⠝⠞⠎⠀⠏⠗⠕⠞⠑⠉⠞⠑⠙⠀⠃⠽⠀⠊⠝⠎⠑⠉⠞⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠃⠚⠁⠀⠀⠀⠠⠏⠇⠑⠥⠗⠕⠤⠏⠝⠑⠥⠍⠕⠝⠊⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠃⠀⠀⠀⠠⠗⠁⠊⠇⠺⠁⠽⠂⠀⠠⠧⠑⠎⠥⠧⠊⠥⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠃⠚⠚⠀⠀⠀⠠⠗⠑⠁⠙⠊⠝⠛⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠑⠽⠑⠎⠊⠛⠓⠞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠊⠀⠀⠀⠠⠗⠑⠁⠙⠊⠝⠛⠂⠀⠞⠁⠎⠞⠑⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠉⠀⠀⠀⠠⠗⠑⠛⠥⠇⠁⠞⠕⠗⠂⠀⠑⠝⠛⠊⠝⠑⠂⠀⠝⠕⠧⠑⠇⠔⠔⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠑⠀⠀⠀⠠⠎⠏⠁⠊⠝⠀⠁⠀⠋⠊⠑⠇⠙⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠗⠽⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠉⠀⠀⠀⠠⠎⠏⠕⠝⠛⠑⠎⠂⠀⠛⠇⠁⠎⠎⠔⠔⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠃⠚⠚⠀⠀⠀⠠⠞⠁⠃⠇⠑⠂⠀⠊⠗⠕⠝⠊⠝⠛⠂⠀⠝⠑⠺⠔⠔⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠙⠀⠀⠀⠠⠞⠑⠇⠑⠛⠗⠁⠏⠓⠂⠀⠺⠗⠊⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠋⠀⠀⠀⠠⠞⠑⠇⠑⠛⠗⠁⠏⠓⠂⠀⠺⠗⠊⠞⠊⠝⠛⠂⠀⠠⠉⠕⠺⠏⠑⠗⠄⠎⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠛⠀⠀⠀⠠⠞⠑⠇⠑⠛⠗⠁⠏⠓⠽⠂⠀⠕⠉⠑⠁⠝⠂⠀⠏⠗⠕⠛⠗⠑⠎⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠑⠀⠀⠀⠠⠞⠊⠇⠇⠑⠗⠂⠀⠎⠞⠑⠁⠍⠂⠀⠝⠑⠺⠔⠔⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠼⠁⠊⠁⠀⠀⠀⠠⠞⠗⠑⠑⠂⠀⠏⠕⠞⠞⠑⠗⠽⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.