,illustration3 ,issue ,title4 ,,scientific ,,american ,a ,,weekly ,,journal ,,of ,,practical ,,information1 ,,art1 ,,science1 ,,mechanics1 ,,chemistry1 ,,and ,,manufactures4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,march #bi1 #ahgi4 ,vol4 ,,xl41 ,no4 #ac4 ,,new ,,series4 #c4bj ,,per ,,annum4 ,,postage ,,prepaid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,scientific ,,american4 ,,established #ahde4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,editors and ,proprietors4 ,,published ,,weekly ,,at ,,no4 #cg ,,park ,,row1 ,,new ,,york4 ,o4 ,d4 ,,munn4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,beach4 ,,terms ,,for ,,the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,one copy1 one year1 postage included #c #bj ,one copy1 six months1 postage included #a #fj ,,clubs4--,one extra copy of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american will be supplied gratis for every club of five subscribers at #c4bj each2 additional copies at same proportionate rate4 ,postage prepaid4 ,single copies of any desired number of the ,,supplement sent to one address on receipt of #aj cents4 ,remit by postal order4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement is a distinct paper from the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,,the ,,supplement is issued weekly4 ,every number contains #af octavo pages1 with handsome cover1 uniform in size with ,,scientific ,,american4 ,terms of subscription for ,,supplement1 #e4jj a year1 postage paid1 to subscribers4 ,single copies #aj cents4 ,sold by all news dealers throughout the country4 ,,combined ,,rates4--,the ,,scientific ,,american and ,,supplement will be sent for one year1 postage free1 on receipt of seven dollars4 ,both papers to one address or different addresses1 as desired4 ,the safest way to remit is by draft1 postal order1 or registered letter4 ,,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,,park ,,row1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,scientific ,,american ,,export ,,edition4 ,the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition is a large and splendid periodical1 issued once a month4 ,each number contains about one hundred large quarto pages1 profusely illustrated1 embracing3 7#a47 ,most of the plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of the ,,scientific ,,american1 with its splendid engravings and valuable information2 7#b47 ,commercial1 trade1 and manufacturing announcements of leading houses4 ,terms for ,export ,edition1 #e4jj a year1 sent prepaid to any part of the world4 ,single copies #ej cents4 ,manufacturers and others who desire to secure foreign trade may have large1 and handsomely displayed announcements published in this edition at a very moderate cost4 ,the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition has a large guaranteed circulation in all commercial places throughout the world4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york4 ,,vol4 ,,xl41 ,,no4 #ac4 ,,new ,,series4 ,,thirty-,,fourth ,,year4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,saturday1 ,,march #bi1 #ahgi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,contents4 7,illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk47 ,africa crossed again #aic ,aluminum #aig ,barometer1 aneroid #bja ,bolt1 door1 improved99 #aih ,bread1 snow-raised #aii ,buffalo1 domestication of the #aig ,carpet beetle1 remedy for the #aie ,chimney flues #aih ,clocks1 pneumatic #aif ,cooper1 ,peter1 as an inventor #aic ,crusher1 ore1 novel99 #aid ,electricity1 statical1 phenom4 in #aid ,flour1 banana #aie ,furnace1 imp41 for burn'g garbage99 #aih ,hardware1 ,english ,american #bja ,ice cave of ,decorah1 ,iowa #aif ,inventions1 new agricultural #aii ,iron1 advance in #bja ,light1 albo-carbon #bja ,magnetism1 curious facts in #aid ,motor1 ,gary1 the99 #aif ,natural science1 charms of #bjj ,neutral line1 ,gary's #aif ,notes and queries #bjc ,patent laws #aib ,patents1 ,american1 recent #aid ,pen1 stencil1 new99 #aie ,people1 a strange #aie ,phosphorescence #aii ,plants protected by insects #bja ,pleuro-pneumonia #aib ,railway1 ,vesuvius #bjj ,reading and eyesight #aii ,reading1 taste for #aic ,regulator1 engine1 novel99 #aie ,spain a field for machinery #aic ,sponges1 glass99 #bjj ,table1 ironing1 new99 #aid ,telegraph1 writing #aif ,telegraph1 writing1 ,cowper's #aig ,telegraphy1 ocean1 progress of #aie ,tiller1 steam1 new99 #aia ,tree1 pottery #bjj ,vase1 ,greek1 ancient99 #aii 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,,no4 #afi1 ,,for ,,the ,,week ,,ending ,,march #bi1 #ahgi4 ,price #aj cents4 ,for sale by all newsdealers4 ,i4 ,,engineering ,,and ,,mechanics4--,the ,herreshoff ,torpedo ,boat1 recently built at ,bristol1 ,r4 ,i41 for the ,british ,government4 ,the novelties in the placing of the screw1 etc4 ,the ,peculiar ,boiler4 #d figures4--,improved ,hopper ,steam ,dredger4 #b figures4--,the ,st4 ,gothard ,tunnel4--,the ,beacon ,tower of ,lavezzi4 #c figures4 ,,ii4 ,,architecture4--,bath ,abbey ,church4 ,full page illustration4 ,,iii4 ,,technology4--,the ,achison ,stone ,cutting ,machine4 #a engraving4--,the ,deep ,mines of the ,world4--,shoemakers' ,wax4--,gruber's ,new ,method of ,germination4 #a engraving4--,improved ,process for ,treating ,wood1 etc41 for ,paper ,manufacture4--,bronzing ,plaster of ,paris ,casts4--,sal ,soda for ,unhairing ,hides and ,skins4--,sieburger's ,paste4--,to ,tan ,lace ,leather with ,softsoap4 ,practical ,dyeing ,recipes3 ,blue white zephyr1 ,scotch blue on worsted1 ,scotch green on worsted1 jacquineaux on worsted1 drab on worsted1 gold on venetian carpet yarn1 red brown slubbing1 scarlet braid1 slate braid1 light drab on cotton1 blue on cotton1 brown on cotton1 chrome orange on cotton carpet yarn1 black on common mixed carpet yarn for filling1 black on cotton and wool mixed yarn4 ,damar ,varnish for ,negatives4--,to ,make ,vignetters by ,means of ,gelatino-,chromate4--,resorcine ,colors4--,phosphate ,soaps4--,substitution of ,different ,metals in ,ultramarine ,colors4--,a ,harmless ,green for ,paper ,hangings4--,siegwart's ,bath for ,etching ,glass4--,composition of ,french ,bronzes4--,a ,new ,enemy to the ,tea ,plant4--,the ,bradford ,oil ,sand4 ,,iv4 ,,chemistry ,,and ,,metallurgy4--,apparatus for ,titration1 #a figure4--,palladium4--,hmocyanin4--,test for ,alcohol in ,ethereal ,oils and ,chloroform4--,reaction of ,tartaric and ,citric ,acid4--,a ,peculiar ,observation4--,insolubility of ,iodate of ,lead4--,mode of ,preventing the ,contamination of ,water with ,lead4--,separating ,phosphorus from ,iron and ,steel4--,production of ,alcohol without ,fermentation4 ,v4 ,,electricity1 ,,light1 ,,heat1 ,,etc4--,some ,facts in regard to ,telescopic and ,stereoscopic ,vision4--,the ,centenary of the ,birth of ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,his boyish days4 ,his first chemical experiments4 ,his first lecture at the ,royal ,institution4 ,a very entertaining biographical sketch4--,light and ,heat in ,gas ,flames4--,nickel ,needles for ,compasses4--,the ,nature of the ,elements4--,a ,new ,compound ,prism for ,direct ,vision ,spectroscopes4 ,,vi4 ,,medicine ,,and ,,hygiene4--,filaria in the ,eye4 ,by ,,chas4 ,s4 ,,turnbull1 ,m4 ,d4--,the ,species of ,tapeworm now ,prevalent4--,nitrous ,oxide under ,pressure4 ,,vii4 ,,natural ,,history1 ,,geology1 ,,etc4--,a ,gigantic ,american ,deep-sea ,crustacean1 #a engraving4--,glaciers in the ,united ,states4--,the ,toulomne ,cave4--,archological ,explorations in ,tennessee4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,putnam4 #f figures4--,memorably ,cold ,winters4--,life at ,timber ,line4 ,by ,professor ,c4 ,e4 ,,robins1 ,summit1 ,colorado4--,the ,walled ,lake in ,iowa4 ,,viii4 ,,astronomy4--,is the ,moon ,inhabited8 ,by ,,camille ,,flammarion4 ,the various opinions that have been held in regard to the moon4 ,the best we can do with our present telescopes4 ,the means we possess for judging of the condition of the moon4 ,recent changes on the moon4 ,photographs of the moon and their defects4 ,facts that have been observed by the persevering eyes of astronomers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,steam ,,tiller4 ,steam is now made to perform almost everything in the way of heavy labor1 to the saving of muscle and energy that may be more profitably employed2 and since inventive genius has devised means of governing steam with absolute accuracy1 there seems to be no limit to its economical application4 ,a recent invention in steam engineering1 which exhibits in a marked degree the controllability and adaptability of steam1 is ,mr4 ,herbert ,wadsworth's steam tiller1 an engraving of which we present herewith4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,this machine 7,fig4 #a7 is provided with a steam cylinder1 similar to the cylinder of a steam engine1 containing a piston1 the rod of which is attached to a crosshead1 ,a1 that slides on ways1 ,b1 secured to the bed supporting the cylinder4 ,the tiller1 ,d1 as it is carried to starboard or port1 slides through a socket1 ,e1 pivoted to the crosshead4 ,the motion of the rudder is communicated to the steam cut-off by means of the shaft1 ,c1 crank1 ,j1 rod1 ,k1 crank1 ,i1 and the hollow valve spindle4 ,when the tiller is amidships the valve handle1 ,h1 is at right angles to the cylinder1 and parallel to the tiller4 ,by moving the lever1 ,h1 to right or left1 steam is admitted to one end or the other of the cylinder1 which1 acting on the tiller through the piston1 piston rod1 and crosshead1 moves the rudder2 and when the rudder reaches the desired position the cut-off will have been moved the amount necessary to prevent further entrance of steam4 ,when the rudder is influenced by the waves or by the expansion or contraction of steam1 the cut-off alters its position in relation to the valve and automatically arranges the steam passages so that the piston is returned to its proper position4 ,the details of the cut-off are shown in ,fig4 #b2 the valve1 ,g1 which covers the cut-off1 ,f1 acts like a four way cock4 ,the spindle of the cut-off1 ,f1 is connected with the lever1 ,i1 and is moved by the rudder1 as already described4 ,by enlarging or gradually narrowing the ends of the steam ports great rigidity or elasticity may be given to the hold of this engine1 according to the requirements of the particular vessel4 ,few and simple as are the parts of this machine it is possible1 by balancing the valves and suiting the diameter of the cylinder to the work to be performed1 to overcome great resistances with a slight effort4 ,the inventor says that this system of valves is considered by experts to be novel and very valuable4 ,in ,fig4 #c is shown a pattern of a slide valve suited to special purposes4 ,its working is essentially the same as that of the valve already described4 ,the ports are set side by side1 parallel with the sides of the valve4 ,the supply port is in the middle1 the other ports lead to opposite ends of the cylinder4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,in ,fig4 #d is shown another application of the controlling valve and cut-off described above4 ,two oscillating steam cylinders are employed in working the rudder4 ,they are placed on opposite sides of the chest1 ,a1 and are supplied with steam through the controlling valve1 ,b4 ,the piston rods of the two cylinders are connected with cranks placed on opposite ends of the shaft1 ,c1 at right angles to each other4 ,upon this shaft1 half-way between the pillow blocks which support it1 there is a worm which engages a toothed sector1 ,d1 on the rudder-post1 ,e4 ,to an extension of the rudder-post is secured an arm1 ,f1 which is connected with the arm1 ,g1 of the controlling valve4 ,by shifting the lever1 ,h1 the supply of steam to the two cylinders may be increased or diminished1 or its direction may be changed1 so that the engines will be reversed or stopped4 ,this engine is remarkable for its simplicity4 ,the cylinders may be detached and changed if required1 one size of bed answering for three different sizes of cylinder1 which may vary only in diameter1 the stroke being the same1 so that the castings for engines of different power are the same except in the matter of the cylinders and pistons1 and all the parts are interchangeable--a feature of modern engine building that cannot be too highly valued4 ,further information may be obtained from ,herbert ,wadsworth1 #bf ,merchants' ,bank ,building1 #bh ,state street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,how ,,our ,,patent ,,laws ,,promote ,,and ,,improve ,,american ,,industries4 ,on another page we print in full a most suggestive paper recently read before the ,manchester 7,eng47 ,scientific and ,mechanical ,society1 by ,mr4 ,frederick ,smith1 a prominent builder of that city1 contrasting the qualities1 styles1 and prices of ,american and ,english builders' hardware--a paper which the ,ironmonger pronounces one of the most serious indictments yet preferred against ,british workmanship in that department4 ,the field covered by the paper--the supplying of house builders' hardware--embraces a multitude of conveniences1 but no real necessities4 ,why is it that ,america has been prolific in novel devices and clever improvements in this department of manufacture as in so many others1 while ,england has gone on stolidly copying ancient forms1 changing only to cheapen by the introduction of poor material and sham construction8 ,mr4 ,smith mentions several reasons that ,english manufacturers have given him for the state of things he1 as an ,englishman1 so greatly deplores2 but evidently he is not satisfied with any of them1 and very justly2 for none of them touches the real cause--the radically different attitude of the public mind toward inventions1 characteristic of the two countries4 ,in ,england the user of household inconveniences accepts them as matters of fact2 or if he grumbles at them he never thinks of trying to change them4 ,it is not his business2 and if he should devise an improvement1 ten to one he could not get it made4 ,to patent it is practically out of the question1 for if it were not condemned off-hand as trivial1 the patent fees would make it cost more than it was likely to be worth4 ,the mechanic who makes such things is trained to work to pattern1 and not waste his time on experiments4 ,besides1 if he should make a clever invention he would not be able to raise the necessary fees for a patent1 or to get any one to help him thereto4 ,the manufacturer makes what his customers call for4 ,why should he spend his money and spoil his plant to introduce improvements8 ,so things go1 until some pestilent ,yankees flood the markets with better articles at a lower price2 and ,british consumers suddenly discover that they want something that the native manufacturer cannot make4 ,the need was there2 but invention did not follow4 ,how happened it that the ,american manufacturer did not pursue the same uninventive course8 ,what produced the radically different attitude of the ,american mind toward newfangled notions out of which inventions proceeded and flourished8 ,no doubt several causes have been at work3 freedom of thought and action2 popular education2 a blending of races2 and the tide of adventurous spirits naturally resorting to a new and free land4 ,these have had their influence undoubtedly2 but all these have existed1 more or less completely1 in other new lands1 without that outburst of creative energy which has made ,america the nursery of inventions1 great and small4 ,the determining cause1 the one condition that prevailed here and not elsewhere1 was the circumstance that almost from the start new ideas were given a market value in this country4 ,unlike all others1 the ,american patent law directly encouraged independent thinking in all classes4 ,the fees were low and the protection offered fairly good4 ,men soon found that it paid to invent2 that one of the surest roads to competency was a patented improvement on something of general use4 ,if a household utensil or appliance went wrong or worked badly1 every user was directly interested in devising something better2 and1 more than that1 he was interested in making his invention known and in securing its adoption4 ,the workman at his bench had an ever-present inducement to contrive something at once cheaper and better than the article he was hired to make4 ,he could patent his improvement1 or the wholly original device he might hit upon1 for a few dollars2 and his patent would count as capital4 ,it would make him his own master1 possibly bring him a fortune4 ,the manufacturer could not rest contented with the thing he set out to make1 for the meanest hired man in his employ might suddenly become a competitor4 ,he must be constantly alert for possible improvements1 or his rivals would get ahead of him4 ,the result is a nation of inventors1 at whose hands the newest of lands has leaped to the leadership in the arts1 almost at a bound4 ,there is talk of changing all this2 of emulating the conservative spirit of the ,old ,world2 of putting inventors under bonds2 of stopping the rush of industrial improvement--to enable a few short-sighted yet grasping corporations to get along without paying license fees for such inventions as they happen to approve of4 ,they profess to want inventors to go on making improvements4 ,they are willing to ascribe all honor to the successful inventor2 but they are determined not to pay him for his work4 ,still more they are determined to change the attitude of the public mind toward inventors and inventions1 if such a change can be wrought by plausible misrepresentations4 ,the fact that they were able to inveigle one branch of the ,american ,congress into assenting to their unjust and mischievous scheme is one of the anomalies of our recent history4 ,it should be taken as a timely warning of impending danger to all the industrial interests of the country4 ,it is outrageous that the inventors of the land1 after having raised their country to the first rank among industrial nations1 should have to defend their constitutional rights against ,congressional invasion2 but the fact exists2 and the defense should be made a matter of personal interest and effort not only by every inventor and manufacturer1 but by every honest citizen4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pleuro-,,pneumonia4 ,the cattle plague1 which is creating so much anxiety throughout the ,eastern ,states1 is a contagious fever1 affecting cows chiefly1 characterized by extensive exudations into the respiratory organs1 and attended by a low typhus inflammation of the lungs1 plur1 and bronchia4 ,it has prevailed in ,europe for ages1 at times developing into wide-spread scourges1 causing incalculable loss4 ,it was imported into ,england in #ahci1 and again three years later2 and it was estimated that within twenty-five years thereafter the losses by deaths alone in ,england had amounted to #dej1jjj1jjj4 ,in #aheh the disease was carried to ,australia by an ,english cow1 and1 spreading to the cattle ranges1 almost depopulated them4 ,in #ahdc an infected ,dutch cow brought the disease to ,brooklyn1 where it has since lingered1 slowly spreading among the cattle in ,kings and ,queens counties4 ,in #ahdg several head of infected ,english cattle were imported into ,new ,jersey1 and1 spreading among a herd of valuable cattle1 made it necessary for them all to be slaughtered1 the only certain method of stamping out the disease4 ,in #ahei four infected cows were imported into ,massachusetts from ,holland2 the plague spread rapidly1 and was stamped out only by persistent effort1 the ,state paying for over #a1jjj slaughtered cattle4 ,since #ahfg the disease has not been known there4 ,meantime the pest had invaded ,eastern ,pennsylvania1 ,delaware1 and ,maryland1 where it has since prevailed in isolated localities4 ,the absence of large herds of moving cattle in these districts1 except for speedy slaughter1 has prevented the disease from developing into a general plague4 ,the recent action of the ,british ,council in forbidding the importation of ,american live cattle is likely to prove of inestimable benefit to this country1 in forcibly calling attention to the grave risk that the presence of the disease on ,long ,island and elsewhere constantly entails4 ,fortunately the drift of the cattle traffic is eastward1 and as yet there has been no propagation of the poison in the great cattle ranges of the ,west4 ,unless summarily arrested1 however1 the disease will surely reach those sources of our cattle supply1 and occasion losses that can be estimated only in hundreds of millions of dollars4 ,the experience of all countries into which this disease has gained access appears to prove that there is only one way of getting rid of it--namely1 the immediate killing of all infected cattle1 and the thorough disinfection of the premises in which they are found4 ,the disease is purely infectious1 and is never found in regions where it has not gained a foothold by importation4 ,palliative measures have in every instance failed to eradicate the disease1 and are only justifiable1 as in ,australia1 after the plague has reached dimensions utterly beyond the reach of any process of extermination4 ,professor ,law1 of ,cornell ,university1 one of our best informed veterinary surgeons1 most emphatically opposes every attempt to control the disease by quarantining the sick or by the inoculation of the healthy4 ,we may quarantine the sick1 he says1 but we cannot quarantine the air4 ,to establish quarantine yards is simply to maintain prolific manufacturers of the poison1 which is given off by the breath of the sick1 and by their excretions1 to such an extent that no watchfulness can insure against its dissemination4 ,besides1 the expense of thorough quarantining operations would amount to more than the value of the infected animals whose lives might be saved thereby4 ,inoculation is still less to be tolerated at this stage of the pest4 ,the ,professor says3 ,germany1 ,holland1 ,belgium1 ,france1 and ,england1 have been treating the victims of this plague for nearly half a century1 but the result has only been the increase of disease and death4 ,our own infected ,states have been treating it for a third of a century1 and to-day it exists over a wider area than ever before4 ,contrast this with the results in ,massachusetts and ,connecticut1 where the disease has been repeatedly crushed out at small expense1 and there can be no doubt as to which is the wisest course4 ,as all the plagues are alike in the propagation of the poison in the bodies of the sick1 ,i may be allowed to adduce the experience of two adjacent counties in ,scotland when invaded by the rinderpest4 ,aberdeen raised a fund of #b1jjj1 and though she suffered several successive invasions1 she speedily crushed out the poison wherever it appeared by slaughtering the sick beasts and disinfecting the premises4 ,the result was that little more than half the fund was wanted to reimburse the owners for their losses1 and the splendid herds of the county were preserved4 ,forfar1 on the other hand1 set herself to cure the plague1 with the result of a universal infection1 the loss of many thousands of cattle1 and the ruin of hundreds of farmers4 ,finally the malady was crushed out in the entire island by the method adopted by ,aberdeen and other well advised counties at the outset4 ,and again1 ,cattle have been inoculated by the tens of thousands in ,belgium and ,holland1 and of all ,europe these are the countries now most extensively infected4 ,france1 ,prussia1 ,italy1 ,austria1 and ,england have each practiced it on a large scale1 and each remains a home of the plague4 ,australia has followed the practice1 and is now and must continue an infected country4 ,our own infected ,states have inoculated1 and the disease has survived and spread in spite of it1 and even by its aid4 ,whatever country has definitively exterminated the plague 7,norway1 ,sweden1 ,denmark1 ,holstein1 ,mecklenburg1 ,switzerland1 ,massachusetts1 and ,connecticut71 that country has prohibited inoculation and all other methods that prevail on the principle of preserving the sick1 and has relied on the slaughter of the infected and the thorough disinfection of their surroundings4 ,so will it be with us4 ,if any ,state adopts or allows any of these temporizing measures1 that ,state will only repeat the experience of the past alike in the ,old ,world and the ,new1 will perpetuate the disease in the country1 will entail great losses on its citizens1 will keep up the need for constant watchfulness and great expense by the adjoining ,states for their own protection1 and will indefinitely postpone the resumption of the foreign live stock trade1 which1 a few months ago1 promised to be one of the most valuable branches of our international commerce4 ,we are persuaded that the position taken by ,professor ,law1 and other similar-minded veterinary surgeons1 is the only safe one4 ,the disease can be stamped out now with comparatively small loss4 ,if trifled with1 and tolerated1 it cannot but result in a great national calamity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,spain ,a ,,field ,,for ,,machinery ,,and ,,patents4 ,from a too lengthy communication to admit in full to our columns1 a resident of ,madrid communicates to the ,,scientific ,,american some facts relative to the fertility of the soil of ,spain1 her necessity for improved agricultural and other implements1 and closes with the assertion that it is a good field withal for patents4 ,we cull from the letter as follows3 ,i have lived1 says the writer1 for a number of years in this beautiful country1 so little understood by foreigners1 so little appreciated by its own inhabitants4 ,the ,spain of romance1 poetry1 and song1 is the garden as well as the ,california of ,europe4 ,but it stands in great need of the health-giving touch of the ,north ,american enterprise4 ,we have here the same mineral treasures1 the same unrivaled advantages of climate1 that made ,spain once the industrial and commercial emporium of the world4 ,but ,spain is awakening4 ,she is endeavoring to shake off her lethargy4 ,the late ,exhibition of ,paris has proved this2 and those who are familiar with the past history and present condition of ,spain have been astonished at the result of this effort4 ,a new era has commenced for the country1 and it is everywhere evident that a strong current of enterprise and industry has set in4 ,but it is with nations1 as with individuals1 when they have remained long in complete inaction1 brain and muscles are torpid and cannot at first obey the will4 ,spain needs the assistance of other nations hardened and inured to toil4 ,the plows now used to till the land are precisely such as were those left by the ,moors in the unfinished furrow1 when with tears and sighs they bade farewell to their broad fields1 their mosques and palaces1 whose ideal architecture is still the wonder of the world1 to go forth as outcasts and exiles in obedience to the cruel edict that drove them away to the deserts of ,africa4 ,i doubt whether there is an ,american plow in ,spain1 much less a steam plow4 ,sowing and reaping machines are here unknown1 and grain is tread out by oxen and mules just as it was in ,scripture times1 and cleaned by women1 who toss it in the air to scatter the chaff4 ,everything is primitive and ,oriental here as yet4 ,spain could supply all ,europe with butter and cheese1 and1 on the contrary1 these articles are imported in large quantities from ,england1 ,holland1 and ,switzerland4 ,the traveler crosses leagues and leagues of meadow land where not a tree is to be seen1 nor one sheep pasture1 and which are nevertheless watered by broad rivers that carry away to the ocean the water that would1 by irrigation1 convert these fields into productive farms4 ,there are many places in ,spain where the wine is thrown away for want of purchasers and vats in which to keep it4 ,in the ,upper ,aragon1 the mortar with which the houses are built is made with wine instead of water1 the former being the most plentiful4 ,aragon needs an enterprising ,american company to convert into wholesome table wine the infinite varieties there produced1 and which our neighbors the ,french buy and carry away to convert into ,bordeaux4 ,we want ,american enterprise in ,galicia and ,asturias1 where milk is almost given away1 to convert it into the best of butter and cheese2 and also in those same provinces1 where delicious fruit is grown in such abundance that it is left on the ground for the swine4 ,spain needs many more railroads and canals1 all of which1 when constructed1 are subsidized by the government2 the railroads at the rate of #ab1jjj a kilometer1 and many more additional advantages are offered for canals4 ,with regard to commerce with ,spain1 we have to lament the same indifference on the part of the ,americans4 ,i have1 for instance1 an ,american double-burner petroleum lamp4 ,all who see it admire and covet it1 but they are not to be had here4 ,if we except one ,american in ,madrid1 who brings mostly pumps and similar articles on a very small scale1 we have no dealers in ,american goods here4 ,wooden clothes pins1 lemon squeezers1 clothes horses1 potato peelers1 and the hundreds of domestic appliances of ,american invention1 elsewhere considered indispensable1 are in ,spain unknown4 ,we had confidently expected that the new ,spanish law on patents would draw the attention of ,american inventors toward this country1 that to-day offers a wide field for every new practical invention1 but ,i am sorry to see that1 with the exception of ,edison and a few others1 the ,americans have not yet availed themselves of the easy facility for taking patents for ,spain1 where new inventions and new industries are now eagerly accepted and adopted4 ,and while the ,americans are thus careless as to their own interests1 the ,french take out and negotiate1 in ,spain1 ,american patents with insignificant variations4 ,let ,american inventors be assured that any new invention1 useful and practical1 and above all1 requiring but little capital to establish it as an industry1 will find a ready sale in ,spain4 ,i could enlarge to a much greater extent upon the indifference of ,american inventors1 merchants1 manufacturers1 and business men1 as to the market they have in ,spain in their respective lines1 and upon the importance of building up a trade with this country1 but to do so would require more space than ,i think you would feel justified in occupying in your columns4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,peter ,,cooper ,,as ,,an ,,inventor4 ,the successes of ,peter ,cooper's long and useful life are well known4 ,not so many are aware of his varied experience in the direction of failure1 particularly in the field of invention4 ,more than once he has found his best devices profitless because ahead of his time1 or because of conditions1 political or otherwise1 which no one could foresee4 ,he possessed the rare qualities1 however1 of pluck and perseverance1 and when one thing failed he lost no time in trying something else4 ,before he was of age he had learned three trades--and he did not make his fortune at either4 ,in a familiar conversation with a ,herald writer recently1 ,mr4 ,cooper related some of his early experiences1 particularly with reference to enterprises which did not succeed4 ,his father was a hatter1 and as a boy young ,cooper learned how to make a hat in all its parts4 ,the father was not successful in business1 and the hatter's trade seems to have offered little encouragement to the son4 ,accordingly he learned the art of making ale4 ,why he did not stick to that calling and become a millionaire brewer1 ,mr4 ,cooper does not say4 ,most probably the national taste for stronger tipple could not at that time be overcome1 and ale could not compete with ,new ,england rum and apple-jack4 ,the young mechanic next essayed the art of coachmaking1 at which he served a full apprenticeship4 ,at the end of his time his employer offered to set him up in business1 but the offer was not accepted1 through fear of losing another's money4 ,he felt that if he took the money and lost it he would have to be a slave for life4 ,so he quit coachmaking and went to work for a man at ,hempstead1 ,l4 ,i41 making machines for shearing cloth4 ,in three years1 on #a4ej a day1 ,cooper had saved enough money to buy his employer's patent4 ,immediately he introduced improvements in the manufacture and in the machine1 which the war with ,england made a great demand for by excluding foreign cloths4 ,at this time ,cooper married4 ,in due time the family numbered three1 and the young father's inventive faculty was again called upon4 ,in those days1 said ,mr4 ,cooper to the reporter1 smiling as the remembrance came to his mind1 we kept no servants as they do nowadays1 and my wife and myself had to do all that was to be done4 ,after our first child was born ,i used to come into the house and find my wife rocking the cradle1 and ,i relieved her from that while ,i was there4 ,after doing that for a few days ,i thought to myself that ,i could make that thing go of itself4 ,so ,i went into my shop1 and made a pendulous cradle that would rock the child4 ,then ,i attached a musical instrument which would sing for it1 and at the same time the machine would keep the flies off4 ,the latter was very simple2 by hanging something to the cross bar1 as the cradle swung under it1 backward and forward1 it would create wind enough to drive away the flies4 ,the machine was wound up by a weight1 and would run for nearly half an hour without stopping4 ,i took out a patent for it1 and one day a peddler came along with a horse and wagon1 as they do in the country1 and saw the cradle4 ,he struck a bargain with me and bought the patent right for the ,state of ,connecticut1 giving for it his horse and wagon and all the goods he had with him4 ,they afterward made some there1 but nothing like as good as mine4 ,it was a beautiful piece of furniture1 said ,mr4 ,cooper regretfully1 as he thought of it as a thing of the past4 ,they afterward substituted springs for the weight movement1 but that kind was not so good4 ,about this time the war with ,england ended and the market was spoiled for the shearing machines4 ,then1 we believe1 ,mr4 ,cooper tried his hand at cabinetmaking1 but that failed1 and he set up a grocery store where the ,bible ,house now stands4 ,while selling groceries ,mr4 ,cooper made an invention which ought to have made his fortune1 but it did not4 ,the story is best told in ,mr4 ,cooper's own words3 ,it was just before the ,erie ,canal was completed1 and ,i conceived a plan by which to tow boats by the use of all the elevated waters on the line of the canal4 ,to demonstrate that that was practicable ,i made with my own hands a chain two miles long1 and placed posts #bjj feet apart in the ,east ,river from ,bellevue dock down town about a mile4 ,these posts supported grooved wheels to lay the chain in1 forming an endless chain4 ,the whole was moved by an overshot waterwheel placed at the ,bellevue dock4 ,a reservoir twelve feet square and three deep held the water to turn the wheel4 ,at the suggestion of ,governor ,clinton ,mr4 ,cooper tightened his chain and pulled up the end post just before the grand trial of his device was to come off4 ,he succeeded in getting stone enough to anchor the post1 however1 and the experiment went off swimmingly4 ,the boat was hooked on to the chain1 and the passage back and forward--two miles--was made in eleven minutes4 ,i ran that boat some ten days1 says ,mr4 ,cooper1 to let people see what could be done1 and carried nearly a thousand people4 ,part of the time ,i ran two boats4 ,once ,i counted #eb people in one boat4 ,i made the whole chain myself and planted the posts4 ,as ,i could find no wheels to suit me ,i made the moulds and cast the wheels myself out of block tin and zinc4 ,it was no small job1 ,i can tell you4 ,this was unquestionably a grand invention4 ,in itself it was a perfect success2 but it was not used4 ,mr4 ,cooper tells why3 ,it demonstrated completely that the elevated water power along the line of the canal and every lock in the canal could be made use of to drive the boats4 ,governor ,clinton gave me #hjj for the privilege of buying the right to the plan in case he should want to use it on the ,erie ,canal4 ,in making the canal he had promised the people along the route that as soon as it was finished they could sell their horses to tow the boats1 their grain and fodder to feed the horses1 and their provisions for the passengers4 ,on reflection he thought that if he took all that away from them he would have to run the gantlet again1 and he could not afford to do that4 ,there never was anything done with the plan until a few years ago1 when ,mr4 ,welch1 president of the ,camden and ,amboy ,railroad and ,canal1 invented exactly the same thing and put it in practice on his locks on the canal4 ,he found it saved half the time and great expense4 ,he went to ,washington to take out a patent for it1 and when he got there he found that ,i had patented the same thing fifty-three years before4 ,my patent had run out1 so he could use the plan on his canal4 ,it has also been used on one lock on the ,erie ,canal4 ,if they could have used that chain on the whole length of the ,erie ,canal it would have saved many millions of dollars4 ,this would not be a bad place1 were there room for it1 to speak of undeveloped and therefore worthless inventions2 and the assumption that if an inventor does not make his invention immediately profitable it must be good for nothing1 and should be dispatented4 ,but the moral goes without telling4 ,mr4 ,cooper's next attempt at invention was made about the same time1 but in quite a different direction4 ,it was during the struggle of the ,greeks for independence1 and wishing to do something for their assistance1 ,mr4 ,cooper undertook to make a torpedo boat for them4 ,mr4 ,cooper says3 ,it was a small one that could be taken on board ship and used to destroy any vessel that came to destroy them4 ,it was fixed with a rotary steam engine and a screw wheel to propel it4 ,it was intended to be guided from the ship or the shore4 ,there were two steel wires fixed to the tiller of the rudder1 and the operator could pull on one side or the other and guide the vessel just as a horse is guided with reins4 ,it was so arranged that at night it would carry a light with its dark side toward the object to be destroyed1 and by simply keeping the light in range with the vessel it would be sure to hit it4 ,the torpedo was carried on a little iron rod1 projecting in front of the torpedo vessel a few inches under water4 ,contact would discharge the torpedo and bend this iron rod4 ,this would reverse the action of the engine and cause the torpedo vessel to return right back from whence it came1 ready to carry another torpedo4 ,unfortunately the torpedo boat was not ready in time to go with the ship carrying the contributions for ,greece4 ,it was stored in ,mr4 ,cooper's factory 7he had then turned his attention to glue7 and was destroyed by the burning of the factory4 ,it seems to have been quite a promising affair for the time4 ,mr4 ,cooper says3 ,i experimented with it at once to see how far it could be guided4 ,i made a steel wire ten miles long and went down to the ,narrows to test the matter4 ,i had steel yards fastened to one end of the wire1 and to the other end the torpedo vessel as attached4 ,it got about six miles away when a vessel coming into the harbor crossed the wire and broke it4 ,although the experiment was not complete it showed that for at least six miles ,i could guide the vessel as easily as ,i could guide a horse4 ,mr4 ,cooper's work as the pioneer locomotive builder in this country2 his later inventions and improvements in the manufacture of railway iron and wrought iron beams for fireproof buildings2 his application of anthracite coal to iron puddling1 and his other successes are almost as widely known as his philanthropic efforts for the education and advancement of the industrial classes of this city4 ,after all1 we are not sure but the story of his long and varied and always honorable career1 told by himself1 would not be worth1 to young people who have to make their way in life through many difficulties1 more even than the advantages of the noble institution which bears his name4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,taste ,,for ,,reading4--,sir ,john ,herschel has declared that if he were to pray for a taste which should stand under every variety of circumstance and be a source of happiness and cheerfulness to him through life1 it would be a taste for reading4 ,give a man1 he affirms1 that taste1 and the means of gratifying it1 and you cannot fail of making him good and happy2 for you bring him in contact with the best society in all ages1 with the tenderest1 the bravest1 and the purest men who have adorned humanity1 making him a denizen of all nations1 a contemporary of all times1 and giving him a practical proof that the world has been created for him1 for his solace1 and for his enjoyment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,africa ,,crossed ,,again4 ,information has been received by way of ,lisbon1 ,march #ab1 that the ,portuguese explorer1 ,pinto1 has succeeded in traversing ,africa from west to east1 and has reached ,transvaal4 ,the latitude of his course across is not mentioned4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,curious ,,facts ,,in ,,magnetism4 ,at the meeting of the ,new ,york ,academy of ,sciences ,february #agth1 the article in the ,march number of ,harper's ,magazine1 entitled ,gary's ,magnetic ,motor1 was incidentally alluded to1 and ,prof4 ,c4 ,a4 ,seeley made the following remarks3 ,the article claims that ,mr4 ,gary has made a discovery of a neutral line or surface1 at which the polarity of an induced magnet1 while moving in the field of the inducing pole1 is changed4 ,the alleged discovery appears to be an exaggerated statement of some curious facts1 which1 although not new1 are not commonly recognized4 ,if a bar of iron be brought up1 end on1 near a magnetic pole1 the bar becomes an induced magnet1 but an induced magnet quite different from what our elementary treatises seem to predict4 ,on the first scrutiny it is a magnet without a neutral point1 and only one kind of magnetism--namely1 that of the inducing pole4 ,moreover1 the single pole is pretty evenly distributed over the whole surface1 so that if iron filings be sprinkled on the bar they will be attracted at all points and completely cover it4 ,now1 if while the bar is covered by filings it be moved away from the inducing pole1 the filings will gradually and progressively fall1 beginning at the end nearest the inducing pole and continuing to some point near the middle of the bar2 the filings at the remote end will generally be held permanently4 ,when the bar is carried beyond the field of the inducing pole it is simply a weak magnet of ordinary properties--i4 e41 of two poles and a neutral point between them4 ,a plausible and simple explanation of this case is that the inducing pole holds or binds the induced magnetism of opposite name1 so that it has no external influence2 the two magnetisms are related to each other as are the positive and negative electricities of the ,leyden jar4 ,let the inducing pole be ,n42 the ,s4 of the bar will be attracted by it and bound1 while the ,n4 of the bar becomes abnormally free and active4 ,on moving the bar from the pole the bound magnetism is released and a part becomes residual magnetism4 ,now when the residual balances the free magnetism which is of opposite name1 we are on ,gary's neutral line4 ,in a restricted sense there is a change of polarity over the half of the bar contiguous to the inducing pole2 on the other half there is no change of pole in any sense4 ,experiment with a shingle nail in the place of the filings1 la ,gary1 bring the nail to the induced bound pole1 and it may be held1 except at the neutral line4 ,now if one will read the magazine article with such ideas as these he will feel pretty sure that the writer of it has used words recklessly1 that ,gary has not made an original discovery1 and that the neutral line1 whatever it be1 has only an imagined relation to the principle of the motor4 ,the ,gary ,motor as a perpetual motion scheme1 of course1 is not worthy of serious notice from a society devoted to science4 ,it has no noteworthy novelty of construction or conception4 ,mr4 ,gary is afflicted with the very old delusion of the cut-off or shield of magnetism1 which is to cost less than what comes from it4 ,his cut-off is a sheet of iron1 which we know acts simply as an armature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,phenomenon ,,in ,,statical ,,electricity4 ,m4 ,e4 ,duter1 in a paper read before the ,french ,academy in ,december1 showed that when a ,leyden jar is charged with either positive or negative electricity its internal volume increases1 and that this effect is a new phenomenon1 unexplainable by either a theory of an increase of temperature or of an electrical pressure4 ,the experiment was performed by means of a flask-shaped ,leyden jar with a long tube attached to its neck1 and containing a liquid which served as the inner armature4 ,the author's attention had been called to the fact that this phenomenon had been observed ten years ago by ,m4 ,gori4 ,his researches1 just made public1 leave no doubt of the accuracy of ,m4 ,duter's view1 that the glass of the jar really expands4 ,according to the theory of elasticity1 the effect of an internal pressure in a hollow sphere is in the inverse ratio of its thickness4 ,m4 ,duter1 therefore1 had three flasks made of the same volume1 but of thicknesses of #d mm41 #j4h mm41 and #j4e mm4 respectively4 ,they were filled with water and enveloped by tin foil4 ,each carried a capillary thermometer tube1 in which the variations of the height of liquid served to measure the changes in volume due to electrification4 ,he found that these changes were imperceptible in the thick glass1 very marked in the flask of mean thickness1 and rose to #cj mm4 in the thinnest4 ,the variations in volume were very nearly in inverse ratio of the square roots of the thicknesses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,ore ,,crusher4 ,the accompanying engravings represent an improved ore crusher1 which is said to be very effective and economical in the use of power4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,,brown',s ,,ore ,,crusher4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,,horizontal ,,section4 ,a short vertical cast iron cylinder1 ,a1 having in one side a discharge opening1 ,h1 contains all of the movable parts4 ,the upper portion of the cylinder is lined with chilled iron plates1 ,l1 and an inclined chute1 ,x1 leads to the discharge opening1 ,h4 ,a rigid shaft1 ,b1 carries the circular crusher1 ,c1 and moves in a ball and socket joint at the upper end1 and extends eccentrically through the boss of a bevel wheel1 ,g1 at its lower end1 and rests on a step supported by a lever that may be adjusted by the screw1 ,r4 ,the wheel1 ,g1 is driven by the pinion1 ,p1 on whose shaft there are a pulley and a fly-wheel4 ,the double gyratory motion of the crusher1 ,c1 causes it to approach all portions of the lining1 ,l1 crushing whatever lies between4 ,it is said that this machine is capable of crushing #aj tons of the hardest ore per hour4 ,its weight is #f1ejj lbs4--,muse de l',industrie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,recent ,,american ,,patents4 ,enos ,richmond1 of ,troy1 ,n4 ,y41 has invented a steak tenderer1 having a plunger studded with chisel-pointed rods1 and arranged in a case in connection with an elevating spring4 ,a blow upon the knob at the top of the plunger forces the chisel-pointed rods through holes in the casing into the meat1 the casing resting on the surface of the steak4 ,messrs4 ,a4 ,w4 ,southard and ,volney ,r4 ,sears1 of ,falls ,city1 ,neb41 have patented an improved invalid bedstead1 which is provided with ingenious mechanism for placing the invalid in different positions4 ,an improved spring attachment for carriage tops1 which is designed to prevent the rear bow from being bent by the weight of the top when turned back1 has been patented by ,mr4 ,robert ,e4 ,mc,cormick1 of ,doylestown1 ,o4 ,mr4 ,espy ,gallipher1 of ,schellsburg1 ,pa41 has devised an axle journal having a groove lengthwise upon its upper side which extends back upon the surface of the axle and communicates with an oil cup4 ,a sliding rod occupies a portion of the groove2 when this rod is drawn out it permits the oil to fill the groove2 when it is pushed into the groove in the axle1 the oil is ejected and a further supply is cut off4 ,an improved pill machine1 invented by ,messrs4 ,w4 ,n4 ,fort and ,r4 ,r4 ,moore1 of ,lewisville1 ,ark41 is adapted to the manufacture of pills in large quantities4 ,the machine has mechanism for grinding and mixing ingredients1 a grooved wheel and trough for forming the pills1 and a device for applying powder4 ,an improvement in millstone adjustments has been patented by ,mr4 ,stephen ,p4 ,walling1 of ,south ,edmeston1 ,n4 ,y4 ,this invention consists in a screw applied to the end of the mill spindle on which the stone is rigidly held1 so that the running stone may be forced by the screw away from the stationary stone and held against the action of a spring at the opposite end of the spindle1 the object being to prevent the stones from becoming dulled by contact with each other4 ,an improved attachment for sewing machines for soaking or waxing the thread as it passes the needle1 has been patented by ,mr4 ,pedro ,f4 ,fernandez1 of ,san ,juan1 ,porto ,rico4 ,the invention consists in a frame secured to the arm of a sewing machine by a thumb-screw1 and provided with a clamping device for holding wax or soap4 ,a novel combination of a toggle and springs and levers for operating a drag saw has been patented by ,mr4 ,harvey ,hughes1 of ,wheat ,ridge1 ,ohio4 ,the saw1 while properly guided1 is free to move up or down without affecting the leverage4 ,an improvement in filters1 which consists in re-enforcing the felt disk with a backing of wire cloth to enable it to resist heavy water pressure1 has been patented by ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,chatfield1 of ,aiken1 ,s4 ,c4 ,a basket having light sheet metal sides attached to a wooden bottom by crimping the edges over a rib on the periphery of the bottom1 has been patented by ,mr4 ,samuel ,friend1 of ,decatur1 ,ill4 ,the handle and lid may be easily removed to permit of packing and storage4 ,an improved cross bar for fastening doors1 patented by ,mr4 ,richard ,condon1 of ,la ,salle1 ,ill41 has a spring acted portion which engages a socket on the door casing1 and is retained in that position by a spring catch4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,ironing ,,table4 ,the accompanying engraving represents a convenient and inexpensive table recently patented by ,mr4 ,albert ,h4 ,hogins1 of ,morrisania1 ,n4 ,y4 ,it is more especially designed for ironing1 but it may be used for other purposes when closed up4 ,the top is made in two tapering sections1 ,a ,b4 ,the section1 ,b1 is narrower than the other1 and is pivoted at its wider end to a bar1 ,e1 which slides into a socket formed in the table4 ,the table has five legs1 one of which1 ,d1 is attached to a sliding rail that supports the narrower end of the movable part of the top4 ,the table is provided with a drawer in one end and with a tray1 ,c1 for containing blankets1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,hogins ,,improved ,,table4 ,the convenience and practicability of this table for general laundry use1 will be apparent without further explanation4 ,the board1 ,b1 when drawn out will be used for ironing skirts1 shirts1 and other garments requiring a board of this character1 and when the table is closed together and fastened by the hooks1 it may be used in ironing larger articles4 ,when closed it presents the appearance of an ordinary table and may be used as such4 ,further information may be obtained by addressing the inventor as above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,novel ,,engine ,,regulator4 ,the accompanying engraving represents two different styles of regulator1 invented by ,mr4 ,stenberg1 in which the effect of centrifugal force is utilized4 ,in a vessel1 ,a1 of parabolic shape is placed a disk1 ,c1 which floats on glycerine contained by the vessel1 and is attached to the walls of the vessel by an annular membrane1 so that it may rise and fall in a vertical direction as the glycerine is carried with more or less force toward the edge of the vessel by centrifugal action4 ,the inner surface of the vessel1 ,a1 is provided with radial grooves1 by which the rotary motion of the vessel is communicated to the glycerine4 ,to the center of the disk1 ,c1 is attached a vertical rod1 which extends downward through the hollow shaft and is connected with governor valve4 ,an increase of speed throws the glycerine toward the periphery of the valve1 and1 raising the disk1 ,c1 closes the steam valve2 a diminution of speed permits the glycerine to fall back1 when the disk descends and the valve opens4 ,illustration3 ,,stenberg ,,regulator4 ,the disk1 ,c1 has a small aperture for the admission and escape of air1 and the apparatus is adjusted by pouring lead into the groove in the disk4 ,the regulator shown in ,fig4 #b operates upon the same principle1 but it is adjusted by means of a spring4 ,this apparatus is manufactured by ,blancke ,bros41 ,magdeburg4--,muse de l',industrie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,strange ,,people4 ,botel ,tobago is an island in the ,south ,seas which has lately been visited by a party of ,united ,states naval officers4 ,they were surveying a rock east of the ,south ,cape of ,formosa1 and called at this island4 ,they found a curious race of ,malay stock4 ,these aborigines did not know what money was good for4 ,nor had they ever used tobacco or rum4 ,they gave the officers goats and pigs for tin pots and brass buttons1 and hung around the vessel all day in their canoes waiting for a chance to dive for something which might be thrown overboard4 ,they wore clouts only1 ate taro and yams1 and had axes1 spears1 and knives made of common iron4 ,their canoes were made without nails1 and were ornamented with geometrical lines4 ,they wore the beards of goats and small shells as ornaments4 ,such is the account of these strange people given by ,dr4 ,siegfried1 in a letter read at the last meeting of the ,philadelphia ,academy of ,natural ,sciences4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,remedy ,,for ,,the ,,new ,,carpet ,,beetle4 ,noticing a statement made by ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,lintner1 to the effect that the ,persian insect powder would probably prove unavailing as a remedy against the ravages of the new carpet beetle 7,anthrenus71 ,w4 ,l4 ,carpenter1 of the ,u4,s4,a41 was led to institute some experiments with this well known insecticide1 the results of which he communicates to the current number of the ,naturalist4 ,a small quantity of the powder was introduced1 on the point of a penknife1 under a tumbler beneath which various insects were consecutively confined4 ,the movements of the insects brought them in contact with the poison1 which readily adhered to their body2 in endeavoring to remove it from their appendages a few particles would be carried to the mouth and thence to the stomach1 with fatal effect4 ,the results were briefly thus3 ,a honey bee became helpless in #ae minutes2 a mad wasp in #h minutes2 a small ant in #e minutes2 a large butterfly resisted the effects for over an hour1 and apparently recovered1 but died the next day2 a house-fly became helpless in #aj minutes2 a mosquito in #ae2 and a flea in #c minutes4 ,in experimenting on beetles1 an insect was secured as nearly the size of the carpet beetle as could be found4 ,it was easily affected1 and became helpless in #ab minutes4 ,in these1 and experiments with various other insects1 the scent from the powder did not produce any bad effect on those subjected to its odor where actual contact was not possible2 but when carried to the mandibles the effect was to produce complete paralysis of the motor nerves4 ,the experiments prove that all insects having open mouth parts are peculiarly susceptible to this popular insecticide4 ,as a result1 the writer does not hesitate to recommend the powder to housekeepers as an infallible agent in destroying the carpet beetle and preventing its ravages4 ,the ,persian insect powder liberally sprinkled upon the floor before putting down a carpet1 and afterward freely placed around the edges1 and never swept away1 will suffice to preserve a large sized carpet4 ,no ill effects from its use need be feared by the householder1 since the drug is poisonous to no kinds of animals except insects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,banana ,,flour4 ,the banana has recently found a new use in ,venezuela4 ,it has the property of keeping the soil moist round it1 in a country where sometimes no rain falls for months2 so it has been employed to give freshness1 as well as shade1 to the coffee plant1 whose cultivation has been greatly extended 7,venezuela produced #ch1jjj1jjj kilogrammes of coffee in #ahgf74 ,the ,venezuelans can consume but little of the banana fruit thus furnished1 so that attention is being given to increasing its value as an export4 ,at the ,paris ,exhibition were samples of banana flour 7got by drying and pulverizing the fruit before maturity7 and brandy 7from the ripe fruit7 ,the flour has been analyzed by ,,mm4 ,marcano and ,muntz4 ,it contains #ff4a per cent of starch1 and only #b4i of azotized matter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,stencil ,,pen4 ,the accompanying engraving shows new form of stencil pen invented by ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,brickenridge1 of ,la ,fayette1 ,ind4 ,in ,fig4 #a the entire apparatus is shown in perspective2 ,fig4 #b is a longitudinal section of the pen2 and ,fig4 #c is a vertical section of a portion of the driving apparatus4 ,in this instrument compressed air is used as a motive force for driving the perforating needle4 ,the inverted cup1 shown in detail in ,fig4 #c1 has its mouth closed with a flexible diaphragm1 which is vibrated rapidly by a pitman having a convex end attached by its center to the middle of the diaphragm4 ,the pitman is reciprocated by a simple treadle motion1 which will be readily understood by reference to ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,brickenridge',s ,,pneumatic ,,stencil ,,pen4 ,the cup has a small aperture covered by a valve to admit of the entrance of air when the diaphragm is drawn down4 ,the pen1 shown in detail in ,fig4 #b1 has a cup and flexible diaphragm similar to the one already described4 ,the diaphragm rests upon the enlarged end of a bar which carries at its lower end a perforating needle4 ,the pen is connected with the driving mechanism by a flexible tube4 ,the needle bar is pressed lightly against the diaphragm by a spiral spring4 ,when the treadle motion is operated the impelling diaphragm is rapidly vibrated1 and through the medium of the air contained in the flexible tube it communicates motion to the pen diaphragm and consequently to the needle bar and needle4 ,if1 while the needle is reciprocated in this way1 the pen is moved over the surface of the paper1 a line of fine perforations will be made4 ,with this instrument stencils may be made for making multiplied copies of maps1 drawings1 and manuscripts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,origin ,,and ,,progress ,,of ,,ocean ,,telegraphy4 ,at the celebration in this city of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the formation of the company for laying the first ,atlantic cable1 ,monday1 ,march #aj1 the projector of the enterprise1 ,mr4 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field1 spoke as follows3 ,,neighbors ,,and ,,friends3 ,twenty-five years ago this evening1 in this house1 in this room1 and on this table1 and at this very hour1 was signed the agreement to form the ,new ,york1 ,newfoundland and ,london ,telegraph ,company--the first company ever formed to lay an ocean cable4 ,it was signed by five persons1 four of whom--,peter ,cooper1 ,moses ,taylor1 ,marshall ,o4 ,roberts1 and myself--are here to-night4 ,the fifth1 ,mr4 ,chandler ,white1 died two years after1 and his place was taken by ,mr4 ,wilson ,g4 ,hunt1 who is also present4 ,of my associates1 it is to be said to their honor--as might have been expected from men of their high position and character--that they stood by the undertaking manfully for twelve long years1 through discouragements such as nobody knows but themselves4 ,those who applaud our success know little through what struggles it was obtained4 ,one disappointment followed another1 till hope deferred made the heart sick4 ,we had little help from outside1 for few had any faith in our enterprise4 ,but not a man deserted the ship3 all stood by it to the end4 ,my brother ,dudley is also here1 who1 as the counsel of the company1 was present at the signing of the agreement1 and went with ,mr4 ,white and myself the week after to ,newfoundland1 to obtain the charter1 and was our legal adviser through those anxious and troubled years1 when success seemed very doubtful4 ,at ,st4 ,john's the first man to give us a hearty welcome1 and who aided us in obtaining our charter1 was ,mr4 ,edward ,m4 ,archibald1 then ,prime ,minister of ,newfoundland1 and now for more than twenty years the honored representative of ,her ,majesty's ,government at this port1 who is also here to-night4 ,it is a matter for grateful acknowledgment that we were spared to see accomplished the work that we began2 and that we meet now1 at the end of a quarter of a century1 to look with wonder at what has been wrought since in other parts of the world4 ,our little company came into existence only a few weeks before the ,western ,union ,telegraph ,company1 which is entitled to share in our congratulations1 and has kindly brought a connecting wire into this room1 by which we can this evening communicate with every town and village from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific2 and by our sea cables1 with ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,australia1 ,new ,zealand1 the ,west ,indies1 and ,south ,america4 ,while our small circle has been broken by death but once1 very different has it been with the ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company1 which was formed in ,london in #ahef1 to extend our line across the ocean4 ,at its beginning there were eighteen ,english and twelve ,american directors1 thirty in all1 of whom twenty-nine have either died or retired from the board4 ,i alone still remain one of the directors4 ,many of the great men of science on both sides of the ,atlantic1 who inspired us by their knowledge and their enthusiasm1 have passed away4 ,we have lost ,bache1 whose ,coast ,survey mapped out the whole line of the ,american shores2 and ,maury1 who first taught us to find a path through the depths of the seas2 and ,berryman1 who sounded across the ,atlantic2 and ,morse2 and last1 but not least1 ,henry4 ,across the water we miss some who did as much as any men in their generation to make the name of ,england great--,faraday and ,wheatstone1 ,stephenson and ,brunel--all of whom gave us freely of their invaluable counsel1 refusing all compensation1 because of the interest which they felt in the solution of a great problem of science and engineering skill4 ,it is a proud satisfaction to remember that while the two ,governments aided us so generously with their ships1 making surveys of the ocean1 and even carrying our cables in the first expeditions1 such men as these gave their support to an enterprise which was to unite the two countries1 and in the end to bring the whole world together4 ,others there are1 among the living and the dead1 to whom we are under great obligations4 ,but ,i cannot repeat the long roll of illustrious names4 ,yet ,i must pay a passing tribute to one who was my friend1 as he was the steadfast friend of my country--,richard ,cobden4 ,he was one of the first to look forward with the eye of faith to what has since come to pass4 ,as long ago as #ahea he had a sort of prophet's dream that the ocean might yet be crossed1 and advised ,prince ,albert to devote the profits of the great ,london ,exhibition of that year to an attempt thus to unite ,england with ,america4 ,he did not live to see his dream fulfilled4 ,but though men die1 their works1 their discoveries1 and their inventions live4 ,from that small beginning under this roof1 arose an art till then scarcely known1 that of telegraphing through the depths of the sea4 ,twenty-five years ago there was not an ocean cable in the world4 ,a few short lines had been laid across the channel from ,england to the ,continent1 but all were in shallow water4 ,even science hardly dared to conceive of the possibility of sending human intelligence through the abysses of the ocean4 ,but when we struck out to cross the ,atlantic1 we had to lay a cable over #b1jjj miles long1 in water over #b miles deep4 ,that great success gave an immense impulse to submarine telegraphy then in its infancy1 but which has since grown till it has stretched out its fingers tipped with fire into all the waters of the globe4 ,its lines have gone into all the earth1 and its words to the ends of the world4 ,to-day there are over #gj1jjj miles of cable1 crossing the seas and the oceans4 ,and1 as if it were not enough to have messages sent with the speed of lightning1 they must be sent in opposite directions at the same moment4 ,i have just received a telegram from ,valentia1 ,ireland1 which reads1 ,this anniversary witnesses duplex working across the ,atlantic as an accomplished fact--by which the capacity of all our ocean cables is doubled4 ,who can measure the effect of this swift intelligence passing to and fro8 ,already it regulates the markets of the world4 ,but better still is the new relation into which it brings the different kindreds of mankind4 ,nations are made enemies by their ignorance of each other4 ,a better acquaintance leads to a better understanding2 the sense of nearness1 the relation of neighborhood1 awakens the feeling of brotherhood4 ,is it not a sign that a better age is coming1 when along the ocean beds strewn with the wrecks of war1 now glide the messages of peace8 ,one thing only remains which ,i still hope to be spared to see1 and in which to take a part1 the laying of a cable from ,san ,francisco to the ,sandwich ,islands--for which ,i have received this very day a concession from ,king ,kalakaua1 by his ,minister1 who is here to night--and from thence to ,japan1 by which the island groups of the ,pacific may be brought into communication with the continents on either side--,asia and ,america--thus completing the circuit of the globe4 ,but life is passing1 and perhaps that is to be left to other hands4 ,many of our old companions have fallen1 and we must soon give place to our successors4 ,but though we shall pass away1 it is a satisfaction to have been able to do something that shall remain when we are gone4 ,if in what ,i have done to advance this enterprise1 ,i have done something for the honor of my country and the good of the world1 ,i am devoutly grateful to my ,creator4 ,this has been the great ambition of my life1 and is the chief inheritance which ,i leave to my children4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,correspondence4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,gary ,,motor4 ,to the ,editor of the ,scientific ,american3 ,in your article on the ,gary ,motor1 issue of ,march #h1 page #add1 you say3 ,there is no neutral line in the sense that polarity changes when ,mr4 ,gary moves his piece of sheet iron with its attached shingle nail across the pole or near the pole of a magnet4 ,the most delicate instruments fail to detect such a change of polarity1 etc4 ,mr4 ,gary's claim of a neutral line is of course absurd1 but you are wrong in saying that the polarity does not change under the conditions described in the ,harper's ,monthly article4 ,mr4 ,gary is perfectly correct in claiming a change of polarity in that experiment1 although his other claim of deriving from this change of polarity a continuous motion without consuming energy are manifestly absurd4 ,illustration3 ,gary ,motor ,a4 ,illustration3 ,gary ,motor ,b4 ,the change of polarity is easily explained4 ,if a bar of soft iron1 whose length is two or three times the distance between the poles of the horseshoe magnet1 be placed in front of the latter as in the sketch1 and at some distance1 poles will be induced1 as shown by the letters ,n ,s4 ,now let the bar approach the magnet4 ,when within a short distance consequent points will be formed and the polarity at the ends will be reversed1 the bar having four poles1 as in the second sketch4 ,the bar of soft iron must have certain dimensions depending on the size and power of the horseshoe magnet4 ,by using a powerful electro-magnet in place of a permanent one1 a soft iron bar of considerable size may be used1 and the change of polarity exhibited by showing the repulsion in one case for the south pole and in the other for the north pole of a heavy permanent magnet4 ,when in the proper position a very small movement of the soft iron bar is sufficient to produce the change4 ,,wm4 ,a4 ,,anthony4 ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,march #b1 #ahgi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gary',s ,,neutral ,,line4 ,to the ,editor of the ,scientific ,american3 ,i have just read the article in the issue of ,march #h1 on the ,gary ,motor1 and cannot refrain from offering a suggestion on the subject4 ,when ,i read the article referred to in ,harper's1 ,i formed the same opinion of the so-called invention that the writer in the ,,scientific ,,american has expressed1 and1 in the main1 such is my opinion still4 ,i1 however1 tried the experiment by which ,gary claims to prove the existence of his neutral line1 and soon found the same explanation that the writer in the ,,american has given4 ,i then1 curiously enough1 modified the experiment in precisely the manner he suggests1 placing the magnet in a vertical position1 and using first a piece of sheet iron and then an iron wire under it4 ,this was before seeing the article in the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,my experiment is well illustrated by the writer's diagram1 except that the nail should be at the end of the iron wire1 where its polarity is of course most strongly marked4 ,but the result is not as he states it4 ,for1 as the wire is brought up toward the magnet1 the nail drops off before the wire touches the magnet4 ,when the sheet iron is used1 the point at which the nail drops off is farther from the magnet than in the case of the wire1 and when it is brought nearer it will again pick up the nail1 which then continues to cling until the iron touches the magnet and afterwards4 ,thus the existence of a line in which the soft iron1 or induced magnet1 does not attract the nail1 and above and below which it does attract it1 is demonstrated4 ,that the polarity of the induced magnet is reversed when it crosses this line may be demonstrated as follows3 ,when it is held beyond 7or below7 this line 7,fig4 #a71 the negative pole of the permanent magnet1 the positive being kept at a distance1 may be made to approach the iron and touch it1 without causing the nail to drop4 7,fig4 #c47 ,but when contact occurs1 the whole of the iron must possess the polarity of that part of the magnet which it touches1 namely1 negative4 ,hence in the position indicated in ,fig4 #a1 the polarity of the induced magnet does not correspond with that of the permanent magnet1 but is as indicated by the letters4 ,on the other hand1 if the positive pole alone be made to approach1 the nail will drop2 but when it is very near1 or in contact1 it again holds the nail1 and the iron is now positive2 and if the negative pole also be now brought into contact1 the polarity of the soft iron will correspond with that of the magnet1 as shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,gary's ,neutral ,line ,a4 ,illustration3 ,gary's ,neutral ,line ,b4 ,illustration3 ,gary's ,neutral ,line ,c4 ,these experiments should be performed with the soft iron under both poles of the magnet1 and the ends of the former should extend somewhat beyond the poles of the latter1 or the nail is liable to jump to the magnet as the neutral line is crossed4 ,the position of the letters in ,fig4 #a1 of the previous article1 represents the polarity of the induced magnet to be the same as that of the permanent1 which is true only within 7or above7 the line described2 and this1 together with his statement that no such line can be discovered1 appears to indicate that the writer relied upon his knowledge of the laws of magnetism to state what would be the result1 without testing it experimentally4 ,it is probable that this reversal of polarity is susceptible of explanation by the known laws of magnetic currents1 but if it has hitherto escaped observation1 its discovery is certainly deserving of notice1 and may lead to valuable results4 ,of the fact1 any one may easily convince himself by the simple experiments above described4 ,g4 ,h4 ,,felton1 ,m4,d4 ,haverhill1 ,mass41 ,february #bh1 #ahgi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pneumatic ,,clocks4 ,to the ,editor of the ,scientific ,american3 ,in the description of the pneumatic clock1 copied from ,la ,nature1 and published in your journal of date #ast of ,march1 the invention is credited to me4 ,such is not the case4 ,by an arrangement between ,mr4 ,wenzel1 ,mr4 ,brandon of ,paris1 and myself1 patents have been obtained in ,france1 ,england1 etc41 for the clock1 and issued in my name2 but the honor of the invention belongs exclusively to ,hermann ,j4 ,wenzel1 of ,san ,francisco4 ,yours faithfully1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,muybridge4 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 ,february #bg1 #ahgi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,ice ,,cave ,,of ,,decorah1 ,,iowa4 ,to the ,editor of the ,scientific ,american3 ,some years ago ,i visited the ,ice ,cave of ,decorah1 ,winneshiek county1 ,iowa1 and having since been unable to receive any explanation of the wonderful phenomenon exhibited by it1 ,i write1 hoping that you or some correspondent may explain the paradox4 ,the thriving town of ,decorah lies in a romantic valley of the ,upper ,iowa ,river1 and the cave is almost within its corporate limits4 ,following the left bank of the stream1 one soon reaches the vicinity1 and with a hard scramble through a loose shale1 up the side of a precipitous hill1 forming the immediate bank of the river1 the entrance is gained--an opening #e feet wide and #h feet high4 ,these dimensions generally describe the cave's section4 ,from the entrance the course is a steep decline--seldom less than #dj4 ,at times the ceiling is so low that progress on hands and knees is necessary4 ,about #abe feet from the entrance the ,ice ,chamber is reached4 ,at this spot the cave widens into a well proportioned room1 #h by #ab feet4 ,the floor is solid ice of unknown thickness1 and on the right hand wall of the room a curtain of ice drops to the floor1 from a crevice extending horizontally in the rock at the height of one's eyes4 ,close examination discovers the water oozing from this crevice1 and as it finds its way down the side it freezes in the low temperature of the chamber4 ,singularly this one crevice1 and that no wider than a knife edge1 furnishes this1 nature's ice house1 with the necessary water4 ,it was a hot day in ,august1 the thermometer marking #hj in the shade when the visit was made1 and comparatively the cold was intense4 ,in common with all visitors1 we detached some large pieces of ice and with them hurriedly departed1 glad to regain the warmth of the outside world4 ,the most remarkable fact in connection with this wonder is that the water only freezes in the summer4 ,as the cold of actual winter comes on the ice of the cave gradually melts1 and when the river below is frozen by the fierce cold of ,northern ,iowa1 the ice has disappeared and a muddy slush has taken the place of the frigid floor4 ,i would add that the ice chamber forms the terminus of the cave4 ,beyond a shallow crevice in the crumbling rock forbids further advance4 ,the rock formation of this region is the ,portland sandstone4 ,why should the temperature of the ice chamber be such as to freeze the water trickling into it8 ,and above all1 why should the ice disappear with the cold of winter8 ,mansfield1 ,o4 ,h4 ,m4 ,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,writing ,,telegraph4 ,on the evening of ,february #bf1 #ahgi1 the writing telegraph of ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,cowper1 of ,london1 was exhibited in operation before the ,society of ,telegraph ,engineers1 in that city4 ,it is a curious and remarkable invention4 ,by its use the handwriting of the operator may be transmitted1 but a double circuit1 that is1 two telegraph wires1 are used4 ,the operator moves with his hand an upright pointer or stylus1 with which he writes the message on paper4 ,the stylus has two arms connected with it1 one of which arms1 when the stylus makes an upward movement1 causes a current to be sent over one wire1 while the other arm causes a current to pass over the other wire when the stylus is moved laterally4 ,these two motions are1 at the receiving end of the line1 made to operate on the needles of galvanometers1 and the latter are by silk threads combined or connected with a delicately suspended ink tube1 from which a minute stream of ink falls upon the strip of paper below it2 the arrangement being such that the combined motions of the galvanometers so move the ink pen as to make it correspond to the motion of the stylus at the sending end4 ,the apparatus is said to work very well1 and it is expected that it will form a useful adjunct to the art of telegraphy4 ,we present herewith a facsimile of writing done by this new instrument1 which has been worked with success over a line of forty miles length4 ,it is hardly probable that it can compete in rapidity with some of the telegraph instruments now in use2 but for many purposes it is likely to become important1 while in point of ingenuity it is certainly a great achievement1 and the author is deserving of the highest credit4 ,illustration3 ,writing ,telegraph4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,rare ,,geological ,,specimen4 ,rev4 ,r4 ,m4 ,luther1 while absent in attendance upon the ,missionary ,convention1 held in ,addison1 ,vt41 obtained through the kindness of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,nott a rare and curious geological specimen from the shores of ,lake ,champlain4 ,it is a slab of limestone1 about eleven inches long by six inches wide1 which seems to be composed almost entirely of fossils4 ,there is not half an inch square of the surface which does not show a fossil4 ,there are many varieties1 some of which have not been identified1 but among those which have been are many remains of the ,trinucleus conceniricus1 some specimens of ,petraia1 fragments of the ,orthis1 a number of ,discin1 several well preserved specimens of ,lepten1 and impressions of ,lingula4 ,the latter is the only shell which has existed from the first dawn of life until the present time without change4 ,the specimens of existing ,lingula are precisely similar to those found in the earliest geological formations4 ,there are also in the slab several rare specimens of seaweed1 remains of which are seldom found at so early an age in the geological history of the world4 ,the slab belongs to the lower ,silurian formation1 the first in which organic remains are found4 ,it is probably from the ,trenton epoch of that age4 ,if geologists can be trusted1 at the time the little animals1 whose remains are thus preserved1 were living1 the only part of this continent which had appeared above the primeval ocean was a strip of land along the present ,st4 ,lawrence ,river and the northern shores of the great lakes1 with a promontory reaching out toward the ,adirondacks1 and a few islands along what is now the ,atlantic coast line4--,bennington 7,vt47 ,banner4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cowper',s ,,writing ,,telegraph4 ,the most recent of the brilliant series of telegraphic marvels which has from time to time1 and especially of late1 engaged the attention of the world1 is the telegraphic pen of ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,cowper1 the well known engineer of ,great ,george street1 ,westminster4 ,this ingenious apparatus1 which constitutes the first real telegraph1 was publicly shown by its inventor at the meeting of the ,society of ,telegraph ,engineers on ,wednesday1 ,february #bf4 ,there had been no lack of copying telegraphs hitherto4 ,we have ,bakewell's1 ,casselli's1 ,meyer's1 and ,d',arlincourt's1 so recently tried at our ,general ,post ,office by ,mr4 ,preece4 ,all of these instruments telegraph an almost perfect copy of the writing or sketch submitted to them by means of synchronous mechanism4 ,but the process is necessarily complex and slow2 whereas by the new device a person may take the writing pencil in his hand1 and himself transmit his message in the act of writing it4 ,the principle which guided ,mr4 ,cowper to a solution of the problem which he has successfully overcome1 is the well known mathematical fact that the position of any point in a curve can be determined by its distance from two rectangular co-ordinates4 ,it follows1 then1 that every position of the point of a pencil1 stylus1 or pen1 as it forms a letter1 can be determined by its distance from two fixed lines1 say the adjacent edges of the paper4 ,moreover it is obvious that if these distances could be transmitted by telegraph and recombined so as to give a resultant motion to a duplicate pen1 a duplicate copy of the original writing would be produced4 ,but inasmuch as the writing stylus moves continuously over the paper1 the process of transmission would require to be a continuous one2 that is to say1 the current traversing the telegraph line1 and conveying the distances in question 7or what comes to the same thing1 the up and down1 and direct sidelong ranges of the stylus7 would require to vary continuously in accordance with the range to be transmitted4 ,mr4 ,cowper effects this by employing two separate telegraphic circuits1 each with its own wire1 battery1 sending1 and receiving apparatus4 ,one of these circuits is made to transmit the up and down component writing of the pencil's motion1 while the other simultaneously transmits its sidelong component4 ,at the receiving station these two components are then recomposed by a pantograph arrangement of taut cords1 or levers1 and the resultant motion is communicated to the duplicate pen at that place4 ,the plan adopted by ,mr4 ,cowper to transmit each continuously varying component is to cause the resistance of the circuit to vary very closely with the component in question4 ,fig4 #e shows how the apparatus is theoretically arranged for this purpose4 ,p is the writing style1 which is held in the writer's hand in the ordinary way1 while he shapes the letters one by one on paper pulled uniformly underneath by means of clockwork4 ,to ,p are attached1 at right angles1 two arms1 a a1 one for each circuit2 but as it is only necessary to consider one of the circuits1 say that sending up and down motions1 we will confine our attention for the present to the arm1 a4 ,one pole of the sending battery1 ,b1 is connected to the arm1 a1 the other pole being connected to earth4 ,now the arm1 a1 is fitted with a sliding contact at its free extremity1 and as the pencil1 ,p1 is moved in writing1 a slides lengthwise across the edges of a series of thin metal contact plates1 ,c1 insulated from each other by paraffined paper4 ,between each pair of these plates there is a resistance coil1 ,c1 and the last of these is connected through the last plate to the line1 ,l4 ,it will be seen that as a slides outward across the plates the current from the battery has to pass through fewer coils1 since a short-circuits a number of coils proportional to its motion4 ,but the fewer of these coils in circuit the stronger will be the current in the line2 so that the extent of the motion of the arm1 a1 in the direction of its length1 that is to say1 the direct component of the motion of the pencil along the line of the arm1 a1 is attended by a corresponding change in the current traversing the line4 ,if the pencil makes a long up and down stroke there will be a strong current in the line1 if a short one there will be a weak current1 and so on4 ,a precisely similar arrangement is used to transmit the sidelong motion of the pencil along the line1 ,l4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,the current from the line1 ,l1 flows at the receiving station through a powerful galvanometer1 ,g1 to earth4 ,the galvanometer has a stout needle1 one tip of which is connected to a duplicate pen1 ,p1 by a thread1 t1 which is kept taut by a second thread stretched by a spring1 s'4 ,the current from the line1 ,l'1 flows through a similar galvanometer1 ,g'1 to earth4 ,the needle of ,g' is also connected to the pen1 ,p1 by a taut thread1 t'1 stretched by means of the spring1 s4 ,now1 since the needle of each of these galvanometers deflects in proportion to the strength of the current flowing through its coil1 the points of these two needles keep moving with the varying currents4 ,but since these currents vary the motions of the sending pen1 the receiving pen controlled by the united movements of the needles will trace out a close copy of the original writing4 ,we give on another page a facsimile of a sentence written by ,mr4 ,cowper's telegraph4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,cowper ,,writing ,,telegraph4 ,the receiving pen is a fine glass siphon1 drawing off aniline ink from a small glass holder4 ,there are thirty-two coils1 ,c1 in each circuit1 with a corresponding number of contact plates1 c1 so as to get accuracy of working4 ,a few ,daniell's cells are sufficient to operate the apparatus1 and writing has been already sent successfully over a line #dj miles in length4 ,the writing may be received either of the same size or larger or smaller than the original1 as the case may be4 ,at present the writing must not be too hurried1 that is1 unless the characters are bold and well formed2 but further improvement will1 of course1 quicken the working of the apparatus4 ,the engravings1 ,figs4 #a to #d1 illustrate the actual apparatus4 ,fig4 #d is a plan of the sending instrument1 with the writing pencil1 a1 the traveling paper1 b1 the light connecting rods or arms1 d 7which correspond to a in the theoretical diagram above71 the series of metal contact plates over which these arms slide1 the resistance coils connected to these plates1 and the battery and line wires4 ,it will be seen that each arm1 d1 is connected to its particular battery1 and each set of contact plates to its particular line4 ,fig4 #c is an elevation of the sending instrument1 in which a is the pencil as before1 c c the contact plates over which the arms1 d d1 slide1 f f the coils1 and b the traveling slip of paper4 ,fig4 #b is a plan of the receiving instrument1 in which h h are the light pivoted needles surrounded by coils of fine insulated copper wires1 i i1 and controlled in their zero position by the electro-magnets1 j j j j1 placed underneath1 the whole forming a pair of galvanoscopes or current detecters1 one for each line4 ,it will be understood that the varying currents from the lines are allowed to flow through the coils1 i i1 so as to deflect the needles1 and that the deflections of the needles follow1 so to speak1 the variations of the currents4 ,the electro-magnets are magnetized by a local battery2 permanent magnets might1 however1 take their place with a gain in simplicity4 ,now the writing pen1 k1 is connected to the nearest tip of the needle1 h1 of each galvanoscope by threads1 n n1 which are kept taut by the fibers1 o#a o#b o#c1 the springs1 o1 and the pins1 o#d4 ,in this way the motions of the needles are recombined in the motion of the duplicate pen upon the paper1 p4 ,fig4 #a is an elevation of the receiving instrument1 in which i i are the coils as before1 j j j j the controlling electro-magnets1 k is the writing siphon dipping with its short leg into the ink well1 m1 and l is the bridge from which the writing siphon is suspended by means of a thread and spring4 ,the long leg of the siphon reaches down to the surface of the paper1 p1 which is pulled along beneath it in contact with the film of ink filling the point of the tube4 ,when the siphon is at rest its point marks a zero line along the middle of the paper1 but when the receiver is working1 the siphon point forms each letter of the message upon the paper as it passes4--,engineering4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aluminum4 ,the splendid exhibit of the ,french aluminum manufacturers at the late ,exhibition has again called attention to that metal1 which is so admirably adapted to many purposes on account of its great lightness and its stability under the influence of the atmosphere4 ,while aluminum industry has heretofore been thought to be confined to ,france solely1 we are now told by ,mr4 ,c4 ,bambery1 in the ,annual ,report of the ,society of ,berlin ,instrument ,makers1 that for some years past aluminum has been extensively manufactured in ,berlin4 ,three firms especially 7,stckradt1 ,hcke1 and ,schultze7 are engaged in this branch of industry4 ,the articles manufactured principally are nautical instruments1 as sextants1 compasses1 etc4 ,the ,german navy is supplied throughout with aluminum instruments4 ,as a proof of the superiority of ,german aluminum1 it may here be mentioned that the normal sets of weights and balances used by the ,international ,commission for the regulation of weights and measures1 which lately was in session at ,paris1 were obtained from ,stckradt1 in ,berlin1 and not from any of the firms at ,paris1 the reputed seat of aluminum industry4 ,aluminum is1 in ,berlin1 generally used pure1 and cast pieces only are composed of aluminum containing about #e per cent of silver4 ,nevertheless the use of aluminum will remain limited1 even in case the cost of manufacturing it could be materially reduced1 until some method shall have been discovered by which aluminum may be soldered4 ,this difficulty has1 in spite of all efforts1 not yet been overcome1 and for some purposes1 to which the metal would otherwise be well adapted1 it remains so far unavailable4 ,here then is a chance for some ingenious mind4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,improved ,,door ,,bolt4 ,the accompanying engraving represents1 in perspective and in section1 an improved door bolt1 recently patented by ,mr4 ,thomas ,hoesly1 of ,new ,glaras1 ,wis4 ,the principal features of this bolt will be understood by reference to the engraving4 ,on the plate or body are cast two loops or guides for the bolt1 and the plate is slotted under the bolt1 and a lug projects into the slot and bears against a spring contained by a small casing riveted to the back of the plate4 ,the end of the bolt is beveled1 and its operation is similar to that of the ordinary door latch4 ,two handles are provided1 one of which is of sufficient length to reach through the door1 and a pawl or dog accompanies the bolt1 which may be attached to the door with a single screw1 and is to be used in locking the door4 ,the bolt is very simple and strong1 suitable for shops1 out-buildings such as barns1 stables1 etc41 and some of the doors of dwellings4 ,illustration3 ,,hoesly',s ,,door ,,bolt4 ,further information may be obtained by addressing the inventor1 as above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chimney ,,flues4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,h4 ,jackson ,co41 of this city1 whose long experience in treating refractory flues gives weight to their opinion1 communicate to the ,american ,architect the following useful information3 ,to secure a good draught the chimney should be of sufficient size1 should be carried up above surrounding objects1 should be as straight as possible throughout its length1 and should be as smooth as possible inside1 to avoid friction4 ,as a draught is caused by unequal temperatures1 the chimney should be so arranged as to avoid a rapid radiation of heat4 ,if in an exterior wall there should be at least #h inches of brickwork between the flue and the exterior surface4 ,for country houses it is much better to have the chimneys run up through the interior1 as the flue is more easily kept warm1 and the heat that is radiated helps to warm the house4 ,the most frequent cause of a smoky chimney is the insufficient size of the flue for the grate or fireplace connected therewith4 ,the flue should not be less than one eighth the capacity of the square of the width and height of the grate or fireplace4 ,that is1 if the grate has a front opening #bj inches wide and #bf inches high1 the flue should be #h in4 #h in42 or1 with an opening #cf inches wide and #cb inches high1 the flue should be #ab in4 #ab in42 and1 to get the best result1 the opening into the flue from the grate or fireplace should be of a less number of square inches than the square of the flue1 and never larger1 as no more air should be admitted at the inlet than can be carried through the flue4 ,where there is more than one inlet to the same flue1 the sum of all the inlets should not more than equal the size of the flue4 ,a number of stoves may be connected with the same flue1 one above another1 if this rule is observed4 ,a square flue is better than a narrow one1 as in two flues containing the same number of square inches the square flue would have the smallest amount of wall surface1 and consequently less friction for the ascending currents1 and less absorption of heat by the walls4 ,chimneys should be closely built1 having no cracks nor openings through which external air may be drawn to weaken the draught4 ,if they could be made throughout their length as impervious to air as a tube of glass1 with interior surface as smooth1 one cause of smoky chimneys would be removed4 ,a downward current of air is frequently caused by some contiguous object higher than the chimney1 against which the wind strikes4 ,this higher object may sometimes be quite a distance from the chimney1 and still affect it badly4 ,a good chimney top constructed to prevent a down draught will remedy this difficulty4 ,each grate or fireplace should have a flue to itself4 ,under very favorable conditions1 two grates or fireplaces might be connected with the same flue1 but it is not a good plan4 ,we have known grates and fireplaces connected with two flues1 where they have been built under a window for instance1 and1 owing to there being insufficient room for a flue of suitable size1 a flue has been run up on each side of the window4 ,this is a very bad plan1 and never can work well2 it requires too much heat to warm both flues1 and if the room in which the grate or fireplace is situated should be pretty close1 so that there was no other entrance for air1 there is danger that it would circulate down one flue and up the other1 forcing smoke out of the fireplace into the room4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improved ,,furnace ,,for ,,burning ,,garbage4 ,the refuse matter and garbage of large cities is in the main composed of animal and vegetable offal of the kitchens2 of the sweepings of warehouses1 manufactories1 saloons1 groceries1 public and private houses2 of straw1 sawdust1 old bedding1 tobacco stems1 ashes1 old boots1 shoes1 tin cans1 bottles1 rags1 and feathers2 dead cats1 dogs1 and other small animals2 of the dust and sweepings of the streets1 the condemned fruit1 vegetables1 meat1 and fish of the markets1 all of which compose a mass of the most obnoxious and unhealthy matter that can be deposited near human habitations4 ,the inventor of the furnace shown in the accompanying engravings aims to produce a change of form and of chemical nature and a great reduction in bulk of all such refuse and garbage within the limits of the city where it accumulates1 without screening1 separating1 preparing1 or mixing1 without the expense of using other fuel1 without any offensive odors being generated in the operation1 and to produce an entirely unobjectionable residuum or product that may be made useful4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,,foote',s ,,furnace ,,for ,,burning ,,garbage4 ,as a rule organic matter largely preponderates in the refuse1 being as high in some instances as #id per cent4 ,there is always more than enough to generate sufficient heat to fuse the earthy or inorganic portion1 which is mainly composed of sand1 clay1 and the alkalies from the coal and vegetable ashes1 etc4 ,by producing a high degree of heat in the combustion of the organic portion of the refuse with a forced blast or forced draught1 the non-combustible elements are fused1 and form a vitreous slag1 which is entirely inodorous and unobjectionable1 and which may be utilized for many purposes4 ,the upper section or cone of the consuming furnace is built of boiler iron1 and lined with fire brick resting upon an iron plate1 which is supported by iron columns4 ,the hearth is made of fire brick1 and is in the form of an inverted cone1 being smaller at the bottom and larger at the top1 as shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,the sides of the hearth are perforated near the bottom with arches for the tuyeres or blast pipes1 and also in front for the special blast pipe and the tapping hole4 ,the top of the furnace is closed with an iron plate1 provided with a circular opening1 through which the hopper enters the top of the furnace4 ,at the left in the larger engraving is seen an elevator1 operated by a steam engine1 for conveying the garbage and refuse to a platform1 whence it is projected into the furnace by an inclined plane or chute4 ,gas or smoke conductors convey the gas from the top of the furnace to the furnace of the boiler and to the heating oven1 where it is used in heating air1 which is conveyed through the iron pipes passing through the heating oven into a wind box1 from which it enters the furnace at several points near the bottom by means of the tuyere pipes4 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,furnace4 ,the consumption of the garbage is effected near the bottom of the furnace1 where the air is forced in1 and is continued as long as the blast is applied1 and while burning at the base it is continually sinking down at the top1 so that it is necessary to keep filling all the time4 ,the odoriferous gases and the hot products of such combustion are forced upward through the superimposed mass1 and escape to the fires of the boiler and heating oven1 and1 being largely composed of carbonic oxide and the hydrocarbon gases distilled from the animal and vegetable offal of the garbage1 are thoroughly consumed2 and it is said that by this means not only are all the offensive odors destroyed1 but the heat generated is utilized for making steam and heating the air used for blast4 ,the refuse in its descent through the high furnace is exposed to the drying action of the hot gases of distillation and the hot products of combustion1 its temperature increasing in its descent the nearer it approaches the tuyeres1 and becomes completely desiccated and combustible when it reaches the blast4 ,the high heat in this way obtained by the combustion of the organic portion melts all of the inorganic portion1 forming a vitreous slag or glass1 which may be allowed to run continuously1 or by closing the tap may be allowed to accumulate1 and can be drawn off at intervals4 ,if there is an adequate supply of clay and sand in the refuse to combine with the ashes1 the slag will run hot and free4 ,the combination of silex or alumina and an alkali in proper portions always yields a fusible1 easy-running compound4 ,the molten slag1 as it runs from the furnace1 may be discharged into tanks of cold water1 which will pulverize or granulate it1 making it like fine sand1 or as it pours over a runner1 through which it flows1 if struck with a forcible air or steam blast it will be spun into fine thread-like wool4 ,the furnace once lighted and started may be kept running day and night continuously for days1 months1 or years1 if desired2 but if it becomes necessary to stop at any time1 the tuyere pipes may be removed and the holes all stopped with clay1 so as to entirely shut off the supply of air1 and it will then hold in fire for many days1 and will be in readiness to start again at any time the pipes are replaced and the blast turned on4 ,this furnace is the invention of ,mr4 ,henry ,r4 ,foote1 of ,stamford1 ,conn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,ancient ,,greek ,,vase4 ,the vase shown in the accompanying engravings must not be classed with ordinary ceramic ware1 as it is a veritable work of art4 ,it is the celebrated cup of ,arcesilaus1 which is preserved in the collection of the library of ,richelieu street after having figured in the ,durand ,museum4 ,it was found at ,vulsei1 in ,etruria4 ,it was made by a potter of ,cyrene1 the capital of ,cyrenaica1 founded by ,greeks from the island of ,thera4 ,it is remarkable that ,cyrene1 removed from the center of ,grecian manufacture1 should possess a manufactory of painted vases from which have come so many works of art4 ,the traveler1 ,paul ,lucas1 discovered in the necropolis of ,cyrene1 in #agad1 many antique vases1 both in the tombs and in the soil4 ,one of them is still preserved in the ,museum at ,leyden4 ,the ,arcesilaus1 who is represented on this vase1 is not the celebrated skeptical philosopher of that name2 it is ,arcesilaus1 ,king of ,cyrenaica1 who was sung by ,pindar1 and who was vanquished in the ,pythian games under the #hjth ,olympiad 7#deh years ,b4,c474 ,the height of this vase is #be centimeters1 its diameter #bh centimeters4 ,the paste is very fine1 of a pale red4 ,it is entirely coated with a black groundwork1 which has been generally re-covered with a yellowish white clay1 baked on4 ,according to ,m4 ,brongniart1 this piece has been subjected to the baking process at least two or three times1 thus indicating that the ceramic art had made considerable progress in ,cyrene even at that remote epoch4 ,the following description of this vase is given in the catalogue of the ,durand ,museum3 ,the ,king ,arcesilaus is seated under a pavilion upon the deck of a ship4 ,his head is covered with a kind of hat with a large brim1 and his hair hangs down upon his shoulders4 ,he is clothed in a white tunic and embroidered cloak or mantle1 and he carries a scepter in his left hand2 under his seat is a leopard1 and his right hand he holds toward a young man1 who makes the same gesture1 and he is weighing in a large scale assafoetida1 which is being let down into the hold of the ship4 ,we know that he deals with assafoetida because one of the personages 7the one who lifts up his arm toward the beam of the scale7 holds in his right hand something resembling that which is in the scale1 and the ,greek word traced near it signifies that which prepares silphium4 ,assafoetida1 the resinous matter of the silphium1 is used largely by the ,greeks in the preparation of their food4 ,the ,orientals to-day make frequent use of it and call it the delight of the gods2 while in ,europe1 because of its repulsive odor1 it has long been designated as stircus diaboli4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,,ancient ,,greek ,,vase4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,,top ,,of ,,greek ,,vase4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,snow-,,raised ,,bread4 ,somebody thinks he has discovered that snow1 when incorporated with dough1 performs the same office as baking powder or yeast4 ,i have this morning for breakfast1 says a writer in the ,english ,mechanic1 partaken of a snow-raised bread cake1 made last evening as follows3 ,the cake when baked weighed about three quarters of a pound4 ,a large tablespoonful of fine1 dry1 clean snow was intimately stirred with a spoon into the dry flour1 and to this was added a tablespoonful of caraways and a little butter and salt4 ,then sufficient cold water was added to make the dough of the proper usual consistence 7simply stirred with the spoon1 not kneaded by the warm hands71 and it was immediately put into a quick oven and baked three quarters of an hour4 ,it turned out both light and palatable4 ,the reason1 adds the writer1 appears to be this3 the light mass of interlaced snow crystals hold imprisoned a large quantity of condensed atmospheric air1 which1 when the snow is warmed by thawing very rapidly in the dough1 expands enormously and acts the part of the carbonic acid gas in either baking powder or yeast4 ,i take the precise action to be1 then1 not due in any way to the snow itself1 but simply to the expansion of the fixed air lodged between the interstices of the snow crystals by application of heat4 ,this theory1 if carefully followed out1 may perchance give a clew to a simple and perfectly innocuous method of raising bread and pastry4 ,and stop the discussion as to whether alum in baking powders is deleterious to health or otherwise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,agricultural ,,inventions4 ,an improved gate1 invented by ,messrs4 ,p4 ,w4 ,mc,kinley and ,george ,l4 ,ellis1 of ,ripley1 ,o41 is designed for general use4 ,it is operated by cords and pulleys1 and can be opened without dismounting from the horse4 ,it is constructed so that it cannot sag1 and is not liable to get out of order4 ,an improved apparatus for pressing tobacco has been patented by ,mr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,deane1 of ,lynchburg1 ,va4 ,it consists mainly in the construction of a suspended jack1 arranged to travel over a row of hogsheads1 so that a single jack gives successively to each hogshead the desired pressure4 ,an improved combined harrow and corn planter has been patented by ,mr4 ,m4 ,mc,nitt1 of ,hanover1 ,kan4 ,in this machine the opening1 pulverizing1 planting1 and covering teeth are combined with a single frame4 ,a machine1 which is adapted to the thrashing and cleaning of peas and seeds1 and for cleaning all kinds of grain1 has been patented by ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,sweatt1 of ,conyersville1 ,tenn4 ,mr4 ,amos ,m4 ,gooch1 of ,farmington1 ,w4 ,va41 has patented an improved corn planter1 which drops the fertilizer simultaneously with the seed1 and is provided with a device for pressing the soil around the seed1 leaving over the seed a portion of loose earth4 ,an improved machine for harvesting cotton has been patented by ,r4 ,h4 ,pirtle1 of ,lowe's1 ,ky4 ,this machine carries two vertical cylinders armed with teeth or spurs1 and two inclined endless belts provided with teeth4 ,the teeth of the cylinders and the belts remove the cotton from the plants1 and deliver it to a receptacle carried by the machine4 ,messrs4 ,julius ,fern and ,samuel ,bligh1 of ,oneonta1 ,n4 ,y41 have patented an improved power for churning and other purposes where little power is required4 ,it consists in the combination of a drum and weight1 a train of gearing1 and a pallet wheel arranged to oscillate a balanced beam4 ,an improvement in the class of feed cutters in which two or more knives work between parallel bars attached to the cutter box1 has been patented by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,n4 ,tatum and ,r4 ,c4 ,harvey1 of ,danville1 ,va4 ,the improvement consists in arranging the knives so that one begins and finishes its cut in advance of the other4 ,mr4 ,william ,bradberry1 of ,darrtown1 ,o41 has invented an improvement in reciprocating churns4 ,the aim of this inventor is to utilize the resistance of the milk as a source of power4 ,to accomplish this a peculiar combination of mechanism is required1 which cannot be clearly described without an engraving4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reading ,,and ,,eyesight4 ,m4 ,javel1 in a recent lecture1 tries to answer the question1 ,why is reading a specially fatiguing exercise8 and also suggests some remedies for this fatigue4 ,first1 ,m4 ,javel says reading requires an absolutely permanent application of eyesight1 resulting in a permanent tension of the organ1 which may be measured by the amount of fatigue or by the production of permanent myopy4 ,secondly1 books are printed in black on a white ground2 the eye is thus in presence of the most absolute contrast which can be imagined4 ,the third peculiarity lies in the arrangement of the characters in horizontal lines1 over which we run our eyes4 ,if we maintain during reading a perfect immobility of the book and the head1 the printed lines are applied successively to the same parts of the retina1 while the interspaces1 more bright1 also affect certain regions of the retina1 always the same4 ,there must result from this a fatigue analogous to that which we experience when we make experiments in accidental images1 and physicists will admit that there is nothing more disastrous for the sight than the prolonged contemplation of these images4 ,lastly1 and most important of all in ,m4 ,javel's estimation1 is the continual variation of the distance of the eye from the point of fixation on the book4 ,a simple calculation demonstrates that the accommodation of the eye to the page undergoes a distinct variation in proportion as the eye passes from the beginning to the end of each line1 and that this variation is all the greater in proportion to the nearness of the book to the eye and the length of the line4 ,as to the rules which ,m4 ,javel inculcates in order that the injurious effects of reading may be avoided1 with reference to the permanent application of the eyes1 he counsels to avoid excess1 to take notes in reading1 to stop in order to reflect or even to roll a cigarette2 but not to go on reading for hours on end without stopping4 ,as to the contrast between the white of the paper and the black of the characters1 various experiments have been made in the introduction of colored papers4 ,m4 ,javel advises the adoption of a slightly yellow tint4 ,but the nature of the yellow to be used is not a matter of indifference2 he would desire a yellow resulting from the absence of the blue rays1 analogous to that of paper made from a wood paste1 and which is often mistakenly corrected by the addition of an ultramarine blue1 which produces gray and not white4 ,m4 ,javel has been led to this conclusion both from practical observation and also theoretically from the relation which must exist between the two eyes and the colors of the spectrum4 ,his third advice is to give preference to small volumes which can be held in the hand1 which obviates the necessity of the book being kept fixed in one place1 and the fatigue resulting from accidental images4 ,lastly1 ,m4 ,javel advises the avoidance of too long lines1 and therefore he prefers small volumes1 and for the same reason those journals which are printed in narrow columns4 ,of course every one knows that it is exceedingly injurious to read with insufficient light1 or to use too small print1 and other common rules4 ,m4 ,javel concludes by protesting against an invidious assertion which has recently been made in a neighboring country1 according to which the degree of civilization of a people is proportional to the number of the short sighted shown to exist by statistics2 the extreme economy of light1 the abuse of reading to the detriment of reflection and the observation of real facts1 the employment of ,gothic characters and of a too broad column for books and journals1 are the conditions which1 ,m4 ,javel believes1 lead to myopy1 especially if successive generations have been subjected to these injurious influences4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,phosphorescence4 ,m4 ,nuesch records1 in a recent number of the ,journal de ,pharmacie1 some curious observations regarding luminous bacteria in fresh meat4 ,some pork cutlets1 he found1 illuminated his kitchen so that he could read the time on his watch4 ,the butcher who sent the meat told him the phosphorescence was first observed in a cellar1 where he kept scraps for making sausages4 ,by degrees all his meat became phosphorescent1 and fresh meat from distant towns got into the same state4 ,on scratching the surface or wiping it vigorously1 the phosphorescence disappears for a time2 and the butcher wiped carefully the meat he sent out4 ,all parts of the animal1 except the blood1 acquired the phenomenon over their whole surface4 ,the meat must be fresh2 when it ceases to be so1 the phosphorescence ceases1 and ,bacterium termo appear4 ,none of the customers had been incommoded4 ,it was remarked that if a small trace of the phosphorescent matter were put at any point on the flesh of cats1 rabbits1 etc41 the phosphorescence gradually spread out from the center1 and in three or four days covered the piece2 it disappeared generally on the sixth or seventh day4 ,cooked meat did not present the phenomenon but it could be had in a weak manner1 from cooked albumen or potatoes4 ,no other butcher's shop in the place was affected4 ,the author is uncertain whether to attribute the complete disappearance of the phenomenon to the higher temperature of the season1 or to phenic acid1 or to fumigation with chlorine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,charms ,,of ,,natural ,,science4 ,the ,earl of ,derby1 in an address at the ,edinburgh ,university1 said3 ,of the gains derivable from natural science ,i do not trust myself to speak2 my personal knowledge is too limited1 and the subject is too vast4 ,but so much as this ,i can say--that those who have in them a real and deep love of scientific research1 whatever their position in other respects1 are so far at least among the happiest of mankind4444 ,no passion is so absorbing1 no labor is so assuredly its own reward 7well that it is so1 for other rewards are few72 and they have the satisfaction of knowing that1 while satisfying one of the deepest wants of their own natures1 they are at the same time promoting in the most effectual manner the interests of mankind4 ,scientific discovery has this advantage over almost every other form of successful human efforts1 that its results are certain1 that they are permanent1 that whatever benefits grow out of them are world-wide4 ,not many of us can hope to extend the range of knowledge in however minute a degree2 but to know and to apply the knowledge that has been gained by others1 to have an intelligent appreciation of what is going on around us1 is in itself one of the highest and most enduring of pleasures4 ,,the ,,vesuvius ,,rail ,,way4--,the ,italian ,ministry of ,public ,works1 in union with the ,ministry of ,finance and the ,prefecture of ,naples1 has issued the concession for the construction of the ,vesuvius ,railway4 ,the line will run along that part of the mountain which has been proved1 after the experience of many years1 to be the least exposed to the eruptions4 ,the work is to be commenced immediately1 and it is believed that it will come into use during the present year4 ,a sufficient number of carriages are being built to convey #fjj persons during the day4 ,the line is to be constructed upon an iron bridge1 built after a patented system4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,pottery ,,tree4 ,among the various economic products of the vegetable kingdom1 scarcely any hold a more important place than barks1 whether for medicinal1 manufacturing1 or other purposes4 ,the structure and formation of all barks are essentially very similar1 being composed of cellular and fibrous tissue4 ,the cell contents of these tissues1 however1 vary much in different plants2 and1 for this reason1 we have fibrous or soft1 woody1 hard1 and even stony barks4 ,to explain everything which relates to the structure of bark would lead us into long details which our space will not permit4 ,briefly stated1 the bark of trees 7considering1 now1 those of our own climate7 consists of three layers4 ,the outermost1 called the cortical1 is formed of cellular tissue1 and differs widely in consistency in different species2 thus1 in the cork oak1 which furnishes man with one of his most useful commercial products1 the cortical layer acquires extraordinary thickness4 ,the middle layer1 called the cellular or green bark1 is a cellular mass of a very different nature4 ,the cells of which it is composed are polyhedral1 thicker1 and more loosely joined1 and filled with sap and chlorophyl4 ,the inner layer 7next the wood71 called the liber1 consists of fibers more or less long and tenacious4 ,it is from the liber that our most valuable commercial fibers are obtained4 ,in some plants the fibrous system prevails throughout the inner bark2 but what we wish to refer to more particularly at present is a remarkable example of the harder and more silicious barks1 and which is to be found in the ,pottery ,tree of ,para4 ,this tree1 known to the ,spaniards as ,el ,caouta1 to the ,french as ,bois de ,fer1 to the ,brazilians as ,caraipe1 is the ,moquilea utilis of botanists1 and belongs to the natural order ,ternstroeiace4 ,it is very large1 straight1 and slender1 reaching a height of #ajj feet before branching2 its diameter is from #ab to #ae inches2 and its wood is exceedingly hard from containing much flinty matter4 ,although the wood of the tree is exceedingly sound and durable1 the great value of the tree to the natives exists in the bark for a purpose which1 to say the least1 is a novel one in the application of barks--that of the manufacture of pottery4 ,the ,indians employed in the manufacture of pottery from this material always keep a stock of it on hand in their huts for the purpose of drying and seasoning it1 as it then burns more freely1 and the ashes can be gathered with more ease than when fresh4 ,in the process of manufacturing the pottery the ashes of the bark are powdered and mixed with the purest clay that can be obtained from the beds of the rivers2 this kind being preferred1 as it takes up a larger quantity of the ash1 and thus produces a stronger kind of ware4 ,though the proportions of ash and clay are varied at the will of the maker1 and according to the quality of the bark1 a superior kind of pottery is produced by a mixture of equal parts of fine clay and ashes4 ,all sorts of vessels of small or large size for household or other purposes are made of this kind of ware1 as are also vases or ornamental articles1 many of which are painted and glazed4 ,these articles are all very durable1 and are able to stand almost any amount of heat2 they are consequently much used by the natives for boiling eggs1 heating milk1 and indeed for culinary purposes generally4 ,a brief glance at the structure of the bark will show how it comes to be so well adapted for this purpose4 ,the bark seldom grows more than half an inch thick1 and is covered with a skin or epidermis2 when fresh1 it cuts somewhat similar to a soft sandstone1 but when dry1 it is very brittle and flint like1 and often difficult to break4 ,on examination of a section under the microscope1 all the cells of the different layers are seen to be more or less silicated1 the silex forming in the cells when the bark is still very young4 ,in the inner bark the flint is deposited in a very regular manner1 the particles being straight and giving off branches at right angles2 that of the porous cells of the bark1 however1 is very much contorted1 and ramifies in all directions4 ,in the best varieties of the tree1 those growing in rich and dry soil1 the silex can be readily detected by the naked eye2 but to test the quality of the various kinds of bark1 the natives burn it and then try its strength between their fingers2 if it breaks easily it is considered of little value1 but if it requires a mortar and pestle to break1 its quality is pronounced good4 ,from an analysis of this singular bark1 that of old trees has been found to give #cj4h per cent of ash1 and that of young #bc4cj per cent4 ,of the different layers of old bark1 the outer gave #ag4ae per cent1 the middle #cg4g1 and the inner #ca4 ,the wood of the tree1 in comparison with the bark1 is relatively poor in silex1 the duramen of an old tree giving only #b4e per cent of silex4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,glass ,,sponges4 ,the natural history of sponges had1 up to the middle of this century1 been comparatively neglected4 ,until #ahef1 when ,lieberkuhn published his treatise on sponges1 very little or nothing had been written on the subject4 ,later1 ,haeckel did much to determine their exact nature1 and it is now universally admitted that sponges form one of the connecting links between the animal and the vegetable kingdom4 ,sponges1 generally considered1 consist of fine porous tissue1 covered1 during life1 with viscid1 semi-liquid protoplasm1 and are held in shape and strengthened by a more or less rigid skeleton1 consisting chiefly of lime or silica4 ,the tissue consists of a very fine network of threads1 formed probably by gradual solidification of the threads of protoplasm4 ,the inorganic skeleton is formed by larger and smaller crystals and crystalline threads4 ,in the various families of sponges the quantity of inorganic matter varies greatly2 some sponges are nearly devoid of an inorganic skeleton1 while other families consist chiefly of lime or silica1 the organic tissue being only rudimentarily developed4 ,as observed in their natural state1 sponges are apparently lifeless4 ,when1 however1 a live sponge is placed in water containing some finely powdered pigment in suspension1 it will be noticed that in regular1 short intervals water is absorbed through the pores of the tissue and ejected again through larger openings1 which are called oscul4 ,following up these into the interior1 we find them divided into numerous branches1 the walls of which are1 under the microscope1 found to be covered with minute cells1 fastened at one end only and oscillating continually4 ,by means of these cells the sponge receives its nourishment4 ,sponges with very rigid inorganic skeletons may be divided into two classes--calcareous and silicious--according to whether the skeleton is chiefly composed of lime or silica4 ,our engravings represent two species of the latter kind1 which are1 on account of the peculiar appearance of their skeleton1 called glass sponges4 ,fig4 #a represents the sprinkling pot sponge1 ,eucleptella aspergillum4 ,it is generally found in very deep water throughout the ,pacific4 ,specimens were found over fifty years ago1 but1 as they had to be brought up from depths between #ejj and #hjj fathoms1 they remained very scarce and sold at fabulous prices4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,,sprinkling ,,pot ,,sponge4--7,eucleptella aspergillum47 ,the skeleton is formed by small crystals and long threads of vitreous silica1 cemented together1 during life1 by protoplasm4 ,they are arranged in longitudinal and annular bands so as to form a long curved cylinder1 about nine to twelve inches long1 the walls of which are about one inch in thickness4 ,the threads and bands are interwoven with the greatest regularity1 and when the skeleton is freed from the adhering organic matter1 it looks extremely beautiful4 ,the mode in which the intersecting bunches of crystals are connected is shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,the upper end of the cylinder is closed by a perforated cover1 which probably has given rise to the name of the sponge4 ,the upper portion of the cylinder is surrounded by a few irregular1 annular masses of organic tissue1 which adheres loosely only to the skeleton4 ,the lower end is formed by a bunch of long threads1 rooting firmly in the ground4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,,sponge ,,crystals ,,magnified4 ,up to about ten years ago the price of specimens of this sponge was very high4 ,at that time1 however1 a colony of ,eucleptellas was found near the cities of ,cebu and ,manila1 in the ,east ,indies1 in a depth not exceeding #ajj fathoms1 and since they have appeared in larger quantities in the market4 ,it is remarkable that1 contrary to their habits1 these organisms have immigrated into regions to which they were totally unaccustomed4 ,yet it must be regarded as a greater curiosity that they have been accompanied to their new abode by a few animals living in equally deep water and never met with before at depths less than three or four hundred fathoms4 ,among these animals is a ,phormosoma 7water hedgehog71 noted for its long spines4 ,glass sponges are not confined to tropical regions4 ,they are met with in latitudes as high as the ,fre ,islands1 where the beautiful ,holtenia ,carpentaria abounds4 ,it is represented in ,fig4 #c4 ,its cup-shaped skeleton is similar in structure to that of the ,eucleptella2 numerous crystalline needles protrude from the surface of the upper part4 ,lately some specimens of ,holtenia have been found on the coast of ,florida4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,,holtenia ,,carpenteria4 ,glass sponges serve as dwellings for numerous animals1 especially crustace4 ,a small shrimp inhabits the tubes of the ,eucleptella1 a male and a female generally living together4 ,they are shut up as in a prison in their crystalline home1 as they are generally too large to pass through the meshes formed by the bundles of crystals4 ,it was formerly believed that these skeletons had actually been built by the shrimps1 and we can find no explanation for this curious circumstance1 other than that the shrimps entered these habitations while very small and became too large to leave them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,plants ,,protected ,,by ,,insects4 ,mr4 ,francis ,darwin1 in a lecture on ,means of ,self-,defense among ,plants1 delivered lately at the ,london ,institution1 said that one of the most curious forms of defense known is afforded by a recently discovered class of plants1 which1 being stingless themselves1 are protected by stinging ants1 which make their home in the plant and defend it against its enemies4 ,of these the most remarkable is the bull's-horn acacia 7described by the late ,mr4 ,belt in his book ,the ,naturalist in ,nicaragua71 a shrubby tree with gigantic curved thorns1 from which its name is derived4 ,these horns are hollow and tenanted by ants1 which bore a hole in them1 and the workers may be seen running about over the green leaves4 ,if a branch is shaken the ants swarm out of the thorns and attack the aggressor with their stings4 ,their chief service to the plant consists in defending it against leaf-cutting ants1 which are the great enemy of all vegetation in that part of ,america4 ,the latter form large underground nests1 and their work of destruction consists in gathering leaves1 which they strip to form heaps of material1 which become covered over with a delicate white fungus1 on which the larv of the ants are fed1 so that literally they are a colony of mushroom growers4 ,the special province of the little stinging ants1 which live in the thorns of the acacia1 is1 therefore1 to protect the leaves of the shrub from being used by the leaf-cutters to make mushroom beds4 ,certain varieties of the orange tree have leaves which are distasteful to the leaf-cutters1 this property of the leaves thus forming a means of defense4 ,other plants are unaccountably spared by them--grass1 for example1 which1 if brought to the nest1 is at once thrown out by some ant in authority4 ,the bull's-horn acacia1 in return for the service rendered by the stinging ants1 not only affords them shelter in its thorns1 but provides them with nectar secreted by glands at the base of its leaves1 and also grows for them small yellow pear-shaped bodies1 about one twelfth of an inch in length1 at the tip of some of its leaflets1 which they use as food4 ,these little yellow bodies are made up of cells containing protoplasm rich in oil1 and afford the insects an excellent food4 ,when the leaf unfolds1 the ants may be seen running from one leaflet to another1 to see if these little yellow bodies are ripe2 and if they are ready to be gathered they are broken up by the ants and carried away to the nest in the thorn4 ,several small birds1 also1 build their nests in the bull's horn acacia1 thus escaping from a predatory ant which is capable of killing young birds4 ,the trumpet tree1 another plant of ,south and ,central ,america1 is also protected by a standing army of ants2 and1 like the above mentioned acacia1 grows for its protectors small food bodies containing oil1 but instead of secreting nectar in its leaves it harbors a small insect 7coccus71 whose sweet secretion is much relished by the ants4 ,dr4 ,beccari mentions an epiphytal plant growing on trees in ,borneo1 the seeds of which germinate1 like those of the mistletoe1 on the branches of the tree2 and the seedling stem1 crowned by the cotyledons1 grows to about an inch in length1 remaining in that condition until a certain species of ant bites a hole in the stem1 which then produces a gall-like growth that ultimately constitutes the home of the ants4 ,if the plant is not fortunate enough to be bitten by an ant it dies4 ,these ants1 then1 protect their plant home by rushing out fiercely on intruders1 and thus are preserved the sessile white flowers which1 in this plant1 are developed on the tuber like body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,advance ,,in ,,iron4--,at a meeting of the ,philadelphia ,iron ,merchants' ,association1 ,march #aa1 prices of all descriptions of merchant iron were advanced fully #e per cent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,aneroid ,,barometer4 ,the aneroid barometer was invented by ,m4 ,vidi1 of ,paris4 ,it consists essentially of a circular box1 the face of which is made of thin elastic metal1 rendered more elastic by being stamped and pressed into concentric circular wave-like corrugations4 ,this box is nearly exhausted of air1 and its elastic face supports the pressure of the atmosphere1 and yields to it with elastic resistance in proportion to the amount of pressure4 ,thus1 if the atmospheric pressure increases1 the face is pressed inward2 if atmospheric pressure diminishes1 the elastic reaction of the metal moves the face outward4 ,these movements are communicated to an index by suitable and very delicate mechanism1 and registered in largely magnified dimensions1 by the movements of this index upon the face of the dial4 ,aneroid barometers are now made of pocket size1 compensated for temperature1 and with double scales1 one reading the height of the barometer column1 the other the elevation obtained4 ,i have1 says ,prof4 ,w4 ,m4 ,williams1 used one of these during many years1 and find it a very interesting traveling companion4 ,it is sufficiently sensitive to indicate the ascent from the ground floor to the upper rooms of a three-storied house1 or to enable the traveler sitting in a railway train to tell1 by watching its face1 whether he is ascending or descending an incline4 ,such slight variations are more easily observed on the aneroid than on the mercurial barometer1 and therefore it is commonly stated that the aneroid is the more sensitive instrument4 ,this1 however1 is a fallacious conclusion4 ,it is not the superior sensitiveness of the movements of the instrument1 but the greater facility of reading them1 that gives this advantage to the aneroid1 the index of which has a needle point traveling nearly in contact with the foot of the divisions2 the readings are further aided by a needle point register attached to a movable rim1 which may be brought point to point against the index1 thus showing the slightest movement that human vision may detect4 ,a magnifying lens may be easily used in such a case4 ,it should be understood that the aneroid barometer is not an independent instrument2 it is merely a device for representing the movements of the mercurial barometer4 ,it is regulated by comparison with the primary instrument1 and this comparison should be renewed from time to time1 as the elastic properties of the metal may and do vary4 ,an adjusting or regulating screw is attached to the back of the instrument1 and is usually movable by a watch key4 ,besides this1 the magnified reading of course magnifies any primary error1 and is largely dependent on the accuracy of the mechanism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,albo-,,carbon ,,light4 ,we need hardly remind our readers that numerous unsuccessful attempts have been made at various times to enrich ordinary coal gas by the aid of volatile oils4 ,upon the present occasion we have to place before them particulars of a process having the same object in view1 but which is so far dissimilar in that it deals with a solid substance instead of a liquid oil4 ,the invention has been brought into its present practical shape by ,mr4 ,james ,livesey1 ,c4 ,e41 of ,no4 #i ,victoria ,chambers1 ,westminster1 in conjunction with ,mr4 ,kidd1 with whom it originated4 ,the process consists in the employment of a substance called albo-carbon1 which is the solid residuum of creosote4 ,this material is moulded into the form of candles1 which in large lamps are placed in a metallic vessel or receiver near the gas burner4 ,the albo-carbon is warmed by the heat of the burning gas1 the heat being transmitted to the receiver by a metallic conductor4 ,upon the albo-carbon being raised to the necessary temperature it volatilizes1 and as the coal gas passes over it to the burner its vapor becomes mingled with the gas1 and greatly raises its illuminating power4 ,of course when first lighted the coal gas only is burned1 but in a few minutes the albo-carbon communicates its enriching vapor to it4 ,the only alteration necessary to the present gas fittings is the vaporizing chamber1 which is of simple construction1 although at present the details of the various arrangements necessary for the different kinds of lights have not yet been fully worked out4 ,this invention is now being tried experimentally in the eastern section of the ,westminster ,aquarium1 where we recently examined it1 and found it to afford a marked improvement upon the ordinary system of gas illumination1 although a smaller number of burners is being used4 ,tried alternately with ordinary coal gas1 the higher illuminating power of the albo-carbon light was very remarkable4 ,it appears that there are #bjj burners fitted at the ,aquarium with the new light1 and these successfully take the place of #ejj ordinary gas burners previously in use4 ,the illuminating effect is stated to be doubled1 with an additional advantage as regards economy4 ,the reduction of cost arises from the smaller quantity of gas consumed with the albo-carbon process than without it1 and the very small cost of the enriching material4 ,according to our information1 #a1jjj cubic feet of ordinary gas as generally used will1 by the albo-carbon appliance1 give as much illumination as #c1jjj cubic feet without it1 and the cost of the material to produce this result is only #as4 #f;d4 ,experiments have been made with this light by ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,keates1 the consulting chemist to the ,metropolitan ,board of ,works1 who reports very favorably upon it1 as does also ,dr4 ,wallace1 of ,glasgow1 who has obtained some very satisfactory results with it4 ,it is claimed for the albo-carbon material that it is perfectly inexplosive1 safe and portable1 that it causes no obstruction and leaves no residuum1 and that the receivers can be replenished almost indefinitely without any accumulation taking place1 so perfect is the evaporation of the albo-carbon4 ,on the whole the display at the ,aquarium speaks greatly in favor of the new process of gas enrichment1 which1 other things being equal1 bids fair to find its way into practice4--,engineering4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,english ,,and ,,american ,,hardware4 ,mr4 ,frederick ,smith1 ,manager of the ,union ,land and ,building ,company 7limited71 recently read a paper on the above subject before the ,manchester ,scientific and ,mechanical ,society4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,whiley1 ,superintendent of the ,manchester ,health ,department1 presided4 ,the following is the text of the paper1 as given in the ,london ,ironmonger4 ,the lecturer said3 ,a spectator in any of our courts of justice will generally be struck with the amount of hard swearing which is given to the court1 under the name of evidence4 ,he will find one set of witnesses testifying1 under oath1 to one thing1 and another set1 also under oath1 to the very opposite4 ,some prove too much1 some too little1 some are of a totally negative character1 proving nothing1 and some are of no character at all1 and therefore are willing to prove anything4 ,to some extent the same phenomena are to be observed in reference to the question of foreign competition4 ,on the one hand the manufacturers hold up to our affrighted vision the picture of our mills stopped1 our machine shops standing empty and idle1 our hardware trade slipping through our fingers1 our ships rotting in our own and in foreign ports1 and our greatness as a producing nation for ever passed away4 ,on the other hand1 the journalists who take the labor side of the question1 the trades-union leaders1 and a large number of the workmen themselves1 hold that we have little or nothing to fear from our foreign rivals2 that the depression1 like those atmospheric ones of which our ,american cousins are constantly warning us1 will pass away1 and leave us with better times to follow4 ,i will1 therefore1 as far as possible1 keep out of the region of speculation1 give you a few facts1 show you some examples1 and leave you to draw your own inferences4 ,some two or three years ago ordinary axle pulleys of ,english make were difficult to get2 the price was scandalously high1 and the quality as scandalously low4 ,out of a dozen probably four would not turn round without sticking1 and the casting was--well1 simply vile4 ,i show you a sample rather above the average1 and the retail price for this inferior article was #bbs4 per gross4 ,all at once the ,americans deluged the ,english market with the pulley which ,i now show to you1 and it needs no explanation of mine to satisfy the mechanical minds present of the superiority of the transatlantic article2 but when we also bear in mind that the price of the ,american was from #be to #cc per cent less than the ,english pulley1 you can understand how the builders exulted1 and how the ,volscians of the ,birmingham district were fluttered4 ,then1 and not till then1 would the ,english maker condescend to believe that it was possible to improve upon the wretched things which he had foisted upon his customers1 and he at once commenced to copy the ,american pulley4 ,he has not yet succeeded in producing such a beautiful casting1 but ,i venture to say that he has improved the quality more in the last eighteen months than in the previous eighteen years4 ,now take the ordinary door furniture4 ,for generations the ,english builder and householder has had to be content with the stereotyped1 with all its aggravating propensities4 ,first1 the little screw 7so small as to be scarcely perceptible to touch or to sight7 shakes loose from its countersunk depression in the spindle1 gets lost1 and lets the knob go adrift2 or next1 the knob itself1 formed of a bit of sheet brass1 turns round on its shank and the door cannot be opened1 or the shank1 not having a sufficient bearing on the spindle1 works loose1 and the whole thing is out of repair4 ,it is the same thing to-day as it was when it tormented my grandfather2 for1 of course1 no improvement could be made until ,uncle ,sam sent us his cheap1 strong1 serviceable1 and sensible ,mineral ,knob4 ,the ,english maker says3 ,but look at the many devices which we have invented for door furniture4 ,granted1 and some of them very good1 but none of them so good as this--for the money4 ,plenty of them well adapted for extraordinary use1 but none of them cheap enough and strong enough to be placed in competition with this in fitting up the dwelling of the ordinary ,englishman4 ,the spindle and furniture of a lock is the portion which is liable to and receives the most rough usage4 ,i have here an ordinary cheap set of china furniture of ,english make1 which ,i dare not drop lest ,i should break it1 but as you see1 ,i dare throw its ,yankee competitor the whole length of this room4 ,the retail price of this ,english set is ninepence--the price of the ,american is less than sixpence4 ,the ,english spindle is fitted with the usual little screw1 the knob is loose1 the roses are china1 and liable to break with the least strain or blow4 ,the ,american set1 as you see1 has a long shank2 the form of the knob is a very oblate spheroid1 giving a good grip and free play for the fingers between the knob and the door4 ,the rose is japanned iron1 and has small studs or teeth projecting on its inner side effectually preventing it from turning round with the spindle2 the screw is strong1 and is tapped through the spindle itself1 insuring both security and perfect steadiness4 ,several small washers are supplied with each spindle1 enabling the slack to be taken up perfectly1 and at the same time preventing the spindle from sticking with any ordinary amount of friction4 ,i will now show you a cheap ,american rim lock4 ,first1 you will notice that both sides are alike4 ,next1 that by pulling the latch forward it can be turned half round1 and is thereby converted from a right hand to a left hand1 or vice versa1 in an instant4 ,this is an important point to a builder1 but our lockmakers do not seem to know it4 ,several attempts have been made to introduce locks of this kind1 but the fancy prices put upon every article which departs1 in ever so slight a measure1 from the antediluvian patterns mostly used1 practically prohibits their adoption4 ,the carcass of the lock is of cast iron2 the casting1 like all the small ,american castings1 is simply perfect2 bosses are cast round the follower and keyholes2 the box staple is one piece of metal1 neat and strong4 ,but there is another point1 and1 to my mind1 the most important one4 ,whatever opinions may be held as to the relative quality of this lock1 whether it is better or worse than an ,english one1 it is at least an honest article4 ,it makes no pretensions to be any better than it is4 ,it does not entrap the unwary purchaser by pretending to be a first-class article1 when at the same time it may be a swindle4 ,i will now show you an ordinary #f inch rim-lock of ,english manufacture4 ,at a short distance it looks like a superior article2 the follower and keyhole appear as if they were bushed with brass4 ,but let us take it to pieces1 and see what we can find4 ,the follower is a rough casting1 not turned at the bearings1 and is in no sense a fit4 ,the screw holes are not countersunk1 but merely punched in2 the key is of the roughest and worst fitting description2 the inside is as rough and cheap as possible2 the key is cut so as to deceive the purchaser into the belief that there are twice as many wards in the lock as is really the case1 and the bushes prove to be thin plates of brass riveted on1 and not bushes at all4 ,in short1 the whole article is a vile fraud1 and the maker was a swindler4 ,this is strong language1 but ,i think you will agree with me when ,i maintain that it is not stronger than the circumstances warrant4 ,but there are still its defects of bad design and useless workmanship4 ,the lock is of the usual form given to the ,english rim-lock1 that is1 it has a flange which requires to be let into the edge of the door4 ,i have fixed hundreds of them1 and have never yet been able to see a use for this flange4 ,it is one great obstacle to the general introduction of a reversible lock2 it adds to the labor of fixing without adding to the security of the door1 for if the door is to be forced from the outside1 the box staples give way first2 if from the inside1 the unscrewing of the box staple is all that is necessary to give egress2 if the door requires easing1 it effectually prevents it being done--in fact1 it is a nuisance1 and nothing but a nuisance4 ,but our lockmakers do not appear to give these things a thought2 their doctrine seems to be1 ,as it was in the beginning1 is now1 and ever shall be4 ,again1 notice that the edges of the iron which lie against the door and the sham bushes are ground bright4 ,here is labor wasted1 for as soon as the lock is fixed these polished portions are hidden for ever4 ,next1 take the box staple4 ,as is usual1 it is fearfully and wonderfully made up of sheet iron1 square iron1 and brass2 the outcome of which is that the showy brass striking piece comes unriveted1 the door comes unfastened1 and the tenant's temper comes unhinged4 ,why1 in the name of common sense1 could they not substitute a neat malleable casting8 ,in our own houses ,i have long since discarded the ordinary box staple for draw-back locks1 and find it cheaper to buy a cast iron staple1 and throw away the one supplied by the ,english lockmaker4 ,bear in mind that ,i have shown neither of these locks as samples of high-class goods1 but as samples of the furniture fixed in the houses of the working and middle classes of this country2 and when ,i tell you that the ,american lock1 fitted with the mineral furniture1 is at least #be per cent cheaper than the ,english abortion ,i have shown to you1 you will begin to realize what our ,english markets have to fear from the ,americans4 ,here is a common1 cheap ,english mortise lock1 and you will naturally ask why the outside of this lock is ground bright1 when it is buried in the door and never seen except it has to be taken out for repairs4 ,i have asked the same question1 and for #bj years have paused for a reply4 ,this lock is not reversible1 the follower is not bushed1 and the inside is rough and cheap4 ,contrast it with this neat ,american lock1 and notice again the bosses to receive the wear2 notice also that the bolts are brass2 the latch-bolt is1 of course1 reversible--,i never saw an ,american lock which was not4 ,the body of the lock is cast iron2 and1 seeing that there are no strains upon a mortise lock1 it is quite as good as if it was of wrought iron4 ,there is no unnecessary grinding1 but the iron is japanned1 and the japan is as much superior to the ,english compound as is the lacquer ware of the ,japanese to that which is executed in ,birmingham and palmed upon the ignorant buyer as ,japanese work4 ,in fact1 as you can see for yourselves1 the ,english japan looks almost like gas tar beside the ,american4 ,this ,american lock is a two-lever1 and there is no sham about the key1 which is made of some kind of white metal and is small and neat4 ,this lock is only #b per cent higher in price than the ,english4 ,before leaving these locks1 let me say a word or two upon the relative wear upon their different portions1 and their relative safety4 ,the ,english maker appears to ignore the fact that nineteen-twentieths of the wear of a lock is upon the latch1 spindle1 and follower2 the amount of actual wear upon the rest of the lock is comparatively slight4 ,let any of you consider the number of times you open and close a door1 compared with the times you lock it4 ,our drawbacks and large rim locks are used about once a day2 the great bulk of our mortise locks are not used1 except as latches1 once a week4 ,one argument used by our manufacturers against the ,american lock is that1 being made by machinery1 there is necessarily a great duplication of parts1 and a consequent lowering of the standard of security2 while their own locks1 being made by hand1 are not alike1 and therefore cannot be so easily opened4 ,let any of you put this argument to proof1 by trying how many front doors you can open with one key in a row of workmen's dwellings such as are found in ,manchester1 ranging up to #be rentals1 and the result will astonish you4 ,if our own manufacturers made their locks sufficiently well to give this security1 there would be some force in what they say2 but so far as security is concerned1 they might as well make their locks by machinery as make them in the way they do4 ,i now show you two thumb latches1 one of ,american and one of ,english make4 ,notice the general finish of the ,american latch2 the shape1 the mode of construction1 and everything about it proves that brains were used when it was designed and made4 ,the ,english ,norfolk latch1 on the other hand1 is ill designed1 uncomfortable in hand1 clumsily finished1 the japan hangs about it in lumps1 the latch is clumsy1 the catch is clumsier1 and the keeper1 a rough piece of hoop iron1 seems as if designed to keep the latch from doing its duty4 ,in this case the ,american latch is #be per cent cheaper than the ,english one2 and the ,english latch is of the same pattern as the one that was in use when ,i was a boy1 only that it is a greatly inferior article4 ,i will now introduce you to the well known nuisance which we have been accustomed to use for fastening our cupboard doors--the cupboard turn--and without further comment1 ask you to compare it with this neat and simple latch of ,american make1 costing about #e per cent more1 twice as efficacious1 and five times as durable4 ,in this case no improvement has been made in the ,english fastener4 ,it is just as it was when ,i went to the trade1 about #bh years ago1 and although many attempts have been made to improve it they have added so much to its cost as to prevent the improved articles from coming into general use4 ,the difference between the ,english and ,american inventor and designer seems to consist in this--that while an ,englishman devotes all his energies to the improvement of an existing shape1 the ,american throws the old article under his bench and commences de novo4 ,i think ,i have made out a case against the ,english hardware manufacturer1 but when ,i have pointed these matters out to merchants and ironmongers1 ,i have been met with various reasons for this manifest inferiority4 ,i do not know how far these excuses may be valid1 but one man says that the reason1 as regards locks1 is somewhat as follows3 ,the locksmiths of the district wherein they are made in many cases work at their own homes2 one man making one part of a lock1 while other men make other parts4 ,this goes on generation after generation1 and the men become mere machines1 not knowing how the entire lock is constructed1 and not caring to know4 ,another attributes it to the influence of the trades-unions1 and says that if a manufacturer wants a different kind of lock1 the price for the work is immediately put higher1 even though the actual labor may not be increased4 ,a third says it is due to the drunkenness of the hands1 and their consequent poverty and physical and social demoralization1 which prevents them from rising to such an intellectual level as will enable them to see the evils of their system1 and adopt the right means to remove them4 ,a fourth boldly says1 ,we make these goods because our customers want them4 ,how far the reasons assigned by the first three are correct ,i am unable to say1 but for the fourth1 the extent to which the builders of ,england have patronized the ,americans is a complete answer4 ,this defense1 ,our customers want them1 is as old as the hills1 and has been used to cover every kind of deception and inferior article ever manufactured4 ,our ,lancashire manufacturers use it when they are charged with sending china clay and mildew 7and call it calico7 for the mild ,hindoo and the ,heathen ,chinee to dress themselves in4 ,our butter merchants use it when they make up grease and call it butter2 and our hardware merchants use it when they send us sham locks1 and call them brass bushed1 etc4 ,it is the duty of the manufacturer to invent for his customers1 and it is preposterous to say that the builder would prefer that embodiment of fraud--the ,english rim-lock1 which ,i showed to you--to the ,american lock1 which1 at any rate1 was an honest article1 especially when the latter had the great advantage of being considerably cheaper4 ,i am afraid that the swindling and greed of our merchants is having the effect of thrusting us out of the markets of the world1 including our home markets2 and when it is too late1 these men who are making the name of ,english goods a byword and a reproach1 even among the ,hindoos1 the ,chinese1 and the untutored savages of the ,south ,sea ,islands1 will find that honesty is the best policy4 ,we have been accustomed to hear a deal of buncombe talked about the honesty of the ,englishman1 and the want of honesty of the ,yankee2 about the enterprise of our manufacturers and the skill of our workmen2 but if what ,i have shown to you is to be taken as a specimen1 it is time we set our house in order4 ,since commencing the paper ,i have read the discussion between ,messrs4 ,chubb and ,hill1 and am at a loss to know why ,messrs4 ,chubb entered into the arena4 ,if all the ,english makers tried to reach ,chubb's standard we should keep our markets1 at least so far as high quality is concerned2 and to see ,messrs4 ,chubb acting as champions of the ,english lockmakers is something like seeing ,messrs4 ,horrocks taking up the cudgels for those people who manufacture china clay and call it calico1 the proportion of fiber in the material being just a little greater than that found in hair mortar4 ,in conclusion1 ,i wish it to be understood that ,i bring these facts before you in no exultant spirit4 ,i am an ,englishman1 and the future welfare of myself and my children depends very much upon the future of ,english manufactures2 but we cannot be blind to the fact that the apathy and conservatism of our manufacturers1 the greed of our ,merchants1 and the ignorance and drunkenness of our workmen1 are weighing us so heavily in the race for trade that a member of our own family1 whose leading business should be to produce food for us1 is outstripping us with the greatest ease4 ,our boasted supremacy as a manufacturing people is leaving us1 and leaving us under such humiliating circumstances--and if the men of ,birmingham and the district are content to dwell in their present fools' paradise1 it is the duty of every lover of his country to speak as plainly as possible to them4 ,of course ,i am prepared to be told that as ,i am not a lockmaker my opinion is worthless2 but ,i have been about #bh years as man and boy1 employer and workman1 in the building trade1 and if ,i have not got to know something about builders' hardware during that period1 ,i have made but a poor use of my time4 ,i do not know if ,i have added to your stock of knowledge1 but deeming the subject an important one1 ,i have done the best ,i could in the time at my disposal4 ,in the discussion which followed the opinion of the members present was unanimously in favor of the ,american articles shown to them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a high ,indian official reports that the people of ,cashmere are dying of famine like flies1 and at the present rate of mortality the province will be nearly depopulated by the end of the year4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,inventors4 ,an experience of more than thirty years1 and the preparation of not less than one hundred thousand applications for patents at home and abroad1 enable us to understand the laws and practice on both continents1 and to possess unequaled facilities for procuring patents everywhere4 ,in addition to our facilities for preparing drawings and specifications quickly1 the applicant can rest assured that his case will be filed in the ,patent ,office without delay4 ,every application1 in which the fees have been paid1 is sent complete--including the model--to the ,patent ,office the same day the papers are signed at our office1 or received by mail1 so there is no delay in filing the case1 a complaint we often hear from other sources4 ,another advantage to the inventor in securing his patent through the ,scientific ,american ,patent ,agency1 it insures a special notice of the invention in the ,,scientific ,,american1 which publication often opens negotiations for the sale of the patent or manufacture of the article4 ,a synopsis of the patent laws in foreign countries may be found on another page1 and persons contemplating the securing of patents abroad are invited to write to this office for prices1 which have been reduced in accordance with the times1 and our perfected facilities for conducting the business4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 office ,,scientific ,,american4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,business ,,and ,,personal4 ,the ,charge for ,insertion under this head is ,one ,dollar a line for each insertion2 about eight words to a line4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,thursday morning to appear in next issue4 ,valves and ,hydrants1 warranted to give perfect satisfaction4 ,chapman ,valve ,manuf4 ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,brown ,sharpe1 ,prov41 ,r4 ,i4 ,best ,gear ,teeth ,cutters and ,index ,plates at low prices4 ,send for catalogue4 ,wanted--,galvanic ,battery1 ,induction ,coil1 ,electro-,magnet4 ,address1 with description and price1 ,box #agjj1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,new ,steam ,governor4--,entire right for #c1jjj4 ,for circulars address ,e4 ,towns1 ,cisne1 ,ill4 ,gutta ,percha1 pure and sheeted1 for sale in quantities to suit4 ,anderson ,reynolds1 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,the new fragrant ,vanity ,fair ,cigarettes4 ,new combinations of rare ,old ,perique and ,virginia4 ,wanted--,second-hand ,corliss ,engine1 #ajj to #abe ,h4 ,p4 ,address ,p4 ,o4 ,box #abjh1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 #ag and #bj in4 ,gibed ,rest ,screw ,lathes4 ,geo4 ,s4 ,lincoln1 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,downer's ,anti-,incrustation ,liquid for ,removal and ,prevention of ,scales in ,steam ,boilers1 is spoken of in highest terms by those who have given it a thorough trial4 ,circulars and price lists furnished on application4 ,a4 ,h4 ,downer1 #ag ,peck ,slip1 ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,adams1 one of the most extensive contractors and decorators in this city1 says he has used nearly fifty thousand gallons of ,h4 ,w4 ,johns' ,asbestos ,liquid ,paints1 and after an experience of twenty years with white lead and other paints1 he considers them not only superior in richness of color and durability1 but owing to their wonderful covering properties1 they are fully #bj per cent more economical than any others4 ,new ,pamphlet of ,burnham's ,standard ,turbine ,wheel sent free by ,n4 ,f4 ,burnham1 ,york1 ,pa4 ,gaume's ,electric ,engine4 #aga ,pearl ,st41 ,b'klyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,engines1 to #e ,h4 ,p4 ,g4 ,f4 ,shedd1 ,waltham1 ,mass4 ,clipper ,injector4 ,j4 ,d4 ,lynde1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,diamond ,drills1 ,j4 ,dickinson1 #fd ,nassau ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,eagle ,anvils1 #i cents per pound4 ,fully warranted4 ,case ,hardening ,preparation4 ,box #gc1 ,willimantic1 ,ct4 ,vertical ,burr ,mill4 ,c4 ,k4 ,bullock1 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,sheet ,metal ,presses1 ,ferracute ,co41 ,bridgeton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,mundy's ,pat4 ,friction ,hoist4 ,eng41 of any power1 double and single4 ,said by all to be the best4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mundy1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,auction ,sale4--,the ,machinery and ,property of the well known ,hardie's ,machine ,works1 #fb and #fd ,church ,st41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 will be sold ,march #bf1 at noon4 ,no postponement4 ,to ,manufacturers or ,capitalists4--,a rare chance to control a valuable agricultural patented implement4 ,address ,s4 ,a4 ,fisher1 ,maplewood1 ,mass4 ,reflecting ,telescope1 #f inches aperture1 well mounted1 price only #gj4 ,j4 ,ramsden1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,see ,hogins' ,laundry ,table1 illustrated on page #aid4 ,state1 ,canada1 and entire right for sale4 ,emery4--,best ,turkey ,emery in bbls41 kegs1 and cases in quantities to suit4 ,greene1 ,tweed ,co41 #ah ,park ,place1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition is published monthly1 about the #aeth of each month4 ,every number comprises most of the plates of the four preceding weekly numbers of the ,,scientific ,,american1 with other appropriate contents1 business announcements1 etc4 ,it forms a large and splendid periodical of nearly one hundred quarto pages1 each number illustrated with about one hundred engravings4 ,it is a complete record of ,american progress in the arts4 ,gold1 ,silver1 and ,nickel ,plater wants situation4 ,address ,plater1 ,oakville1 ,conn4 ,amateur ,photo4 ,apparatus1 including instructions2 outfits complete4 ,e4 ,sackmann ,co41 #bgh ,pearl ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,outfits for ,nickel and ,silver ,plating1 #e to #bjj4 ,union ,silver ,plating ,company1 ,princeton1 ,ill4 ,send for ,circulars of ,indestructible ,boot and ,shoe ,soles to ,h4 ,c4 ,goodrich1 #dj ,hoyne ,ave41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,for ,sale4--,brown ,sharp ,universal ,milling ,machine2 ,bement ,profiling ,machine2 first-class #b;d hand ,machine ,tools4 ,e4 ,p4 ,bullard1 #ad ,dey ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,for ,sale4--#g foot bed ,putnam ,planer1 #cej4 ,a4 ,a4 ,pool ,co41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,bevins ,co4's ,hydraulic ,elevator4 ,great power1 simplicity1 safety1 economy1 durability4 #id ,liberty ,st4 ,n4 ,y4 ,a ,cupola works best with forced blast from a ,baker ,blower4 ,wilbraham ,bros41 #b1cah ,frankford ,ave41 ,phila4 ,shaw's ,noise ,quieting ,nozzles and ,mercury ,pressure ,gauges4 ,t4 ,shaw1 #iae ,ridge ,ave41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,for ,solid ,wrought ,iron ,beams1 etc41 see advertisement4 ,address ,union ,iron ,mills1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 for lithograph1 etc4 ,h4 ,prentiss ,company1 #ad ,dey ,st41 ,n4 ,y41 ,manufs4 ,taps1 ,dies1 ,screw ,plates1 ,reamers1 etc4 ,send for list4 ,presses1 ,dies1 and ,tools for working ,sheet ,metal1 etc4 ,fruit other can tools4 ,bliss ,williams1 ,b'klyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,nickel ,plating4--,a white deposit guaranteed by using our material4 ,condit1 ,hanson ,van ,winkle1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,hydraulic ,elevators for private houses1 hotels1 and public buildings4 ,burdon ,iron ,works1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the ,lathes1 ,planers1 ,drills1 and other ,tools1 new and second-hand1 of the ,wood ,light ,machine ,company1 ,worcester1 are to be sold out very low by the ,george ,place ,machinery ,agency1 #aba ,chambers ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,hydraulic ,presses and ,jacks1 new and second hand4 ,lathes and ,machinery for ,polishing and ,buffing ,metals ,e4 ,lyon ,co41 #dgj ,grand ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,solid ,emery ,vulcanite ,wheels--,the ,solid ,original ,emery ,wheel--other kinds imitations and inferior4 ,caution4--,our name is stamped in full on all our best ,standard ,belting1 ,packing1 and ,hose4 ,buy that only4 ,the best is the cheapest4 ,new ,york ,belting and ,packing ,company1 #cg and #ch ,park ,row1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pulverizing ,mills for all hard substances and grinding purposes4 ,walker ,bros4 ,co41 #bc;d ,wood ,st41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,portland ,cement--,roman ,keene's1 for walks1 cisterns1 foundations1 stables1 cellars1 bridges1 reservoirs1 breweries1 etc4 ,remit #be cents postage stamps for ,practical ,treatise on ,cements4 ,s4 ,l4 ,merchant ,co41 #ec ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,needle ,pointed ,iron1 ,brass1 and ,steel ,wire for all purposes4 ,w4 ,crabb1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,manufacturers of ,improved ,goods who desire to build up a lucrative foreign trade1 will do well to insert a well displayed advertisement in the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition4 ,this paper has a very large foreign circulation4 ,band ,saws1 #ajj2 ,scroll ,saws1 #ge2 ,planers1 #aej2 ,universal ,wood ,workers and ,hand ,planers1 #aej1 and upwards4 ,bentel1 ,margedant ,co41 ,hamilton1 ,ohio4 ,the best ,friction ,clutch ,pulley and ,friction ,hoisting ,machinery in the world1 to be seen with power applied1 #ie and #ig ,liberty ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,d4 ,frisbie ,co41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,c4 ,m4 ,flint1 ,fitchburg1 ,mass41 ,mfr4 of ,saw ,mills and ,dogs1 ,shingle and ,clapboard ,machines4 ,circulars4 ,blake's ,belt ,studs2 strongest1 cheapest1 and best fastening for ,leather or ,rubber ,belts4 ,greene1 ,tweed ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,no gum6 ,no grit6 ,no acid6 ,anti-,corrosive ,cylinder ,oil is the best in the world1 and the first and only oil that perfectly lubricates a railroad locomotive cylinder1 doing it with half the quantity required of best lard or tallow1 giving increased power and less wear to machinery1 with entire freedom from gum1 stain1 or corrosion of any sort1 and it is equally superior for all steam cylinders or heavy work where body or cooling qualities are indispensable4 ,a fair trial insures its continued use4 ,address ,e4 ,h4 ,kellogg1 sole manufacturer1 #ag ,cedar ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,the unprecedented demand for ,kinney ,bros4' ,new ,cigarette1 ,sweet ,caporal1 is a good recommendation as to their merit4 ,wheels and ,pinions1 heavy and light1 remarkably strong and durable4 ,especially suited for sugar mills and similar work4 ,pittsburgh ,steel ,casting ,company1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,deoxidized ,bronze4 ,patent for machine and engine journals4 ,philadelphia ,smelting ,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,for ,sale4--#d ,h4 ,p4 ,vertical ,engine and ,boiler 7,new ,york ,safety ,steam ,power ,co4's make71 as good1 and in some respects better1 than new4 ,address ,h4 ,m4 ,quackenbush1 ,herkimer1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wood-working ,machinery1 ,waymouth ,lathes4 ,specialty1 ,wardwell ,patent ,saw ,bench2 it has no equal4 ,improved ,patent ,planers2 ,elevators2 ,dowel ,machines4 ,rollstone ,machine ,company1 ,fitchburg1 ,mass4 ,galland ,co4's improved ,hydraulic ,elevators4 ,office #bjf ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y41 7,evening ,post ,building1 room #bb47 ,the only economical and practical ,gas ,engine in the market is the new ,otto ,silent1 built by ,schleicher4 ,schumm ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,send for circular4 ,dead ,pulleys that stop the running of loose pulleys and their belts1 controlled from any point4 ,send for catalogue4 ,taper ,sleeve ,pulley ,works1 ,erie1 ,pa4 ,vick's ,illustrated ,monthly ,magazine is one of the most beautiful magazines in the world4 ,each number contains a chromo of some group of flowers1 and many fine engravings4 ,published monthly at #a4be per year4 ,address ,james ,vick1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,notes and ,queries ,,notes ,,queries ,,hints ,,to ,,correspondents4 ,no attention will be paid to communications unless accompanied with the full name and address of the writer4 ,names and addresses of correspondents will not be given to inquirers4 ,we renew our request that correspondents1 in referring to former answers or articles1 will be kind enough to name the date of the paper and the page1 or the number of the question4 ,correspondents whose inquiries do not appear after a reasonable time should repeat them4 ,persons desiring special information which is purely of a personal character1 and not of general interest1 should remit from #a to #e1 according to the subject1 as we cannot be expected to spend time and labor to obtain such information without remuneration4 99 99 99 99 99 7#a7 ,s4 ,q4--,the speed of a circular saw at the periphery should be from #f1jjj to #g1jjj feet per minute4 ,the number of revolutions per minute will of course vary with the diameter of the saw4 7#b7 ,t4 ,j4 ,f4 asks 7#a7 for the best way to fasten emery on a wooden wheel1 to be used in place of a solid emery wheel4 ,a4 ,cover the wheel with leather devoid of grease1 and coat the leather surface1 a portion at a time1 with good glue2 immediately roll the glued surface in emery spread out on a board4 #b4 ,how can ,i fasten small pieces of looking glass on iron8 ,a4 ,use equal parts of pitch and gutta percha together4 7#c7 ,w4 ,c4 asks3 #a4 ,what is the power of the simple electric light described in ,,supplement ,,no4 #adi8 ,a4 ,when supplied with a strong current it is equal to #e or #f #e-;foot gas burners4 ,it is designed for temporary use only4 #b4 ,what is the cost of manufacturing the dynamo-electric machine in ,,supplement ,,no4 #afa8 ,a4 ,the one shown in the article referred to cost about #ce4 7#d7 ,l4 ,d4 asks3 #a4 ,which is the better conductor1 silver or copper8 ,a4 ,silver4 #b4 ,and the comparative resistance offered to the electric current by water and the above8 ,a4 ,taking pure silver as #ajj1jjj1jjj1 the conductivity of distilled water would be #j4ja4 7#e7 ,h4 ,j4 ,f4 writes3 ,in ,,supplement #afb a simple electric light is described4 ,i wish to light a room #bjbjaj feet4 #a4 ,how large is the bell glass8 ,a4 #b inches4 #b4 ,can ,i use battery carbon8 ,a4 ,use a carbon pencil made for electric lamps4 #c4 ,how can ,i make tray water tight after putting wire through8 ,a4 ,with gutta percha4 #d4 ,i have one large cell ,bunsen and one ,smee4 ,how many more and of what kind shall ,i get8 ,a4 ,one of the batteries described in ,,supplements #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 will do1 probably #h or #aj ,bunsen elements would be the best4 7#f7 ,w4 ,b4 ,f4 writes3 ,i tried to make an electric pen1 like the one described in your ,,scientific ,,american1 of ,february #bb;d1 #ahgi1 using a ,smee's battery1 a circuit breaker1 and an induction coil1 but it did not work4 ,is there anything wrong1 or is a condenser different from an induction coil8 ,a4 ,a condenser consists of a number of sheets of tin foil separated from each other by larger sheets of paper4 ,one half of the tin foil sheets are connected with one terminal of the primary coil1 the other half with the other terminal2 the tin foil sheets connected with one terminal alternate with those of the other terminal4 ,the condenser is essential to the working of the coil4 ,for complete directions for making induction coils1 see ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,,no4 #afj4 7#g7 ,j4 ,de ,f4 asks3 #a4 ,knowing the resistance of a wire of given conductivity1 length1 and diameter1 will the resistance of any other wire be in proportion inversely8 ,a4 ,yes4 #b4 ,is there heat enough developed in the secondary coil of an induction coil to prevent the use of paraffine as an insulating material8 ,a4 ,with proper battery power1 no4 #c4 ,how high in the list of non-conductors does paraffine stand8 ,a4 ,it is one of the best4 #d4 ,will a cotton insulator soaked in paraffine answer as well as silk8 ,a4 ,no1 because it renders the covering of the wire too thick4 #e4 ,can you recommend any insulating material for making induction coils which will dry rapidly8 ,a4 ,alcoholic shellac varnish4 ,rosin to which a little beeswax has been added is an excellent insulator2 it must be applied in a melted state4 #f4 ,what is the composition of the black material covering the ,leclanche porous cell8 ,a4 ,gutta percha4 #g4 ,is the magneto-electric machine described in the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement patented8 ,a4 ,to which do you refer8 ,most1 if not all of them are patented4 7#h7 ,b4 ,v4 ,f4 writes3 ,with reference to item #h1 on page #aci1 of ,,scientific ,,american1 ,march #a1 #ahgi1 ,i think there is some mistake about the coal you think required to heat #a1jjj cubic feet space4 ,i burn some #h tons coal to heat1 in the whole year1 such part of my house as must exceed #bebjahi1jjj cubic feet4 ,we keep up a moderate heat at night4 ,ventilate more than most families do2 take part only of the cool air1 and only in part of the coldest weather1 from the cellar1 which at such times is opened into the main entries4 ,house wood1 back plastered1 and stands alone4 ,if #ajj lbs4 coal would heat #a1jjj feet one day1 ,i ought to burn #ijj lbs4 a day1 or nearly #ad tons in ,december and #ad more in ,january4 ,a4 ,we are glad to receive these data1 which correspond quite closely with some obtained by recent accurate experiments4 ,the estimate given in the ,,scientific ,,american also agrees well with experiments on the use of hot air heaters for very small buildings or rooms4 ,of course1 the larger the space to be heated1 the more economically it can generally be done4 7#i7 ,w4 ,m4 ,s4 asks3 ,will the coil described in ,,supplement ,,no4 #afj do for the electric pen described in a recent number of the ,,scientific ,,american8 ,if not how must it be changed8 ,a4 ,it is too large2 make it one half the size given4 ,illustration 7#aj7 ,b4 ,g4--,in reply to your inquiry as to ,mr4 ,stroh's telephone experiment1 we give the following1 which we clip from the ,english ,mechanic3 ,a singular experimental effect1 of special interest just now from its possible bearing on the theory of the source of sound in the ,bell telephone1 has just been observed by ,mr4 ,stroh1 the well known mechanician4 ,if a telephone1 ,t1 with the circuit of its coil left open1 be held to the ear1 and a powerful magnet1 ,m1 be moved gently up and down along the length of the magnet1 as shown by the arrow1 and at a distance of an inch or two from it1 a faint breathing sound will be heard1 the recurring pulses of sound keeping time with the up and down motion of the magnet4 ,the sound may be aptly compared to the steady breathing of a child1 and there is a striking resemblance between it and the microphonic sounds of gases diffusing through a porous septum as heard by ,mr4 ,chandler ,roberts4 ,we understand that ,professor ,hughes is investigating the cause of this curious sound by help of the microphone4 7#aa7 ,enterprise asks3 ,what part of its volume will iron expand in passing from a temperature of #fj to melting temperature8 ,a4 ,the cubical expansion of iron for each degree 7,c47 between #j and #ajj is #j4jjjjcedf of its volume1 its volume being #a4 ,this ratio however1 increases somewhat at higher temperatures1 since the mean coefficient of expansion for each degree between #j ,c4 and #cjj ,c4 is #j4jjjjddje4 ,the question you ask has probably never been settled4 ,you may form an approximation by the use of the above ratios1 knowing the melting point of the iron4 7#ab7 ,p4 ,l4 ,o4 asks for a good chemistry for a beginner to study without a teacher4 ,a4 ,fownes' ,chemistry2 ,gorup-,besanez1 ,inorganic1 ,organic and ,physiological ,chemistry4 7#ac7 ,l4 ,e4 ,m4 asks3 ,what is the best method of keeping fine guns from rusting1 and what oil should be used8 ,a4 ,for the outside1 clear gum copal #a part1 oil of rosemary #a part1 absolute alcohol #c parts4 ,clean and heat the metal and apply a flowing coat of the liquid by means of a camel's hair brush4 ,do not handle until the coat becomes dry and hard4 ,for the inside of the barrel a trace of refined sperm oil is as good as anything1 but an excess should be avoided4 7#ad7 ,a4 ,h4 ,b4 asks how much weight1 falling #aj feet1 will be required to produce one horse power for five hours8 ,a4 ,one horse power for #e hours #cc1jjj #cjj #i1ijj1jjj foot pounds--so that the weight required is #i1ijj1jjj #aj #iij1jjj lbs4 7#ae7 ,a4 ,d4 ,r4 asks3 #a4 ,in renewing a ,leclanche battery1 do the zincs have to be amalgamated8 ,a4 ,they are usually amalgamated4 #b4 ,will two cells large size ,leclanche battery give any light1 using the simple lamp described in ,,supplement ,,no4 #afb8 ,a4 ,no4 7#af7 ,h4 ,l4 ,j4 writes3 ,in a recent issue of the ,,scientific ,,american you state that the floating of solid iron on melted iron is on the same principle as the floating of ice in water4 ,i do not quite understand how it can be4 ,please explain4 ,a4 ,solid iron1 at an elevated temperature1 floats upon molten iron for the same reason that ice floats upon molten ice-water--because it is specifically lighter4 ,you will find the subject discussed at length in ,tyndall's ,heat as a ,mode of ,motion4 7#ag7 ,j4 ,w4 will find full directions for canning corn1 etc41 on p4 #cid 7#d71 vol4 #ci1 ,,scientific ,,american4 7#ah7 ,amateur writes3 ,i wish to make some small bells that have a clear ring4 ,what metal or metals can ,i use that ,i can melt easily8 ,a4 ,use an alloy of tin and antimony4 ,see ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,,no4 #ag4 7#ai7 ,h4--,a nutritious mixed diet is unquestionably the best1 care being taken to avoid an excess of meat4 7#bj7 ,w4 ,f4 writes3 ,i have made an engine1 and would like to find out what size of boiler it will require4 ,the cylinder has #b inch bore and #c inches stroke4 ,a4 ,it depends upon pressure and speed to be maintained2 probably a vertical tubular boiler1 #ae inches diameter1 and #cb to #cf inches high1 would suit you4 7#ba7 ,r4 ,g4 7,salt ,lake74--,please send full name4 7#bb7 ,j4 ,m4 ,g4 asks3 ,if two persons each pull one hundred pounds on opposite ends of a rope1 what will be the strain on the rope8 ,a4 ,the strain on the rope will be #ajj lbs4 7#bc7 ,w4 ,m4 ,m4 asks3 ,in laying off a mill stone in furrows1 what draught is given8 ,what amount of the space of a stone is given to furrows and what to grinding surface8 ,a4 ,there is considerable difference in the practice of various millers1 and we would be glad to receive communications from those experienced in the art of dressing millstones4 ,,minerals1 ,,etc4--,specimens have been received from the following correspondents1 and examined1 with the results stated3 ,s4 7,new ,orleans47--,the powder consists of a mixture of zinc oxide and finely powdered resin4 ,a quantitative analysis would be necessary to determine the proportions4 ,any numbers of the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement referred to in these columns may be had at this office4 ,price #aj cents each4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,communications ,,received4 ,life ,preserving ,stone4 ,by ,j4 ,d4 ,w4 ,on ,ventilation4 ,by ,d4 ,w4 ,what is ,mental ,action8 ,by ,n4 ,k4 ,panama ,railroad or ,canal4 ,by ,g4 ,r4 ,p4 ,a ,problem4 ,by ,k4 ,on the ,gary ,motor4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,m4 ,magnetic ,motor4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,w41 ,w4 ,a4 ,a41 ,g4 ,h4 ,f4 ,house ,warming4 ,by ,h4 ,b4 ,f4 ,the ,injector4 ,by ,m4 ,a4 ,b4 ,columbus' ,problem2 ,cure for ,diphtheria2 ,the ,mullein ,cure for ,consumption4 ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,l4 ,a ,visit to ,tula4 ,by ,l4 ,r4 ,on ,vacuum in ,pumps and the ,atwood ,machine4 ,by ,p4 ,j4 ,d4 ,on the ,patent ,bill4 ,by ,r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,official4 ,,index ,,of ,,inventions ,,for ,,which ,,letters ,,patent ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,were ,,granted ,,in ,,the ,,week ,,ending ,february #ah1 #ahgi1 ,,and ,,each ,,bearing ,,that ,,date4 ,those marked 7r7 are reissued patents4 ,a complete copy of any patent in the annexed list1 including both the specifications and drawings1 will be furnished from this office for one dollar4 ,in ordering1 please state the number and date of the patent desired1 and remit to ,munn ,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york city4 ,air heater1 ,w4 ,pickhardt #bab1dii ,anchor1 ,a4 ,f4 ,white #bab1cdj ,animal trap1 ,s4 ,j4 ,bennett #bab1dcj ,axle box1 vehicle1 ,p4 ,k4 ,hughes #bab1chb ,axle1 carriage1 ,c4 ,h4 ,kendall #bab1chg ,axle for wagons1 trussed1 ,j4 ,herby #bab1cgh ,axle1 vehicle1 ,c4 ,h4 ,kendall #bab1chf ,barrel cover1 ,c4 ,brinton #bab1cej ,bed bottom1 ,j4 ,flinn #bab1dea ,bed bottom1 spring1 ,w4 ,b4 ,crich #bab1ddc ,bedstead1 sofa1 ,a4 ,n4 ,hornung #bab1cab ,bedstead1 wardrobe1 ,h4 ,p4 ,blackman #bab1cdh ,belt hook templet1 ,e4 ,card #bab1cec ,boot and shoe laster1 ,l4 ,graf #bab1dfj ,boot and shoe sole polisher1 etc41 ,o4 ,gilmore #bab1cgb ,boot and shoe sole edge trimmer1 ,c4 ,h4 ,helms #bab1caa ,boot fronts1 cutting in1 ,c4 ,h4 ,colburn #bab1ceg ,boot1 ,india-rubber1 ,g4 ,watkinson 7r7 #h1ehg ,bottle filler1 ,w4 ,s4 ,paddock #bab1did ,bread board1 ,h4 ,van ,doren #bab1ccd ,brick1 shed for drying1 ,c4 ,h4 ,roselius #bab1eaa ,bridge gate1 ,a4 ,stempel #bab1cbi ,broom corn tabler1 ,g4 ,w4 ,foulger #bab1ded ,button ,f4 ,e4 ,williams #bab1dah ,calculator1 tax1 ,p4 ,f4 ,pettibone #bab1dih ,car coupling1 ,g4 ,r4 ,hamilton #bab1dfb ,car coupling1 ,s4 ,a4 ,haydock #bab1dfd ,car coupling1 ,j4 ,worrall #bab1ebi ,car heaters1 coupling for pipes of railway1 ,j4 ,w4 ,graydon #bab1cgf ,car heater1 railway1 ,j4 ,w4 ,graydon #bab1cge ,car heating pipe coupling1 railway1 ,j4 ,w4 ,graydon #bab1cgd ,car ventilation1 ,j4 ,knipscheer #bab1dge ,cars1 heating1 ,j4 ,j4 ,w4 ,russell #bab1djc ,cars1 supplying water to wash stands on1 ,d4 ,h4 ,jones #bab1che ,carbureter feed regulator1 ,w4 ,h4 ,reed #bab1ejb ,card machine burr conveyer1 ,w4 ,c4 ,bramwell #bab1dce ,carpet beater1 ,j4 ,l4 ,leach #bab1dgf ,carriage1 ,c4 ,h4 ,palmer1 ,jr4 #bab1cig ,carriage bow1 ,f4 ,h4 ,niemann #bab1dia ,carriage1 child's1 ,f4 ,h4 ,way 7r7 #h1ehc ,carriage top prop1 ,j4 ,p4 ,simpson #bab1eai ,carriage canopy top1 ,d4 ,gleason #bab1deh ,cartridge1 ,w4 ,w4 ,hubbell #bab1cac ,chair foot or leg rest1 ,m4 ,e4 ,keiran #bab1dgd ,chimney1 locomotive engine1 ,h4 ,r4 ,walker #bab1dad ,chuck1 lathe1 ,j4 ,h4 ,vinton #bab1dac ,churn power motion1 ,w4 ,f4 ,witherington #bab1ebg ,cigarette1 ,c4 ,c4 ,millaudon #bab1cib ,coat1 reversible1 ,n4 ,h4 ,lund #bab1dgi ,cock and faucet1 etc41 self-closing1 ,j4 ,broughton #bab1dcf ,coffee pot1 teapot1 etc41 stand1 ,d4 ,h4 ,murphy #bab1cie ,coffee roaster1 ,r4 ,davis #bab1dde ,corset1 ,w4 ,thomas #bab1daa ,corset steel1 ,e4 ,m4 ,smith #baa1ebj ,dental plugger1 ,w4 ,g4 ,a4 ,bonwill #bab1dcd ,door securer and combined tool1 ,p4 ,e4 ,rudel #bab1eab ,door sill and carpet strip1 ,s4 ,m4 ,stewart #bab1eba ,drip pan and self-oiler for bearings1 ,r4 ,b4 ,eason #bab1ddi ,egg cup and opener1 ,d4 ,h4 ,murphy #bab1cid ,end gate1 wagon1 ,w4 ,h4 ,parkin #bab1cih ,file1 bill1 ,e4 ,h4 ,owen #bab1dic ,files1 recutting1 ,m4 ,j4 ,murphy #bab1dij ,filter1 ,j4 ,w4 ,lefferts #bab1dgg ,firearm1 breech-loading1 ,h4 ,goodman #bab1dei ,firearm lock1 ,kaufmann ,warnant #bab1dgc ,fire extinguisher1 ,d4 ,t4 ,perkins #bab1cbb ,fires in buildings1 extinguishing1 ,c4 ,barnes #bab1cdf ,fluid motor1 ,chase ,bowker #bab1cef ,fountain tip1 ,h4 ,g4 ,fiske #bab1cfh ,furnace1 ,g4 ,b4 ,field #bab1cff ,game apparatus1 ,w4 ,t4 ,ebert #bab1cjd ,garter1 etc41 clasp1 ,l4 ,lobenstein #bab1cij ,gate1 ,mc,kinley ,ellis #bab1dhb ,gate1 ,g4 ,w4 ,pyle #bab1eja ,glassware1 decorating1 ,h4 ,feurhake #bab1cfe ,glassware shaper and finisher1 ,atterbury ,beck #bab1dba ,glazier's tool1 ,w4 ,h4 ,g4 ,savage #bab1eae ,governor and friction brake for machinery1 speed1 ,t4 ,a4 ,weston #bab1ccg ,grain drill1 ,c4 ,f4 ,davis 7r7 #h1ehi ,harness breeching strap1 ,h4 ,holt #bab1dfg ,harrow1 toothless1 ,j4 ,w4 ,mulvey #bab1cic ,harvester1 ,w4 ,a4 ,wood #bab1ebh ,harvester cutter1 ,b4 ,pratt #bab1cbc ,harvester1 grain binding1 ,j4 ,f4 ,appleby #bab1dbj ,harvester reel1 ,b4 ,moreland #bab1cah ,harvesting machine1 ,dutton ,tornquist #bab1cjc ,hat formers1 web tender for1 ,r4 ,eickemeyer #bab1dej ,hay binder and elevator1 ,p4 ,h4 ,nichols #bab1cai ,hay elevator1 ,h4 ,barlow #bab1dbg ,hay tedder1 ,e4 ,j4 ,knowlton #bab1chh ,headlights1 signal for locomotive1 ,w4 ,kelley 7r7 #h1eia ,heat regulator for furnaces1 ,a4 ,c4 ,norcross 7r7 #h1ehb ,hoisting bucket1 ,f4 ,h4 ,c4 ,mey #bab1cag ,hoisting drums1 etc41 friction brake and clutch for1 ,t4 ,a4 #bab1cch ,weston ,hoisting machine1 ,t4 ,a4 ,weston #bab1cci ,horse toe weight1 ,g4 ,c4 ,clausen #bab1ddj ,hydrant1 ,j4 ,snell #bab1djh ,hydrant1 street1 ,g4 ,c4 ,morgan #bab1dhf ,hydraulic motor1 ,w4 ,s4 ,puckett #bab1ejj ,injector1 steam boiler1 ,g4 ,r4 ,buckman #bab1dch ,keg trussing machine1 ,e4 ,b4 ,holmes #bab1cha ,kettle1 ,h4 ,c4 ,mc,lean #bab1dhc ,kitchen cabinet1 ,c4 ,a4 ,adams #bab1cdc ,lamp1 ,j4 ,h4 ,irwin #bab1dgj ,lamp burner1 ,e4 ,b4 ,requa #bab1dja ,lamp1 fountain1 ,c4 ,stockmann #bab1ebb ,lamp shade holder1 ,brown ,taplin #bab1dcg ,lamp1 street1 ,j4 ,stewart #bab1daj ,lamp wick1 ,h4 ,halvorson #bab1cji ,life preserver1 ,t4 ,richards #bab1djb ,life preserver1 ,r4 ,e4 ,rose #bab1djd ,lock1 ,w4 ,e4 ,forster #bab1deb ,lock gate1 ,d4 ,risher1 ,jr4 #bab1ejf ,mechanical movement1 ,c4 ,b4 ,hitchcock #bab1chj ,metal tube maker1 ,a4 ,ball #bab1dbe ,middlings separator1 ,j4 ,schoonover #bab1djf ,milker1 cow1 ,a4 ,c4 ,baldwin #bab1dbc ,millstone adjustment1 ,s4 ,p4 ,walling #bab1ebe ,millstone curb or hoop1 ,j4 ,s4 ,detwiler #bab1cfa ,miter machine1 ,j4 ,j4 ,spilker #bab1dji ,mop head1 ,h4 ,murch #bab1dhi ,needle eye polisher1 ,george ,payne #bab1dee ,oil cup1 ,f4 ,lunkenheimer #bab1dhj ,ore concentrator1 ,e4 ,w4 ,stephens #bab1ccj ,ore roaster1 ,c4 ,e4 ,robinson #bab1ejh ,oven bottom and slide1 ,j4 ,jewett #bab1dga ,oysters1 board bank for fattening1 ,f4 ,lang #bab1chi ,package or box filler1 ,bolton ,strieby #bab1cdi ,paper cutter1 ,j4 ,m4 ,jones #bab1chd ,paper folder1 ,r4 ,m4 ,hoe #bab1dff ,paper machines1 method and apparatus for producing a vacuum in #bab1cfb the suction box of1 ,dunn ,hollister ,paper machines1 wire guide for ,j4 ,w4 ,moore #bab1dhe ,paper making1 treating pulp stock1 ,s4 ,j4 ,deacon #bab1ddg ,paper scorer and cutter1 ,g4 ,l4 ,ingram #bab1cad ,paper scorer and cutter1 ,w4 ,f4 ,lodge #bab1cae ,permutation lock dial screen1 ,corbett ,miller #bab1cei ,picture exhibitor1 ,a4 ,l4 ,high #bab1dfe ,pill machine1 ,fort ,moore #bab1dec ,pipe wrench1 ,s4 ,w4 ,hudson #bab1dfh ,pipe wrench with cutter1 ,franklin ,gilberds #bab1cfi ,plant protector1 ,e4 ,r4 ,frederick #bab1cjf ,plants1 etc41 poison distributer for1 ,g4 ,townsend #bab1dab ,planter and drill1 check row1 ,g4 ,j4 ,hyer #bab1dfi ,planter1 corn1 ,j4 ,a4 ,roderick #bab1eji ,plow1 ,e4 ,walker #bab1ebd ,plow attachment1 ,a4 ,o4 ,bement #bab1dbi ,plow cutter1 ,a4 ,aldrich #bab1dai ,plow1 sulky1 ,j4 ,r4 ,whitney #bab1cda ,printer's roller1 ,t4 ,m4 ,fisher #bab1cfg ,printing machine1 ,l4 ,c4 ,crowell #bab1ddd ,pumping engine1 duplex1 ,g4 ,f4 ,blake 7r7 #h1ehe ,radiator for steam heaters1 ,covert ,snyder #bab1cfj ,railway crossing1 ,bernard ,perkins #bab1dcb ,railway switch1 ,c4 ,f4 ,gessert #bab1def ,ratchet mechanism and clutch for machinery1 ,t4 ,a4 ,weston #bab1ccf ,rocking chair1 ,j4 ,w4 ,hamburger #bab1dfa ,rotary engine1 ,a4 ,b4 ,haughey #bab1dfc ,rubber mat1 ,e4 ,l4 ,perry #bab1dig ,sad iron holder1 ,a4 ,failor #bab1cfc ,safety pin1 ,i4 ,w4 ,stewart 7r7 #h1eib ,salt cellar1 ,w4 ,sellers #bab1eah ,sandpaper roll1 ,o4 ,gilmore #bab1cga ,sash cord guide1 ,clarkson ,kesler 7r7 #h1ehf ,sash fastener1 ,j4 ,benson #bab1dca ,sash fastener1 ,g4 ,w4 ,cary #bab1ced ,sash fastener1 ,j4 ,b4 ,morris #bab1dhg ,saw1 circular1 ,g4 ,schleicher #bab1eaf ,saw handle1 ,e4 ,r4 ,osgood #bab1cif ,saw1 jig1 ,g4 ,w4 ,gary #bab1cee ,saw mill1 gang1 ,h4 ,d4 ,e4 ,n4 ,wickes #bab1ebf ,saw mill head block1 ,j4 ,t4 ,james #bab1chc ,sawing machine1 scroll1 ,n4 ,p4 ,selden #bab1cbf ,scales1 platform1 ,f4 ,fairbanks #bab1cfd ,scales1 weighing1 ,g4 ,l4 ,c4 ,coulon #bab1cjj ,scarf pins1 etc41 making ball heads of1 ,j4 ,n4 ,allen #bab1big ,scythe snath fastening1 ,p4 ,e4 ,rudel #bab1eac ,sewer trap1 ,j4 ,p4 ,cahill #bab1ceb ,sewing implement1 ,a4 ,j4 ,lytle #bab1dha ,sewing machine1 ,c4 ,o4 ,parmenter #bab1die ,sewing machine attachment1 ,j4 ,b4 ,sulgrove #bab1ebc ,sewing machine plaiter1 ,white ,bowhannan #bab1dag ,sheet metal vessel bottom1 ,f4 ,w4 ,moseley #bab1dhd ,shoe1 ,searl ,bly #bab1eag ,skate1 ,c4 ,t4 ,day 7r7 #h1eij ,skylight1 ,j4 ,friend #bab1cjg ,slate frame1 ,e4 ,butler 7r7 #h1ehh ,sled propeller1 ,g4 ,f4 ,shaver 7r7 #h1eic ,smelting furnace1 iron1 ,p4 ,l4 ,weimer #bab1dae ,sole edge burnisher1 ,t4 ,p4 ,young #bab1cdb ,spoke tenoning machine1 ,a4 ,j4 ,roberts #bab1ejg ,sprinkling can1 ,g4 ,f4 ,payne #bab1cba ,stamp1 postage and revenue1 ,k4 ,wheeler #bab1daf ,staple machine1 ,w4 ,m4 ,collins #bab1dda ,staples in paper1 etc41 device for inserting metallic1 ,g4 ,w4 #bab1caf ,mc,gill ,stave crozer and chamferer1 ,h4 ,h4 ,dunlevy #bab1ddh ,steak tenderer1 ,e4 ,richmond #bab1eje ,steam boiler1 fire tube1 ,j4 ,cowhig #bab1cja ,steam brake for locomotives1 etc41 ,w4 ,l4 ,card #bab1dci ,steam piping for heating1 etc41 ,b4 ,f4 ,osborne #bab1dbj ,steam trap1 ,i4 ,w4 ,merrill #bab1cia ,stove and furnace grate1 ,s4 ,smyth #bab1djg ,stove1 cooking1 ,g4 ,h4 ,hess #bab1cgi ,stove1 cooking1 ,j4 ,jewett #bab1dgb ,stove1 oil1 ,fleming ,hamilton #bab1cje ,stove oven door and shelf1 ,c4 ,w4 ,brieder #bab1cea ,strainer1 gravy1 ,j4 ,scheider 7r7 #h1ehd ,strap for garments1 adjusting1 ,t4 ,o4 ,potter #bab1djj ,street motor1 ,j4 ,t4 ,cord #bab1ddb ,surveying instrument leveler1 ,g4 ,n4 ,saegmuller #bab1dje ,swing1 ,j4 ,ryan #bab1ead ,telephone apparatus1 speaking1 ,e4 ,gray #bab1cgc ,telephony1 electric1 ,black ,rosebrugh #bab1dcc ,telephony1 electric1 ,a4 ,m4 ,rosebrugh #bab1eaj ,thill coupling1 ,d4 ,c4 ,bacon #bab1dbb ,thill coupling1 ,c4 ,e4 ,gillespie et al4 #bab1cjh ,thill coupling1 ,m4 ,f4 ,ten ,eyck #bab1ccc ,thill supporter1 vehicle1 ,h4 ,o4 ,rector #bab1cbe ,ticket1 passenger1 ,j4 ,h4 ,purdy #bab1cbd ,tiles for use as stands1 frame for holding ornamental or fancy #bab1cce pottery1 ,c4 ,a4 ,wellington ,tiles1 decorative1 ,j4 ,g4 ,low #bab1dgh ,tiles1 paving blocks1 etc41 composition for drain1 ,w4 ,h4 ,haight #bab1cgg ,tire upsetter1 ,b4 ,k4 ,taylor #bab1ccb ,tobacco1 curing1 ,a4 ,p4 ,poladura #bab1cii ,tobacco cutter1 ,bauer ,seitz #bab1cdg ,tobacco flavoring compound1 ,d4 ,sternberg #bab1cca ,tobacco manufacture1 ,j4 ,t4 ,harris #bab1caj ,tobacco presser1 ,f4 ,b4 ,deane #bab1ddf ,traction engine1 ,j4 ,cooper #bab1ceh ,truss1 ,j4 ,r4 ,alexander #bab1cdd ,type distributer1 ,a4 ,c4 ,richards #bab1ejc ,type setter1 ,a4 ,c4 ,richards #bab1ejd ,umbrella1 ,m4 ,girbardt #bab1deg ,umbrella runner1 ,w4 ,h4 ,belknap #bab1dbh ,undershoe or slipper1 ,g4 ,gardner #bab1cgj ,vehicle seat lock1 ,w4 ,g4 ,allen #bab1cde ,vehicle spring1 ,m4 ,h4 ,crane #bab1cjb ,vehicle spring bolster1 ,j4 ,g4 ,snyder #bab1cbh ,velocipede1 ,e4 ,c4 ,f4 ,otto #bab1dib ,wash boiler1 ,f4 ,j4 ,boyer #bab1bii ,washing and bath tub1 ,j4 ,b ,o4 ,shevill #bab1cbg ,washing machine1 ,j4 ,w4 ,patterson #bab1dif ,water meter diaphragm1 ,w4 ,b4 ,mounteney #bab1dhh ,whip holder1 ,curtis ,worden 7r7 #h1eha ,wire measurer and cutter1 ,g4 ,a4 ,baron #bab1dbf ,wire1 winding tubes and rods with1 ,a4 ,ball #bab1dbd ,wrench1 ,c4 ,b4 ,billings #bab1bih 99 99 99 99 99 ,,trade ,,marks4 ,boots1 shoes1 and brogans1 ,w4 ,f4 ,thorne ,co4 #g1jcg ,cigars1 ,sullivan ,burk #g1jce ,cigars1 cigarettes1 and smoking and chewing tobacco1 ,b4 ,hilson #g1jch ,cotton gins1 ,printup1 ,brother ,pollard #g1jdb ,fertilizers for flowers1 ,w4 ,h4 ,bowker ,co4 #g1jda ,grain fans1 ,j4 ,montgomery #g1jcb ,hair goods for ladies' wear1 ,m4 ,e4 ,thompson #g1jdj ,hoes1 ,semple ,birge ,manufacturing ,company #g1jci ,medicine for the cure of neuralgia1 and the like diseases1 ,j4 ,s4 ,nicolds #g1jcc ,roofing paper1 carpet paper1 or paper felt1 and building paper1 ,watson ,janes #g1jdc ,soap1 ,gallup ,hewitt #g1jcf ,spool cotton1 ,j4 ,j4 ,clark ,co #g1jca ,table cutlery1 ,john ,russell ,cutlery ,company #g1jcd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,designs4 ,carpet1 ,t4 ,j4 ,stearns #aa1jbi ,combined sleigh bell and terret ring1 ,h4 ,m4 ,richmond #aa1jbg ,crocheted body for shawls1 ,l4 ,howard #aa1jbh ,oil cloth1 ,c4 ,t4 ,v4 ,e4 ,meyer #aa1jbd to #aa1jbf ,statue1 ,a4 ,bartholdi #aa1jbc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,english ,,patents ,,issued ,,to ,,americans4 ,from ,february #ah to ,february #ba1 inclusive4 ,bed bottoms1 etc4--,c4 ,d4 ,flynt1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,berth4--,d4 ,huston1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,lead smelting furnace4--,g4 ,t4 ,lewis1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,locks4--,a4 ,p4 ,thomas et al41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,railway joint4--,p4 ,t4 ,madison1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,spikes for railroads4--,r4 ,bocklen1 ,new ,york city4 ,ventilating buildings4--,f4 ,s4 ,norton1 ,new ,york city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,advertisements4 ,,inside ,,page1 ,,each ,,insertion #ge ,,cents ,a ,,line4 ,,back ,,page1 ,,each ,,insertion #a4jj ,a ,,line4 7,about eight words to a line47 ,engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line1 by measurement1 as the letter press4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,thursday morning to appear in next issue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,rare ,,opportunity1 ,,on ,,easy ,,terms4 ,to be sold at ,auction1 at ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 on ,tuesday1 the first day of ,april1 #ahgi1 the ,taylor ,iron ,works1 complete and in operation1 together with all stores1 stock1 and work on hand on day of sale4 ,the above is a large1 first-class engineering establishment1 complete within itself for all kinds of work1 comprising iron and brass foundries1 boiler shop1 machine shops1 pattern and millwright shops1 with a large stock of patterns for local machinery1 and ,taylor presses4 ,connected with the works is a large1 well-stocked engineer and mill supply store4 ,all departments have the best of modern tools in thorough repair4 ,buildings comparatively new1 and conveniently arranged on large grounds4 ,the business was established #ahdd2 has always done a large business and maintained a high reputation4 ,the present works1 built since #ahff1 have ample facilities to work #bjj men4 ,at present about #ajj men are employed4 ,for further particulars apply to the works or to ,,john ,f4 ,,taylor1 ,sharon ,springs1 ,n4 ,y41 who will meet parties at ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 by appointment1 or ,new ,york1 if preferred4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,largest ,,assortment ,,in ,,the ,,world of ,plays1 ,dramas1 ,comedies1 ,farces1 ,ethiopian ,dramas1 ,plays for ,ladies only1 ,plays for ,gentlemen only4 ,wigs1 ,beards1 ,moustaches1 ,face ,preparations1 ,burnt ,cork1 ,jarley's ,wax ,works1 ,tableaux1 ,charades1 ,pantomimes1 ,guides to the ,stage1 and for ,amateurs ,make up ,book1 ,make up ,boxes1 ,new ,plays4 ,,sam',l ,,french ,,son1 #ch ,east #adth ,st41 ,union ,square1 ,new ,york4 ,,catalogues ,,sent ,,free666 99 99 99 99 99 #ej ,latest ,style ,,cards4 ,bouquet1 ,lawn1 ,floral1 etc41 in case1 name in gold1 #aj;c4 ,,seavy ,,bros41 ,northford1 ,ct4 ,symbol3 ,right index ,,rare ,,opportunity4 ,symbol3 ,left index ,the proprietor1 advanced in years and desirous of retiring from active control of business1 would sell at a bargain1 or convert into a joint stock company and retain an interest himself1 a ,foundry and ,machine ,shops1 with all their machinery and fixtures complete1 and now crowded with custom work1 having cost upwards of sixty thousand dollars1 and the only ones of magnitude for #abj miles on the ,mississippi ,river1 on various points of which may be seen specimens of work of these shops at ,stillwater1 ,winona1 ,mc,gregor4 ,dubuque1 ,fulton1 ,lyons1 ,clinton1 ,muscatine1 and on many of the boats4 ,for particulars1 address the proprietor at ,clinton1 ,iowa4 ,a4 ,p4 ,,hosford4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,for ,,sale--,,gear ,,cutter4 ,been in use only eighteen months2 will cut gears1 both ,spur-,bevel-,miter and ,spiral1 from four feet to one inch in diameter4 ,is complete with counter-shaft and several cutters4 ,machine made by ,pond1 of ,worcester4 ,index made by ,browne ,sharpe4 ,cost #ijj4 ,will sell for #bej4 ,address ,j4 ,g4 ,,stowe1 #abf ,main ,street1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,triumph ,,non-,,conductor weighs but #a lbs4 to the square foot1 and saves daily four pounds of coal4 7,asbestos saves but #b lbs47 ,price #ae cts4--#e cts4 cash and #aj cts4 after satisfactory trial4 ,agents wanted4 ,for circulars showing ,,why fuel is wasted and ,,how #be to #ej per cent41 can be saved2 also1 ,,how to construct reduction works for mineral ores of half the present weight and cost1 to do three times the work with the fuel now used1 and save #ih per cent4 of assay2 also1 the opinions of distinguished engineers1 address ,b4 ,f4 ,,smith1 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,photo ,,visiting ,,cards--,now all the rage in ,paris4 ,one dozen beautiful gilt edged 7round cornered7 ,cards with your name and photograph1 only #fj cents2 #b dozen1 #a4 ,full particulars and a #ej-page book free4 ,e4 ,,nason ,,co41 #aaa ,nassau ,st41 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bell ,,telephones4 ,any one can make in fifteen minutes4 ,send three #c;c4 stamps for ,where to get the ,parts1 ,prices 7,total #c4fj per pair71 and how put together4 ,a4 ,h4 ,,davis1 #cj ,hanover ,st41 ,boston1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,catarrh4 ,a ,,sure ,,cure4 ,samples by mail1 #aj;c4 ,,geo4 ,n4 ,,stoddard1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,it cures others4 ,it will cure you4 ,sample will prove4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,any ,,number ,,of ,,opportunities to buy what you want or sell or exchange what you don't want1 in the ,property ,journal4 ,send #e;c4 for copy4 ,,anderson ,,co41 #beb ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,novelties1 ,,notions1 ,,watches1 ,,cheap ,,jewelry1 ,,stationery ,,packages4 ,agents and country stores supplied4 ,illustrated circular free4 ,j4 ,,bride ,,co41 ,manufacturers1 ,salesroom1 #big ,b'way1 ,new ,york4 ,address letters to ,p4 ,o4 ,box #bggc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,for ,,universal ,,lathe ,,dogs1 ,,die ,,dogs1 ,,etc41 send for circular to ,c4 ,w4 ,,le ,,count1 ,s4 ,norwalk1 ,ct4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ice-,,house ,,and ,,cold ,,room4--,,by ,r4 ,g4 ,hatfield4 ,with directions for construction4 ,four engravings4 ,,supplement ,,no4 #ei4 ,price1 #aj cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,send ,,for ,,our ,,priced ,,and ,,illustrated ,,catalogues4 ,part #ast--,,mathematical ,,instruments1 #afj pages2 contains list and prices of ,drawing ,instruments1 ,drawing ,materials1 ,pocket ,compasses1 ,surveying ,compasses1 ,engineers' ,transits and ,levels1 ,surveying ,chains1 ,tape ,measures1 ,pocket ,rules1 and ,books relating to ,drawing1 ,engineering1 and ,mechanics4 ,part #b;d--,,optical ,,instruments1 #add pages2 contains list and prices of ,spectacles1 ,eye ,glasses1 ,lenses1 ,spy ,glasses1 ,telescopes1 ,opera and ,field ,glasses1 ,graphoscopes1 ,stereoscopes1 ,camera ,obscuras1 ,camera ,lucidas1 ,microscopes1 ,microscopic ,preparations1 and ,books on ,optics and ,microscopy4 ,part #c;d--,,magic ,,lanterns ,,and ,,slides1 #aab pages2 contains list and prices or ,magic ,lanterns for ,toys1 for ,public and ,private ,exhibitions1 ,sciopticons1 ,stereopticons1 ,scientific ,lanterns1 and accessory apparatus to be used with them2 ,magic ,lantern ,slides1 both colored and uncolored4 ,part #dth--,,physical ,,instruments1 #ahh pages2 contains list and prices of ,instruments to illustrate ,lectures in every department of ,physics and ,chemical ,science1 ,air ,pumps1 ,electric ,machines1 ,galvanic ,batteries1 ,barometers1 ,thermometers1 ,rain ,gauges1 ,globes1 ,spectroscopes1 ,auzoux's ,anatomical ,models1 and ,books relating to ,scientific ,subjects4 ,,james ,w4 ,,queen ,,co41 ,optical and ,philosophical ,instrument ,makers1 #ibd ,,chestnut ,,st41 ,,philadelphia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wood-,,working ,,machinery1 ,such as ,woodworth ,planing1 ,tonguing1 and ,grooving ,machines1 ,daniel's ,planers1 ,richardson's ,patent ,improved ,tenon ,machines1 ,mortising1 ,moulding1 and ,re-,saw ,machines1 and ,wood-,working ,machinery generally4 ,manufactured by ,,witherby1 ,,rugg ,,richardson1 #bf ,salisbury ,street1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 7,shop formerly occupied by ,r4 ,,ball ,,co47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,driven ,,well4 ,town and ,county privileges for making ,,driven ,,wells and selling ,licenses under the established ,,american ,,driven ,,well ,,patent1 leased by the year to responsible parties1 by ,,wm4 ,d4 ,,andrews ,,bro41 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mining ,,machinery4 ,,engines4 ,,boilers1 ,,pumps1 ,coal and ,ore ,jigs1 ,dust ,burning ,appliances4 ,drawings and advice free to customers4 ,jeanesville ,iron ,works 7,j4 ,c4 ,haydon ,co474 ,address ,,howell ,,green1 ,supt41 ,jeanesville1 ,luzerne ,co41 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,it ,,pays to sell our ,rubber ,hand ,printing ,stamps4 ,goods delivered in any country4 ,circulars free4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,harper ,,bro41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,for ,,ten ,,dollars ,,cash1 we will insert a seven-line advertisement one week in a list of #bfi weekly newspapers1 or four lines in a different list of #ccg papers1 or ten lines two weeks in a choice of either of four separate and distinct lists containing from #gj to #ajj papers each1 or four lines one week in all four of the same lists1 or one line one week in all six lists combined1 being more than #a1jjj papers4 ,we also have lists of papers by ,states1 throughout the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,send #aj cents for our #ajj page pamphlet4 ,address ,,geo4 ,p4 ,,rowell ,,co41 ,newspaper ,advertising ,bureau1 #aj ,spruce ,street1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,machinery ,,at ,,very ,,low ,,prices4 #b;d hand ,lathes1 ,drills1 ,planers1 ,hand ,tools for ,iron ,work1 new ,woodworth ,planing ,machines1 ,resawing1 ,tenoning1 ,moulding ,machines1 ,scroll ,saws1 ,portable ,steam ,engine4 ,jos4 ,r4 ,blossom1 ,ass'e1 ,matteawan1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,george ,,place ,,machinery ,,agency ,machinery of ,every ,description4 #aba ,chambers and #ajc ,reade ,streets1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 #fj ,chromo and ,perfumed ,cards no #c alike1 ,name in ,gold and ,jet1 #aj;c4 ,,clinton ,,bros41 ,clintonville1 ,ct4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,roof ,,painting4 ,for #e1 by ,post ,office ,order or express1 ,i will send the recipe for making ,langhorne's ,english ,gum ,coating ,paint and other mineral paints1 with full instructions for roof and sidewall painting4 ,this paint is used by the ,u4 ,s4 ,government4 ,address ,m4 ,,langhorne1 #gjh ,e ,street1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,for ,,sale4--,,letters ,,patent ,,of ,wilhide's ,celebrated ,noiseless ,self-setting ,rat and ,mouse ,traps4 ,thoroughly introduced4 ,traps sold by all dealers4 ,address ,owners and ,manufacturers1 ,j4 ,t4 ,,wilhide ,,bro41 ,york ,road1 ,carroll ,co41 ,md4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,important ,,for ,,all ,,corporations ,,and ,,manf',g ,,concerns4--,,buerk',s ,,watchman',s ,,time ,,detector1 capable of accurately controlling the motion of a watchman or patrolman at the different stations of his beat4 ,send for circular4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,buerk1 ,p4 ,o4 ,,box #igi4 ,,boston1 ,,mass ,n4 ,b4--,the suit against ,imhaeuser ,co41 of ,new ,york1 was decided in my favor1 ,june #aj1 #ahgd4 ,a fine was assessed against them ,nov4 #aa1 #ahgf1 for selling contrary to the order of the court4 ,persons buying or using clocks infringing on my patent will be dealt with according to law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,spare ,,the ,,croton ,,and ,,save ,,the ,,cost4 ,,driven ,,or ,,tube ,,wells furnished to large consumers of ,croton and ,ridgewood ,water4 ,,wm4 ,d4 ,,andrews ,,bro41 #dad ,water ,st41 ,n4 ,y41 who control the patent for ,green's ,american ,driven ,well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,new and ,valuable ,work for the ,practical ,mechanic and ,engineer4 ,,appletons' ,,cyclop,,dia ,,of ,,applied ,,mechanics4 ,a ,,dictionary ,,of ,,mechanical ,,engineering ,,and ,,the ,,mechanical ,,arts4 ,illustrated by #e1jjj ,engravings4 ,edited by ,,park ,,benjamin1 ,ph4,d4 ,this valuable work is now being published in semi-monthly parts1 at fifty cents each4 ,active agents wanted4 ,for terms and territory address ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,davis1 care of ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,caveats1 ,,copyrights1 ,,trade ,,marks1 ,,etc4 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co41 in connection with the publication of the ,,scientific ,,american1 continue to examine ,improvements1 and to act as ,solicitors of ,patents for ,inventors4 ,in this line of business they have had ,,over ,,thirty ,,years' ,,experience1 and now have unequaled facilities for the preparation of ,patent ,drawings1 ,specifications1 and the ,prosecution of ,applications for ,patents in the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 and ,foreign ,countries4 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 also attend to the preparation of ,caveats1 ,trade ,mark ,regulations1 ,copyrights for ,books1 ,labels1 ,reissues1 ,assignments1 and ,reports on ,infringements of ,patents4 ,all business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness1 on very moderate terms4 ,we send free of charge1 on application1 a pamphlet containing further information about ,patents and how to procure them2 directions concerning ,trade ,marks1 ,copyrights1 ,designs1 ,patents1 ,appeals1 ,reissues1 ,infringements1 ,assignments1 ,rejected ,cases1 ,hints on the ,sale of ,patents1 etc4 ,foreign ,patents4--,we also send1 free of charge1 a ,synopsis of ,foreign ,patent ,laws1 showing the cost and method of securing patents in all the principal countries of the world4 ,american inventors should bear in mind that1 as a general rule1 any invention that is valuable to the patentee in this country is worth equally as much in ,england and some other foreign countries4 ,five patents--embracing ,canadian1 ,english1 ,german1 ,french1 and ,belgian--will secure to an inventor the exclusive monopoly to his discovery among about ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,fifty ,,millions of the most intelligent people in the world4 ,the facilities of business and steam communication are such that patents can be obtained abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at home4 ,the expense to apply for an ,english patent is #ge2 ,german1 #ajj2 ,french1 #ajj2 ,belgian1 #ajj2 ,canadian1 #ej4 ,copies of ,patents4--,persons desiring any patent issued from #ahcf to ,november #bf1 #ahfg1 can be supplied with official copies at reasonable cost1 the price depending upon the extent of drawings and length of specifications4 ,any patent issued since ,november #bg1 #ahfg1 at which time the ,patent ,office commenced printing the drawings and specifications1 may be had by remitting to this office #a4 ,a copy of the claims of any patent issued since #ahcf will be furnished for #a4 ,when ordering copies1 please to remit for the same as above1 and state name of patentee1 title of invention1 and date of patent4 ,a pamphlet1 containing full directions for obtaining ,united ,states patents sent free4 ,a handsomely bound ,reference ,book1 gilt edges1 contains #adj pages and many engravings and tables important to every patentee and mechanic1 and is a useful hand book of reference for everybody4 ,price #be cents1 mailed free4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 ,publishers ,,scientific ,,american1 #cg ,,park ,,row1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,branch ,,office--,corner of ,f and #gth ,streets1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,practical ,,draughtsman',s ,,book ,,of ,,industrial ,,design ,,and ,,machinists' ,,engineers' ,,drawing ,,companion4 ,forming a ,complete ,course of ,mechanical1 ,engineering1 and ,architectural ,drawing4 ,from the ,french of ,m4 ,armengaud the elder1 ,professor of ,design in ,conservatoire of ,arts and ,industry1 ,paris1 and ,,mm4 ,armengaud the younger1 and ,amoroux1 ,civil ,engineers4 ,rewritten and arranged with additional matter and plates1 selections from and examples of the most useful and generally employed mechanism of the day4 ,by ,william ,johnson1 ,assoc4 ,inst4 ,c4 ,e4 ,illustrated by fifty folio steel plates1 and fifty wood cuts4 ,a new edition1 #dto4444#aj ,among the contents are3 ,linear ,drawing1 ,definitions1 and ,problems4 ,sweeps1 ,sections1 and ,mouldings1 ,elementary ,gothic ,forms1 and ,rosettes4 ,ovals1 ,ellipses1 ,parabolas1 and ,volutes4 ,rules and ,principal ,data4 ,study of ,projections4 ,elementary ,principles4 ,of ,prisms and other ,solids4 ,rules and ,practical ,data4 ,on coloring ,sections1 with applications4 ,conventional ,colors1 ,composition or ,mixture of ,colors4 ,continuation of the ,study of ,projection--,use of ,sections--details of machinery4 ,simple applications--spindles1 shafts1 couplings1 wooden patterns4 ,method of constructing a wooden model or pattern of a coupling4 ,elementary applications4 ,rules and ,practical ,data4 ,,the ,,intersection ,,and ,,development ,,of ,,surfaces1 ,,with ,,applications4--,the ,intersection of ,cylinders and ,cones4 ,the ,delineation and ,development of ,helices1 ,screws1 and ,serpentines4 ,application of the helix--the construction of a staircase4 ,the ,intersection of ,surfaces--applications to stop cocks4 ,rules and ,practical ,data4 ,,the ,,study ,,and ,,construction ,,of ,,toothed ,,gear4--,involute1 cycloid1 and epicycloid4 ,involute1 ,cycloid4 ,external epicycloid1 described by a circle rolling about a fixed circle inside of it4 ,internal epicycloid4 ,delineation of a rack and pinion in gear4 ,gearing of a worm with a worm wheel4 ,cylindrical or ,spur ,gearing4 ,practical delineation of a couple of ,spur wheels4 ,the ,delineation and ,construction of ,wooden ,patterns for ,toothed ,wheels4 ,rules and ,practical ,data4 ,,continuation ,,of ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,toothed ,,gear4--,design for a pair of bevel wheels in gear4 ,construction of wooden patterns for a pair of bevel wheels4 ,involute and ,helical ,teeth4 ,contrivances for obtaining differential ,movements4 ,rules and ,practical ,data4 ,,elementary ,,principles ,,of ,,shadows4--,shadows of ,prisms1 ,pyramids1 and ,cylinders4 ,principles of ,shading4 ,continuation of the ,study of ,shadows4 ,tuscan ,order4 ,rules and practical data4 ,,application ,,of ,,shadows ,,to ,,toothed ,,gear4--,application of ,shadows to ,screws4 ,application of ,shadow to a ,boiler and its ,furnace4 ,shading in ,black--,shading in ,colors4 ,,the ,,cutting ,,and ,,shaping ,,of ,,masonry4--,rules and ,practical ,data4 ,remarks on ,machine ,tools4 ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,machinery ,,and ,,sketching4--,various applications and combinations3 ,the ,sketching of ,machinery4 ,drilling ,machines2 ,motive ,machines2 ,water wheels4 ,construction and ,setting up of water wheels4 ,delineation of water wheels4 ,design of a water wheel4 ,sketch of a water wheel4 ,overshot water wheels4 ,water ,pumps2 ,steam ,motors2 ,high-pressure expansive steam engine4 ,details of ,construction2 ,movements of the ,distribution and ,expansion ,valves2 ,rules and ,practical ,data4 ,,oblique ,,projections4 ,,parallel ,,perspective4 ,,true ,,perspective4--,elementary principles4 ,applications--flour mill driven by belts4 ,description of the mill4 ,representation of the mill in perspective4 ,,examples ,,of ,,finished ,,drawings ,,of ,,machinery4 ,symbol3 ,right index ,the above1 or any of our ,books1 sent by mail1 free of postage1 at the publication price4 ,our new and enlarged ,,catalogue ,,of ,,practical ,,and ,,scientific ,,books--#if pages1 #hvo4--sent free to any one who will furnish his address4 ,,henry ,,carey ,,baird ,,co41 ,,industrial ,,publishers and ,,booksellers1 #haj ,walnut ,street1 ,philadelphia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,steam ,,pumps4 ,,henry ,r4 ,,worthington1 #bci ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 #hc ,water ,st41 ,boston4 ,,the ,,worthington ,,duplex ,,pumping ,,engines ,,for ,,water ,,works--,compound1 ,condensing or ,non-,condensing4 ,used in over #ajj ,water-,works ,stations4 ,,steam ,,pumps--,duplex and ,single ,cylinder4 ,,price ,,list ,,issued ,,jan4 #a1 #ahgi1 ,,with ,a ,,reduction ,,exceeding #cj ,,per ,,cent4 ,,water ,,meters4 ,,oil ,,meters4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,truss ,,this ,,new ,,elastic ,,truss ,has a ,pad differing from all others1 is cup-shape1 with ,self-,adjusting ,ball in center1 adapts itself to all positions of the body1 while the ,,ball in the cup ,,presses ,,back the ,,intestines ,,just ,,as ,a ,,person ,,would ,,with ,,the ,,finger4 ,with light pressure the ,hernia is held securely day and night1 and a radical cure certain4 ,it is easy1 durable and cheap4 ,sent by mail4 ,circulars free4 ,,eggleston ,,truss ,,co41 ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,hancock ,,inspirator ,,testimonials4 ,,office ,,of ,,the ,,hancock ,,insp4 ,,co41 ,,london1 ,,eng41 ,feb4 #aa1 #ahgi4 ,i have just received an order from the ,english ,government for #bb ,number #ae ,inspirators--making #bd machines in all for the ,government this month4 ,b4 ,h4 ,,warren1 ,agent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,office ,,of ,h4 ,s4 ,,manning ,,co41 #aaa ,liberty ,st41 ,,new ,,york1 ,feb4 #bf1 #ahgi4 ,,gentlemen3 ,we have authority from ,mr4 ,martin1 ,chief ,engineer ,union ,ferry ,co41 ,brooklyn1 to state that they have #ag ,inspirators at work on #ag of their boats1 feeding their main boilers1 and all giving satisfaction1 and to refer any one to him4 ,yours truly1 ,h4 ,s4 ,,manning ,,co41 ,agents4 ,symbol3 ,right index ,,illustrated ,,and ,,descriptive ,,circulars ,,sent ,,on ,,application ,,to ,,hancock ,,inspirator ,,co41 #eb ,,central ,,wharf1 ,,boston4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,corrugated ,iron ,,this ,,new ,,moseley ,,iron ,,bridge ,,and ,,roof ,,co4 ,,corrugated ,,iron ,buildings1 ,roofs1 ,shutters1 ,doors1 ,iron ,sashes1 ,skylights1 etc4 #e ,dey ,street1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,crusher ,,this ,,new ,,blake',s ,,stone ,,and ,,ore ,,breaker ,,and ,,crusher4 ,for breaking hard and brittle substances to any size4 ,endorsed by the leading ,,mining1 ,,manufacturing1 and ,,railroad corporations in the ,,united ,,states and ,,foreign ,,countries4 ,,first ,,premium wherever exhibited1 and hundreds of testimonials of the highest character4 ,a ,,new ,,size ,,for ,,prospecting ,,and ,,laboratory ,,use4 ,symbol3 ,right index ,,all ,,stone ,,crushers not made or licensed by us1 containing vibratory convergent jaws actuated by a revolving shaft and fly-wheel1 are infringements on our patent1 and makers and users of such will be held accountable4 ,address ,,blake ,,crusher ,,co41 ,,new ,,haven1 ,,conn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,rival ,,steam ,,pumps4 #ce4 and ,,upwards ,,john ,mc,g,o,w,a,n ,co4 ,,cincinnati1 ,,ohio4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pulmocura ,,an ,,absolute ,,and ,,unfailing ,,remedy ,,for ,,consumption and all other diseases of the ,,lungs ,,and ,,throat4 ,mailed free on receipt of #a4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,martin1 ,pulmocura ,man'f'g ,co41 sole depot for the ,u4 ,s41 #fj ,east #abth ,st41 cor4 ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,soft1 ,strong1 and ,smooth ,iron or ,brass ,,castings ,plain1 ,galvanized1 ,bronzed or ,nickled to order promptly4 ,also patterns and models4 ,light work a specialty4 ,,livingston ,,co41 ,iron ,founders1 ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,horse ,shoe ,,new ,,steel ,,horse ,,shoe ,with ,level ,spring ,platform--,continuous ,calk4 ,the best in the world4 ,cures ,tender and ,contracted ,feet1 ,corns1 ,interfering1 ,quarter-crack ,lameness1 and all evils resulting from the use of the common shoe4 ,responsible men can make money selling this ,shoe4 ,send for pamphlet4 ,trial set with nails1 #a4jj4 ,to measure1 place foot on paper1 and draw pencil around4 ,the ,,john ,d4 ,,billings ,,patent ,,horse ,,shoe ,,company #bfe ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,steel ,stamps4 ,n4,y4 ,,stencil ,,works1 #hg ,nassau ,st41 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lap ,,welded ,,charcoal ,,iron ,boiler ,tubes1 ,steam ,pipe1 ,light and ,heavy ,forgings1 ,engines1 ,boilers1 ,cotton ,presses1 ,rolling ,mill and ,blast ,furnace ,work4 ,,reading ,,iron ,,works1 #bfa ,,south ,,fourth ,,st41 ,,phila4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,phosphor-,,bronze ,,bearings1 ,,pump-,,rods1 ,,and ,,spring ,,wire4 ,illustration3 ,phosphor-bronze ,apply to ,,the ,,phosphor-,,bronze ,,smelting ,,co41 ,limited1 #bjch ,washington ,ave41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lathes1 ,,planers1 ,,shapers ,drills1 ,bolt and ,gear ,cutters1 ,milling ,machines4 ,special ,machinery4 ,e4 ,,gould ,,eberhardt1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,best ,,steam ,,pump in ,,america ,,the ,,deane ,made by ,,holyoke ,,machine ,,co4 ,more than #dejj in use4 ,send for reduced ,price ,list4 ,deane ,steam ,pump ,works #he ,,liberty ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,gear ,wheels ,small ,tools of all kinds2 ,,gear ,,wheels1 parts of ,,models1 and materials of all kinds4 ,catalogues free4 ,,goodnow ,,wightman1 #agf ,wash'n ,st41 ,boston1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fine ,,pamphlets printed for #ge;c4 ,a ,,page per #a1jjj4 #a1jjj ,fine #iab ,circulars1 #b4ej4 ,price list or estimate and samples for stamp4 #bej ,bill ,heads1 #a4 ,,local ,,printing ,,house1 ,silver ,creek1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 #gg a ,month and expenses guaranteed to ,agents4 ,outfit free4 ,,shaw ,,co41 ,,augusta1 ,,maine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,leffel ,,water ,,wheels4 ,illustration3 ,water ,wheel ,with recent improvements4 ,,prices ,,greatly ,,reduced4 #gjjj in successful operation4 ,,fine ,,new ,,pamphlet ,,for #ahgg ,sent free to those interested ,,james ,,leffel ,,co41 ,springfield1 ,o4 #aji ,liberty ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,medal ,paris1 #ahgh ,australia1 #ahgg ,phila41 #ahgf ,santiago1 #ahge ,vienna1 #ahgc ,j4 ,a4 ,,fay ,,co',s ,,wood ,,working ,,machinery was awarded at the ,paris ,exposition over all competitors ,,the ,,gold ,,medal ,,of ,,honor4 ,also highest award at ,phila41 ,santiago1 ,australia1 and ,vienna4 ,it is ,,original ,,in ,,design1 ,,simple ,,in ,,construction1 ,,perfect ,,in ,,workmanship1 ,,saves ,,labor1 ,,economizes ,,lumber1 ,,and ,,increases ,,products ,,of ,,the ,,highest ,,standard ,,of ,,excellence4 ,railroad1 ,furniture1 and ,agricultural ,implement ,shops1 ,planing ,mills1 etc41 equipped at short notice1 and the lowest cash prices4 ,send for ,circulars4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,fay ,,co41 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l4 ,f4 ,,standish ,,co41 ,,screw ,,manufacturers1 ,builders of ,small ,machinery and ,fine ,tools4 #bf ,artisan ,st41 ,new ,haven1 ,ct4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,emery ,wheel4 ,emery ,wheel4 ,,new ,,york ,,belting ,,and ,,packing ,,comp',y4 ,the ,oldest and ,largest ,manufacturers of the ,original ,,solid ,,vulcanite ,,emery ,,wheels4 ,all other kinds ,imitations and ,inferior4 ,our name is stamped in full upon all our standard ,,belting1 ,,packing1 and ,,hose4 ,address ,,new ,,york ,,belting ,,and ,,packing ,,co41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,john ,h4 ,,cheever1 ,treas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,seventh ,,cincinnati ,,industrial ,,exposition ,opens for the reception of goods ,,august #bj,,th4 ,opens to the public ,,september #aj,,th1 and continues open until ,,october #aa,,th1 in the ,,new ,,permanent ,,buildings ,,erected ,,for ,,the ,,purpose4 ,machinery ,tested and ,fully ,reported upon4 ,send for ,rules and ,premium ,lists after ,april #a4 ,h4 ,mc,c,o,l,l,u,m1 ,sec'y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,amalgamating4 ,,the ,,forster-,,firmin ,,gold ,,and ,,silver ,,amalgamating ,,comp',y of ,norristown1 ,pa41 will grant state rights or licenses or easy terms4 ,this system works up to assay1 and recovers the mercury rapidly4 ,apply as above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thomas',s ,,concentrated ,,dye ,stuffs4 7#ach ,recipes ,,sent ,,gratis47 7,see ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,march #ae1 '#gi47 ,address ,n4 ,,spencer ,,thomas1 ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,rotary ,pressure ,blower4 ,,baker ,,rotary ,,pressure ,,blower4 7,,forced ,,blast7 ,warranted superior to any other4 ,,wilbraham ,,bros4 #bcah ,frankford ,ave4 ,,philadelphia 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the #ahgf ,,injector4 ,simple1 ,durable1 and ,reliable4 ,requires no special valves4 ,send for illustrated circular4 ,,wm4 ,,sellers ,,co41 ,phila4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,cold ,rolled ,shafting4 ,the fact that this shafting has #ge per cent4 greater strength1 a finer finish1 and is truer to gauge1 than any other in use renders it undoubtedly the most economical4 ,we are also the sole manufacturers of the ,,celebrated ,,collins' ,,pat4 ,,coupling1 and furnish ,pulleys1 ,hangers1 etc41 of the most approved styles4 ,price list mailed on application to ,,jones ,,laughlins1 ,try ,street1 #b;d and #c;d ,avenues1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #aij ,s4 ,canal ,street1 ,chicago1 ,ill41 and ,milwaukee4 ,wis4 ,right index ,stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by ,,fuller1 ,,dana ,,fitz1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,geo4 ,place ,machinery ,agency1 #aba ,chambers ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vegetable ,,and ,,flower ,,seeds ,,we ,,sell ,,everything ,,for ,,the ,,garden ,descriptive ,catalogues of #age pages sent ,free ,,peter ,,henderson ,,co4 #ce ,cortlandt ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,,flower ,,and ,,fruit ,,plants 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,engraving4 ,l4 ,,smith ,,hobart1 ,president4 ,,john ,c4 ,,moss1 ,superintendent4 ,,type-,,metal ,,relief ,,plates4 ,a ,,superior ,,substitute ,,for ,,wood-,,cuts ,,at ,,much ,,lower ,,prices4 ,persons desiring illustrations for ,books1 ,newspapers1 ,catalogues1 ,advertisements1 or for any other purposes1 can have their work done by us promptly and in the best style4 ,,our ,,relief ,,plates are engraved by photo-chemical means2 are mounted on blocks type-high ready for use on any ordinary press1 and will wear longer than the common stereotype plates4 ,they have a perfectly smooth printing surface1 and the lines are as deep1 as even1 and as sharp as they could possibly be cut by hand4 ,,electrotypes may be made from them in the same manner as from wood-cuts4 ,,copy4 ,the engraving is done either from prints or pen-drawings4 ,almost all kinds of prints can be re-engraved directly from the copy1 provided they be in clear1 black lines or stipple1 and on white or only slightly tinted paper4 ,pen drawings1 suitable for engraving by us1 must be made with thoroughly ,,black ink1 on smooth1 white paper4 ,they should usually be made twice the length and twice the width of the plates desired4 ,when such drawings cannot be furnished us1 we can produce them from photographs1 pencil sketches1 or designs of any kind accompanied with proper instructions4 ,photographs taken in the usual way1 and of any convenient size1 we can use4 ,,change ,,of ,,size4--,wood-cut prints of the coarser kind may often be reduced to half their lineal dimensions1 while others will admit of very little reduction1 and some of none at all4 ,most lithographic and steel-plate prints will admit of no reduction4 ,very fine prints of any kind may be enlarged moderately without detriment4 ,any prints which cannot be satisfactorily reduced or enlarged may be redrawn and thus brought to any desired size4 ,in all cases of reduction and enlargement1 the relative proportions remain unchanged4 ,,proofs4--,whenever desired1 we will furnish tintype proofs of the drawings made by us1 for approval or correction1 before engraving4 ,a printed proof is furnished with each plate4 ,,time4--,we cannot usually engage to fill an order for a single plate in less than from three to six days2 larger orders will require longer time4 ,,estimates will be promptly furnished when desired4 ,that these may be definite and correct1 the copy to be used--whether print1 photograph1 sketch1 or drawing--should always be submitted for our examination1 together with a distinct statement of the size of plate wanted1 and of any other details to be observed4 ,,terms4--,to insure attention1 all orders must be accompanied by an advance of half the price charged1 the balance to be paid on delivery4 ,,electrotyping ,,and ,,printing4--,we have recently added to our establishment excellent facilities for making electrotypes1 and also three power presses specially fitted for printing plates of all sizes in the finest manner4 ,,artificial ,,light4--,we have just introduced this most important facility1 which enables us to prosecute our work in cloudy weather1 and to push forward hurried orders in the night4 ,,references4--,our plates are now used by the principal publishers in this city1 and by most of the leading houses in every ,state in the ,union4 ,,our ,,general ,,circular contains a few specimens of the various kinds of our work1 and will be sent on receipt of stamp4 ,we have just prepared five special circulars1 as follows3 ,no4 #a4 ,portraits and ,figures4 ,no4 #b4 ,buildings and ,landscapes4 ,no4 #c4 ,machinery and ,apparatus4 ,no4 #d4 ,maps1 ,autographs1 and ,ornamental ,lettering4 ,no4 #e4 ,reproductions from ,wood-,cuts1 ,steel-,plate ,prints1 and ,lithographs4 ,these will be furnished at ten cents each4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,advertisements4 ,,inside ,,page1 ,,each ,,insertion--#ge ,,cents ,a ,,line ,,back ,,page1 ,,each ,,insertion--#a4jj ,a ,,line4 7,about eight words to a line47 ,engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line1 by measurement1 as the letter press4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,thursday morning to appear in next issue4 ,,adjustable ,,incline ,,presses4 ,,stiles ,,parker ,,press ,,co41 ,middletown1 ,conn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,illustrated ,guide4 #acf pages beautifully illustrated1 mailed to all applicants inclosing #aj cents4 ,regular customers free4 ,,bliss' ,,illustrated ,,amateur',s ,,guide to the ,,flower and ,,kitchen ,,garden1 with colored chromo2 #baf pages1 price #ce ,,cents4 ,address ,b4 ,k4 ,,bliss ,,sons1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #dabi1 ,new ,york ,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,large ,,consumers ,,of ,,fine ,,light ,,malleable ,,iron ,,castings1 we can offer special inducements in the way of ,,very ,,superior ,,quality ,,guaranteed1 and at fair prices4 ,being ourselves large consumers and requiring the most perfect castings1 other work is insured the same attention4 ,,mallory1 ,,wheeler ,,co41 ,,new ,,haven1 ,,conn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,lawn ,mower4 ,,the ,,philadelphia ,,lawn ,,mower ,stands ,head of the ,class4 ,descriptive ,circulars and ,price ,lists sent on application4 ,,graham1 ,,emlem ,,passmore1 ,patentees and ,manufacturers1 #fca ,market ,street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,shafting ,,pulleys1 ,,hangers1 ,,etc4 a specialty4 ,send for ,price ,list to ,a4 ,f4 ,,brown1 #eg-fa ,lewis ,street1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,air ,,compressors1 ,,hoisting ,,engines and ,,other ,,mining ,,machinery2 ,,manufactured ,,by ,,griffith ,,wedge4 ,,zanesville1 ,,ohio4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mill ,,stones ,,and ,,corn ,,mills4 ,we make ,burr ,millstones1 ,portable ,mills1 ,smut ,machines1 ,packers1 ,mill ,picks1 ,water ,wheels1 ,pulleys1 and ,gearing1 specially adapted to ,flour ,mills4 ,send for catalogue4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,noye ,,son1 ,,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,how ,,to ,,sell ,,patents4--,this little book fully explains how all patents can be sold for good prices4 ,price #be cents4 ,l4 ,d4 ,,snook1 ,barrington1 ,yates ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pond',s ,,tools1 ,engine ,lathes1 ,planers1 ,drills1 c41 ,,david ,w4 ,,pond1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,edmund ,,draper1 ,manufacturer of ,first-class ,engineers' ,instruments4 ,established in #ahcj4 #bbf ,pear ,st41 ,phila41 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,,lloyd ,,haigh1 ,manufacturer of ,illustration3 ,wire ,rope4 every description1 for ,railroad and ,mining ,use1 ,elevators1 ,derricks1 ,rope ,tramways1 ,transmission of ,power1 etc4 ,no4 #ha ,john ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,send for price list4 ,plans and ,estimates furnished for ,suspension ,bridges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,dingee ,,conard ,,co',s ,,beautiful ,,ever-,,blooming ,,roses ,,the ,,best ,,in ,,the ,,world4 ,,our ,,great ,,specialty is growing and distributing these ,,beautiful ,,roses4 ,we deliver ,,strong ,,pot ,,plants1 suitable for immediate bloom1 safely by mail at all post-offices4 #e ,,splendid ,,varieties1 your choice1 all labeled1 for #a2 #ab for #b2 #ai for #c2 #bf for #d2 #ce for #e2 #ge for #aj2 #ajj for #ac4 ,symbol3 ,right index ,send for our ,,new ,,guide ,,to ,,rose ,,culture--#fj pages1 elegantly illustrated--and choose from over ,,five ,,hundred ,,finest ,,sorts4 ,address ,,the ,,dingee ,,conard ,,co41 ,,rose ,,growers1 ,,west ,,grove1 ,,chester ,,co41 ,,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,how ,,to ,,sell ,,patents4 ,we send our #ajj page book of instruction1 containing valuable information1 free4 ,send us your address4 ,,geo4 ,c4 ,,tracy ,,co41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,no ,,more ,,rheumatism ,,or ,,gout ,,acute ,,or ,,chronic ,,salicylica ,,sure ,,cure4 ,manufactured only under the above ,trade-,mark1 by the ,,european ,,salicylic ,,medicine ,,co41 ,,of ,,paris ,,and ,,leipzig4 ,,immediate ,,relief ,,warranted4 ,,permanent ,,cure ,,guaranteed4 ,now exclusively used by all celebrated ,physicians of ,europe and ,america1 becoming a ,staple1 ,harmless1 and ,reliable ,remedy on both continents4 ,the ,highest ,medical ,academy of ,paris report #ie cures out of #ajj cases within three days4 ,secret--,the only dissolver of the poisonous ,uric ,acid which exists in the ,blood of ,rheumatic and ,gouty ,patients4 #a4jj a ,box2 #f ,boxes for #e4jj4 ,sent to any address on receipt of price4 ,,endorsed ,,by ,,physicians4 ,,sold ,,by ,,all ,,druggists4 ,address ,,washburne ,,co41 ,,only ,,importers' ,,depot4 #bab ,,broadway1 ,,cor4 ,,fulton ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 #ai,,th ,,annual ,,statement ,,of ,,the ,,equitable ,,life ,,assurance ,,society ,,of ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,,henry ,b4 ,,hyde1 ,,president4 ,,for ,,the ,,year ,,ending ,,december #ca1 #ahgh4 ,,amount ,,of ,,ledger ,,assets1 ,,jan4 #a1 #ahgh #cb1dgg1iia4hg ,less ,depreciation in ,government ,bonds1 and ,appropriation to meet any depreciation in other assets #cfi1eec4bg -------- #cb1ajh1dch4fj ,,income #h1bag1idc4bd -------- #dj1cbf1cha4hd ,,disbursements4 ,paid ,policy ,holders for ,claims by ,death1 ,dividends1 ,surrender ,values1 ,discounted and ,matured ,endowments and ,annuities #d1ice1aga4dc ,other ,disbursements as per extended statement #a1aie1hda4hh -------- ,,net ,,cash ,,assets1 ,december #ca1 #ahgh #cd1aie1cfh4ec ,,assets4 ,bonds and ,mortgages #ab1dcg1ehd4ic ,real ,estate #f1hcd1ijd4if ,united ,states ,stocks #e1fch1gfh4ed ,state1 ,city1 and other ,stocks authorized by the ,laws of the ,state #f1bja1igh4af ,loans secured by ,united ,states and other ,stocks #ibh1jjj4jj ,cash and other ,ledger ,assets as per extended statement #b1aed1aca4id ------------- #cd1aie1cfh4ec ,market ,value of ,stocks over ,cost #abi1gif4da ,accrued ,interest1 ,rents1 and ,premiums1 as per extended statement #a1abh1ibg4db ------------- ,,total ,,assets1 ,,dec4 #ca1 #ahgh #ce1ded1jib4cf ,,total ,,liabilities1 including legal reserve for reinsurance of all existing policies #bh1efj1bfh4jj ------------- ,,total ,,undivided ,,surplus #f1hic1hbd4cf ------------- ,,risks ,,assumed ,,in #ahgh1 #f1aae ,,policies1 ,,assuring #ba1ddj1bac4jj ,n4 ,b4--,for the details of the above statement1 see the ,society's ,circular to ,policy ,holders1 and other publications for #ahgi4 ,,james ,w4 ,,alexander1 ,,vice-,,president4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,scott1 ,superintendent of ,agencies4 ,,samuel ,,borrowe1 ,,secretary4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,bolt ,cutters4 ,,bolt ,,cutters4 ,send for ,catalogue of ,schlenker's ,automatic ,bolt ,cutters and ,screw ,cutting ,machines4 ,,howard ,,iron ,,works1 ,,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,big ,,pay to sell our ,rubber ,printing ,stamps4 ,samples free4 ,taylor ,bros4 ,co41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,la ,,caisse ,,generale ,,of ,,paris1 ,,france4 ,,fire ,,insurance ,,exclusively4 ,,paid ,,up ,,capital #a1deh1jjg4gh ,,net ,,surplus1 ,,dec4 #ca1 #ahgf #ecj1jef4hf ,,cash ,,assets ,,in ,u4 ,s4 ,,jan4 #a1 #ahgh #dbg1hha4bh ,,net ,,assets ,,in ,u4 ,s4 ,,jan4 #a1 #ahgh #bbj1jjj4jj ,,trustees ,,in ,,new ,,york3 ,,louis ,,de ,,comeau1 ,,esq41 of ,de ,rham ,co4 ,,chas4 ,,coudert1 ,,jr41 ,,esq41 of ,coudert ,bros4 ,,chas4 ,,renauld1 ,,esq41 of ,renauld1 ,francois ,co4 ,,julien ,,le ,,cesne1 ,,resident ,,secretary4 ,t4 ,j4 ,,temple1 ,,manager ,,for ,,the ,,middle ,,states4 ,,western ,,union ,,building1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,eclipse ,,engine ,illustration3 ,eclipse ,engine4 ,furnishes steam power for all ,agricultural purposes1 ,driving ,saw ,mills1 and for every use where a first-class and economical ,engine is required4 ,eleven first-class premiums awarded1 including ,centennial1 '#gf4 ,refer to ,no4 #g1 issue of '#gg1 ,no4 #ad1 issue of '#gh1 of ,,scientific ,,american1 for ,editorial illustrations4 ,,frick ,,co41 ,waynesboro1 ,franklin ,co41 ,pa4 ,when you write please name this paper4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,cameron ,,steam ,,pump1 ,also known as the ,,special ,,pump1 is the standard of excellence at home and abroad4 ,for ,price ,lists1 address ,,cameron ,,pump ,,works1 ,foot ,east #bc;d ,street1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,foot ,lathe4 ,,shepard',s ,,celebrated #ej ,screw ,cutting ,foot ,lathe4 ,foot and ,power ,lathes1 ,drill ,presses1 ,scrolls1 ,circular and ,band ,saws1 ,saw ,attachments1 ,chucks1 ,mandrels1 ,twist ,drills1 ,dogs1 ,calipers1 etc4 ,send for catalogue of outfits for amateurs or artisans4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,shepard ,,co41 #ccc1 #cce1 #ccg ,west ,front ,street1 ,,cincinnati1 ,,ohio4 99 99 99 99 99 ,established #ahdd4 ,,joseph ,c4 ,,todd1 ,,engineer and ,,machinist4 ,flax1 ,hemp1 ,jute1 ,rope1 ,oakum and ,bagging ,machinery1 ,steam ,engines1 ,boilers1 etc4 ,i also manufacture ,baxter's ,new ,portable ,engine of #ahgg4 ,can be seen in operation at my store4 ,a one horse-power portable engine1 complete1 #abe2 two horse-power1 #bbe2 two and a half horse-power1 #bej2 three horse-power1 #bge4 ,manufactured exclusively by ,j4 ,c4 ,,todd1 #aj ,,barclay ,,st41 ,,new ,,york1 ,,or ,,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 ,send for ,catalogue 99 99 99 99 99 ,,steel ,,castings1 ,from 2 to #aj1jjj lbs4 weight1 true to pattern1 sound and solid1 of unequaled strength1 toughness and durability4 ,an invaluable substitute for forgings or cast-iron requiring three-fold strength4 ,send for circular price list4 ,,chester ,,steel ,,castings ,,co41 ,evelina ,st41 ,phila1 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,steel ,,wire ,,of ,,every ,,description ,,steel ,,springs4 ,,cary ,,moen #bcd ,w4 #bi4 ,,st4 ,,new ,,york ,,city 99 99 99 99 99 ,,shafts1 ,,pulleys1 ,,hangers1 ,,etc4 ,full assortment in store for immediate delivery4 ,,wm4 ,,sellers ,,co41 #gi ,,liberty ,,street1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,lehigh ,,valley ,,emery ,,wheel ,,co41 ,,weissport1 ,carbon ,co41 ,pa4 ,manufacturers of ,wheels and ,machines4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,centennial ,,and ,,paris ,,medals4 ,,mason',s ,,friction ,,clutches ,,and ,,elevators4 ,new and ,improved ,patterns4 #bj per cent4 off list4 ,,volney ,w4 ,,mason ,,co41 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 ,u4,s4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ruffner ,,dunn1 ,,patentees and ,sole ,manufacturers of the ,excelsior ,steel ,tube ,cleaners4 ,price #a4jj per inch4 ,send for circular4 ,,schuylkill ,,falls1 ,,phila41 ,,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,woodworth ,,surface ,,planers1 #abe4 ,planers and ,matchers1 #cej4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,hills1 #gh ,chambers ,street1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,columbia ,bicycle4 ,,the ,,columbia ,,bicycle1 ,made by ,,the ,,pope ,m',f',g ,,co41 #hi ,summer ,street1 ,boston4 ,a practical road machine1 easy to learn to ride1 and when mastered one can beat the best horse in a day's run over an ordinary road4 ,send #c;c4 stamp for price list and #bd-page catalogue with full informat'n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,bradford ,mill ,company ,cin4 ,o4 ,,bradford ,,mill ,,co4 ,successors to ,jas4 ,bradford ,co41 ,,manufacturers ,,of ,,french ,,buhr ,,millstones1 ,,portable ,,corn ,,flour ,,mills1 ,,smu ,,machines1 ,,etc4 ,also1 dealers in ,bolting ,cloths and ,general ,mill ,furnishings4 ,office ,factory1 #aeh ,w4 #b;d ,st4 ,,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,j4 ,r4 ,stewart1 ,pres4 ,w4 ,r4 ,dunlap1 ,sec4 ,symbol3 ,right index ,,price ,,lists ,,sent ,,on ,,application4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second-,,hand ,,boilers ,,and ,,machinery ,,for ,,sale4--,boilers from #cj to #gj horse power1 #ae-;horse power portable ,engine1 one #fj-;inch ,lathe1 two ,upright ,drills1 ,blowers1 etc41 etc4 ,for prices1 etc41 address ,,james ,f4 ,,mann1 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wetherill ,,brother1 ,,philadelphia4 ,,pure ,,white ,,lead 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rock ,,drills4 ,,national ,,drill ,,and ,,compressor ,,co41 #ie ,,liberty ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,air ,,compressors to be run by ,steam1 ,water ,power1 or ,belt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,foot ,power4 ,,barnes' ,,foot ,,power ,,machinery4 #ac ,different machines with which ,builders1 ,cabinet ,makers1 ,wagon ,makers1 and ,jobbers in miscellaneous work can compete as to ,,quality ,,and ,,price with steam power manufacturing2 also ,amateurs' supplies4 ,,machines ,,sent ,,on ,,trial4 ,say where you read this1 and send for catalogue and prices4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,john ,,barnes1 ,rockford1 ,winnebago ,co41 ,ill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat',l ,,bolt ,,pipe ,,machinery ,,co41 ,mfrs4 of ,hand and ,power ,bolt and ,pipe ,cutters1 ,bolt ,pointers1 ,bolt ,headers1 ,hot and ,cold ,pressed ,nut ,machinery1 ,taps and ,dies1 etc4 ,send for ,cir4 ,cleveland1 ,o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,elevators ,,hand ,,power ,,and ,,hydraulic ,,freight ,,and ,,passenger ,,shafting ,,pulleys ,,hangers ,s4 ,,graves ,,son ,,rochester ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,boiler ,,coverings4 ,,with ,,the ,,air ,,space ,,improvements4 ,,the ,,chalmers-,,spence ,,co41 ,,foot ,e4 #i,,th ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4 ,sole owners of the ,air ,space ,patents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,tanite ,,co41 ,,stroudsburg1 ,,pa4 ,,emery ,,wheels ,,and ,,grinders4 ,,london--#i ,st4 ,andrews ,st41 ,holborn ,viaduct1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,liverpool--#db ,the ,temple1 ,dale ,st4 ,,geo4 ,,place1 #aba ,chambers ,st41 ,new ,york ,agent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,rock ,,drilling ,,machines ,,and ,,air ,,compressors ,,manufactured ,,by ,,burleigh ,,rock ,,drill ,,co ,,fitchburg ,,mass4 ,,send ,,for ,,pamphlet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,patents ,,at ,,auction4 ,regular ,monthly ,sales4 ,for terms1 address ,n4 ,y4 ,,patent ,,exchange1 #fg ,liberty ,street1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,holly',s ,,improved ,,water ,,works4 ,direct ,pumping ,plan4 ,combines1 with other advantages1 over older systems1 the following3 #a4 ,secures by variable pressure a more reliable water supply for all purposes4 #b4 ,less cost for construction4 #c4 ,less cost for maintenance4 #d4 ,less cost for daily supply by the use of ,holly's ,improved ,pumping ,machinery4 #e4 ,affords the best fire protection in the world4 #f4 ,largely reduces insurance risks and premiums4 #g4 ,dispenses with fire engines1 in whole or in part4 #h4 ,reduces fire department expenses4 ,for information by descriptive pamphlet1 or otherwise1 address the ,,holly ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,every ,,man ,,his ,,own ,,printer4 ,illustration3 ,the ,excelsior4 ,,the ,,excelsior #c ,,press ,prints labels1 cards etc4 7,self-inker #e7 #i ,larger sizes ,for business1 pleasure1 young or old ,catalogue of ,presses1 ,type1 ,etc41 for #b stamps4 ,,kelsey ,co4 ,,meriden1 ,,conn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pyrometers4 ,for showing heat of ovens4 ,hot ,blast ,pipes1 ,boiler ,flues1 ,superheated ,steam1 ,oil ,stills1 etc4 ,,henry ,w4 ,,bulkley1 ,sole ,manufacturer1 #adi ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,machinists' ,,tools4 ,,new ,,and ,,improved ,,patterns4 ,send for new illustrated catalogue4 ,lathes1 ,planers1 ,drills1 c4 ,,new ,,haven ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,,new ,,haven1 ,,conn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,sanitary ,closet4 ,,hermetical ,,sanitary ,,closet ,,guaranteed ,,absolutely ,,water ,,gas ,,tight ,,send ,,for ,,circular ,,john ,s4 ,,leng1 #d ,,fletcher ,,st4 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cigar ,,box ,,lumber1 ,,manufactured by our ,,new ,,patent ,,process4 ,,the ,,best ,,in ,,the ,,world4 ,,spanish ,,cedar1 ,,mahogany1 ,,poplar4 ,also thin lumber of all other kinds1 #a_/h to #a_/b in41 at corresponding prices4 ,all qualities4 ,equal in all respects to any made1 and at prices much under any to be obtained outside of our establishment4 ,send for price list4 ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,read ,,co41 #ahf ,,to #bjj ,,lewis ,,street1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bogardus' ,,patent ,,universal ,,eccentric ,,mills--,for grinding ,bones1 ,ores1 ,sand1 ,old ,crucibles1 ,fire ,clay1 ,guanos1 ,oil ,cake1 ,feed1 ,corn1 ,corn and ,cob1 ,tobacco1 ,snuff1 ,sugar1 ,salts1 ,roots1 ,spices1 ,coffee1 ,cocoanut1 ,flaxseed1 ,asbestos1 ,mica1 etc41 and whatever cannot be ground by other mills4 ,also for ,paints1 ,printers' ,inks1 ,paste ,blacking1 etc4 ,,john ,w4 ,,thomson1 successor to ,,james ,,bogardus1 corner of ,white and ,elm ,sts41 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,watson ,pump4 ,,the ,,watson ,,pump1 ,,for ,,artesian1 ,,or ,,deepwell ,,pumping1 ,,piston ,,rod1 ,,plunger ,,well ,,rod ,,in ,,direct ,,line ,,machine ,,simple1 ,,efficient4 ,,james ,,watson4 #afjh4 ,s4 ,,front ,,st4 ,,phila4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,farm ,,law4 ,,address ,,of ,,hon4 ,,edmund ,h4 ,,bennett1 delivered before the ,massachusetts ,state ,board of ,agriculture4 ,this is an essay embracing complete and practical information1 valuable not only to the farmer but to every one4 ,showing how to ,buy a ,farm3 ,bargains that are not ,binding2 ,boundaries1 and where they are in ,streams1 ,ponds1 ,lakes1 or on the ,seashore2 what a ,deed of a ,farm includes2 ,rights in the ,road4 ,farm ,fences3 their ,legal ,height1 etc4 ,railway ,fences4 ,stray cattle2 ,cattle on ,railways2 ,impounding ,cattle4 ,the ,farmer's ,liability for his ,animals4 ,the ,law on the ,dog4 ,the ,farmer not ,liable for his ,dogs4 ,water ,rights and ,drainage2 ,damming2 ,diverting the ,course of a ,stream4 ,surface ,water2 ,underground ,water4 ,trespassing1 in ,summer and in ,winter4 ,hunting and ,fishing4 ,fruit ,trees on ,boundary ,lines1 etc41 etc4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement #aff4 ,price #aj cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,wrought ,,iron4 ,,beams ,,girders ,,the ,,union ,,iron ,,mills4 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 ,manufacturers of improved wrought iron ,beams and ,girders 7patented74 ,the great fall which has taken place in the prices of ,iron1 and especially in ,beams used in the construction of ,,fire ,,proof ,,buildings1 induces us to call the special attention of ,engineers1 ,architects1 and ,builders to the undoubted advantages of now erecting ,fire ,proof structures2 and by reference to pages #eb #ed of our ,book of ,sections--which will be sent on application to those contemplating the erection of fire proof buildings--,,the ,,cost ,,can ,,be ,,accurately ,,calculated1 the cost of ,insurance avoided1 and the serious losses and interruption to business caused by fire2 these and like considerations fully justify any additional first cost4 ,it is believed1 that1 were owners fully aware of the small difference which now exists between the use of ,wood and ,iron1 in many cases the latter would be adopted4 ,we shall be pleased to furnish estimates for all the ,beams complete1 for any specific structure1 so that the difference in cost may at once be ascertained4 ,address ,,carnegie1 ,,bros4 ,,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ice ,,at #a4jj ,,per ,,ton4 ,the ,,pictet ,,artificial ,,ice ,,co41 ,,limited1 ,room #ea1 ,coal and ,iron ,exchange1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #cjhc1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,h4 ,w4 ,,johns' ,,asbestos ,,liquid ,,paints1 ,,roofing1 ,,boiler ,,coverings1 ,steam ,packing1 ,sheathings1 ,fire ,proof ,coatings1 ,cements1 c4 ,,send ,,for ,,descriptive ,,price ,,list4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,johns ,m',f',g ,,co4 #hg ,,maiden ,,lane1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 #aj ,,to #ajjj ,invested in ,wall ,st4 ,stocks makes fortunes every month4 ,books sent free explaining everything4 ,address ,,baxter ,,co41 ,bankers1 #ag ,wall ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,scientific ,american is printed with ,,chas4 ,,eneu ,,johnson ,,co4',s ,,ink4 ,tenth and ,lombard ,sts41 ,philadelphia1 and #ei ,gold ,st41 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes3 ,symbol3 right ,index and ,symbol3 ,left index are used where the text had a picture of a hand with the index finger pointing right or left1 respectively4 ,table of ,contents3 ,article named ,buffalo1 the domestication of page #aig was not included in the original4 ,table of ,contents3 ,article named ,steamship1 ocean1 large page #aif was not included in the original4 ,table of ,contents3 ,article named ,specimen1 a rare geological page #aif was not included in the ,table of ,contents4